ANUSHMA FOR THE UNIVERSE

RISHABH SAXENA (TEAM

LEADER)

KESHAV KISHORE JHA (FACULTY ADVISOR)

Executive summary

The following document was created in response to a request for proposals from the National Hydrogen
Association to create a plan for a hydrogen residential fueling Enclosed within is a detailed design for the
innovative Liberty hydrogen residential fueling which is capable of servicing residential building with
operating pressures of 5,000 and 10,000 psi design is centralized hydrogen production via electrolysis The
facility is capable of producing 1,000 kg of high purity hydrogen per day from renewable solar energy
directly through sun This process also allows all hydrogen produced and used to be renewably sourced. The
production facility is modular and can be expanded to produce up to 25,800 kg of hydrogen per day by
adding more solar panels One of the strengths of this station is its flexibility; it is scalable to allow for
greater hydrogen production in order to meet increasing demand

The Anushma team from Lovely Professional University in Jalandhar, India, is proposing to utilize a fuel
cell system that delivers about 35kwof power, and supplies30kg of gaseous hydrogen per day. This amount
of hydrogen that is generated in an electrolyzer, is used to store hydrogen and during the use the hydrogen
react with elecrolyzer to produce electricity to service the residential building

Hydrogen technologies are more energy efficient and reliable than conventional systems, thus having the
potential to diminish these issues. These technologies can also play a significant role in reducing the noise,
air, and water pollution caused by conventional systems. Ultimately, safety is the highest priority in the
operation of an airport. All hydrogen systems have been selected to meet or exceed existing safety codes
and standards. Emphasis has been given to equipment safety, operational safety, and public perception of
safety. Significant failure modes have been identified and measures have been taken to mitigate them.

Selected hydrogen technologies include fully integrated systems for on-site hydrogen storage and
distribution as well as several niche roles for introducing hydrogen applications Specifically, these stems
replace some existing battery and diesel power systems with hydrogen fuel cells. Hydrogen fuel cell
equipment selections include electric back-up power for critical systems, portable emergency power, light-
duty vehicle applications, and a stand-alone system designed for public exposure to hydrogen techno

Safety is of paramount importance in any engineering design, and was thoroughly considered during the
design of this station. As hydrogen fuel is still in its infancy, additional focus was placed on safety to ensure
prevention of incidents that could negatively affect public perception of hydrogen.

ANUSHMA FOR THE UNIVERSE model was used to determine the environmental impact of the design
through a well-to-tank analysis and comparison to fossil fuel production. A fuel cell vehicle powered by
hydrogen from our production sources would reduce CO2 emissions by over 52% when compared to
equivalent fossil fuel cars and the Residential Building will become green building
 Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………. i

List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………. iv

List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………................... iv

List of Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………………… v

Data table …………………………………………………………………………………………. vi

Technical Design ………………………………………………………………………………………

• Hydrogen home appliances
• Hydrogen vehicle
• hydrogen source
• hydrogen production
• hydrogen production process
• hydrogen distribution process
• hydrogen compression
• hydrogen storage
• hydrogen dispencing
• fuel cell

SAFETY ANAYLYSIS
1) Introduction
2)Solar analysis
3)HYDROGEN STORAGE TANK
4) Major Failure Modes
5)SAFETY FEATURES INCORPORATED IN DESIGN
6)Hydrogen safety analysis

Economic Analysis
1)- Capital and Installation Costs
2)- capital summary
3)- operational cost
4)- Revenue
5)- Cost saving

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
1 Hybrid vs. Gasoline Vehicle Comparison
2 Combustion of Fossil Fuels and Hydrogen
3 Replacing Batteries with Fuel Cells
4 Generator Noise Pollution Comparisons

Public Awareness/Marketing and Education

Guided Tours
Educational Materials
Target
Challenges
Implementation
Market cost
One Page Advertisement
List of Acronyms

AC Alternating Current HRU Heat Recovery Unit

IIT Indian institute of TechnologyDistributed Generation LPU Lovely profesional University
AM Adaptive Management
ANSI American National Standards Institute IEC International Electric Code
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers kWh Kilowatt hour
BTU British Thermal Unit solar panel
IIEC India Energy Commission LPT Low Pressure Tank
IEQA India Environmental Quality Act MBTU Million BTU
CFR Code of Federal Regulations MCFC Molten Carbonate
Fuel Cell
CGA Compressed Gas Association MPT Medium Pressure
Tank
CH4 Methane N2 Nitrogen
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide Air Quality
Management District
IPUC India Public Utility Commission NEPA National Environmental
Policy Act
ISA India Standards Association NFPA National Fire Protection
Association
DFC Direct Fuel Cell NG Natural Gas
DOE Department of Energy NHA National Hydrogen Association
DOT Department of Transportation OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Admin.
EES Evolution Energy Systems™ PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric
FC Fuel Cell PLC Programmable Logic Controller
FCE FuelCell Energy PHG Pipeline HYDROGEN Gas
FMEA Failure Modes and Effects Analysis PSA Pressure Swing
Adsorption
FTI Fueling Technologies International, Inc psig Pounds per square
inch gage
GEG Gas Electricity Generation RFP Request for Proposal
gpm Gallons per Minute scf Standard Cubic Foot
GSP Gross System Power scfm Standard Cubic
Feet per Minute
H2 Hydrogen USDOE United StatesDepartment of Energy
H2O Water
LIST OF TABLES :-

1) Residential hydrogen fueling contest

2) hydrogen powered lifestyle summary
3) Efficiency : Basic System Power Requirements
4) solution emission vs grid emission and natural gas engines
5) India largest photo voltaic hydrogen plant.
6) Hybrid vs. Gasoline Vehicle Comparison
7) Market cost for advertising

List of figures :-

1) Different types of energy efficient bulb

2)showing the process of Anushma Project 1
3)showing the process of Anushma Project 2
4) electrical vehicle
5) electrical bicycle
6) showing the solar radiation in India
ANUSHMA FOR THE UNIVERSE PROJECT
2011 Residential Fueling Desigh Contest DataSheet
SECTION DESCRIPTION QUANTITY
General

Requirements
Location of Residential 1 residenntial building 2 or
Building 3 floor
Foot Printing 200 sq.feet
Technical

Requirement
Hydrogen production
Production method Electrolysis
Rate of hydrogen
generation
Storage medium Gas
Storage capacity 235,67 cubic meters
Electrical generation
Peak power capacity 784 kw hr/wk
Economic analysis
Capital cost $665.00*
Running cost
Average cost of hydrogen 4 rs kg
in anushma project
Averagecost of electricity 2 rs unit
provided
byAnushma
project
Average cost of electricity 5 rs. Unit
produced by local
grid
Environmental analysis
Anushma energy Co2 from H2 production 118 gm co2/kgh2
Co2 from electrical 283 co2/kwhr
production
Local Grid
CO2 produced from local 489 co2/kwhr
grid power
Bonus points
Renewable energy
technology
 HYDROGEN RESIDENTIAL MODEL

ANUSHMA FOR THE UNIVERSE

(For Residential Building)

th is the most popular residential model for the whole house and for commercial applications,
such as specialty restaurants, convenience stores, hotels, pet grooming shops. A perfect back-up
to Solar and Geothermal passive heat recovery systems.

