Facilities Maintenance Basics

MAINTANANCE
OF
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Welcome to Facilities Knowledge what\‘sapp group

INDEX
1. Transformers 2
2. Circuit Breakers 7
3. Relays 8
4. Lightning Arrestor 9
5. UPS 9
6. Batteries 11
7. Fire System 12
8. Water Treatment Plant 14
9. Diesel Engine 16
10. RMU Yard 25
11. Chiller system 26
12. Lift Maintenance 30
13. LT Panel Maintenance 30
14. Cables 30
15. Abbreviations 31
-1-
TRANSFORMERS
Transformer: Transformer is a static device, which is used for step up
or step down the voltage without change in frequency, it works
according to Faraday law of electromagnetic induction.
Types of transformers
According to construction
1. Oil type 2. Dry type
According to phase
1. Single phase 2. Three phase
According to type
1. Shell type 2. Core type 3.Berry type
(1&2 used at distribution side)
(3 is used at generating stations)
According to voltage
1. Step down (used at distribution side)
2. Step up (used at generating stations)
Parts of the transformer
 Winding
 Core
 Body
 Oil
 On load tap changer
 Winding temperature meter
 Oil temperature meter
 Terminals
 Breather
 Buccholz relay
 Conservator
 Cooling system
-2-
Winding: It is copper wire with insulation, transformer consists
two types of winding 1. Primary winding 2. Secondary winding.
Oil: It is a mineral oil with high viscosity its BDV (break down
voltage) is between 40kv to 50kv in oil testing the gap produces
2.5mm/minute.
OLTC (on load tap changer): It is used to change the tap

position of the transformer on load condition depends on output voltage, it
is located at the primary side of the transformer because cable size depends
on the current at secondary side high current and at primary side low
current is available that’s y OLTC is located at primary side.
Buccholz relay: This relay is located between the transformer &

conservator. This relay is activated when ever abnormal pressure is
produced in the transformer tank & then it will trip the Main incoming
source of the transformer & gives the alarm. The abnormal pressure is
produced due to moisture or the burning of winding/loose contacts etc.
Breather: - It is connected to the conservator tank, it consists

silicon, it is used to absorbs the moisture from the in the transformer tank,
under normal condition it is in sky blue colour if moisture is observed it
turns in to pink colour.
Temperature sensors: Temperature raises due to heavy load,

unbalance load, loose contacts, loss of property of the Transformer oil, low
level of the oil, frequent tap change, poor maintaining of power factor etc.
Conservator: It is located at the top of the transformer, the oil

level in transformer can raise and falls due to temperature this oil can
enters in to the conservator chamber, if temperature increases the oil in the
transformer expands, if temperature decreases the oil in the transformer
also decreases, the conservator consists oil above the half of the tank.
-3-
Types of cooling for the transformer:
 ONAN (oil natural air natural)

 ONAF (oil natural air forced)
 Water cooling system
Connection of the transformer:
1. Delta to Delta connection is used in low voltage transformers

2. Star to Star connection is used in high voltage transformers
3. Delta to Star connection is used in step down transformers
Delta connection:
IL = √3 Iph VL = Vph
Star connection:
VL = √3 Vph IL = Iph
HT means high tension

LT means low tension
Daily observations in transformer:
1. Check the temperature of oil

2. Check the temperature of winding
3. Check the colour of the breather
4. Check the working & position of tap changer
5. Check the oil level in the conservator
Earthing for transformer:
There are totally five earth pits are required for transformer
Two earth pits for body earthing
Two earth pits for neutral earthing
One earth pit for lightning arrestor
-4-
Protective devices of transformer:
 Winding temperature relay

 Oil temperature relay
 Buccholz relay
 Breather
 Pressure release valve
 Short circuit relay
 Under voltage relay
 Over voltage relay
 Earth fault relay
RTCC: (Remote tap control changer)
It is used to maintain the constant output voltage and change the

tap position of the transformer. It senses the output voltage and gives
the command through AVR (automatic voltage relay) to the OLTC to
change the tap position of the transformer.
AVR operating voltage is 110volts
Type’s faults occurred in transformer:
 AC motor failure
 Surge relay trip
 Buccholz relay alarm
 Buccholz relay trip
 Winding temperature high alarm
 Winding temperature high trip
 Low oil level
-5-
Types of losses in transformer:
There are two types of losses in transformer
Copper losses
Iron losses
Iron losses are again classified in to two types

