Leshono Suryoyo

Volume 2
Lesbono Suryoyo II J' P,. i 1 l' r ~,', ,...,a.m' ; ,e ~

GORGIAS HANDBOOKS

First Studies In Syriac

Leshono Suryoyo "Y .. 1- '" ~' ,....,0= ,'e>.

First Studies in Syriac

JOHN F.HEALEY

GORG1IAS PRESS 2005 -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

v

Preface

ix

.

ISBN 1.:59333~190-8

CD Recording Introduction

The Syriac Language This Book and Its Use

General Note on Syriac Grammar

Abbreviations and Other Symbols I. Writing System. The Alphabet Consonants

List of Consonants Exercise i

X1ll

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2005.

Copyright ,© 2005 by Gorgias Press LLC.

AU rights reservedunder International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in. the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, Newjersey,

xv

xv XlK xx

U. Vowels and Other Signs Vowel Signs

Other Signs

N ate on Punctuation Exercise ii

III. Pronouns

XXll 1 1 1 5

8 8

]0 ]2 12

1.6

Printed arid bound in the United States. of America.

Illustrative Texts 16

Grammatical AnaJlysis 16

Grammatical. Synthesis 20

A. Possessive Pronoun Endings Added to Nouns 20

B .. Independent Personal Pronouns (with shortened

enclitic forms where they exist) 21

C. Interrogatives 21

D. Demonstratives 22

E. Additional Note on Enclitics 22

Exercise iii 22

IV. The Verb: Simple Perfect and Participle Forms 25


Grammatical Analysis 25

Grammatical Synthesis 28

A. Simple Stem Perfect 28

GORG1AS PRESS

46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 IUSA WW'l.v.gorgta:spress.com

VI

TABLE OiP CONTENTS

B. Participles (masculine forms) 29'

Exercise iv 29

. ~

V. 1....", J~~ and Composite Tenses 32


Grammatical Analysis 32


A. The Perfect Tense of '001, with Enclitic Forms 34

B. Tenses 34

Exercise v " 35

VI. Nouns and Adjectives. The Genitive Relationship 37


Grammatical Anallysis 37


A. Nominal Forms 39

B. Adjectives 40

C. Uses of the Absolute State 40

D. VowelPatterns of Nouns 4~

E. The Genitive 41

F. Irregular Nouns 41

Exercise vi 43

Vff, The Verb: Simple Imperfect and Imperative. Uses

~, ~

"

Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis

A. Imperfect Forms of the Simple (j/a~ Stem

B. Imperatives

C. Uses of '. Exercise vii

45
45
47
47
48
48
49
52
52
52
53
55
55
56
58 VIII. Derived Stems of the Verb Introduction

Illustrative Texts

Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis

A. Verbal Patterns

B. Meanings of Different Verb Stems Exercise viii

TABLE or CONTENTS

IX. Other Important Verb Forms Illustrative Texts

Grammatical Analysis - Grammatical Synthesis

. ." ?\

A. Verbs with the Vowel () (~!)

B. Other Forms

C '" d 11'.

. ~"an-' ~

D. Verbs with Initial S" f, f and z. Exercise ix

X. Peculiarities in Ve.rbs Containing Guttural Letters Introduction-Grammatical Survey

Illustrative Texts

Grammatical Analysis

Exercise x

XI. Peculiarities in Verbs Beginning with J and ....

Introduction-Grammatical Survey Illustrative Texts


Exercise xi

XII. Peculiarities in Verbs with Only Two Root Consonants in Many Forms Introduction-Grammatical Survey

Illustrative Texts


Exercise ri

XUI. Object Pronouns Attached to Verbs. Adverbs.

Other Derived Forms of Verbs Illustrative Texts


Grammatical Synthesis

A. Object Pronouns Attached. to Verbs

B. Other Derived Stems Exercise xiii

XIV. Numerals, Dates, Days Illustrative Texts

. Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Survey

,60 60 60 62

62 63 6-3 63 64

66 66 67 68 69

72 72 73 73 75

77 77 78 78 80

83 83 83 85 85 86 86

89 89 90 92

VIll

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. Numbers

B. Months.

C. Days

D. Numerical Values of Consonants Exercise xiiv

Verb Paradigms

Table of Scripts and Vowel Sign.s Scripts

Vowel signs

Readings

Introduction

Text L New Testament (John, 1:1-18 and 20:19-25) Text 2:, Old! Testament (Psalm 110?

Text 3: The Addai Legend '(c. 4th/5th cent A.D.) Text 4: Bardaisan (A.,D. 154-222)

Text 5: Aphrahat (flourished A.D. 337-45)

Text 6: The Chronicie rf'loshua the Stylite (c. A.D. 507) Text 7: Barhebraeus (A.D. 1226-86)

Text 8: St Ephrem the Syrian (d. A.D. 373) Text '9: Philaxenus of Mahbog (d. c. A.D. 523)

1

Text 10: Thomas of Marga (9th century A.D.)

Glossary

93 94 94 95 95

99

140 140 141

1143 143 14-5 148 150 154 157 163 169 176 180 184

189

This is a new edition of a Syriac grammar first published at the University of Birmingham in 1980 as First Studies in Syriac (University Semitics Study Aids 6) and subsequently reprinted many times. The U niversity Semitics Study Aids series had been funded by the Nuffield Foundation. The book was also reprinted for private use with minor modifications by the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome.

