



Recognizing Parts of Speech

1 A verb is a word that shows action, links another
word to the subject, helps another verb, or merely
indicates existence.
2 A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing,
or idea.
3 A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a
noun.
4 An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a
pronoun. It answers the questions what kind,
which one, how many, how much, or what
extent.
5 An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb. It answers the
questions where, when, how, how often, or to
what extent.
6 A preposition is a word that show how a noun or
pronoun is related to some other word in the
sentence.
7 A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases,
or clauses.
8 An interjection is an exclamatory word that is not
related to the other words in a sentence.

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

Of all the parts of the speech, the

verb is the most important. It is used the
part around which all other sentence
elements are built. It is essential that
you be able to identify verbs and use
them correctly.

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

Recognizing Action Verbs

1 A verb is a word that shows action, helps another

verb, links another words to the subject or merely
indicates existence.
2 An action verb expresses physical or mental action.

3 Some action verbs have receivers for the action;

others do not.
a. Verbs that have receivers for the action are
called transitive verbs.
b. Verbs that do not have receivers got the action
are called intransitive verbs.
c. The same verb may be transitive in one
sentence and intransitive in another.

Recognizing Linking Verbs

1 A linking verb does not express action. It links a
word in the predicate to the subject.

Linking verbs
am were taste look grow
is be feel appear remain
are being smell become stay
was been sound seem

2 The verbs am, is, are, was, were, be ,being, been

are forms of the verb “be.” These “be” verbs may
be used as helping verbs as well as linking verbs.

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

3 Any verb that ends with be or been is a form of the

word “be.”
4 The verbs taste, feel, smell, sound, look, appear,
become, seem, grow, remain, stay maybe used as
action verbs as well as linking verbs, depending on
the sense of the sentence.

Recognizing Helping Verbs

1 A helping verb helps the main verb make a

statement.

Helping Verbs
am were have do shall may
is be has does will might
are being had did should must
was been would can
could
2 A verb phrase is a main verb and its helping verbs.

3 Quite often a verb phrase is interrupted by other

words.

Using Principal Parts

1 All verbs may be classified as regular or irregular

verbs, depending on the way that the past and past
participle are formed.
2 Regular verbs form the past and past participle by
adding -ed, -d, or -t to the present.

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

3 Irregular verbs form the past and past participle in

irregular ways other that by adding -ed, -d, or -t to
the present.
4 Both regular and irregular verbs form the present
participle by adding -ing to the present.
5 Sometimes spelling changes must be made adding
-ing or -ed to verbs.
a. For verbs ending in silent e, drop the e before
adding -ing.
b. For verbs ending in y preceded by a consonant,
change the preceded by a consonant, change
the y to i before adding -ed.
c. For the verbs ending in a single consonant
preceded by a single vowel, usually double the
final consonant before adding -ed or -ing.
6 Do not confuse the past with the past participle.
Never use helping verbs with the past. Always use
helping verbs with the past participle.
7 Do not use such incorrect forms as the following:
attacked, brung, busted, clumb, drownded, drud
(for dragged), et, aten, growed, snuk stolen,
throwed, thunk.

Using Sit & set Correctly

1 The verb set means “to be seated.” Its principal

parts are sit, sitting, sat, (have) sat. the verb sit
rarely requires an object.

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

2 The verb set means “to put or place something.” Its

principal parts are set, setting, set, (have) set. The
verb set. The verb set usually requires an object.

Using Rise & Raise Correctly

1 The verb rise means “ to go up” or “to get up.” Its
principal parts are rise, rising, rose, (have)risen.
The verb rise never requires an object.
2 The verb raise means “to lift something” or “to put
something.” Its principal parts are raise, raising,
raised, (have) raised. The verb raise usually
requires an object.

Using Lie & Lay Correctly

1 The verb lie means “to recline.” Its principal are lie,
lying, lay, (have) lain. The verb lie requires an
object.
2 The verb lay means “to put or replace something.”
Its principal parts are lay, laying, laid, (have) laid.
The verb lay usually requires an object.

Using Other Troublesome Verbs Correctly

1 Affect or effect? Affect means “ to influence.” Effect

means “to accomplish.” (Effect as a noun means “
the result of an action.”)