Cost of ANUSHMA PROJECT - $665.00*

Dryer

Typically 60 Amp service at 220 Volts equals 13,200 watts or 13.2 kW. (During summer
months cloths lines are going to come back into fashion). (If gas fired the dryer can be replaced
with a Hydrogen gas model (not yet invented)). Use 1 hour per day X 13.2 X 7 equals 92.4 kW-
Hr per week

Stove Top

Typically 60 Amp service at 220 Volts equals 13,200 Watts or 13.2 kW. If gas fired the stove can be
replaced with a hydrogen gas catalytic burner model, (invented by Fraunhofer Solar institute)

5. Oven

Typically 60 Amp service at 220 Volts equals 13,200 Watts or 13.2 kW. If gas fired the oven
can be replaced with a hydrogen catalytic burner model. Use 2 hr/wk X 13.2 equals 26.4 kW-
hr/wk

Small Appliances

Such items as the toaster, coffee pot, microwave oven, cloths iron, etc.: these items are all
heaters and consume approximately 6 Amps at 120 Volts equals 720 Watts. Assume 1 kW each.
Use, assume three X ½ hr X 7equals 10.5 kW-hr / wk.

7. Electronics
A modern house is full of televisions, surround sound stereos, computers, networks,washing
machine etc. Each of these information appliances consumes approximately 100 watts, assume
a total of one kW. Use ½ hr in morning 5 hrs gives 5.5X 1 X 7 equals 38.5 kW-hr/wk.

NOTE: All modern electronics are built for efficiency in their use of electricity. Especially the
portable ones, which have to utilize batteries or micro fuel cells for their power source.

The main thing that you should do is buy Energy Star rated electronics.

8. Lighting

A modern house uses fluorescent bulbs which are approximately four times less consuming
energy to light efficienty than the older incandescent bulbs. Assuming at least four lights in
every room, times three bedrooms , two bath, kitchen, family room. (bedrooms may have two,
but kitchens and bathrooms typically have multi bulb fixtures. At 27 Watts power for 100 Watt
equivalent light the requirement would be 3 X 2 + 4 X 2 + 5 X 2 equals 24 X 27 or 648 Watts.
Add garage and outside lighting for a kilowatt of total lighting requirements. Assuming that all
bulbs are fluorescent, if they are still some form of incandescent assume four kilowatts. Use
1kW X one hour in morning and 5 hours at night X 7 equals 35 kW-hr/wk.

NOTE:

Fluorescent light bulbs, of the long slim tube type, that have been used in business building for
the last fifty years were another great improvement in efficiency, up to approximately 50%. In
the last ten years the miniature twisted florescent bulbs have become widely available for the
home owner.

House Total

House power if every thing is turned on to maximum load at the same time. 13.2 + 13.2 +13.2
+3.0 + 1.0 + 1.0 equals 43.6 kW.
Transportation

Large Car

The modern world requires that an urban home has vehicular transportation. The new GM
Sequel fuel cell car, which is the size of a Cadillac SRX crossover or a Chryslers 300 C and
heavier at 4,774 pounds, carries 8 kilograms of hydrogen for a three hundred mile range . This
is equal to 148.2 kW-Hr. Use, one fill up per wk.

Small Car

The smaller Honda FCX, the size of a Chevrolet Vibe or a Toyota Matrix, carries four
kilograms of hydrogen or 74.1 kW-hr, for a 200 mile range. There are currently a dozen
HONDA FCX vehicles leased out to government entities in three states, and it is a stated goal to
lease Honda FCX vehicles to individual drivers by the end of 2005.

Neighborhood Electrical Vehicle

NEV requires 5 kW, Use estimate at 165 kilometers (100 miles) per week at 60 kilometers (35
miles) per hour, equals 2.75 hrs X 5 kW equals 13.75 kW-hr. An example is the Astris Energi,
Inc. fuel cell powered golf cart.

Automobile Total

148.2 + 74.1 + 13.75 equals 236 kilowatt- hr, required.per week, for one fill up per vehicle per
week

Light Transportation (Motorcycle, Scooter, Electric Bicycle)

Motorcycle
15 kW (minimum power rating for driving on India freeways and expressways). Use est. 165
kilometers, (100 miles), per week at 65 mph equals 2.54 hours X 15 kW equals 38.1 kW-hr per
week.

Honda and Yamaha are both working on fuel cell motorcycles.

Scooter

3 kW, limited to interior roads at no more than 65 kph (40 mph). Estimates use 65 kilometers
per week or 1 hr times 3 kW equals 3 kW-hr per week.

Electric Bicycle

300 Watts. Estimated use 30 km per week at 30 km per hour equals one hour at .3 kW equals .3
kW-hr per week.

Yard Appliances

Lawn Mower

Rider style, 7.5 kW, (10 hp), Estimated use one hour per week for mowing. Requirement equals
7.5 kW-hr per week.

Hedge Trimmer and Hand Power Tools

These need to be run off a portable hydrogen fuel cell generator of approximately one kilowatt.
Requirement estimated at five hours per week equals five kW-hr.

Pool Pump
Typically a .6 kW (1 hp) electric motor is required to c1rculate the pool water to keep it clean.
Additionally a 0.3 kW (1/2 hp) motor is required to power the pool sweep. The efficiency
assumption is that a solar heat trapping blanket is utilized to heat the pool and it is an outdoor
pool and mostly utilized in the summer time. Requirement is .6 kW + 0.3 kW X 4 hrs/day X 7
days equals 25.2 kW-hr /wk.

Hydrogen Powered Lifestyle Summary

Summary Use Max kW kW-hr/wk

HOME Space heat 20.0 kw 10 X 7 days= 70.0
Dryer 13.2 1 X 7X13.2= 92.4
Stove 13.2 1X7X13.2 = 92.4
Oven 13.2 1 X2 X13.2= 26.4
Small appliances 03.0 3X1/2X7 = 10.4
Electronics 01.0 1X6X7 = 42.0
Lighting (fluorescent) 01.0 1X6X7 = 42.0
Home total 64.6 kW =375.6 kW-hr/wk

VEHICLES Large car (GM Sequel) + 148.20 kW-hr

Small car (Honda FCX) + 71.40 kW-hr
Neighborhood EV + 13.75 kW-hr
Light Vehicles Motorcycle + 31.85 kW-hr
Scooter + 3.00 kW-hr
Bicycle + 0.30 kW-hr
Total Transportation +268.5 kW-hr

Yard Appliances + 5.0 kW-hr

Pool + 25.2 kW-hr

Total hydrogen powered lifestyle = 674.3 kW-hr/wk

That’s a lot of energy, all which has come from relatively cheap coal and oil and natural gas that
nature has saved up for us for the last four hundred million years. But now the cheap fossil fuels
are gone and fossil fuel in the future will get ever more expensive. If we want to utilize energy
to do the work for us and make home life physically easier, we will have to utilize a new
technology to capture energy from nature, store it and make it available when we need it. This
new system is the Anushma For The Universe

Sunlight
The natural energy available to the individual home owner, in the northern hemisphere, above
the tropic of Cancer is approximately 1 kW per square meter, on a sunny day.

Technical Design
As the world’s demand for RENEWABLE SOURCES , the world’s fossil
fuel levels show a steady decrease to levels that require a new solution. This crisis necessitates a new
paradigm in energy generation – the hydrogen generation.
One of the critical obstacles that must be overcome is the design of the hydrogen support infrastructure.
How is the next generation going to get their hydrogen? ANUSHMA PROJECT solution
to the infrastructure obstacle may be just around the block.
APFTU short-sighted answers that involve further mining of limited fossil fuels, for more
long-term solutions that integrate environmental concern with technical and economic feasibility.
Accordingly
ANUSHMA PROJECTMax fuel is derived from an inexhaustible source of hydrogen and eMax
is produced via clean electricity production.
ANUSHMA PROJECT is a beacon of progress for the next generation. What better place to locate such
a beacon than in our nations capital? Not only will the location serve to better show the country and
the world that the solution to the hydrogen infrastructure problem is here, but it will also expedite the
development of the relationship between government and the hydrogen community that is necessary tomake
the hydrogen economy a reality.

