Exercise 5.

1 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
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Resolving the following into partial fractions:

Question # 1
1
2
x −1
Solution
1 1
2
=
x −1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
Now suppose
1 A B
= +
( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1
Multiplying both sides by ( x − 1)( x + 1) we get
1 = A ( x + 1) + B ( x − 1) ............... (i)
Put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
1
1 = A (1 + 1) + B ( 0 ) ⇒ 1 = 2 A + 0 ⇒ A=
2
Now put x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 in equation (i)
1
1 = A ( 0 ) + B ( −1 − 1) ⇒ 1 = 0 − 2 B ⇒ B=−
2
Hence
1 A B
= +
( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1
1 1
= − Answer
2 ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)
Question # 2
x2 + 1 1
( x + 1)( x − 1) x − 1 x2 + 1
2

Solution x 2 −1
− +
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 2
=
( x + 1)( x − 1) x 2 − 1
1 1
=2 + = 2 +
x2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
Now consider
2 A B
= +
( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1 x −1
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1)( x − 1)
FSc I / Ex 5.1-2

2 = A ( x − 1) + B ( x + 1) ............... (i)
Put x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 in equation (i)
2 = A ( −1 − 1) + B ( 0 ) ⇒ 2 = − 2A + 0 ⇒ A = −1
Now put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
2 = A ( 0 ) + B (1 + 1) ⇒ 2 = 0 + 2B ⇒ B =1
2 −1 1
So = +
( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1 x −1
Hence
x2 + 1 −1 1
= 2+ +
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
1 1
= 2− + Answer
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
Question # 3
2x + 1
( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
Solution
2x + 1 A B C
= + +
( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) x −1 x + 2 x + 3
Multiplying both side by ( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
2 x + 1 = A ( x + 2)( x + 3) + B( x − 1) ( x + 3) + C ( x − 1)( x + 2) ............ (i)
Put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
2(1) + 1 = A (1 + 2)(1 + 3) + B (0) + C (0)
3 1
3 = A (3)(4) + 0 + 0 ⇒ 3 = 12A ⇒ = A ⇒ A=
12 4
Now put x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2 in equation (i)
2(−2) + 1 = A (0) + B(−2 − 1)(−2 + 3) + C (0)
−4 + 1 = 0 + B (−3)(1) + 0 ⇒ − 3 = − 3B ⇒ B =1
Now put x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3 in equation (i)
2(−3) + 1 = A (0) + B (0) + C (−3 − 1)(−3 + 2)
5
−6 + 1 = 0 + 0 + C (−4)(−1) ⇒ − 5 = 4C ⇒ C=−
4
So
2x + 1 1 1 −5
= 4 + + 4
( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) x −1 x + 2 x + 3
1 1 5
= + − Answer
4( x − 1) x + 2 4( x + 3)

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 FSc I / Ex 5.1-3

Question # 4
3x 2 − 4 x − 5
( x − 2)( x 2 + 7 x + 10) ∵ x 2 + 7 x + 10 = x 2 + 5 x + 2 x + 10
Solution = x( x + 5) + 2( x + 5)
3x 2 − 4 x − 5 3x 2 − 4 x − 5 = ( x + 5)( x + 2)
=
( x − 2)( x 2 + 7 x + 10) ( x − 2)( x + 5)( x + 2)
Now resolving into partial fraction.