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

2 Bring or take? Bring means indicates movement

away from you.
3 Can or may? Can refers to ability. May refers to
permission.
4 Learn or teach? Learn means “to obtain
knowledge.” Teach means “to give instruction.”
5 Let or leave? Let means “to allow.” Leave means
“to go away from” or “to cause to remain.”

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

A noun is word that names a per-

son, place, thing, or idea.
A compound noun is two or more
words used as a single noun.
A collective noun names a group
and is singular in form.

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

Recognizing Common & Proper Noun

1 A common noun names a person, place, thing, or
idea, but does not say which particular one.
2 A proper noun names a particular person, place,
thing or idea and always begins with a capital letter.

Making Verbs Agree with noun Subjects

1 Singular subjects take singular verbs; plural subject

take plural verbs. Nouns ending in s are usually
plural; verbs ending in s are usually singular.
2 The number of a subject is not usually affected by
phrases between the subject and the verb.
3 The verb agrees with the subject not the predicate
nominative.

Using Nouns as Predicate Nominatives

1 A predicate nominative is a noun (or a pronoun)
that follows a linking verb and renames or explains
the subject. This noun (or pronoun) means the
same thing or person as the subject.
2 In the sentence containing a predicate nominative,
you can always replace the verb whit the word
equals.
3 Predicate nominatives can never be in
prepositional phrases.

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

4 Predicate nominatives may be compound.

5 Predicate nominatives are sometimes called
subject complements. Subject complements always
follow linking verbs.

Using Nouns as Direct Objects

1 A direct object is a noun (or pronoun) that follows
an action verb and receives the action from that
verb. It answers the questions whom or what after
the verb.
2 If no word answers the questions whom or what
after the action verb, the sentence does not have
direct object.
3 Direct object can never be in prepositional phrases.
4 Direct objects may be compound

Using Nouns as Indirect Objects

1 An indirect object is a noun or pronoun (not in the
possessive case) that precedes the direct object
and tells to whom or for whom, or to what or for
what the action of the verb is done.
2 Indirect objects can never be in prepositional
phrases.
3 Indirect objects may be compound

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

Using Nouns as Appositives & as

Nouns of Direct Address
1 An appositive is a word that follows a noun and
explains or identifies that noun.
2 An appositive may be compound
3 An appositive phrase is an appositive with all its
modifiers.
4 Nonessential appositives and appositive phrases are
set off by commas. (Appositives that follow proper
nouns are usually nonessential.)
5 A noun of direct address is the name of person to
whom a sentence is directed. It is set off by commas.
6 Nouns of direct address may be compound.

Using Gerund Nouns

1 A gerund is a verbal used as a noun. Like nouns,
gerunds can be used as subjects, direct address,
predicate nominatives, objert of the preposition, and
appositives. The gerund ends in -ing.
2 A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus any
complements or modifiers.

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

Using Infinitives as Nouns

1 An infinitive is a verbal used as a noun, adjective,
or adverb. Like nouns, infinitives can be used as
subjects, direct objects, predicate nominatives,
object of the prepositions, and appositives. The
infinitives is usually preceded by the word to.
2 In infinitives phrase consists of an infinitive plus any
complements of modifiers.

Using Noun Clauses

1 A clause is a group of words that contains both a
subject and a verb, it is used as part of a sentence.
2 An independent clause express a complete thought
and can stand alone as a sentence.
3 A dependent (subordinate) clause does not express
a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a
sentence.
4 A dependent clause that is used as anoun is called
a noun clause.
5 Noun clauses are introduced by signal words such
as the following: that, whether, if, who, whom,
which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, and
whatever.

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

A pronoun is a word that takes the

place of a noun. It can be used in a
sentence in places a noun would be
used: subject, predicate nominative,
direct object, indirect object, object of the
preposition, or appositive.
An antecendent is the word for
which a pronoun stands.

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

There are various kinds of pronouns.