Hydrogen is produced

Hydrogen is produced from renewable sources like solar energy because it is more
convienent , u have ur own energy , pollution free ,u can fuel ur vehicle light is stored in the
form of hydrogen in the day when light is in the peak it light the home and do the
electrolysis process simontanously so that the hydrogen can form in the fuel cell and can be
use in the night to produce electricity
THIS DIAGRAM SHOW THE WORK OF ANUSHMA PROJECT
FUEL CELL
At the center of the EES power park design lays the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC),
trademarked Direct FuelCell (DFC®) by FuelCell Energy, Inc. DFC 300, 250kW
MCFCs will provide the bulk of the electricity produced at the power park..
Approximately 15.3 kW of additional electricity will be generated by using heat from
cathode exhaust to drive a Capstone C-30 microturbine per FCE’s Direct Fuel
Cell/Turbine© pilot project (Ghezel-Ayagh et al. 2004). The high operating temperature
(650 0C) of the DFC allows for hydrocarbon fuels, such as natural gas and landfill gas
(Section 2.4), to be reformed into hydrogen and carbon dioxide within the fuel cell. Only

A DESIGN OF INTERNAL EQUIPMENT USED TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN FOR HOME VEHCLE AND STORE
ELECTRICITY FOR THE HOME SUPPLY THROUGH ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS
THIS DIAGRAM SHOW THE WHOLE PROCESS OF
ANUSHMA PROJECT
EFFICIENCY
If we need 650 kW-hr total per week of point of use delivered energy we must consider the
efficiency of the transformations than can make it available to us.

Passive Heat

The first consideration should be to add into the home all of the passive thermal containment
that the property allows. Current building codes require R 32 insulation in the walls and R 90
above the ceilings. Also required are double pane windows and leak sealing around all
openings. What has not been required has been architecture that provides for natural convection
heat traps, such as Tromb , Sun energy absorbing, walls, or basement rock thermal storage, or
the many other forms of utilizing the natural convection heat of the Sunlight to both heat and
cool the structure. A properly built home can maintain a 72 degree temperature year around,
with only a minimum of additional heating and cooling required. Unfortunately only a small
fraction of homes were built in the past with passive thermal considerations in mind.

They were built with the assumption that cheap fossil fuel energy would always be available to
heat and cool them with brute force power. Times change!

THE PRIMARY FUTURE ENERGY REQUIREMENT: EFFICIENCY!

High Efficiency Heat

If hydrogen is catalytically converted to high temperature steam, such as in heaters or ovens or

dryers or stove tops, its conversion efficiency can be 100 percent. We will assume that the
appliances are well built and insulated and the utility of the heat energy in cooking food, or
heating water or drying clothes or creating space heat, approaches ninety percent.

High Efficiency Electricity

Many tasks are most easily done with energy in the form of electricity. The theoretical
maximum efficiency of converting hydrogen and oxygen to electricity and heat is 82%.

The highest practical efficiency of a low pressure, adiabatic, proton exchange (PEM) fuel cell,
run at half of its maximum rated power level, is 70%.

Co-Generation Efficiency
Converting our hydrogen to electricity at 70% efficiency means that 30% of the energy in the
hydrogen is wasted as heat. In the future expensive energy world, wasting 30% of the hydrogen
fuel energy would be completely foolish. With proper heat exchangers built in as an extension
of the fuel cell cooling system we can capture most of that heat and bring our total efficiency up
to 85-90%. At the same time as we are making electricity to run our lights and turn our motors,
we can be heating the bath water and the air in the house.

Re-Generation Efficiency

All hydrogen fuel cell electric hybrid vehicles will be built with re-generation capability built
into the motor system. The greatest energy usage in a vehicle is used in getting it up to speed.
Where competitive acceleration requires 75 kW (100 hp), cruising down the highway , in an
aerodynamic vehicle, only requires 11 kW (15 hp). Accelerating the weight of the vehicle is the
energy waster, but once that energy is stored in the moving vehicle, re-generation, on slowing
down, can recapture approximately 75% of the energy and store it into battery or Ultracapacitor
packs, ready to power the next acceleration.

Solar Conversion Efficiency

Current production solar cell arrays, at best, capture approximately 15% of the incident solar
radiation and convert it into electricity. Nano technology based improvements are announced
almost weekly in improving the technology of solar array conversion. Potential efficiencies of
30, 40, even 70 % are claimed. However none of these new technologies are yet in production.
Currently a Solar Hydrogen Energy System will have to be based on a solar conversion
efficiency of 15%, with good maintenance.

Electrolysis Efficiency

The current best home based technology for hydrogen production, utilizing the electrical energy
captured and converted from Sunlight by solar arrays, is electrolysis of water. A proton
exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser can convert approximately 85% of the electricity,
(future developments are aiming for up to 94% efficiency), into hydrogen.

A functional and efficient PEM electrolysis system must also include efficient filtering and de-
ionizing so that the water electrolysed in the system is pure and doesn’t contaminate the
electrolyser.

The PEM electrolyser is most efficient at low power loading (1 Amp per square centimeter) and
high cooling, (not allowed to exceed 50 degrees C).

Since hydrogen must normally be pressurized for effective storage, either at high pressure of
350 Bar (5,000 psi) or 700 Bar (10,000 psi) or at low pressure 13 Bar (200 psi) for hydride
storage, it is most efficient if most of the volume compression is accomplished directly within
the electrolyser. This compression adds to the energy required to produce the hydrogen so our
total efficiency of the electrolyser system is approximately 80% .

Storage Efficiency

Storing hydrogen is difficult as the gas is so light that a STP cubic meter of it only contains 3
kw-hr of energy. PEM electrolysers are in production that have output pressures of 200 psi, 400
psi, 2000 psi, and under development all the way to 700 Bar (10,000 psi). The system needs the
highest electrolyser pressure it can deliver because the mass efficiency of mechanical
compression is lowest at the lower pressures and higher volumes. It is more efficient to
compress from 5,000 psi to 10,000 psi as the ratio is only two to one, than to compress from
STP to 5,000 psi a ration of 333 to one.

Once the hydrogen gas is compressed into the storage tank the pressure energy is available to
deliver the gas to its point of use so there is no further loss of efficiency.

Planning the Most Efficient Use of our Solar Hydrogen Energy

System
Assuming that we have already done all the standard energy saving improvements to the house,
we then start on affordable energy enhancements.

1. Efficient Water Heating

Install a solar water heater. There are several types of Solar water heaters, all of which work by
capturing the Sunlight and concentrating the heat energy into water flowing through the system.
A passive system capable of providing 80% of the water warming requirement can be installed
on the roof and will last as long as the roof itself. The hot water from this system will loop
through or utilize an under heater to reinforce the existing electric or natural gas powered hot
water system. Heating the water from the water utility delivered temperature, normally about
40F to 50F, depending on the time of the year, up to about 100 F will be accomplished by the
solar energy. Only the peak heat, to bring it up to 125 F will require additional energy.
Currently it is simplest to just reinforce your current system.

Once we have a Solar Hydrogen Energy system of sufficient size installed, the cost equations
can be reversed. During the high sun parts of the day our home system is powering the home air
conditioning and storing any excess solar energy as hydrogen. During the morning and night the
home gets its power through the fuel cell. In this way the home makes its own power at the peak
rate time and also makes its own power at the sub peak times. The grid is still available for back
up, in the case of long term cloudy weather, but the home powers itself during all the peak times
and keeps the grid power cost as low as possible.

Efficiency: Basic System Power Requirements

Hydrogen power will always be expensive and must always be utilized in its most efficient
form. The requirements to utilize hydrogen, through catalytic transformation to high
temperature steam, for peak heat, from our initial requirements list, are summarized in the
following table.

Space heat 70.0 kw-hr/wk

Hot water (bathing, dish and cloth washing)
Dryer 92.4
Stove 92.4
Oven 26.4

Total 281.7

We will include our vehicles in this list. Hydrogen has to be delivered to them in gas form. The
fact that they convert the hydrogen to electricity with their on board fuel cells before they use it
doesn’t count against the house requirement.