Eddy current losses
Hysteresis losses
Current Transformer (CT):
It is a protective device which is used to measure the high

current and it is a step down transformer with ratio depends on load.
Potential Transformer (PT):
It is a protective device which is used to measure the high

voltage and it is a step down transformer with ratio depends on load.
-6-
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breaker (CB):
It is a protective device which protects the electrical

equipments from the fault condition, it has two contacts one is fixed
contact (FC) & another is moving contact (MC), under normal
condition FC is attached with MC, under fault condition FC is
separated with MC.
Under fault condition a gap is produced between FC & MC,
between the gap an arc is produced to extinguish/quench/cut the arc
circuit breakers are classified in to many types they are
1. Oil CB
A) MOCB (minimum oil CB) b) Bulk oil CB
2. VCB (Vaccum CB)
3. SF6 CB (Sulphur hexa fluoride CB)
4. ACB (Air CB)
5. MCCB (Molded case CB)
 CB 1, 2, 3 are used at HV side because it has high voltage

low current
 CB 4, 5 are used at LV side because it has low voltage

high current
CB consists three types of coils to operate
1. Shunt coil 2.UV (under voltage) coil 3. Close coil
-7-
Types of faults to operate the CB:
Depending up on these faults the CB gets operate
 Short circuit fault
 Over load fault
 Instantaneous earth fault
 Ground fault
Relays
Relay:
It is a sensing device which sense the fault and gives the command
to the circuit breaker to trip the circuit.
Types of relays:
 Differential relay
 Earth fault relay
 Over current relay
 Over load relay
 Phase prevent relay
 Instantaneous earth fault relay
 Under voltage relay
 Over voltage relay
-8-
Lightning Arrestor
Lightning Arrestor:
It is also known as surge protector, it is used to protect the
electrical of equipments, when ever surge is occurred then high current
is produced this high current is diverted to the earth.
Types of lightning arrestor:

 Rod type
 Horn gap type
 Expulsion type
 Non liner resistor type with gaps
UPS (Uninterrupted power supply)

UPS is commonly used for critical systems like computers,
servers, emergency lightings, etc
The main parts of the UPS is
1. Converter or Rectifier
2. Inverter
3. Battery
4. Static bypass switch
-9-
1. Converter or Rectifier: It converts AC supply to DC supply for
battery charging
2. Inverter: It converts DC supply to AC supply for connecting loads
3. Battery: It stores the power for using during power failure
4. Static bypass switch: If inverter failures the load transfers to

bypass mode
Types of UPS:
1. Online UPS – Continuous power supply
2. Offline UPS – Interruption may occur when power gets failure
Safety measures of UPS:

 Maintain UPS room temperature
 Keeping UPS room clean
 Maintain the rubber mats in UPS room
 Maintaining battery voltage
 Note down the all parameters
Equipments in the UPS:

 IGBT (Insolated Gate Bi polar Transistor)
 Charging card
 Drive card
 Choke
 Step down transformer
 Rectifier
- 10 -
Failure reasons of UPS:
 Inverter failure
Under voltage
Input side short
Phase reversed
 Converter or Rectifier failure
Output side short
Over load
 Room temperature of the UPS is between 20ºC to 22ºC
- 11 -
BATTERIES
Maintenance of batteries:
 Refill the battery with good quality of distilled water
 Keep the batteries surface always clean & dry
 Maintain the petroleum jelly at the terminals of the batteries at least

once in a month
 If acid spills wash with soap water
 Keep the wooden planks at the bottom of the batteries
 Maintain the battery voltage between 24v to 27v
Specific gravity of the batteries:

 Full charge:- 1.26
 Healthy:- 1.24
 Fault:- 1.22
 Dead:- 1.18
Generally LEAD acid type batteries are using for DG’s because it has
high electrical resistance and mechanical strength.
Battery charger: It consists step down transformer after

stepping down the voltage and converts the AC supply to DC supply for
charging the batteries
- 12 -
FIRE System
FIRE: (Find Inform Rescue Extinguish)
It is combustion process like material mixed with air.
Types of fire:
 Type A : Solid fire like wood, paper, plastic etc
 Type B : liquid fire like petrol, alcohol, oil etc
 Type E : Electrical fire
Types of fire extinguishers:

To avoid the fire accident
 Type A : Soda acid type
 Type B : Foam type
 Type E : CO2 (carbon-di-oxide)
Equipments associated in this system:

 Hydrant two way branches delivery head
 Two hoses (each having 10m long)
 Hydrant key
 Couplings
 Lugs
- 13 -
Types of detectors:
This detector will gets activate at 88 Fahren heat
 Smoke detector
 Heat detector
Types of sprinkler bulbs:

The sprinkler gets blasts at 68ºC / 155 Fahren heat
 Red bulb
 Yellow bulb (It is used at where the heat is more like in DG

room’s, kitchen rooms etc)
Types of sprinklers:
 Bended type
 Up bended type
 Side valve type
Types of pumps used for fire extinguishers:

 Jockey pump: It starts in Auto & stops in Auto mode
 Booster pump: It starts in Auto & stops in Auto mode
 Sprinkler pump: It starts in Auto & stops in Manual mode
 Main Hydrant pump: It starts in Auto & stops in Manual mode
 Diesel pump: It starts in Auto & stops in Manual mode
- 14 -
WTP (Water Treatment Plant)
WTP is used to decrease the hardness of the water. It consist major
tanks such as
1. Sand water filter 2. Softener tank
If these two tanks are made up of Iron then that plant is called
M.S plant.
If these two tanks are made up of Fiber then that plant is called
F.R.P plant.
1. Sand water filter is used to remove the dust particles from the
water. It consists of the following parts
 Core silex (stones)
 Fine silex - These 3 parts are common in both the
 Sand plants
2. Softener tank is used for decreasing hardness of water by salt

injection. It consists of following parts
 Core silex
 Fine silex
 Rexin
These parts comes under M.S plant
 Core silex
 Rexin
These parts comes under F.R.P plant
 To reduce the hardness of the water we are using the salt injection
to the softener tank.
 Back wash is done for the sand water filter to remove the waste
particles from this tank
- 15 -
Types of pumps comes under in pump house:
1. Raw water pump
2. Treated water pump
3. Hydroneumatic pump
4. Dozing pump
5. Dewater pump
1. Raw water pump:
These pumps are used to fill the raw water tank
2. Treated water pump:
These pumps are used to fill the treated water tank after
decreasing the hardness of the water
3. Hydroneumatic pump:
These pumps collect the water from treated water tank and build
up the pressure with the help of the air pressure tank and supplies for
usage. It consists the NRV (Non Return Valve) at the output of the
pump. The function of NRV is it blocks the returning water from the
pipes when pump is in OFF condition.
4. Dozing pump:
Its function is to add the chlorine to the treated water. This pump
is connected after the softener tank. Function of chlorine is to reduce
organisms in the water.
5. Dewater pump:
It used to through out the water which collected from both the
tanks after the salt injection and back wash.
- 16 -
DG (Diesel Generator)
D.G is a combination of diesel engine and alternator. Engine
generates the mechanical energy and this mechanical energy is
converted in to electrical energy with the help of alternator.
PARTS OF DG
 Alternator
 Engine
 Radiator
 Batteries
 Self Starter
 Priming pump
 Dynamo
 Turbo charger
 Fuel filter
 Lube oil filter
 Bypass filter
 Cylencer
 Air filter
 Breather
 Radiator fan
 Terminal box
 Pressure temperature pump
 Thermostat
 EFC
 Actuator
 Magnetic pick up unit
 Automatic voltage regulator
 Water pump
 Water separator
 Coolant level indicator
 Vacuum indicator
- 17 -
Alternator:-
It is a rotating device which converts the mechanical energy in to
electrical energy.
Engine:-
It is a device which generates the mechanical energy.
Radiator:-
It consists of water with mixture of coolant which circulates the
water to engine which absorb the heat generated from the engine. The
PH value of coolant is below 9 ppm.
Batteries:-
It is used to start the engine. It gives dc supply to self starter. Its
voltage range is between 24v to 27v. When D.G is stop mode the
batteries are charged by E.B (Electricity Board) supply. When D.G is on
running condition the batteries are charged by dynamo. Generally Lead
Acid Cell batteries are more preferable because it has high electrical
resistance and mechanical strength.
Self starter:-
It is used to supply the starting torque to the engine. The
minimum speed of the starter is 200 rpm below which the engine fails to
start.
Priming pump:-
It is an oil circulating pump which is used to circulate the oil from
oil tank to all parts of engine which is located at the bottom of the
engine.
Dynamo:-
It is rotating device which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy (DC supply). This DC supply is used to charge the
batteries.
- 18 -
Turbo charger:-
It is a multi function rotating device, which sucks the air from
outside through the air filter and supplies this forced air to engine for
combustion process. Its another function is to collect smoke which is
generated in the engine and send it out through chimneys. Its rotating
speed is greater than 1,00,000 rpm.
Fuel filter:-
Its function is to filter the fuel.
Lube oil filter:-