1 Personal pronouns refer to the speaker and the
person spoken about.
2 Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a
question.
3 Demonstrative pronouns point out the person or
thing referred to.
4 Indefinite pronouns do not definitely point out
persons or thing and do not usually have
antecedents.
5 Compound pronouns are pronouns combined
with -self or -selves.
6 Relatives pronouns are used to introduce
dependent clauses.

Making Verbs Agree with Pronoun Subjects

1 These indefinite pronouns are singular and take a

singular verb: each, either, neither, one, everyone,
everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody,
someone, somebody.
2 These indefinite pronouns are plural verb: both,
few, several, many.
3 pThese indefinite pronouns may be either singular
or plural: some, any, none, all, most. To determine
the number of these words, look at the context of
the sentence.

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

Nominative Case Pronouns

Pronouns used as subjects must be nominative
case pronouns.

Nominative Case Pronouns

I she who whoever
He we they
(You and it are in both the nominative case and the objective case.)

Objective Case Pronouns

Pronouns used as objectives must be objective
case pronouns.

Objective Case Pronouns

me her whom whomever
Him us them
(You and it are in both the objective case and the nominative case.)

Possessive Case Pronouns

Possessive case pronouns show ownership or
relationship.

Possessive Case pronouns

Singular Plural
First person my, mine our, ours
Second person your, yours your, yours
Third Person his, her, hers its their, theirs

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

An adjective is a word that modifies

a noun or a pronoun. It answers the
questions what kind, which one, how
many, how much, or whose. (A
modifier makes the meaning of another
word more specific by describing or
limiting that word.)

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

Recognizing Adjectives
1 Most adjectives come before the words they
modify. In some sentences adjectives come after
the word they modify.
2 Several adjectives may modify the same word.
3 The words a, an, and the are the most frequently
used adjectives. They are called articles.
4 A participle is a verbal used as an adjective
5 An infinitive is a verbal that may be used as an
adjective

Proper adjective is a word formed from a proper noun

that, like a proper noun, begins with a capital letter.

Recognizing Predicate Adjectives

1 A predicate adjectives is an adjective that follows a
linking verb and modifies the subject.
2 Predicate adjectives may be compound.
3 Predicate adjectives are sometimes called subject
complements. Subject complements always follow
linking verbs and refer to the subject.
4 To find a predicate adjectives, first locate the verb.
Then ask the questions what or how after the verb.

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

Using prepositional phrases as Adjectives

1 A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its

noun or pronoun object, and may modifies of the
object.
2 The object of the preposition may be compound
3 A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a
pronoun is called an adjective phrase. An adjective
phrase answers the question what kind, which one,
how many, how much, or whose

Using Adjective Clauses

1 A clause is a group that contains both a subject and
a verb. It is used as a part of a sentence.
2 An independent clause expresses a complete
thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
3 A dependent clause does not express a complete
thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence
4 A dependent clause that modifies a noun or a
pronoun is called an adjective clause.
5 Adjective clause are introduced by words called
relatives. Who, whom, which, and that are relative
adjective.
6 A relative serves two purpose: (1) it introduces the
clause; (2) it serves a grammatical function within
the clause.

Using Adjectives Correctly

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

1 There are three degrees of comparison: positive,

comparative, and superlative.
2 The positive degree is used when no comparison is
expressed.
3 The comparative degree is used when only two
items are being compared.
4 The superlatives degree is used when three or
more items are being compared.
5 The comparative and superlative degrees of a few
adjectives are formed irregularly

Positive Comparative Superlative

Good Better Best
Well Better best
Bad Worse worst
ill Worse worst
Many More Most
Much More Most

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

An adverb is a word that modifies a

verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It
answers the questions where, when,
how, how often, or to what extent. (A
modifier makes the meaning of another
word more specific.)

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

Recognizing Adverbs
1 The word not or its contraction n’t is frequently used
adverb.
2 Adverbs modify verbs most of the time.
3 Adverbs also modify adjectives.
4 Adverbs occasionally modify other adverbs.
5 Infinitives may be used as adverbs

Using Phrases as Adverbs

1 A prepositional phrase consist of a preposition, its
noun or pronoun object, and any modifiers of the
object.
2 A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an
adjective or an adverb is functioning as an adverb.
An adverb phrase often answers the questions
where, when, how, why, or to what extent.
3 An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus any
complements or modifiers
4 An infinitive phrase that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or an adverb is functioning as an adverb.

