International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016
Power Quality Enhancement and Mitigation of
Voltage Sag using DPFC
M. Bindu Sahithi 1, Y. Vishnu Murthulu 2
1
(EEE Department, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, A.p, India)
2
(Assistant Professor, EEE Department, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, A.P, India)
ABSTRACT:
The Distributed power flow controller is mainly used
to control the power flow and also used to mitigate
voltage and current waveform deviations and
improves the quality of power in the matter of few
seconds . The structure of DPFC is identical to the
UPFC. In DPFC the dc capacitor link between series
and shunt converter is terminated. DPFC consists of
a single shunt converter and several small
independent single phase series converters are
employed. The operating function of shunt converter
is like a STATCOM and series converter employs a
Distributed- FACTS concept. The exchange of active
power between the series and shunt converter is
through the transmission line. The DPFC has the
ability to control the transmission line parameters
such as line impedance Z, transmission angle Ө, and
bus voltage magnitude . The problems obtained
with power quality issues such as voltage sag and
swell can be mitigated by using DPFC. The DPFC is
installed in between transmission lines and connected
to a single machine infinite bus power system which
is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK in order to
determine the performance of DPFC in the power
system.
Key words: Power quality improvement, Mitigation
of voltage and Current waveform deviations,
Distributed power flow controller.
I INTRODUCTION
The power system mainly incorporates with
generation, transmission, distribution, and
consumption. The power system mainly deals with
the problem i.e. increase in power demand and also
with the power quality related problems such as
voltage, current & frequency distortions. Electrical
apparatus will be affected due to power quality
related problems. The power quality problems are
obtained due to appearance of short circuits in the
grid, to faster switching operations, high inrush
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org
magnetizing currents are obtained with the starting of
large machines. Power electronic based system is
used to control the ac transmission system parameters
and to increase power transfer capability and also to
improve the power quality. The most serious threats
for sensitive electrical equipment in grids are voltage
sag and swell. These voltage sag and swell are
mitigated and improves the power quality by using
DPFC. In this paper DPFC is represented as a new
FACTS device which is determined from UPFC and
has the same controlling capability but with less cost
and higher reliability. DPFC is used to compensate
the unbalanced voltage and currents in transmission
system. It can also be used to compensate zero and
negative sequence unbalanced currents in
transmission line. The structure of DPFC is derived
from the UPFC and has the same control capability.
The DPFC consists of single shunt converter and
multiple small independent series converter. The
operating performance of shunt converter is like a
STATCOM .The main function of shunt converter is
to inject a constant third harmonic component current
into a transmission line. The series converter consists
of PWM controlling technique and it is a single phase
converter. The main function of series converter is to
maintain capacitor dc voltage by the use of third
harmonic frequency components. Within the DPFC
each converter consists of own DC capacitor in order
to maintain the required dc voltage. DPFC also
contains a high pass filter and shunt connected to the
line in order to extract the harmonics.
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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

required amount of voltage is generated by series

converter at the third harmonic frequency, and the
active power is absorbed from harmonic components.
The active power exchange between the shunt and
series converter is shown in the fig. By assuming a
lossless converter, the active power generated at
fundamental frequency is equal to the active power
absorbed at third harmonic frequency.

Fig.1: Single line diagram of DPFC

II. DPFC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

The main advantage of DPFC is elimination of DC- Fig.2: Active power exchange between DPFC
link between shunt and series converter and using converters
third harmonic current to exchange the active power
By the selection of third harmonic component:
Active power exchanged in lines with eliminated DC
link: The current flowing in a transmission line at higher
frequencies provides high impedances which results
In DPFC the dc & ac terminal of shunt converter and
raise in voltage level of series converters. The third
series converter are connected to the transmission
harmonic current is the smallest harmonic order
line. The exchange of active power between two
frequency with less impedance so the obtained
converters can be done through transmission line, as
voltage level of converters is also less. The third
the dc link is eliminated. The power exchange in the
harmonic current component is similar to the zero-
DPFC is done based on theory which is nothing but
sequence current and the zero-sequence current in
power theory of non sinusoidal components.
three phase system can be naturally blocked in Y–Δ
According to Fourier series analysis, the sum of non-
transformers.
sinusoidal voltage or current can be represented as
sum of the sinusoidal components at different
frequencies with different amplitude. The obtained
active power from non-sinusoidal voltage and current
can be defined as the product of voltage and current
mean value. All the cross product with different
frequencies and their integrals are zero; the active
power can be represented by the equation:

Eq (1)

Where and are the ith harmonic voltage and
current and is the angle between the voltage and
current at same frequency. The above equation
expresses the active power at different frequency
components. The active power generated from the
grid at fundamental frequency is absorbed by the
shunt converter and injects current back into the grid
at a third harmonic frequency. The obtained third
harmonic current will flows through the transmission
line. Due to the amount of active power required
from shunt converter at fundamental frequency, the
Fig.3 : transformer
In power system the voltage levels can be changed by
the use of Y–Δ transformers. Extra filter is not
required in order to prevent harmonic leakage
current. Therefore highpass filter is eliminated. The
main advantage of using third harmonic component is
active power can be exchanged, grounding the Y–Δ
transformers in order to route harmonic current into a
network. The 3rd, 6th, 9th harmonic frequencies these
are all zero sequence harmonic frequencies. These