Its function is to filter the engine oil which is circulating from oil
tank to all engine parts.
Bypass filter:-
Its function is to filter the engine oil which is circulating from all
engine parts to oil tank.
Cylencer:-
Its function is to reduce the sound which is generated from the
smoke and to send it out trough chimmeney.
Air filter:-
Its function is to filter air which collected from outside.
Breather:-
Its function is to absorb the moisture from the engine.
Radiator fan:-
Its function is to absorb the heat which is generated by the engine
and send it outside through the radiator.
- 19 -
Terminal box:-
It is located at the top of the alternator. Its consist R, Y, B
terminals coming from alternator.
P.T (Pressure Temperature) pump:-

Its function is to build up pressure of the fuel.
Thermostat:-
It is a coil which is connected to heat exchanger tank to sense the
temperature of water. If water temperature reaches 92ºC then DG gets
tripped.
EFC (Electronic Fuel Controller):-

Its function is to control the input fuel depending on the speed
variation.
Actuator:-
It consists a valve which gives the amount of fuel depending on
speed. It works with help of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique.
This PWM signal is coming from ECP (Electronic Control Panel).
Magnetic pickup unit:-

Its function is to sense the speed of the engine.
AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator):-

It is located in the alternator which maintains the constant output
voltage. If AVR fails more fluctuations will occur in output voltage.
Water pump:-
It is water circulating pump, which circulates the water from
radiator to engine.
Water separator:-
It is used to filter the water from the input fuel.
- 20 -
Coolant level indicator:-
It is used to find out the coolant level in the radiator. It is also

called coolant glass indicator.
Vacuum indicator:-
It is used to find out amount dust particles in the air filter.
Types of checks done on DG sets:

1. A check
2. B check
3. C check
4. D check
A check: - It is done every day

 Check the diesel level in the tank
 Check the engine oil level
 Check the radiator water level
 Check the fan belt tension
 Check the speed of the engine
 Check the water in the water separator
 Check the water temperature
 Check the output voltage of the alternator
 Check the frequency
- 21 -
 Check the specific gravity, distilled water level and
voltage of batteries
 Check any leakages, damages and loose connections
 Check terminals of batteries
B check: - It is done for every 300 running hours or 6 months

 Repeat the A check
 Change the engine oil
 Change lube oil filters
 Change bypass filters
 Check the fuel pressure
 Clean the air filters
 Clean the radiator
 Tighten the fan belt tension
 Check coolant level in the water
 Clean or change the breather
C check: - It is done for every 1500 running hours or 1 year