The author is pleased that so many students have studied Syriac with the help of First Studies in Sjrriac,. but as the years have gone by the various minor errors and the more significant. defects in presentation have become increasingly obvious, not least to the author himself. The book has also been out of print in recent years and Dot easily available.

In this revised edition, which has 'a, new title, .some grammatical points which were given a very low profile in the original book have been presented in more, detail The experience of teaching Syriac using the book over twenty. years has le,d to many minor modifications andcorrections,

One of the motives for writing the original book was an attempt to replace what was in 1980 the only teaching grammar of Syriac easily available, T. H. Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Sytiac Gr:ammar (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962 [4th ed., original 1915]). At that time I regarded Robinson as unnecessarily complex for many of the students I found myself teaching." The passing of time has, in fact, led,

PREFACE

x

me to a more favourable view of many aspects of Robinson and the new edition of Robinson (reilly a rewriting) by J. F. Coakley (Oxford: a.u.p., 2002) is excellent .. Also, since the original publication of this book a number of other introductory grammars of Syriac have' been published. Most significant among these is T. Muraoka's Classical Syriac. A Basic Gr:a.mmar· with a Ch.restomat/y (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997) which replaces Brockelmann's contribution to the Porta Linguarum Orientaliurn series - I used the 1965 glh ed, as an undergraduate, but veryrecently another new grammar in English has appeared, written by W.M. Thackston (Introduction to Syriac [Bethesda, J\ID:: IBEX, 1999]).

In producing a new edition of my own hook I am in no sense implying criticism of these other works. It is simply that my book is different in style from these others and has filled a certain niche in the various patterns of teaching which prevail in different institutions. At a Syriac Symposium held in Princeton in 2003 I was encouraged to hear many teachers of Syriac commend my book and I was urged by a number of colleagues, especially in the U.S.,. to produce a new edition. Gorgias Press.iin the person of George Kiraz, made a specific proposal, to which I was delighted to respond.

Perhaps the biggest change which has occurred since the 1980 edition is the result 'of the fact that computer technology has advanced! so. much in the mast twenty-five years. In 1980 my manuscript was typed on an electric typerwriter and the Syriac was inserted in an elegant form by Andrew Palmer. His calligraphy had. its own value (and coping with handwriting is .

PREFACE

XI

a skill which students must acquire quickly if their teacher uses a blackboard or whiteb 0 ard) , but it is incvirablc that hand-written letters contain a certain amount of variability of a kind which is a little bit difficult for the beginner. It is therefore a tremendous advance that Syriac fonts are available for personal computers, though this development has only recently reached the point, with \X1illdows XP and Unicode Syrllac) at which I have found it feasible to transfer to an electronic means of production. Here a particular word of acknowledgement goes. to the Beth Mardutho organization and its downloadable Meltho OpenType™ Syriac fonts (http://www.bethmardutho.o.rg).This. provides a variety of fonts, but I wanted to retainthe s(lr/:d script for the main part of the grammar because of the relative simplicity of the vocalization system with which it is associated.

George Kiraz of Beth Mardutho and Gorgias Press and his collaborators are greatly to be thanked for their work on this new edition. Robert Aydin undertook the immense task of typilng . the whole text in an electronic form .. ' This was a vital first step and! his excellent work is here warmly acknowledged. lam also gratefull to Sebastian Brock for reading and correcting the text. The introductory pages of the original edition acknowledged also my debt to the late Archbishop of Dublin, the Rev. Dermot Ryan, and Professor Carmel McCarthy of University College, Dublin, lny teachers ill Syriac, First Studies in Synac owed its existence, however, to the suggestion and inspiration of my friend J ohn Eaton. For a very short time we were colleagues in the Department of.

John F. Healey . Manchester; May 2005

CD RECORDJING

Xl[

PREFACE

Theology in the University of Birmingham and we have seen little of each other in recent years ... I owe much to the encouragement he gave meiri my eally years as a teacher an.d hence dedicate this new edition to him with happy memories oft973-74.

Gorgias Press has produced a CD containing the illustrative texts of all chapters as well as ali the readings, Recorded texts are marked with a CD icon, @, lin the lefr margin followed by the CD track number. \Vhen two track numbers are given, the first is for the West Syriac reading and the second for the East Syriac reading. Chanted texts are marked "With f ..

The texts were read by Rabban Awgen Aydin and George A. Kiraz (for West Syriac) and Daniel Benjamin (for East Syriac), English headings were read! by J enifer "\Xlhiting. Acknowledgements are due to the Princeton Theological Seminary Media Lab and the Assyrians Around! the World Studio, IL, who provided the facilities gratis. Special thanks axe also due to Hermiz Hasse and Sargon Hasso who helped in the East Syriac recordings.

The CD, if not included in this book, may be obtained! from Gorgias Press (address at the front of the book).