3x 2 − 4 x − 5 A B C
= + +
( x − 2)( x + 5)( x + 2) x − 2 x + 5 x + 2
 Do yourself . You will get 
 1 30 5 
 A=− , B= ,C = − 
 28 7 4 

Question # 5
1
( x − 1)(2 x − 1)(3x − 1)
Solution
1 A B C
= + +
( x − 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) x − 1 2 x − 1 3x − 1
Multiplying both side by ( x − 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) .
1 = A (2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) + B ( x − 1)(3 x − 1) + C (2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) ............. (i)
Put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
1 = A (2(1) − 1)(3(1) − 1) + B (0) + C (0) ⇒ 1 = A (1)(2) + 0 + 0
1
⇒ 1 = 2A ⇒ A=
2
1
Put 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = 1 ⇒ x = in equation (i)
2
1  1   11
1 = A(0) + B  − 1  3   − 1 + C (0) ⇒ 1 = 0 + B  −    + 0
2   2   2 2
1
⇒1= − B ⇒ B = −4
4
1
Put 3 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 3 x = 1 ⇒ x = in equation (i)
3
1   1   2  1
1 = A(0) + B (0) + C  − 1  2   − 1 ⇒ 1 = 0 + 0 + C−  − 
3   3   3  3
2 9
⇒1= C ⇒ C=
9 2

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FSc I / Ex 5.1-4

1 9
1 2 −4 2
Hence = + +
( x − 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) x − 1 2 x − 1 3x − 1
1 4 9
= − + Answer
2( x − 1) 2 x − 1 2(3 x − 1)
Question # 6
x
( x − a )( x − b)( x − c)
Solution
x A B C
= + +
( x − a )( x − b)( x − c) x − a x − b x − c
Multiplying both sides by ( x − a)( x − b)( x − c) .
x = A ( x − b)( x − c) + B ( x − a )( x − c) + C ( x − a )( x − b) ........... (i)
Put x − a = 0 ⇒ x = a in equation (i)
a = A (a − b)(a − c) + B (0) + C (0)
a
⇒ a = A (a − b)(a − c) + 0 + 0 ⇒ A=
(a − b)(a − c)
Now put x − b = 0 ⇒ x = b in equation (i)
a = A (0) + B (b − a )(b − c) + C (0)
b
⇒ a = 0 + B (b − a )(b − c) + 0 ⇒ B= Now put
(b − a )(b − c)
x − c = 0 ⇒ x = c in equation (i)
c = A (0) + B (0) + C (c − a )(c − b)
c
⇒ c = 0 + 0 + C (c − a )(c − b) ⇒ B=
(c − a )(c − b)
So
a b c
x (a − b)(a − c) (b − a )(b − c) (c − a )(c − b)
= + +
( x − a )( x − b)( x − c) x−a x −b x−c

a b c
= + +
(a − b)(a − c)( x − a ) (b − a )(b − c)( x − b) (c − a )(c − b)( x − c)

Answer
Question # 7
6 x3 + 5 x 2 − 7
2 x2 − x − 1
Solution
6 x3 + 5 x 2 − 7
2 x2 − x − 1
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 FSc I / Ex 5.1-5

7x − 3
= 3x + 4 + 3x + 4
2 x2 − x − 1
7x − 3 2 x − x − 1 6 x3 + 5x2 − 7
2

= 3x + 4 + 2 6 x3 − 3x2 − 3x
2x − 2x + x −1 − + +
7x − 3 2
8x + 3x − 7
= 3x + 4 +
2 x( x − 1) + 1( x − 1) 8x2 − 4x − 4
− + +
7x − 3
= 3x + 4 + 7x − 3
( x − 1)(2 x + 1)
Now Consider
7x − 3 A B
= +
( x − 1)(2 x + 1) x − 1 2 x + 1
 Find value of A & B yourself 
 4 13 
You will get A and B
3 
= =
3
so
4 13
7x − 3 3 3 = 4 13
= + +
( x − 1)(2 x + 1) x −1 2x + 1 3( x − 1) 3(2 x + 1)
Hence
6 x3 + 5 x 2 − 7 4 13
2
= 3x + 4 + + Answer
2x − x −1 3( x − 1) 3(2 x + 1)
[