 Repeat A & B check
 Change the air filters
 Clean the fuel tank inside
 Service the engine and alternator
- 22 -
D check: - This is done for every 6000 running hours or 2 years
 Repeat A, B & C checks
 Fuel pump calibration
 Adjust the injectors and valves
 Check the turbo charger
Safety measures of engine:-

1. Oil level
1. water level in radiator
2. radiator fan belt
3. battery charging voltage and amps
4. drain water from water separator
5. check air filter
6. oil pressure
7. fuel pressure
8. water temperature
Safety measures of alternator:-

1. check output voltage
2. check output frequency
3. check output current
- 23 -
Types of sensors:-
1. WT (Water Temperature) sensor
2. LCWL (Low Coolant Water Level) sensor
3. OS (Over Speed) sensor
4. LLOP (Low Lube Oil Pressure) sensor
Safety relays provided for DG set:-

1. water temperature relay
2. Over current relay
3. Earth fault relay
4. Reverse power relay
5. Under voltage relay
6. Over voltage relay
Types of earthing provided for DG set:-

There are four earth pits required for DG set.
1. two for neutral earthing
2. two for body earthing
Types of protective devices for DG sets:-

 Breather
 Water temperature relay
 Over speed relay
- 24 -
 Low coolant water level relay
 Low lube oil pressure relay
 Thermostat
 Electronic fuel controller
 Magnetic pick up unit
Types of Synchronizing:
 Dark lamp method

 Bright lamp method
Condition for synchronizing the DG:
1. Voltage must be equal

2. Frequency must be equal
3. Phase sequence must be equal
If these conditions are not gets equal then the DG may not get the
synchronize
Meters provided for DG sets:-

1. Power meters are used for measuring for KW, KVAR,
MWH, and PF.
2. AC meters are used for measuring for Line voltage, Phase

voltage, Phase current and Frequency.
3. Engine meters are used for measuring for Battery voltage,

Oil temperature, Water temperature, Oil pressure, Fuel
pressure, RPM and Running hours.
- 25 -
RMU Yard
RMU Yard:
RMU stands for ring main unit. It consists different equipments

in this yard are given below
 SF6 circuit breaker

 Metering cubicle
 HT Vacuum circuit breaker
SF6 circuit breaker:
In this we having two 11kv/66kv incoming feeders by using

SF6 CB any one feeder has been selected
Metering cubicle:
It consists CT (current transformer) & PT (potential

transformer). By using this cubicle we can measure the KWH,
KVAH, UC KVA (unit’s consumption kva), PF, KVA, and KWAH
By using UC KVA we can see also the how much demand

we are reaching per day
Types of faults occurred in RMU Yard:
 Insulator damage
 PT damage
 CT damage
 Spout kit damage
 Drawn mechanism problem
 Bus bar melt/damage
- 26 -
CHILLER SYSTEM
Air Conditioner:
It is a process of by which a simultaneously control the

temperature, humidity, purity and distribution of air in a closed space.
Types of Chillers:
Depending up on cooling of gas in the condenser, chillers are

classified in to two types
1. Water cooled chillers

2. Air cooled chillers
Types of Air Conditioners:
1. Cassette AC – 2TR – For balcony

2. Split AC – 2TR – For wall fitting
3. Precision AC – 10TR – For server room
4. Package AC – 5TR – For work station
Single line diagram of chiller system:
- 27 -
SP - Secondary pump
PP - Primary pump
AHU - Air handling unit
- 28 -
Parts of the chiller system:
 Compressor
 Condenser coil
 Fan
 Evaporator coil
 Air filters
 AHU
 Expansion valve
 Primary pump
 Secondary pump
Compressor:
It is a heart of the system it consists a pump which circulates the