Large car 148.20

Small car 71.40
Neighborhood EV 13.75
Motorcycle 31.85
Scooter 3.00
Ev bicycle 0.30
Yard appliances 5.00
Total vehicles 241.65 kW-hr/wk
Total (all) 554.7 kW-hr/wk is most efficiently delivered as hydrogen gas.

Delivered as electricity

Small appliances 10.4

Electronics 42.0
Lighting (fluorescent) 42.0
Pool pumps 25.2
Total 119.6 kW-hr/wk most efficiently delivered as electricity.

We assumed that the efficiency of our fuel cell conversion was 70%. The second requirement is
to determine our peak load requirement. 119.6 / 7 equals 17.085 kW-hr /day. If we assume its
party time and all of the electrical load is running at the same time we must summarize the
dynamic electrical power requirement.

Small appliances 3.0 kW

Electronics 1.0 kW
Lighting (fluorescent) 1.0 kW
Pool pumps 1.0 kW
Total dynamic requirement 6.0 kW

Therefore our fuel cell must be sized at 6/0 kW/0.7 (conversion efficiency) equals 8.57kW to
deliver 6 kW of electricity and 2.57 kilowatts of low grade heat, ( 80 deg C or 176 deg F). If we
assume an 80% efficient transfer through the fuel cell heat exchangers we can add 2 kW of heat
to the hot water supply.

Since the fuel cell has to send its power through an electrical inverter (DC to AC) to get it to the
home in a standard useful form we must also divide our 8.57 kW by 0.9 (inverter efficiency) to
get 9.5 kW as the minimum size for our fuel cell.

We want to run the fuel cell at approximately half of full load for maximum efficiency so we
need at least a 20 kW output fuel cell.

This oversized fuel cell will also allow for some future expansion as homes have historically
added additional power requirements.

Size of the Electrolyser

Our estimated requirement for hydrogen can be summed up.

Space heat, water heat, and major home appliances 281.7 kW-hr/wk
Small appliances and electronics 170.85
Vehicles 241.65
Yard and shop tools 10.00

Total 704.2 KW-hr / wk of H2

The electrolyser is ideally only going to be powered when the Sun is shining so that we are
living off of nature’s bounty. In the northern hemisphere, at the latitude of San Francisco we
benefit from a year round average of Sunlight or approximately five hours per day. Therefore
the electrolyser must be big enough to produce 704 kW-hr of H2 in five hours X seven days or
35 hours equals 20.12 kilowatts of electrolyser function.

The electrolyser, including water filtering and H2 compression will at best be approximately
80% efficient.
Any sunlight power generated in excess of the five hour average, like during the summer
months, can just be pumped back into the grid. Eventually the utilities will have to pay for the
excess power.

Sizing the Solar Array

The solar array must be large enough to power the electrolyser at its peak power of 20.12
kilowatts adding it’s 80% efficiency requirement or 20.12 / 0.8 equals 25.15 kW of Solar Array
output required.

Since the Solar incidence at the latitude of San Francisco is approximately 1 kW/Meter squared
and the efficiency of the current Solar panels is at best 15%, we will need 25 meters square /
0.15 equals 166.66 meters square of solar array or an area of 10X10 meters plus an additional
array of 10 X 6.6 meters.

There are two easy places to place a Solar Array. Either on the roof top on a south facing roof
slope or against a fence line in the back yard.

Designing and Sizing the Electronic Controls

Choosing the Solar array system voltage has many ramifications. There are four main system
components that need to be designed for the sam

1. The solar array itself. (A typical solar panel is organized for 12 V with a 17V open peak
voltage). So a typical array can be organized for 24 V or 48 V.
2. The control of the electrolyser. If the electrolyser is organized as a serial stack then
approximately 2 Volts will be needed per layer to drive the electrolysis reaction. If the
Solar Array input to the system is at 48 Volts, then the PEM electrolyser stack would be
24 layers high. A high stack can be advantages as the area requirement for efficient
electrolysis, approximately 0.8 Amps per square centimeter ( 5 amps per square inch),
would result in active layer areas of approximately 671 centimeters square (104 inches
square).
3. The grid inverter of 25 kW capacity so that the entire Solar Array output can feed back to
the grid and make the electric meter dance in reverse.
4. The 25 kW switch, which can switch the power flow from the grid intertie inverter and
feed it to the electrolyser whenever the hydrogen storage tanks show a preset depletion
percentage. Once the tanks are full the switch immediately returns any excess power
generated to the grid intertie inverter and feeds it back to the grid.

Determining the Volume of Hydrogen to be Stored

We determined that the hydrogen usage requirement was 704 kW-hr / week. Divided by seven
equals 100.6 Kilowatt hours per day. However to be safe we need to have sufficient storage to
last for a whole week without Sunlight. After that we will need to tap the grid for our
electrolysis requirement to create hydrogen.

Hydrogen gas contains approximately 3 kw-hr per cubic meter, therefore 704 kW-hr divided by
3 equals 235.67 cubic meters of hydrogen storage required. A tank of 235,67 cubic meters
would be very large, but a one meter cubed tank that could hold all 235.67 meters cubed would
be quite feasible.

Designing and Sizing the Hydrogen Storage Tanks

The main criteria for the hydrogen storage system are cost and safety.

Hydride

The safest system is to store the hydrogen in tanks filled with hydrogen hydride. Hydrogen
hydride is a material that reversibly bonds the hydrogen atoms to itself electrochemically.
Typically hydrides have to be cooled as they are absorbing hydrogen and heated to drive it off
again. The biggest virtue of hydride is that it can be operated at low pressure. Even if the
hydride tanks were ruptured, by an earthquake or an act of terrorism, the hydrogen would not
escape, unless the hydride material was heated. A hydride tank has to have secondary systems
which will automatically cool it when charging and heat it for discharging. The most commonly
utilized hydrides are Iron-Titanium hydride and Nickel-Lanthanum hydride both of which can
charge and discharge close to room temperature. A hot and cold water circulation system, or a
reversible heat pump system will work.

The Iron-Titanium hydride will hold hydrogen equal to nearly 900 times its volume at a rate of
approximately 2% by weight. Therefore 235.67 cubic meters of hydrogen gas could be
contained in 0.262 cubic meters divided by 0.02 equals 13.1 meters cubed of Iron titanium in a
tank.

Pressure Tanks

The second method of storing the hydrogen is in strongly constructed tanks, typically made of a
ultra high density poly-ethylene liner, wrapped with many layers of epoxy impregnated carbon
and Kevlar fibers and further protected by a resilient covering. The best pressure tanks today
have been certified to operate at 700 BAR (10,000 psi ) for use in automobiles.

One cubic meter of hydrogen at STP (standard temperature and pressure) fills one cubic meter
at 1 Bar (14.7 psi). In order to shrink the required gas hydrogen into the preferred one meter
cubed tank we must compress it 237.65 times or 237.65 Bar (3493.5 psi).
If our electrolyser can deliver the hydrogen gas at that the net pressure of 3500 psi then we just
need a single cubic meter tank or an array of smaller tanks that sum up to a capacity of 1 meter
cube.

The pressure tanks require several safety devices, such as one way loading valves, step down
pressure regulators, blow out diaphragms, and leak proof piping.

Which storage system is safest and most cost effective has yet to be determined, Both types are
making rapid progress in development as the requirement for hydrogen storage on board
vehicles gets ever more critical.