The contents of the CD are as follows:

TRACK CONTENT

1 Tide

2, III. Illustrative Texts CW. Syriac)

3 IV. nrllusttative Tex~s 0Yl. Syriac)

4 V. Illustrative Texts (iY/. Syriac)

5 \TE. ]llusttative Texts (W, Syriac)

6 VU.llI.ustrative Texts (\Xl. Syriac)

7 'VIII. Illustrative Texts CW. Syriac)

8 IX. Illustrative Texts 011. Syriac)

9 x. Illusteative Texts (iYl. Syriac)

10 xi. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac)

VHr

XIV

CD RECORDING

TRA:CK CONTENT

11 XII. Illustrative Texts ~. Syriac)

12 XIII. Illustradve Texts (iW. Syriac)

B XIV. Illustrative Texts CW. Syria.c)

14 15 16 17 18 ]9 20 21 22 23

24 25

26 2.7 28 29 30 3lli 32 33 34 35 36 37

;, Text 1: New Testament Oohn 1:1-18 and 20:19-25) Text 2: Old Testament (psalm 110) ,

Text 3: The Addai Legend (c. 4th/5th cent. A.D.) Text 4: Bardaisan (A.D. 154~222)

Text 5: Aphraha~ (flourished AD. 337-45)

Text 6: The Chronicle of Joshua the Srflite (c. A.D. 507) Text 7: Barhebraeus (A.D. ,1226-86)

Text 8: S1. Ephrem the Syrian (d. AD. 373) Text 9: Philoxenus ofMabbog (d. c. A.D. 523) Text 10: Thomas ofMarga (9th c~tuty A.D.)

Text 1 (first part): Chanted

Text 8: Chanted. First two stanz;l,S according to the Mardin tradition; last two stanzas according to the 'Tur 'Abdir» tradicion.

III. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac)

. IV. Illustrative Texts (R, Syriac) V. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) VI. Illustrative Texts .(E. Syriac) 'TIl, Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) VIII. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) IX. ,illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) X. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) XI. Illustrative Texts (Eo. Syriac) XII. Illilusttative Texts (E. Syriae) XIII. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) XIV. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac)

Introduction

THE SYRIAC LANGUAGE

"Syriac" ]8 the name of one of the most important forms of Aramaic, specifically the form of Aramaic traditionally used! by the Syrian Orthodox Church and the Syrian Catholic Church, the Church of the East (also known as the Assyrian Church) and the Chaldaean Catholic Church and also the Maronite Church, In fact, some of these churches have gradually responded to changing needs by conducting parts of the liturgy in Arabic, but 'the strength of Syriac tradition is such that the language is unlikely ever to be completely displaced. Even in the large concentrations of these churches in the U.S. and Europe, every effort is made to teach ItIona suOii)'o (as it is called ill Syriac) to the younger, American- and European-born, generation.

Aramaic belongs to the Semitic group of languages, (which also includes Hebrew and Arabic) and is better known historically than any other language in the sense that Aramaic has been in use for three thousand years and it is documented throughout that period.

Aramaic had its origins, so far as we can tell,' in die area of northern Syria and Mesopotamia in the late second millennium B.C. Inscriptions in Aramaic are known from about 900 H.C. and continued to be produced throughout the following millennium. During the Biblical age, the Aramaean

",

'.'

XVI

]NTRODUCTION

states such as those centred on Damascus, Hama and Aleppo emerged onto the world stage through their contact with the great empires of the Assyrians and Babylonians and through their appearance in. the history of ancient Israel,

But Aramaic was destined to transcend these modest historical and geographicallirnits and it was the Empire of the Achaemenid Persians which was instrumental in bringing Aramaic to this destiny. Following a. more modest move on the part of its predecessors, the Achaemenid Empire began to use Aramaic as an international language of diplomacy and commerce, what is often called a lingua franca, a bit like Latin in the _rviiddle Ages or English today. The result was the extension of the use of Aramaic far beyond its original borders in Syro- Mesopotamia. We thus find Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from a vast region from Aswan in southern Egypt and northern Arabia to the shores of the Bosphorus near Istanbul and Bactria in Central Asia ..

Aramaic also began to he used as a literary language. The t\VO best-known works are the Aramaic chapters of Daniel and Ezra in the Bible, but: there are fragmentary remains of other early works from Elephantine.

The demise of the Persian Empire was in a way a setback for Aramaic: potentially at that point it could have retreated back into its original! home in northern Syria and Mesopotamia. But the independent states which appeared after the end of the Achaemenid rule and continued into the Seleucid and Roman eras adopted Aramaic as their official

INTRODUCTION

},.'VU

Language and ~s led quickly to a new literary flourishing of Aramaic,

By this point the new literary forms of Aramaic 1m different areas had begun to differ from each other .. In Palestine we find western jewish Aramaic being used by the Dead Sea Scrolls sectarians and then in the production of Aramaic translations of the Bible (the Targums). It is in this context that Aramaic was spoken by Jesus. In Mesopotamia two other literary dialects of Aramaic emerged, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (used by the Jewish communities there) and Mandaic, the language of the Mandaeans, whose religion goes back to the early centuries A.D. and survives to this day. Both Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Mandaic are represented in vast religious literatures.