refrigerant in a closed loop between the condenser and evaporator. It
increases the pressure of the refrigerant.
Condenser coil:
It consists tubes filled with refrigerant that removes the heat from
heated gas refrigerant and converts the refrigerant in to liquid form.
Fan:
It pulls out the air through the condenser coil for heat disposal.
Evaporator coil:
It consists tubes filled with refrigerant that removes the heat from
the liquid and again this liquid is converting in to vapour form.
Air Filters:
It is used to remove the dust particles from the air.
AHU (Air Handling Unit):
It consists the blower which through the air in to the air ducts
- 29 -
Expansion valve:
It consists a valve which maintain the pressure of the gas depends

on load.
VAV:
It stands for variable air valve it consists a thermostat placed in an

air ducts which sense the temperature of the room and opens the air
valve
VCD:
It stands for volume control damper it is used to vary the air

volume
VFD:
It stands for variable frequency drive it is used to minimize the

frequency after reaching the required temperature it is actuated by
temperature sensor
VRV:
It stands for variable refrigerant valve
VRF:
It stands for variable refrigerant flow
Safety devices of chillers:
 Water flow temperature sensor

 Pressure switch
 Over load protector
 Thermostat
 Door limit switch
 Oil pressure sensor
- 30 -
Lift Maintenance
Lift:
It is used to carry the weight from lower to higher position or

higher to lower position.
Maintaining of lifts:
 Rope testing
 Checking ARD (Automatic Rescue device)
 Checking FRD (Fire Rescue Device)
ARD (Automatic Rescue Device):
When ever supply gets failure then this device gets activated and
the lift comes to nearest floor and door may get open.
FRD (Fire Rescue Device):
When ever any fire will occurred in the lift then this device gets
activated and the lift comes to ground floor and door may get open.
- 31 -
LT Panel Maintenance
1. Checking all indicator lamps

2. Testing individual feeders
3. Observing load current, voltage, power & frequency
4. Maintaining distribution boards in good condition
5. Removing any unwanted materials near electrical system
6. Check all terminals & MCBs of abnormal heating / loose
connection
7. Checking ELCB condition mode
8. Maintaining a log book for LT panel
CABELS
1. Low tension cable (LT) using up to 1kv
2. High tension (HT) cable using up to 11kv
3. Super tension (ST) cable using up to 33kv
4. Extra high tension (EHT) cable using up to 66kv
5. Oil filled & gas pressure cable using up to 132kv
- 32 -
ABBREVIATIONS
ACB : Air circuit breaker
OCB : Oil circuit breaker
SF6 CB : Sulphur hexa fluoride circuit breaker
VCB : Vacuum circuit breaker
MCCB : Molded case circuit breaker
MCB : Miniature circuit breaker
ELCB : Earth leakage circuit breaker
RCCB : Residual current circuit breaker
ELR : Earth leakage circuit breaker
OLR : Over load relay
CT : Current transformer
PT : Potential transformer
RTCC : Remote tap changer control
OLTC : On load tap changer
ASS : Ammeter selector switch
VSS : Voltmeter selector switch
PVC : Poly vinyl chloride
XLPE : Cross linked poly ethylene cable
CU : Copper
AL : Aluminium
UG : Under ground
OH : Over head
LA : Lightning arrestor
NE : Neutral earthing
BE : Body earthing
EE : Equipment earthing
ABCB : Air blast circuit breaker
AHU : Air handling unit
ACCP : Automatic capacitor control panel
AMC : Annual maintenance contract
AMF : Auto main failure
ACF : Activated carbon filter
- 33 -
BMS : Building management system
BM : Break down maintenance
CCTV : Closed circuit television
DOL : Direct on line
DB : Distribution board
ELCB : Emergency lighting distribution board
ECU : Engine control unit
EMF : Electro motive force
EDR : Emergency door release
NO : Normally open
NC : Normally close
OT : Over temperature
PCB : Printed circuit breaker
POP : Plaster of Paris
PLC : Programmable logic control
RMU : Ring main unit
SMPS : Switch mode power supply
ST : Super tension
SLD : Single line diagram
STP : Sewage treatment plant
SS : Static switch
SMBS : Sub main switch board
SFU : Switch fuse unit
UBS : Ups distribution board
TPN : Triple pole with neutral
SPN : Single pole with neutral
DPT : Double pole with neutral
VRV : variable refrigerant flow
VCD : Volume control damper
VFD : Variable frequency drive
VAV : Variable adjustable value
WT : Winding temperature
UPS : Uninterrupted power supply
MPCB : Motor protesting circuit breaker
GCB : Generator circuit breaker
- 34 -
KW : Kilo watt
KWH : Kilo watt hour
KVA : Kilo volt amps
KVAR : Kilo volts amps reactive
A : Ammeter
V : Voltmeter
PFR : Power factor relay
SPPR : Single phase protection relay
OSR : Over speed relay
PB : Push button
PF : Power factor
RPM : Revolution per minute
AC : Alternating current
DC : Direct current
AVR : Automatic voltage relay
HWT : High water temperature
ECP : Electronic control panel
EFC : Electronic fuel control
OEM : Original engine modification
BTD : Bypass time delay
LLOP : Low lube oil pressure
LCWL : Low coolant eater level
AEC : Automatic equipment chamber
CBCT : Core balanced current transformer
ATS : Auto transfer switch
EDO : Electrically draw out
MDO : Manually draw out
RVC : Residual voltage check
ELCP : Earth leakage control panel
MGC : Multi generator control
MCP : Motor control panel
NRV : Non returnable valve
UJT : Uni junction transistor
CPU : Control processing unit
RMC : Ring main circuit
- 35 -
FET : Field effective transistor
GOS : Gang operating switch
SFU : Switch fuse unit
HMR : Hour meter reading
EGC : Electronic governor control
SSPM : Solid state potentio meter
LSM : Line synchronizing mode
LTSB : Low tension switch board
LSU : Load sensing unit
BBC : Bus bar chamber
SKO : Superior kerosene oil
- 36 -