1.2.5 Storage
The storage unit will house a combined 36 kg of hydrogen. The C-31738 storage
unit comprises three stationary ASME seamless pressure vessels manufactured
by CP Industries.7 Each vessel has the capability to store hydrogen at pressures
as high as 6,672 PSI. The vessels include a 5 percent notch ultrasonic inspection,
a 0.75 inch NGT outlet plug on both ends, and an exterior coat of primer. Table
1.4 shows additional specifications for the storage vessels:

Specifications
Safety Factor 3 to 1 for dry gas, non-
corrosive service
Design temperature -20 °F to +200 °F.
Vessel material SA372 Grade J, Class 70
Size 16" OD x 1.250" MW x 18' 0"
Long /406 mm x 31.75 mm x
5.5 m
Design Pressure 6,667 PSIg / 460 bar
Vessel Water Volume 15.8 cu. ft. / 447 liters
Vessel Capacity 5,087 scf H2 @ 6,000 PSIg /
12 kg H2 @ 414 bar
Vessel Weight 4,017 lbs / 1,822 kg

It show the solar radiation in india

Month Solar Radiation Maximum Average Monthly Total
(kWh/m2 day) Daylight Power Sunlight (h/day) Power (kWh)
(kW)
January 2.806 34.501 10.340 1,525.119
February 3.626 44.580 11.000 1,918.566
March 4.792 58.924 11.850 3,066.887
April 6.053 74.430 13.000 4,080.713
May 6.400 78.694 13.950 4,762.860
June 6.589 81.020 14.600 4,896.662
July 7.125 87.610 14.060 5,385.106
August 6.526 80.245 13.200 4,660.263
September 5.265 64.739 12.400 3,362.790
October 4.162 51.171 11.400 2,512.402
November 3.153 38.766 10.500 1,692.499
December 2.585 31.788 10.000 1,369.377
ANNUAL TOTAL 39,233.244

Safety Analysis
1 Introduction
Safety is of paramount concern in situating a ANUSHMA PROJECT in a populated area.
The pubic perception and acceptance of hydrogen as a viable fuel will depend on the
success of first generation hydrogen facilities—even the appearance of potential safety
failures must be avoided.
All components of the power generation, distribution, and housing are designed to meet
or exceed all applicable building and safety codes for the building H2 gas, smoke,
H2 flame detectors and fire-suppression systems will be strategically placed around the
Storage room. High pressure storage tanks will be protected by reinforced blast walls, and an inert gas purge
system will be in place for the flammable gas plumbing Additional
safety equipment and procedures used in the building facility are listed below:
• Various sensors are used in cooperation with a programmable logic control to
automatically detect hazardous conditions and make adjustments accordingly. These
sensors include: thermocouples, pressure transducers, hydrogen sensors, oxygen
sensors, hydrogen flame detectors, and smoke detectors. Solenoid valves are actuated
through the PLC to shut down certain processes, divert flows, and release
extinguishing agents or fire retardants.
• Pressurized inert gas (nitrogen or helium) is stored on-site and is connected to
hydrogen lines in strategic locations (plumbing schematic in appendix ). Inert gas is
used to purge plumbing lines of flammable fluids (hydrogen or oxygen) in emergency
and/or maintenance procedures.
• Ballast tanks are used to ensure that all plumbing lines retain a positive pressure at all
times to avoid intake of unwanted materials that may result in explosive conditions.
• Manual emergency shut-down “panic buttons” are strategically placed in and outside
the facility to initiate immediate shut-down of all processes and purge hydrogen lines.
Several national and international agencies are in the process of developing safety codes
for hydrogen power generation and refueling stations . Table 3 provides an
overview of existing and proposed codes to be followed in the development and
operation of Evolution Energy Systems’anushma for the universe project . (For the purpose of this proposal,
EES is concentrating on codes specifically pertaining to hydrogen. All applicable codes, standards and
regulations pertaining to water, electrical, and natural gas distribution have been developed and tested over
time and will be followed rigidly.)

Solar analysis
A broken module will have consequences of broken glass being on the roof. No people will be on the roof,
excepting maintenance personnel, so this poses more an environmental risk to
wildlife that may land on the roof. The likelihood of this event is relatively low and can be mitigated by
regular inspection of the solar modules by maintenance personnel. Fraying electrical work will have the
consequences of possible electrical shock to personnel on the roof or, again, wildlife. Since the modules are
not in motion the electrical fray would solely be a result of weather conditions in the outdoors. Therefore,
the electrical wiring that will run from the solar module itself to the building's electrical system should be
protected by conduits which will prevent exposure of the insulation or wiring to the elements

HYDROGEN STORAGE TANK

The hydrogen storage tank has been identified as a high public safety risk. Safety considerations can be
implemented in such a system in order to prevent unnecessary injury, loss of life or propertyThe possibility
of a leak of hydrogen into the hydrogen room may lead to asphyxiation and flammable environments.
Inherent safety design can be approached by making sure that the pressure of hydrogen supply and delivery
is not at pressures in excess of operation of the fuel cell. Active safety design consideration can be to make
sure that there are minimal places that the hydrogen can leak in delivery and supply lines. Installation of
piping should conform to codes with safety allowance for overpressure protection. Active controls can be
implemented by making sure that there is always adequate ventilation to the atmosphere preventing an
environment where either asphyxiation or a flammable environment may be achieved. The rapid diffusion
of hydrogen in air promotes such a system. Fire suppression systems should be included. Gas detection
should also be included as well as monitoring of pressure drops across the system. Procedural controls can
be implemented as well routine pressure checks of the system would help determine if any leaks are present
and checking gas monitoring and ventilation systems so that they are always in correct working order.

2. Safety Analysis
AFTU PROJECT considers safety to be of the foremost importance as a determining factor in the success
of AFTU
IN INDIA Today’s general public still harbors the misconception that hydrogen is unsafe, particularly when
compared with petroleum. In order to convince them that the hydrogen economy is safe and has great
potential, ANUSHMA FOR THE UNIVERSE must convey a sense that the customers can enjoy an
accident-free environment. All production components must operate safely at all times and storage tanks
must be guarded and inspected regularly. Accordingly, ANUSHMA FOR THE UNIVERSE PROJECT is
created in such a way as to meet the standards and codes established by widely-recognized organizations,
such as ASME, NFPA, CGA, SAE, and ISO. The relevant codes are listed in the appendix for reference.
AFTU PROJECT employs Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to identify possible failure modes
and their consequences . This method is comprehensive and allows for the ranking of failure modes in order
of significance. The results are then used to generate mitigation plans and improved safety controls.
Subsequently, performing Fault Tree analysis provides sensitivity analysis on system performance before
and after the mitigation and contingency plans are in place. All of these efforts go towards making
ANUSHMA PROJECT IS safer for its workers and customers.

2.1 Major Failure Modes

Despite scrupulously followed safety regulations in the construction and operation of the
power park, extraordinary hazards may still be present. The FMEA was used to assist in
the determination of the major failure modes
1) Fire or combustion of hydrogen
2) Human operator error or equipment misuse
3) Natural disaster
4) Hardware failure
5) Electrical Power outage
The failure modes above are listed in decreasing order of risk to theanushma project.
Each scenario was evaluated for both damage potential and frequency, and then
scored appropriately (1-10, 10 being the most severe). The results of this analysis can
be seen in Table 2.1.1 below.