Question # 8
2 x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3 1
2 x3 + x 2 − 3x 2 x + x − 3x 2 x + x 2 − 5 x + 3
3 2 3
3 2
3 2
2 x + x − 5x + 3
2 x + x − 3x
− − +
Solution 3 2 − 2x + 3
2 x + x − 3x
−2 x + 3
=1 + 3
2 x + x 2 − 3x
−2 x + 3 −2 x + 3
=1 + 2
=1 + 2
x(2 x + x − 3) x(2 x + 3 x − 2 x − 3)
−2 x + 3 −2 x + 3
=1 + =1 +
x ( x(2 x + 3) − 1(2 x + 3) ) x(2 x + 3)( x − 1)
Now consider
3 − 2x A B C
= + +
x(2 x + 3)( x − 1) x 2 x + 3 x − 1
⇒ 3 − 2 x = A(2 x + 3)( x − 1) + Bx( x − 1) + C x(2 x + 3) .............. (i)
Put x = 0 in equation (i)
3 − 2(0) = A ( 2(0) + 3)( (0) − 1) + B (0) + C (0) ⇒ 3 − 0 = A ( 0 + 3)( −1) + 0 + 0
⇒ 3 = − 3A ⇒ A = −1

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FSc I / Ex 5.1-6

3
Now put 2 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = −3 ⇒ x = − in equation (i)
2
 3  3  3   3  5
3 − 2  −  = A(0) + B  −   − − 1 + C (0) ⇒ 3 + 3 =0+ B −   − + 0
 2  2  2   2  2
15  4 8
⇒ 6 = B ⇒ B = ( 6)   ⇒ B =
4  15  5
Now put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
1
3 − 2(1) = A ( 0 ) + B ( 0 ) + C (1)( 2(1) + 3) ⇒ 1 = 0 + 0 + 5C ⇒ C=
5
8 1
3 − 2x −1 5 1 8 1
So = + + 5 =− + +
x(2 x + 3)( x − 1) x 2 x + 3 x − 1 x 5(2 x + 3) 5( x − 1)
2 x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3 1 8 1
Hence 3 2
=1− + + Answer
2 x + x − 3x x 5(2 x + 3) 5( x − 1)
Question # 9
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x − 5)
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6)
Solution
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x − 5) ( x − 1)( x 2 − 3 x − 5 x + 15)
=
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6) ( x − 2)( x 2 − 4 x − 6 x + 24)
( x − 1)( x 2 − 8 x + 15) x3 − 8 x 2 + 15 x − x 2 + 8 x − 15
= = 3
( x − 2)( x 2 − 10 x + 24) x − 10 x 2 + 24 x − 2 x 2 + 20 x − 48
x3 − 9 x 2 + 23 x − 15
= 3
x − 12 x 2 + 44 x − 48 1
3 x 2 − 21x + 33 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 44 x − 48 x3 − 9 x 2 + 23 x − 15
= 1+ 3
x − 12 x 2 + 44 x − 48 x3 −12 x 2 + 44 x − 48
+ − +
3 x 2 − 21x + 33 −
2
= 1+ 3 x − 21x + 33
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6)
Now Suppose
3 x 2 − 21x + 33 A B C
= + +
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6) x − 2 x − 4 x − 6
 Find value of A, B and C yourself 
 3 3 15

 You will get A = 8 , B = 4 , C = 8 
3 3 15
3 x 2 − 21x + 33
So = 8 + 4 + 8
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6) x − 2 x − 4 x − 6
3 3 15
= + +
8( x − 2) 4( x − 4) 8( x − 6)
Hence
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 FSc I / Ex 5.1-7

( x − 1)( x − 3)( x − 5) 3 3 15
= 1+ + + Answer
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6) 8( x − 2) 4( x − 4) 8( x − 6)
Question # 10
1
(1 − ax)(1 − bx)(1 − cx)
Solution
1 A B C
= + +
(1 − ax)(1 − bx)(1 − cx) 1 − ax 1 − bx 1 − cx
Multiplying both sides by (1 − ax)(1 − bx)(1 − cx) .
1= A (1 − bx)(1 − cx) + B (1 − ax)(1 − cx) + C (1 − ax)(1 − bx) ........... (i)
1
Put 1 − ax = 0 ⇒ ax = 1 ⇒ x = in equation (i).
a
 1  1  b  c 
1= A  1 − b ⋅ 1 − c ⋅  + B (0) + C (0) ⇒ 1= A  1 − 1 −  + 0 + 0
 a  a  a  a 