And this brings us to Syriac, Syriac was the Aramaic dialect of the city of Edessa (Urfa in modern Turkey). It is known in pre-Christian times through mscr,iptions and legal texts (H. J W .. Drijvers and J. F. Healey, The Old Syriac Inscriptions of Edassa and Osrboene [Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999]). It also hegan to be used by philosophers and poets for literature, though this did not really take off until the Bible. began to be translated into .Syriac as Edessa and its region became Christian. Eventually, around A.D. 400, the whole Bible, Old and New Testaffi'ents,was promulagated in a revised translation. called the Peshitta ("simple"). Thereafter Syriac was established! as a theological language on a parwith Greek (which was predominant in cities like Antioch), and the prestige of the Syriac Bible, the only' Christian Bible

J...'VI1I

INTRODUCTION

existing in a Semitic language, led to. the spread of Syriac as a literary language. The situation is similar to that of Arabic as the prestige language of the Qur'an. Early poetic composttions in Syriac by authors like Ephrem. the Syrian (A.D'. 306-373) then became very popu~ar and when the Syrian Christians became involved in the Christological controversies which rocked the Church in the fifth century, they wrote their theological works in Syriac, A vast literature has survived.

The goldlen age of classica] Syriac literature lasted for several hundred years and well into the Islamic period, but inevitably, since the whole of the ,~yriac~using world was politically 'subject to the Islamic dynasties, Arabic soon began to predominate. The various Christians soon had to use Arabic (and later Turkish and Kurdish) in intercommunal affairs and some of the later Syriac authors wrote both in Syriac and Arabi~ (thus Barhebraeus in the 13th century A.D.).

The second Christian millennium is often treated as one in which Syriac was: in decline .. In fact much creative activity continued and the later forms of Aramaic continue to be used. The dialects related to Syriac survive in south-east Turkey, north-east Syria and! northern Iraq. ·A quite separate form of Aramaic is still spoken in a small area north of Damascus, The main survival of "classical" Syriac is in the liturgy and Bible texts of the various churches of the Syriac tradition.

INTRODUCTION

XIX

THIS BOOK AND ITS USE

This introduction to Syriac is not, of course, a. reference grammar. No~ does it contain a full vocabulary. The works of T. Noldeke (Compendious Sjriac Grammar, London, 1904; trans. J. A. Crichton) and J. Payne Smith (A Compendious Sytiac Dictionary, Oxford, 1903) are of permanent value in this respect. (Both are available in reprints produced respectively by Eisenbrauns [2001] and WipE and! Stock [1999]). Rather; this is a teaching grammar.. As such its main aim is to introduce the student to the main features of the language and a basic vocabulary. It avoids the complexities involved in giving a systematic and complete explanation of every grammatical detail. This, in the author's view, is shemain fault in some of the Syriac grammars currently in use.

From the start the basis of the explanation is illustrative material gleaned from real Syriac texts. Real Syriac sentences are also used for Syriac- English translation exercises. This means that the student encounters at an early stage complete sentences which cannot always be explained .and understood fully until a later stage, though examples are chosen carefully to avoid the need to. take too. much "on faith". The alternative to this approach is to give all details of every item as it occurs.

It is emphasized! that the sections which follow are cumulati~e. It is best to master one section before moving on to the next.

' . .' . ~.

INTRODUCTION

Paradigms are provided for reference purposes andthe exercises are integral to the course and should! not be neglected. With each is provided a vocabulary List" also cumulative. Words are not normally repeated ill the vocabulary lists, though forgotten items may be checked through the Glossary.

The selected readings are also i!11tegtaJ! to the course.

They do not introduce important new kerns of grammar, but they do include much explanatory and exceptional material (e.g, anomalous verbs and nouas). Thus they are part of the method of learning and are not to be regarded as optional.

G· . -. . N'OTE ON S· 'YRI- : AC GRAM· MAR

ENERAL . ._ _ __ .... . _ ... _

The noun and the verb are the main concerns of the grammar

sections which follow.

The noun in Syriac has a gender, masculine or feminine, and may be singular or plural In addition it has three 80- called states, "emphatic", absolute and construct. The "emphatic" is the ordinary form which is used and iii: incorporates the article. The absolute and construct are used when a nominal form has certain specialized roles in a sentence or phrase. To produce possessive pronouns ("his/your/their book") suffixes are attached! to the end of the noun.

The verb has two basic tenses, conventionally called perfect (past tense) and imperfect (future tense). Verbs are usually fanned of three root letters to which prefixes and suffixes are added to convey distinctions of person ("r/he

INTRODUCTION

XXI

/we wrote')' On the basis of the threeroot letters there are six common. verb patterns or stems, modiflcation of the simple stem, which convey various modifications of the bask idea inherent in the root (e. g., passive, causative),

Of the sections which follow, III and VI deal with pronouns and nouns-while IV,· V and VII-XUr cover all the different types of verb; inducting those which depart from the basic pattern because they contain root letters which are subject to specia] tulles.

e •

".oV •• f

ABBREVIATIONS AND OTHER SYMBOLS

Special signs used in transliteration will be found in Chapters I and II." The sign ~ under a transliterated letter indicates fricative pronunciation (e.g. t == th· as in "thin"). The sign ~ over a vowel indicates long pronunciation (e.g .. i/= ooa$ in "moon"). * is used to indicate in untranslated texts that the following word is a personal or geographical name: there is no need to struggle to translate it! (Note that the use of the asterisk in this way sometimes disrupts the correct linking of consonants.)