SAFETY FEATURES INCORPORATED IN DESIGN

The bulk of the fuel Has been removed from high traffic areas In addition to ensure that any explosion
does not damage the structure or the surrounding areas ,the design the design integrates 2.25 meter
high concrete walls around the hydrogen fuel tank storage. These walls are
fireproofed to two hours in order to adhere to code (National Fire Protection
Association, 1999). This area also houses all compression equipment to ensure that
only the dispenser is open to customers. This minimizes the exposure that the
customer has to the system, thereby reducing the potential danger of an incident.
Additionally, pressure safety valves have been fitted on each tank these valves are
connected to pressure relief headers which will siphon any hydrogen leak father
upward to mitigate the possibility of an accidental combustion combustion causing a
chain reaction in other tanks. The area will be fitted with hydrogen leak detectors and
temperature sensors in order to allow personnel to identify fire risks, as hydrogen
fires are nearly invisible in daylight Another concern is accidental static discharge
occurring during normal operation. In order to avoid this, all buildings and apparatus
are electrically grounded, and all service personnel will be thoroughly trained in
hydrogen safety procedures. In addition, access to the storage area will be limited to
to service personnel in order to limit unauthorized access and deliberate acts of
vandalism. This will be coupled with a strict inspection and maintenance schedule to
ensure that none of the process equipment falls into disrepair. The station will also
include a process control system. This system has been designed to promote safety in
case of a leak. For full details of the system, refer to Figure 5: Process Flow on page
10. The control system will measure process variables such as temperature, pressure,
and flow rates. It will also be connected to hydrogen leak detectors and temperature
sensors, in order to better monitor the process. This system will be capable of
detecting leaks and taking steps in order to mitigate damage.
This includes purging hydrogen lines with inert nitrogen, and automatic controls on
emergency shutoff valves that can stop the flow of hydrogen into the distribution
lines.

Hydrogen Safety Analysis

Public safety concerns are utmost important for the growth, development and acceptance of a hydrogen
economy. Remediation of risks associated with the operations of hydrogen is paramount to the sociable
acceptance of such technology and infrastructure. Hydrogen itself presents concerns of flammability,
asphyxiation (Oxygen Deficient Environment), metal embrittlement and compressed gases hazards. Hydrogen
flammability can occur with specific concentrations of hydrogen oxygen mixtures and exposure to ignition
source. Hydrogen has a lower ignition point then other carbon burning fuel sources. Hydrogen rapidly diffusive
into other gases making a flammable vapour ratio unable to obtained in a well ventilated environment. Most
occurrences of a hydrogen leak will cause a flame velocity too high to be sustained, as such a leak fire is hard to
maintain, but does present in other hazards. Safety standards call for fuel cells installed indoors call upon many
different standards such as ASME, ANSI, IEEE, UL and NFPA. For example, NFPA 853 calls items such as the
fuel cell to be installed behind 1 hour fire resistant rating walls. Oxygen deficient environments can lead to
asphyxiation due to the low levels of oxygen concentration in the air. Oxygen levels when starting to decrease
can lead to headaches, dizziness, fatigue and even death. Due to the hazards that these pose, proper ventilation is
vital in order to remediate these risks. Proper ventilation will also prevent the flammable air to hydrogen gas
mixture to be achieved. Embrittlement of the metal may lead to effects causing rupture or pressure loss failure
modes due to the weakening of storage containment and delivery methods. Hydrogen embrittlement may be
avoided by the correct choice of materials. Piping and storage vessels should all follow corresponding codes for
the correct choice of materials to prevent structural failures. Compressed gases pose a hazard due to the energy
of release that it posses, hydrogen in an uncontrolled release can harm people and damage property and render
the building uses. Respect to the transportation and storage of the hydrogen shall conform to standards such as
those listed before.
Economic/Business Plan Analysis
Our business plan includes both capital investments in purchased equipment as well
as lease
agreements. The equipment leased will help to keep the initial outlay of assets down
while also
creating flexibility to change with emerging and improving hydrogen technologies.
The
hydrogen technologies selected attempt to address several economic issues including
showing
fiscal viability through power cogeneration and moderating losses due to power
outages through
reliable back-up systems.
Capital and Installation Costs
The initial capital investment for all operating equipment will be $665 with an
additional
$335,000 estimated for installation and operator training . Installation and Operator
training are estimated to 35% and 15%, respectively, of the initial investment cost. A
portion of
the above mentioned expenses will go toward internal promotion of the technologies
being
implemented. The cost of the public education module will be $185 which is
approximately
10% of the total amount spent.

Capital Summary
Capital Costs
Item Description Quantity Price
1 Hydrogen Cogeneration System
1.1 UTC PureCell™ 200 - Incl. Installation 1 $300
1.2 Operator Training $102
3.1 Hydrogen Cylinders 4$200
3.2 Altergy Integrated Fuel Cell 1 $120
3.5 Installation and Operator Training $60,000
4 Public Education Module$185
4.1 HOGEN® H2M Electrolyzer 1 $140,
4.4 Marketing $100,000
Total Capital Cost $786

3.2 Operational Costs

Operating costs are estimated as a combination of the necessary supply of hydrogen,
electricity,
water and maintenance costs for the implemented technologies.
 Revenue
There are three major revenue streams: electric power, hydrogen for vehicles, and the convenience store.
Gen H Power Park maintains 100kWh of electricity in excess after taking into account internal electrical
requirements. As required by the National Hydrogen Association,
The additional revenue stream of the convenience store is added to keep Anushma project
The average profit of a convenience store in the United States is $30,000 per year. Since Gen H Power
Park will become a full-fledged fueling station by 2020, its convenience store should have a profit
comparable
to the national average. Therefore, the present value of the profit of the convenience store is
assumed to be $30,00 at 2020. Then, the initial profit of $6000 in 2010 is obtained by scaling down
proportionally
according to the demand of HMax which is 50kg/day. Based on the multiple revenue streams,
hydrogen is priced economically at $8.31/kg while making net present value (NPV) equal to zero at the
institutional rate of return of 10%.

3.4 Cost Savings

Table 3.4 shows the current cost to purchase 225 kW of electricity and provide gasoline for three vehicles.
Utility Avg. Monthly Yearly Cost 5 Year Cost 10 Year Cost
Cost
Purchasing 250 $9,999.78 $119,997.31 $599,986.55 $1,199,973.10
kW
Gasoline for 3 $1,539.84 $18,478.13 $92,390.65 $184,781.30
Vehicles
Total $11,539.62 $138,475.44 $692,377.20 $1,384,754.40

4-Environmental Analysis
Hydrogen’s attractiveness as a fuel is due to it being a renewable, clean burning fuel. As such, one
advantage of a hydrogen economy is a cleaner environment. Through the utilization of hydrogen
technologies, the Columbia Metropolitan Airport can not only improve process efficiencies, but can also
help keep our world clean for future generations. To make this more apparent, three distinct pollution
causing effects will be examined. The first is the combustion of traditional fossil fuels compared to burning
hydrogen or using hydrogen in fuel cells. The second is the effect of displacing batteries with hydrogen fuel
cells. The final comparison will be made looking at the differences between the noise levels generated
during generator operation for both diesel and fuel cell configurations.
4.1 Combustion of Fossil Fuels and Hydrogen
In recent years, there has been a great deal of controversy over greenhouse gases and emissions standards
throughout the United States. The nation, it seems, is finally ready to make changes to help stop if not
reverse situations such as global warming. When traditional fossil fuels are burned, they release many
compounds and fine particulate mater into the atmosphere. These offgases
include chemicals such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, carbon monoxide, and countless other
molecules that can poison the air and eventually make their way into the water supply.
However, when hydrogen is burned with oxygen, the by-product is clean, pure water vapor. Even when
hydrogen is burned with air, very few hazardous off-gases are generated. Hydrogen can also be processed in
fuel cells to develop electricity directly. Some fuel cells have the possibility to be emissions free. In a
reversible PEM (proton exchange membrane) configuration, a fuel cell can combine hydrogen and oxygen
to generate electricity; when the
system is no longer under loading conditions, electricity can be provided to the system to convert the water
back into hydrogen and oxygen.

One aspect of the proposed design, the UTC PureCell™ 200, is a strong example of how emissions can be
drastically reduced through the use of hydrogen fuel cell technologies. Figure 4.1.1 is a generalization of the
emissions generated during use of the PureCell™ unit when compared to both the United States grid
electric as well as a typical natural gas engine of comparable capacity.