Using Adverb Clauses

1 A clause is a group of words that contains both a
subject and a verb. It is used as part of a sentence.

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

2 An independent clause expresses a complete

thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
3 A dependent clause does not express a complete
thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
4 A dependent clause that modifies a verb, an
adjective or an adverb is called an adverb clause.
Adverb clause usually answer the questions where,
when, how, why, to what extent, or under what
condition.
5 Adverb clause are introduced by subordinating
conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as much as,
as long as, as soon as, because, before, if, in order
that, lest. Since, so that, than, that, though, unless,
until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether,
while.
6 Essential parts of an adverb clause may properly
be omitted if no misunderstanding will occur. Such
a clause is called elliptical clause.
7 Introductory adverb clauses are set off by commas.
Adverb clauses at the end of a sentence do not
require commas unless nonessential.

Using Adverbs in Comparisons

1 Most adverbs form the comparative and superlative
degrees by using more and most.

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

Positive Comparative Superlative

Hopefully More hopefully Most hopefully
Preferably More preferably Most preferably

2 A few adverbs form the comparative and

superlative degrees by adding -er and -est. (All of
the words listed may also be used as adjectives.)

Positive Comparative Superlative

Late Later Latest
Low Lower Lowest
Close Closer closest

3 A few adverbs are irregular in form.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Well Better Best
Much More Most
Badly Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Far Farther Farthest

4 Remember to use the comparative degree when

only two things are being compared.

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

A preposition is a word that shows

how noun or a pronoun is related to
some other word in the sentence.

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

Frequently
Used
  Prepositions  
aboard between over
about beyond past
above but since
across by through
after down throughout
against during to
along except toward
amid for under
among from underneath
around in until
at into unto
before like up
behind near upon
below of with
beneath off within
beside on without
     

Compound
  Prepositions  
according to except for out of
as for in front of on account of
because of in spite of regardless of
by way of instead of with regard to
     

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Prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its

noun or pronoun object, and any modifiers of the object.

Object of the preposition is a noun or pronoun

that completes a prepositional phrase. A preposition
always have an object.

Using Prepositions Correctly

1 (beside, besides) Beside means “by the side of”;

besides means “in addition to.”
2 (between, among) Use between in referring to two
people or things; use among in referring to more
than two.
3 (except, accept) Except, as a preposition, means
“excluding.” Accept is a verb and means “to
receive” or “to agree to”
4 (in, into) Use in for locating within; use into for
motion from outside to inside.
5 (of, have) Of is a preposition and should not be
used for the helping verb have.
6 (to, and) Do not use the conjunction and after the
words try and sure. Use the word to instead.

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

A conjunction is a word (or word

group) that joins words, phrases or
clauses.

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Recognizing Conjunctions
There are two main classes of conjunctions: coordinating
and subordinating.

1 Coordinating Conjunctions joins words phrases, or

clauses of equal grammatical rank. There are
common coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or,
nor, for ,yet.
2 Subordinating conjunctions joins clauses of
unequal grammatical rank; that is, they join
dependent clauses to independent clauses. These
are common subordinating conjunctions: after,
although, as, as if, as much as, as long as, as soon
as, because, before, if, in order that, lest, since, so
that, than, that, though, unless, until, when,
whenever, where, wherever, whether, while.

Using Conjunctions Correctly

1 Do not use being as or being that for because or

since.
2 Do not use the preposition like for the conjunctions
as or as if.
3 Do not use without for unless.

4 Do not use where for that.

5 Do not use where or when to introduce definitions.

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

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

An interjection is an exclamatory
word that is not related to the other
words in a sentence.

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An exclamatory point is usually used after an

interjection, but a comma may be used after a mild
interjection.

Words commonly used as other parts of speech

may be used as interjections.
Examples:

Behold! Listen! Excellent!

Nonsense! My! Certainly!

Since an interjection is an independent element, it

is diagrammed on a line separated from the rest of the
sentence.

Submitted By: Jervin Christian L. Kabigting

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