In the main grammar sections, abbreviations are used where they do not inhibit ready comprehension:

SIng. plue,

singular

masc.

plural masculine feminine

fern.

The ubbreviations pe., ethpe .. , pa., erhpa., aph., ettaph, are explained in Chapter VIII and used thereafter.

In some tables the sign : is used before an alternative ending to the preceding word ..

. In the readings section, where brevity is necessary s., p.,. m., f. are used for sing., plur.jmasc., fern. As also are

sfx,

suffix imperfect perfect imp :lti: e

__ . era v .

irnpf, perf.

_': .. '

Chapters are gIven Roman capita] numbers (I:, Jl, HI) and exercises Roman small numbers (i, ii, iii). "III.2" refers to Chapter III, sample sentence 2. "IV.A" refers to Chapter IV, gramm.at section A.. "v.Z" refers to Exercise v, Syriac sentence 2.

ABBREVIATIONS AND OTHER SYl'YlBOLS xxm

pte.

participle

I~ WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALp.HABET

CONSONANTS

As is indicated in the Preface, the Syriac script is found in

. several forms. The one used! here is the :r,eqri script used principally by the West Syrian churches. (Examples of other scripts can be found in the Readings section (Texts 2, 9 and' 10), and alphabet lists are reproduced on pp. 140-141.)

The Syriac script, like that of Arabic and Hebrew, rs basically consonantal, the writing of the signs to indicate vowels being a secondary invention .. The direction of writing is right to left.

LIST OF CONSONANTS

..,:) b Bit

As in "give", not as ill "genius".

NAl\1E

NO-rES

~tila;. This is not the equivalent of a, but accompanies any vowel at the beginning of a syllable and is also used for the glottal stop between two vowels (as in south-eastern and Scots English "bo'el (bottle)") ..

Gdml1!

Dalal

0:1 h Hi

c Iw Waw

~i

2

I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET

n 3!
V) ~ I;
Z NMiE NOTES
~ cil·
b
e=1
jl Z Zqyn
.... b 8il A more breathy sound than h. Like a stage whisper. I
~ t Til Emphatic t, with the tongue not stiff; but raised
towards . the velum (fleshy part at the back of the
1
.roof of the mouth).
.. y YM ,
. I
4l k Kd/2
~ I Lim'tld
-"D, m Mim
oJ n Nun
..co .S Se.mkat
< 1 <:. Similar '-h]l but sustained and with the throat
,)... e to a. '.,
constricted.
.:9 p Pi
,J s Sadi Emphatic r, with tongue as for Tit.
..0 q Qop Pronounced further back than English k.
. Ri'"
, r . j
"
.... I Sfn A single letter ill Syriac for sb ..
t t Taw
- The consonants are joined to . each other in writing) as in Arabic. The slight changes of shape which result will not cause any great difficulty, but the following forms used at the end of a group of letters should be noted:

becomes

. i

L WRITING SYSTEM. TIm ALPHABET

3

.!) becomes +
.~ becomes ~
.lO , becomes )0
...J becomes \
.. ~ becomes ~
, becomes .. Other letters in final position simply add a short flourish - ~, *-' etc. Some letters cannot be jollied to the letter which follows. All this is summarized in the following table:

II @ t
o fIll .. .i&::
~- ~ ~i Z
0 Ii.!
f-< Z z A .....:l
u 0
fIl 0 '0'1 CI
Z 0 &l t z
Z til r-< Iil -<
0 ~ u ~ I-<
U fIl ::r:
z z z 0 o
;::J z 6 o ~
8 u
1 ~
~ ..:::..... ...;:, ~
, .~ ~ ~
, . '~
O! Ot...
0 Q", . I
, ,... I
~. ,I ........, ~ ---
~. ~ -6 ~
.. ........ , ....... . __
i .,... ,...:»' ....Q...
, ~ ~ ~
I ~ ~ ~ ..:laQ.. ,

'.

4

L WruTING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET

~ I t
0 ILl Z t ,
&1 ~ H 0 !S
b z z c
0 0 ~, Q
w @ ti z
;Z § ..::
z I-< ~
0 u z tt
u Ul Z
Z f.Ll Z 0 C)
~ ;Z Z U ~
Z 0
0 U
U -
~ .I .&..
'-
..;g .m.. ~ ...m..
,
~ ~ ~ .,..)._
,!) a .. _g ...a.
j .r
.J::J ..c... . ~ .....0....
, ..
' ..... .._ ....... ~
I L I s: Confusion between consonants should not occur. With regard to c (UJ) and J:). (q), it should be noted that 0 is only joined up to a preceding letter.·..t:) can be joined up in either direction. Wben . ..£) 1S at the end of a word, it has the form ..c... When 0 is at the end of a word or group of letters, it has

. the form Q...

There are. certain conventional special Jams between

Ietrers:

! (1 followed by ~ dla}2) is written U; 'j is often written~.

There are other joins made purely for calligraphic reasons In some manuscripts. The East Syriac (so-called

I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALpfiABET

:5

"Nestorien") script often combines t followed by ~ as in l,\...»

,

= 1tD'1.