Figure 4.1.1: Fossil and Fuel Cell Comparisons

It can be seen from the Figure 4.1.1 that fuel cell technologies offer distinct advantages over fossil fuels,
especially when considering environmental effects. To further gain from the clean it is the India largest
photovoltaic power plants

Table 4.1.1:

India's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants

DC GW·h
Capacity factor
Name of Plant Peak Power (MW) /year Notes

Sivaganga Photovoltaic Plant 5 Completed December


Azure Power - Photovoltaic Plant 2
Jamuria Photovoltaic Plant
NDPC Photovoltaic Plant
Thyagaraj stadium Plant-Delhi
2010
2009
2 2009
1 2010
1 April, 2010

Comparision of Hybrid vs Gasoline Vehicle Comparision

4.1 Hybrid vs. Gasoline Vehicle Comparison

Car Cost Difference City L/100km HW L /100km AVG L/100km L / year Gas $/yr yrs to payback
Civic LX $25,170 – 8.2 5.7 6.95 1390 $1,807 –
Civic Hybrid $29,200 $4,030 4.7 4.3 4.5 900 $1,170 6.33

Corolla LE $24,665 – 7.4 5.6 6.5 1300 $1,690 –

Prius $32,866 $8,201 4 4.2 4.1 820 $1,066 13.14

Ford Escape (fwd) $30,226 – 10.3 7.7 9 1800 $2,340 –

Escape Hybrid $35,119 $4,893 5.7 6.7 6.2 1240 $1,612 6.72

Camry LE $30798 – 9.5 6.2 7.85 1570 2041 –

Camry Hybrid $36191 $5,393 5.7 5.7 5.7 1140 1482 9.65

It seems that the best “value” out of the bunch is the Honda Civic

Replacing Batteries with Fuel Cells

As concern for the environment increases, so should the laws created to enforce such beliefs.
Already, California has begun to legislate against discarding dry-cell batteries of all sizes as
general refuse. According to the United States EPA, battery recycling keeps heavy metals (the
primary contaminant of all batteries) out of landfills and out of the air. If left in landfills, it is
possible for the heavy metals from batteries to seep into groundwater systems. In locations
where trash is incinerated, the heavy metals may be lifted into the atmosphere with the ash.
These metals can consist of mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel, among others.

Replacing a battery system with a fuel cell eliminates the source of these heavy metals in our
environment. The proposed design has replaced several systems that are traditionally battery
powered with hydrogen fuel cells. Of these applications, the largest is the electric power backup
system manufactured by Altergy Systems. Instead of using traditional battery back-up, the
system utilizes stacked hydrogen fuel cells to provide back-up power. It should be noted,
however, that a small number of batteries are necessary to maintain a workable transient
response, as the fuel cells are not able to respond immediately.

Additional systems that have been retrofitted with a fuel cell to replace a battery are the class 1
lift trucks, scooters, a John Deere Gator™, portable power packs. In all of these applications, the
user will be utilizing not only a more environmentally friendly product, but also one with greater
reliability and energy efficiency due to the implementation of a fuel cell.

Generator Noise Pollution Comparisons

While pollution is traditionally thought of as contaminants to our air, water, and soil, excessive
noise is also considered a pollutant, especially in urban areas. In this respect, fuel cells and
hydrogen energy offer yet another benefit over traditional systems. To serve as an example, the
PureCell™ 200 will be compared to a Caterpillar diesel generator of comparable load rating.
For reference, the EPA recommends sound levels below 70 dBA (continuous exposure) to
prevent hearing loss with a reasonable margin of safety. At a distance of 50 feet, a Caterpillar
generator equipped with a sound attuned enclosure has sound pressure levels of approximately
70 dBA. At a distance of 30 feet, the PureCell™ 200 unit produces sound pressure levels of 60
dBA. If a low noise cooling module is purchased for the PureCell™ unit, the sound level is
further reduced to 54 dBA at 30 feet. EPA standards place the sound pressure levels of normal
conversation at approximately 55 dBA, emphasizing the quiet operation of the fuel cell unit. Please note that
all sound levels are estimations, actual amplitudes vary with environment.

Public Awareness/Marketing and Education

A positive public perception of hydrogen is critical to the success of emerging hydrogen
technologies. Employing hydrogen technologies in an urban setting, specifically the highpressure
storage and dispensing of hydrogen, is often a source of concern for the general
public. Recognizing the pivotal role of the public in the acceptance of hydrogen
technologies, EES will develop and execute education and public awareness programs
designed to build public acceptance of hydrogen. A marketing scheme will also be
developed to further promote hydrogen technologies.

Guided Tours
Columbia Metropolitan Airport presently provides tours of the facility. The H Team proposes to extend the
current tour to include the hydrogen plant and the hydrogen ICE vehicles, and an introductory movie. The movie
will describe and show how the hydrogen facility was constructed, and outline its advantages. After the tour
group is shown the video, they will be brought to the hydrogen plant where the tour guide will show them the
equipment and explain the function of each component. The dispenser will be explained and one of the hydrogen
ICE vehicles will be shown, highlighting the hydrogen tanks located in the truck bed. Finally, the guide will
demonstrate how the vehicle is refueled. At the end of the tour, the patrons will be guided to a gift shop where
they can purchase items, which will further promote hydrogen technologies. The goal of this tour is to show the
public that hydrogen technology is safe and clean. The guide will highlight the reduced emissions of the system.
Education is an important part of promoting and fulfilling a hydrogen economy. This program will encourage
school field trips to teach environmental responsibility and showcase hydrogen technologies that lead to a better
environment. The airport will also host an annual hydrogen technology fair. The fair will allow students to take
tours of the facilities, compete in contests and games (for example hydrogen jeopardy), and take part in a
hydrogen science competition where students can display their research into hydrogen technologies
accomplished during the school year.
5.2 Educational Materials
Columbia Metropolitan Airport already has an education center, which the H Team will expand to include
materials on the hydrogen technology implemented at the site. A series of pamphlets will be created that give
detailed information on the major components of the system such as the fuel cell, electrolyzer, and hydrogen
ICE vehicles.

TARGET
The target audience of this campaign will be the general public. Although it is imperative that
we appeal to potential hydrogen vehicle owners, the main objective is to sway public opinion.
In this regard, hydrogen sells itself on emissions and energy independence. These selling
points must be well-publicized. In order to do that, hydrogen vehicle producers, hydrogen
suppliers, and hydrogen distributors must create a flood of information in order to highlight
the advantages of this new energy source. Advertisements in newspapers, on television and
radio, and particularly over the internet must be made to get the idea of hydrogen fuel into
people’s minds.
Right now, many people have heard of hydrogen fuel, but don’t fully understand it. To them,
it is a distant solution. The present objective is to convince the public of hydrogen’s viability
now, and of the benefits to switching over today.
Acceptance of the actual hydrogen station by the community is essential as well. In order to
appeal to the community of Santa Monica, advertisements should also focus on the bicycle
rental and tourist center which will provide valuable services to pedestrians and tourists,
respectively. By advertising the bicycle rental, more people will start to use this service. Since
all bicycles will carry the Liberty Fuels logo, this will provide more publicity for the station. It
will also help to reinforce the eco-friendly image that is crucial to the campaign.
CHALLENGES
As mentioned above, hydrogen sells itself on emissions and energy dependence. However,
the main issue is safety. If people are not comfortable with hydrogen distribution stations in
their communities, these projects will have a more difficult time succeeding. This advertising
campaign has to convince the majority of the public across all demographics and age groups
that hydrogen energy is safe and reliable. Helping the public understand the facts of
hydrogen distribution is crucial. To this end, much of our advertisement campaign should be
focused on why hydrogen is safe, and how Liberty’s design addresses safety concerns. This
also underlines why safe designs are paramount to successful market performance, and why
the Liberty Fuels design’s focus on safety is so important to communities and investors.
IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation of this marketing plan will fall mainly upon the mediums mentioned above:
newspapers, radio, television, and online. Through use of these media, several
advertisements can be made:

The advent of viral videos presents a unique opportunity for advertisement. By using videos
on sites like YouTube, Liberty Fuels can provide an entertaining and informative
advertisement that catches attention and is not long enough to bore the audience. Also, it
can provide a link to Liberty’s website (www.liberty-fuels.com) in order to encourage people
to read about hydrogen fuels and Liberty’s safety-focused design.