Facilities Maintenance Basics

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Facilities Maintenance Basics

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MAINTANANCE

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Parts of the transformer

OLTC (on load tap changer): It is used to change the tap

Buccholz relay: This relay is located between the transformer &

Breather: - It is connected to the conservator tank, it consists

Temperature sensors: Temperature raises due to heavy load,

Conservator: It is located at the top of the transformer, the oil

 ONAN (oil natural air natural)

Connection of the transformer:

1. Delta to Delta connection is used in low voltage transformers

HT means high tension

Daily observations in transformer:

1. Check the temperature of oil

Earthing for transformer:

 Winding temperature relay

RTCC: (Remote tap control changer)

It is used to maintain the constant output voltage and change the

AVR operating voltage is 110volts

Type’s faults occurred in transformer:

There are two types of losses in transformer

Iron losses are again classified in to two types

Current Transformer (CT):

It is a protective device which is used to measure the high

Potential Transformer (PT):

It is a protective device which is used to measure the high

It is a protective device which protects the electrical

4. ACB (Air CB)

5. MCCB (Molded case CB)

 CB 1, 2, 3 are used at HV side because it has high voltage

 CB 4, 5 are used at LV side because it has low voltage

CB consists three types of coils to operate

1. Shunt coil 2.UV (under voltage) coil 3. Close coil

 Over load fault

 Instantaneous earth fault

 Earth fault relay

 Over current relay

 Over load relay

 Phase prevent relay

 Instantaneous earth fault relay

 Under voltage relay

 Over voltage relay

Types of lightning arrestor:

 Horn gap type

 Non liner resistor type with gaps

UPS (Uninterrupted power supply)

The main parts of the UPS is

4. Static bypass switch

2. Inverter: It converts DC supply to AC supply for connecting loads

3. Battery: It stores the power for using during power failure

4. Static bypass switch: If inverter failures the load transfers to

2. Offline UPS – Interruption may occur when power gets failure

Safety measures of UPS:

 Keeping UPS room clean

 Maintain the rubber mats in UPS room

 Maintaining battery voltage

 Note down the all parameters

Equipments in the UPS:

 Step down transformer

Input side short

 Converter or Rectifier failure

Output side short

 Room temperature of the UPS is between 20ºC to 22ºC

 Keep the batteries surface always clean & dry