⇒ 1= A 
 a − b  a − c 
⇒ 1 = A
( a − b )( a − c ) ⇒ A = a2
 
 a  a  a2 ( a − b )( a − c )
 Find value of B & C yourself as A. 
 2 2 
You will get B = b c 
,C=
 (b − a ) (b − c ) (c − a )(c − b) 
2 2 2
a b c
1 ( a − b) ( a − c ) (b − a ) (b − c ) (c − a )(c − b)
Hence = + +
(1 − ax)(1 − bx)(1 − cx) 1 − ax 1 − bx 1 − cx
a2 b2 c2
= + +
(a − b)(a − c)(1 − ax) (b − a )(b − c)(1 − bx) (c − a )(c − b)(1 − cx)

Answer
Question # 11
x2 + a2
( x 2 + b 2 )( x 2 + c 2 )( x 2 + d 2 )
x2 + a2
Solution
( x 2 + b 2 )( x 2 + c 2 )( x 2 + d 2 )
Put y = x 2 in above.
y + a2
( y + b 2 )( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 )
Now consider
y + a2 A B C
= + +
( y + b 2 )( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 ) y + b 2 y + c 2 y + d 2
⇒ y + a 2 = A ( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 ) + B ( y + b 2 )( y + d 2 ) + C ( y + b 2 )( y + c 2 ) .......... (i)
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FSc I / Ex 5.1-8

Put y + b 2 = 0 ⇒ y = −b 2 in equation (i)

−b 2 + a 2 = A (−b 2 + c 2 )(−b 2 + d 2 ) + B (0) + C (0)
a 2 − b2
⇒ a − b = A (c − b )(d − b ) + 0 + 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ A= 2
(c − b 2 )(d 2 − b 2 )
Now put y + c 2 = 0 ⇒ y = −c 2 in equation (i)
−c 2 + a 2 = A (0) + B (−c 2 + b 2 )(−b 2 + d 2 ) + C (0)
a2 − c2
⇒ a − c = 0 + B (b − c )(d − c ) + 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ B= 2 2
(b − c )(d 2 − c 2 )
ow put y + d 2 = 0 ⇒ y = −d 2 in equation (i)
−d 2 + a 2 = A (0) + B (0) + C (− d 2 + b 2 )(−d 2 + c 2 )
a2 − d 2
⇒ a − d = 0 + 0 + C (b − d )(c − d )
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ C= 2
(b − d 2 )(c 2 − d 2 )
Hence
2 2 2 2 2 2
a −b a −c a −d
y + a2 2 2 2 2
(c − b ) ( d − b )
2 2 2 2
(b − c ) ( d − c )
2 2 2 2
(b − d ) ( c − d )
= + +
( y + b 2 )( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 ) y + b2 y + c2 y + d2
a 2 − b2 a2 − c2 a2 − d 2
= 2 + +
(c − b 2 )(d 2 − b 2 )( y + b 2 ) (b 2 − c 2 )(d 2 − c 2 )( y + c 2 ) (b 2 − d 2 )(c 2 − d 2 )( y + d 2 )

Since y = x 2
a2 − b2 a2 − c2 a2 − d 2
= 2 + +
(c − b 2 )(d 2 − b 2 )( x 2 + b 2 ) (b 2 − c 2 )(d 2 − c 2 )( x 2 + c 2 ) (b 2 − d 2 )(c 2 − d 2 )( x 2 + d 2 )

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Book: Exercise 5.1 (Page 183)

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: May 2017

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