It is possible that INDIA will implement hydrogen fuel cell powered cars in the near future. If
this is the case, advertisements can target the fact that these cars are powered by hydrogen

The H-Team will also advertise the hydrogen power plant through the internet and the local newspaper. Prior to
the completion of the power plant, ads will be placed in the local newspaper, as shown on the next page, and on
the airport website to show that state of the art hydrogen technology is being installed at the airport.

A sample ad is presented on the following page. The ad is meant to peak the interest of the viewer by showing
them that hydrogen technology means the protection of the earth. Aspects of the design are shown with the
intent highlighting the free tour that the reader should take advantage of.

Table 5: Marketing costs

Dimensions Numbers Cost ($)
Posters 58” X 40” 20 1,293.80
20” X 14” 50 858.50
Brochures 5.5” X 8.5” 100,000 1,937.22
Compost Cards 4” X 6” 100,000 2,066.11
6” X 11” 100 48.62
Ad Space Varying 3 newspapers 500.00
TOTAL: 6,704.25

APPENDIX

The wiring cost breakdown is shown in Tables A.1 and A.2.

Cable Routing Cable Type* Cable Cost/ 1000 Design Length Cost/ 300ft
ft (ft)
From CAE 3-#2, 1-#4 $ 459 200 $ 100
480volt Buss to
Electrolyzer
From CAE 3-#4, 1-#4 $ 569 200 $ 80
480volt Buss to
Electrolyzer
Cooling System
From CAE 3-#4, 1-#4 $ 657 200 $ 125
480volt Buss to
H2 Compressor
From CAE 3-#2, 1-#4 $ 398 200 $ 176
480volt Buss to a
new 25kVA
transformer to a
new 120/240volt
Panel
From the Inverter 3-#2, 1-#4 $ 423 200 $ 145
Buss to existing
transformer for
the Main Lobby
From the Inverter 3-#2, 1-#4 $ 788 300 $ 150
Buss to existing
transformer for
the Terminal
Front Ticket
Counter
From the Inverter 3-#2, 1-#4 $ 1000 300 $ 210
Buss to existing
transformer for
the Lighting and
Ticket Counter
From the Inverter 3-#4, 1-#4 $ 506 300 $ 109
Buss to existing
transformer for
the Security
Room East Dock
From the Inverter 3-#4, 1-#4 $ 709 300 $ 59
Buss to existing
transformer for
the Security
Room West
Dock
From the Inverter 3-#4, 1-#4 $ 1,459 300 $ 27
Buss to existing
transformer for
the Parking
Garage
From the Inverter 3-#4, 1-#4 $ 698 300 $ 100
Buss to existing
transformer for
the Parking
Garage
TOTAL COST $ 665.00*

IN INDIA THE RATE OF POLLUTION :-

CAE Air Pollution

Month Total Energy Total Energy Greenhouse Nitrogen Sulfur
Consumptio Consumptio Gases (CO2), Oxides Dioxide
n Charges n (kWh) lb/month (NOx), (SO2),
($) lb/month lb/month
Jan 48,438 736,670 1,438,717 2,348 8,745
Feb 47,073 715,912 1,398,176 2,282 8,499
Mar 49,231 748,730 1,462,270 2,386 8,888
Apr 48,457 736,960 1,439,283 2,349 8,748
May 57,471 874,052 1,707,024 2,786 10,376
Jun 56,979 866,564 1,692,399 2,762 10,287
Jul 60,871 925,766 1,808,021 2,950 10,990
Aug 58,963 896,742 1,751,337 2,858 10,645
Sep 54,836 833,974 1,628,751 2,658 9,900
Oct 52,351 796,178 1,554,936 2,537 9,451
Nov 50,149 762,701 1,489,555 2,431 9,054
Dec 47,162 717,259 1,400,807 2,286 8,515
Average 52,665 800,959 1,564,273 2,553 9,508

REFERENCES

1. Live Search Maps. 2007. Microsoft Corporation. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://maps.live.com/>.

2. DFC300MA ™ Standard Powerplant Specification Summary. FuelCell Energy, Inc., 2006.

3. Myers, Duane B., Brian D. James, John S. Lettow, C.e. Thomas, and Reed C. Kuhn. "Cost and Performance
Comparison of Stationary Hydrogen Fueling Appliances." Directed Technologies, Inc. Apr. 2002. 10 Nov. 2007
<http://www.directedtechnologies.com/pages/p_fuel_options.html>.

4. PURELAB Option-S 7/15: Operator Manual. Lowell, MA: Vivendi Water Systems Ltd., 2000.

5. HOGEN Hydrogen Generation System Technical Specifications. Wallingford: Distributed Energy Systems,
2007.

6. "RIX 4VX Industrial Gas/Air Compressor Oil-Free Gas or Air Compression to 6000 Psig." RIX Industries.
Aug. 2000. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://www.rixindustries.com/pdf/4vx.pdf>.

7. Ponist, Mark. "Quote Request." Email to the author. 21 Nov. 2007.

8. "Hydrogen Dispensers." General Hydrogen. 30 Nov. 2007

<http://www.generalhydrogen.com/fueling_dispensers.shtml>.

9. HICEV America US DOE Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity. Electric Transportation Applications, 2005.

10. "Shop GM Vehicles." General Motors. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://www.gm.com/shop/results.jsp?

bodyStyle=11&bodyStyle=12&bodyStyle=04&bodyStyle=05&bodyStyle=03&bodyStyle=13&bodyStyle=01&l
owPrice=10000&highPrice=65000&fuel=E85&fuel=HYBRID&fuel=DIESEL&fuel=30MPG&fuel=GAS&>.

11. Morrow, Kevin. "Hydrogen ICE Quote." Email to the author. 06 Nov. 2007.

12. Peters, Max S., Ronald E. West, and Klaus D. Timmerhaus. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2003.

13. "Frequently Asked Questions." The Hydrogen Education Foundation's Hydrogen Student Design Contest
2007/2008: Hydrogen Applications for Airports. 2007. Technology Transition Corporation. 30 Nov. 2007
<http://www.hydrogencontest.com/faq.asp>.

14. "Utilities Department." City of Cayce South Carolina. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://www.cityofcayce-
sc.gov/utilities.aspx>.
The H-Team Wayne State University College of Engineering 27
15. "Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)." National Energy Technology Laboratory. Nov. 2004. EG&G
Technical Services. 10 Oct. 2007
<http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/FCHandbook7.pdf>.

16. " Rate 24 Time-of-Use Large General Service (2007)." South Carolina Electric & Gas Company. 30 Nov.
2007 <http://www.sceg.com/en/commercial-and-industrial/rates/electric-rates/>.

17. "Electric Power Pollution Calculator." Texas State Energy Conservation Office. 29 Nov. 2007. 29 Nov. 2007
<http://www.infinitepower.org/calc_pollution.htm>.

18. Morrow, Kevin. "Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra HICE Conversion." ETEC. Roush. 17 Nov. 2007
<http://www.etecevs.com/hydrogen_ICE_vehicles/HICE_conversion.php>.

19. Cengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: an Engineering Approach. 4th ed. McGraw-
Hill, 2001. 824.

20. Wiring info