(a) The following list of words with transliterations will illustrate how consonants are joined up and may be used for practice by covering one column and attempting to wlite/transliterate ..

l-l ~J/
;..::,. br
\' dl1
~ gbr
001 hiP
..- ~d
~. bZ
;~ btr
....0 kd
~ q#
~ f1:yb
~ mlk
.~ ?
L,_Q~ pwqdr/
'!'""'..J fJd
~; rb
~ ,r/'m J.
::J
J ... ~ Jiyr 3 mit'

I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET

7

6

LWruTING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET

(b) Further practice may be gained by transliterating the

following passages. Treat full stops as phrase-dividers. ~00lJ • ito,",,,,, JUl "t"" wL~~ .J. "' • ..." ,c:.l ).)Q";> ~ ~01 .4.;~ ..21 ( ;1 i'X"' ..... ~ ~l .~..J ~ ..el" ~l .~c- ~ ..c,a:.A,0 .~a. ~'Qm~' ~' ::f?J ur .J_,o. m .>... e- l U,o . ~ "'),.~ \:.0 ......

. J~c.::s.a.lo u.,_o Jlo"""" .. 01 ~!! .~ .4...=z,

.~l.<~ ~

~o;~' ~.lO, JI~l ~ ~oL

~ ~"'" ~, 0,..0 ~ .. 01c.91 ;Q:\A' ,o,Oj ps» ,~,o,O!;~ k~Oi~~ ~~' 'C""o .~ '0\'..'-.. .!J»~' O1t~ ,o~ o,L~ OJU:)tro' ~ ~ J,..~c.J ~ot Ob- ~ . ~ U,,'lQ.=:t;o Jl- ~iLU ~o .ou:D;).Q,~ lLU )....,0 ~'I'. ~ ~»-).

~~ ~~l

,tOtO;' '" .g)~.mb

J~Q.LCC Jl~ .

ls>~~ ~'O:.

....

nps

~ ~;l ~O1;ll ~;l b-..,>'" om",'>." ~ 4.;~! ~lo..m., !LjO lfc.o liJlo~'~ .,o~~ ,00l.;.AQn,_Q! :6.6 ~41 ~o .• ,0Oj~a.= ~ .. 01 ~ ~ .~. ~,ot»...,lU ~OOi,,! ,~ •• ",..,. <",..m! JI~ .,o,~ loOt ~ ~l;l! ~! 'r'( ,o~ ,~,~ol Jb .... lo .,o,ob-, ~, 4..,,6 oOOj

.~;,' ~, ,~ J;~ .~. ~~OO! ~ ,~, 0001 or-LUn .'.La.~ rO! ~ ,o~ '001' ~o ..,..lo .';ll, ,,'OIQ'~ ,o~ ~ ,o~ t.... =>'>.. ;901 ~,o ·,Lr0).::, 0001 ~ •• =,... Jl~ ~~ ,~~o ~,6 .Oi'~~! J~~;~ )...,x,;l ) .... L"';> ~;lo ~=-.O' '~4 ~! , .... ,_::. ,~ Jb....~ ~OO1I ~l ,LOt J.x,.~ 00 .)......Q."

.~'o~,~,o L.mt-9!,J~

hwt

~ b' ygnJty

mlpmvl ffJ1/fy1VS

,

s.nllJJ1Y'

~dl

.J<

pr,{wp

Ylv/;mn

Notes

II~. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS

ll. Vmw.LSAND OTHElR SIGNS

9

(w) was used to represent ii (only preserved normally in East Syriac pronunciation) and tl (as in "moon"). The East Syriac script (see pp. 140~141) distinguishes between Q :::: U and a = 0,. and these dots are

,

sometimes imported into the West Syriiac script to

reflect the original pronunciation. They are not used in the main part of this book, though they do appear where the Eastern script appears.

As the system evolved, further precision was felt necessary and vowel marks adapted from Greek A, 0, E, H and OY (ou) were added above or below the precedlng

consonant to indicate types of vowel. Mthoughmoscly placed above the consonant, they can be placed below to avoid dashes with other signs. The system is not designed to indicate vowel Iengeh systematically, though in practice three of the signs are used for long vowels:

Ii' "

o a as in ~ (man). This is the short a of British English,

. "h" . I h TI· A .

as ill 'at, apprOXImate y t e vowel 1Il . merican

English "dot".

d as in ~ (sdm). In West Syriac tradition this original

VOWELS[GNS

Although the writing system was basically consonantal, various dots and other marks were added to help withreading and to eliminate ambiguity. The West Syriac pronunciation and vowel signs ate the basis of this book, but the main features of the more ancient East Syriac tradition of pronunciation are noted below and the East Syriac signs may be found on p. 141.

Three of the consonantal signs developed at secondary

use to indicate some vowels. Thus:

l (dlaji) was used to represent eli and ii, especially at the end of words.

0') was used to represent l (e).

e

d is pronounced as m "raw' , in British English. In American English it is like the o in the word "more". Hence scholars often transliterate it as 0/ rJ (as in the title of this book). In East Syriac pronunciation it appears as a long a, as in'~father~~. In this book, apart from ill the title, it is normally transliterated! as d, to

reflect the most ancient pronunciation.

e as in ~ (men). Shorteas in English "set",

.f

[(more rarely i) as in ... ; (rif). Note in this example

s

that both. ~) and ... are used to indicate the (long)

vowel.