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016
harmonic frequencies can also be used to exchange
active power. The transmission line capacity can be
determined by line impedance; the impedance of
transmission line is inductive and is proportional to
the frequency. Therefore higher frequency of
transmission line will cause high impedance. The
lower frequencies are offered by the zero sequence
harmonic components, Therefore third harmonic
component is selected.
Advantages of DPFC:
The DPFC has some advantages when compared to
UPFC, the following advantages are:
1) Low cost: In DPFC there is no phase to
phase voltage isolation required by series
converter. Each converter power rating can
be easily produced in series production line.
2) Higher control capability: The DPFC can
control impedance of line Z, transmission
angle Ө and bus voltage magnitude these
are all the parameters of power system.
DPFC consists of higher control capability.
Therefore DPFC can be used to improve
system stability and can also be used to
improve the power quality related problems
such as voltage sag and swell, low frequency
power oscillation damping, balancing
asymmetry etc.
3) Higher reliability: Due to the redundancy of
the series converter gives an improved
reliability of the converter. Since both the
shunt and series converter are independent.
If the failure has been occurred at one
converter another converter will not
influenced.
III. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF DPFC
In this following section, the steady-state
analysis and also the behavior of the DPFC
are analyzed, and the DPFC controlling
capability is specified in parameters of the
network and the DPFC. To simplify the
performance of DPFC, the converters of
DPFC are placed in series with controllable
voltage sources. Each converter in DPFC
generates the voltage at two different
frequencies at the fundamental and third
harmonic frequency; here in this paper we
are assuming that the converters and the
transmission line are lossless, the total
generated active power will be zero at the
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org
two frequency voltage sources. The multiple
number of series converters is represented
by single large converter with the voltage,
which is equal to the sum of the voltages for
all series converter.
.
Control strategies of DPFC:
There are three control strategies they are as
follows:
Central control
Series control
Shunt control
Fig.4: DPFC control block diagram
a) Central control: The main function of central
controller it controls both series and shunt
controller and sends the reference signals to
both controllers.
b) Series control: In DPFC each single phase
series converter has its own control through
the line. The inputs of series controller are
capacitor voltages, line current and series
voltage reference in rotating dq-frame.
Series controller consists of low pass filter
and 3rd pass or high band pass filter is
required inorder to create fundamental and
third harmonic current. Series controller also
consists of two single-phase phase lock loop
(PLL) which is used to maintain the
frequency and phase information from
network. The series controller maintains the
capacitor dc voltage of its own converter by
utilizing third harmonic frequency
components and to generate voltage at
fundamental frequency that is obtained by
the central control.
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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

IV. POWERQUALITY
ENHANCEMENT

The system model consists of a source which is of

Fig.5: Block diagram of series converter control
three phase is connected to the non linear three phase
RLC load which is connected through a parallel
transmission lines (i.e, line1 and line2) which are of
same line length. The DPFC is incorporated in
between the transmission lines, the shunt converter is
connected in parallel to the transmission line through
a Y–Δ transformer and series converter is connected
in series to the transmission line.
The system parameters are listed in TABLE.
In order to simulate the dynamic performance of
DPFC a fault is created near the load. The time
duration of fault is 0.5sec (500-1000milli seconds).

c) Shunt control: Shunt converter is operated In this system the fault occur between the time
like STATCOM. The shunt converter 500ms to 1500ms. During this fault time the voltage
consists of one three phase converter which is goes to sag position as shown in figure. The
is connected back to back to a single phase voltage magnitude is reduced by 0.65 percent of its
converter that is to a series converter. The nominal value during this fault time.
active power from the grid is absorbed by
three phase converter at fundamental Three Phase Source
Rated Voltage 230 KV
frequency and controls the dc capacitor Rated Power/Frequency 100MW/60 HZ
voltage of three phase and single phase X/R 3
converter. The main objective of shunt Short circuit capacity 11000 MW
control is to inject a third harmonic current Transmission line
which is constant is injected into the Resistance 0.012 pu/km
Inductance/Capacitance Reactance 0.12/0.12 pu/km
transmission line inorder to provide active Length of Transmission line 100 km
power for the series converter. Shunt converter 3-phase
Nominal power 60 MVAR
DC Link capacitor 600 µF
Coupling Transformer(Shunt)
Nominal power 100 MVA
Rated Voltage 230/15 KV
Series Converter
Rated Voltage 6 KV
Nominal power 6MVAR
Three phase fault
Type ABC-G
Ground resistance 0.01 ohm