. 6

ii (more rarely u) as in ..QQ.i) (Piiq). As we have noted,

East Syriac tradition preserves an andent distinction here between 0 and U, and this is shown in. its vowel signs. The two are merged in West Syriac pronunciation. Again note in the example given that

j,

~ both 0 and e are used to represent the vowel

( is also used, but only in the interjection 01, "Oh"),

-11

()

10

II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS

II. VOWELS A D OTHER SIGNS

11

OTHER SIGNS

(3) A double dot sign as in J_;S.lO (malke) is used to indicate that the word is plural. It is placed where convenient in the word and may merge with the dot of " which then becornes s .

(4) A line under or above a consonant indicates that it is not

pronounced, e.g. );, !l , pronounced neiJd. .

A. Dots or diacritica~ points and other marks were used, as felt necessary, to. convey certain distinctions in sound and meaning. Note:

(1) .A dot placed over the letters b, g" d, k, P and t, indicates their plosive pronunciation (as in English). A dot placed below indicates an alternative, fricative (aspirated) or Hsoff'_ pronunciation as 1) (i.e. bh), gh, dh, kh" 1, th (in transliteration indicated by b., g~ ti, &,]2, !). For example, ..::s is hard and ~ soft. The soft ·pronunciations are normal immediately after a vowel, even the vowel of a secondary prefix or closely associated preceding word (but see B (ii) below). These dots are smaller than other dots which appear and axe often omitted! or used inconsistently. They are not generally used lin ihis book, except in this chapter and when it is necessary to clarify pronunciation. \x:'hen. they do appear, take note!

(2) Dots were also used to distinguish words which appeared identical in unvocalized texts. Thus.an upper dot on ~ indicates it is to be read as liih rather than leb. The upper dolt on ~ indicates it is to be pronounced qdtel rather than qtal, which can be written ~ to indicate this. There are some vocabulary items which are distinguished in this way: J .... '>~ ismalkd, "king", while l .... 0» is melkd, "advice", Aliso some verbal forms are identical lin unvocalized texts and are distinguished by dots.

B. Features which are not indicated! by special signs.

(1) It is important to note that Syriac words ate frequently found without any vowel between the first two consonants in. the word (or two consonants at the beginning of a new syllable within a word). In most cases tills is historically the result of the loss of an original full vowel. which has been shortened and! ills eliminated in

.·later pronunciation. This h rt d limi d

I ISO ene or e minate vowel

(sometimes called shewa) can be represented ill

transliteration bv e (as, e g . E . ii)

} ; .', m xercise II or simply

omitted,

y

~ is btat, or be tajl.

1_!' .. tI. .• _ •• k b

~J.."'Q IS ... la_a, or kr:talzd. "

Note in the last example, kldild, that the softening of the t has arisen from the original vowel preceding it, despite the fact that it has been reduced to a sbeuia (see A (i) above).

Thus:

(2) Also lacking any distinctive sign in. Syriec is the doubling of consonants when no vowel intervenes. In fact double pronunciation of consonants was virtually lost at least in \Vest Syrian pronunciation, which is why there is no

'-'- : r e

~ ,af

II. VOWELS AND OTI:rER SIGNS

13

12

U. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS

distinctive sign for it. Rare examples of a consonant being written twice do, however, exist: n'!S..am. sammtini. Knowledge of where consonants were originally doubled will come with knowledge of the grammar.

The letters b, g, d, k,p, t, when originally doubled, are always pronounced hard. Hence latent doubling reveals itself in the unexpected hard pronunciation of these consonants after a owel (see A (i) above). Thus in ~ a clot placed above the..:;. indicates hard pronunciation. Since there is a vowel immediately before the letter, the hardening must result from original doubling (qabbel),

baqni

maikii

hdnd

• .p' r 1;..:s~

- "

madvra (later pronounced nmtibra)

kensa

Students are recommended to become familiar with Chapters I and II before proceeding further.

J'

Jk;')_

.

e , _ct. ;\

zta _ tiM)

hd!;,anJ -

'NOTE ON PUNCTUATION

Punctuation is not very systematic and both MSS and printed books contain 'great variations. However)

.:. is used at the end of a paragraph.

is used for full stop, semi-colon and comma.

: '. .. usually indicate lesser breaks.

There is no question mark.

tawra

J1"

..::)~.

, .

-, y

~;l

~ e ;

ar a

~,' .. _.~ ... _r_"

=; falit

(a) Practice transliterating and writing vocalized Syriac using the following list.

pag-rii

q"rejz

,kiimr:d

ILVO\VELSAND OTHER SIGNS

15

14

11 VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS

Notes

na'frin

~

'4~

III. PRONOUNS

ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS

][ 2.

3. 4.

5.

4- .0,01

F'

.. ~, ,~;L

. ".

~,

, ,

LU }Jl

- ...

Gn 8:54) He is our God.

an 10:7) I am the gate of the sheep.

(il: 22:19) This is my body ..

(Ps 22:7) lam a worm and not a

man.