Table: Simulation system parameters

V. FLC Implementation in DPFC

Fuzzy logic controllers are formed by simple rules

such as If A and B then C. These rules are defined by
persons experience and also by the Knowledge of
systems behaviour. The system performance is
Fig.6: Block diagram of shunt converter control
improved by these rules. Each rule defines one
membership function which is the function of FLC.
More control mechanism of FLC can be provided by
the number of membership functions. In this work,
the input of the fuzzy system consisting of 7
membership functions, so the fuzzy system rules is

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

formed in 49 rules. Based upon these rules the
controller performs its functions.
The basic rule such as if-then rule are defined as “If
(error is small and rate of change of error is small)
then output”. The signals error and change of error or
error rate is described as crisp variables in the FLC
such as large negative (LN), Large positive (LP),
medium negative (MN), Medium positive (MP),
Small negative (SN), Very small (VS), Small positive
(SP).
3. Construct the rule base (initialization)
4. Convert crisp input data to fuzzy values using the
membership functions (fuzzification)
5. Evaluate the rules in the rule base (inference)
6. Combine the results of each rule (inference)
7. Convert the output data to non-fuzzy values
(defuzzification).

Results

These are shown in Fig.7. The input values

of the fuzzy controller are connected to the output
vales of fuzzy controller i.e. crisp values by the if- Fig.5.1: Output Voltage during fault
then rules. The relationship between the input and the condition
output values can be obtained easily by using Center
Figure 5.1 shows the simulation result for
of gravity type of inference method. The output
output voltage during fault. In this fault period a sag
values or fuzzy values are characterized by
condition occurs in the output voltage.
memberships and named as crisp variables such as
Zero(Z), negative big (NB), negative medium (NM),
negative small (NS), positive medium (PM), positive
small (PS) and positive big (PB). The membership
functions of output variables and the FLC rules are
shown in Table I

e/∆e LP MP SP VS SN MN LN
LP PB PB PB PM PM PS Z
MP PB PB PM PM PS Z NS
SP PB PM PM PS Z NS NM
VS PM PM PS Z NS NM NM
SN PM PS Z NS NM NM NB
MN PS Z NS NM NM NB NM Fig.5.2: Output Current during Fault Condition
LN Z NS NS NM NB NB NB
During this fault time the load current raises its
magnitude around 1.2% per unit as shown in figure

Fuzzy logic algorithm:

1. Defines the terms and also linguistic variables

(initialization)

2. Construct the membership functions (initialization)

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

Fig.5.3: Output voltage compensated by DPFC

controller
Fig.5.6: THD of load voltage with DPFC (pi
controller)

Now the PI controller is replaced with fuzzy

controller the THD value is reduced to 3.65%

Fig.5.4: Compensated Output Current by DPFC

controller

THD value for a system is 12.36% and it is reduced

by using DPFC controller Fig.5.7: THD of load voltage with DPFC

(Fuzzy controller)

S.NO Name THD value

1 Load voltage without 12.36%

DPFC

Fig.5.5: THD of load voltage without DPFC (PI

2 Load voltage with 3.88%
controller)
DPFC(PI)

A PI controller based DPFC controller is used for that

system and now the THD value is reduced to 3.88%
3 Load voltage with 3.65%
DPFC(Fuzzy)

TABLE 1: Comparison of THD values

THD values for load voltage without DPFC, load

voltage with DPFC using PI controller and load with
DPFC using fuzzy controller are compared and listed
in above table.

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016
Future Scope:
The DPFC is a new FACT device and has lower cost
and more reliable when compared to the UPFC.
Moreover, the DPFC also require modification in
future research orientation, which are classified as
Series converter weight reduction: The series
converters on transmission line are huge which
results in extra pressure to the towers. So a
light weight series converter unit is desirable.
Third harmonic current management: The
third harmonic component within the DPFC
leads to extra losses in transformers and in
transmission lines. In this project third
harmonic current within the DPFC is set at a
constant value. The magnitude of third
harmonic current can be managed by the
amount of active power required. So the losses
of the DPFC can be reduced.
Communications: Since the series converters
operate outdoors, wireless or PLC is required
for communication purpose between the
central control and series control. The
communication should be reliable to continue
the operation if any disturbances have been
occurred such as lightening or storm.
CONCLUSION
A concept to controlling the power quality
issues i.e. DPFC is implemented in this paper. The
proposed theory of this device is mathematical
formulation and analysis of voltage dips and their
mitigations for a three phase source with linear load.
In this paper we also proposed a concept of fuzzy
logic controller for better controlling action. As
compared to all other facts devices the DPFC based
Fuzzy has effectively control all power quality
problems and with this technique we get the THD as
3.65% and finally the simulation results are shown
above.
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Mandava Bindu Sahithi received the B.Tech degree
in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Vijaya
institute of technology for women in 2014 and
pursuing M.Tech in Power system control and
Automation at Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute
of Technology. Research includes Power Quality
improvement using FACTS device.
Y.Vishnu Murthulu received the AMIE
(ELECTRICAL) and M.Tech degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from the University of JNTU
college of Engineering Hyderabad, Telengana
respectively.
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