I'"

~.~ oho ~l~l (Mk 5:31) You

- ~ ,y

• ~ touched me?"

say; "\'\ibo

GRAMiMATICAL ANALYSIS

. J ! ...... (" ". '. - . F'

IS the noun, oo-r', God, with a suffix ,0

on the end to indicate the possessive

pronoun (our". The -0 ending (with "dlaj2), which appears on almost all nouns in their normal form, disappears when a suffix .is added.

is the personal pronoun "he". The personal pronouns are often abbreviated (here by the non-pronunciation of the e-, mdicated by the line under :iit) when they are used as enclitics (particles attached to other words). The vowel of the pronoun moves back onto the preceding consonant. As enclitics the

2 ..

Ill. PRONOUNS

n

pronouns can be used to mean His/are". Hence this selltencewould be translated literally as "Our God he (1S) ",

As in other Semitic languages; "is/ are". etc. are often not separately expressed.

is the pronoun "1", here accompanied by its shortened enclitic form, Jll lH is "I am"

- ~ .

literally "I, I (am)". This repetition of

pronouns is ODe of me peculiarities of Syriac which it takes some time to get used to.

:I"

is the noun ~;l, "gate", with a suffix 010::::;,

"hls/its" .

consists of ~, "flock" (31 collective noun), with ? prefixed. ! is a very common particle attached to the beginning of words and one of its main uses is to indicate possession, more or less the equivalent of English "of', Here, then, we have "of the flock". A special rule covers its vocalization and also the vocalization of the prefixed prepositions ,.,;::, and ~ (see III.S) and the prefixed particle 0 (IIIA). The rule is that the ! has no vowel if the following consonant bears a vowel (s.be1va does not count as a vowel for this purpose),

'1"

but the ,has () if the following consonant has

no vowel. ~ has a vowel on the first

18

III. PRONOUNS

consonant: hence ):~~. Attached to 11· s: •. we . f d~J' r

would ill ... _. , .

..

A strange feature is that whereas in English we would say "the g-ate of the flock" or "its gate", here, as often, the Syriac has literally '~]ts gate of the flock", where "itsH.looks forward to and agrees with the following noun. This seemingly redundant use of a pronoun is characteristic.

3.

. ,. f '1/; uthl··" . h' h 1; ..

IS a merging or J.JO!, '. 1:S ,W1t· t· e enClJL1j]C

form of 0 ~ (see H1.1).· Literally "This, It

(is) ... ".

P' J I" . '

~~ is another noun, J~" "body", with a

. . f'fi' " f "

possessIve: pronoun SU .nx ...... , my, 0 me.

This particular suffix has no vowel with it in writing because It was not usually pronounced: pagr.

r J QJ01

is "IH.

(tawrd, mter pronounced! lau! fa) is a noun meaning "worm", JJl is the enclitic form of ).;1 (see III.2). Literally we have "I, a worm" I (am)",

combines 0, "and", which is always attached

, '

to the following word, and U, "not", The

pronunciation is w la; though .u! ~ becomes JPa(0) if the first letter of the following word has no vowe] (see II12 above).

If P yo

,.._..~ .

5 ..

j

~l

,..

.Nl (at)

~ (It)

III. PRONOUNS

19

is a fixed phrase meaning "man". Literally it is "son of a human being", ...:., "son", and W (which can also be written .W'l). Hete the genitive relationship (English "of" phrase) is expressed in a different way, without ! (see III.2 and VI.E).

is a particip~e,. "saying".

is the pronoUll "you (singular)". Since the English word "are' requires no separate word in Syriac in this enclitic usage (see III.1), we have literally "Saying, you (are)", introducing a quotation.

. al .-]1

IS an ogous to QJO! (see HI3) and combines

~ "who?", with the enclitic form of o~

( {; yo b j, 1",

001' ~ecomes Q~ ~ which becomes

o ~ y,), literally "'Who (is) he ... P", The action of the verb follows lin ~~, "he drew near, touched". For this type of verb with an e vowel in the second syllable, see IX.A.

is a combination of ~, "to", and .... (see III.3). Particles [ike .~ take suffixes to give "to me, you, him, etc." .~ is also used, prefixed to nouns or wmth pronou~ attached, to indicate the direct obj ect of a verb, and it may be taken in this sense here: "touched me". On the vocalization see III.2 above.

20

1I1l PRONOUNS

IIt PRONOUNS

21

GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS

B. Independent Personal' Pronouns (with shortened enclitic forms where they exist)

All the main points about pronouns are covered above, a full list of forms being provided here.

A. Possessive Pronoun Endings Added to N oens

Before the addition of possessive pronoWls, the -d' ending of the ordinary nominal form is removed. There are basically

two sets of endings:

(a) those used on nouns of masculine singular form and on

femininenouns, singular andplural;

(b) those used on nouns of masculine plural form. The endings added to masculine plural nouns have an additional .. before the ending,

Note that the forms of nouns are dealt with in VI. At this point, the main thing is to note the first list (a). These are the only forms used on nouns in Chapters III-V,

; our bodies

your

, bodies

yo1M' bodies

their

bodies

their bodies

(b)

(a)

r '-'

t::::.~ om body

;I." "

,c::i..~ your body (rnasc.

pluto "you")

",,- ,-

~~ your body (fern,

.p]ur.)

~." r

\ COL.~ , their body (masc.)

{. .,

OOl:'_~. ' , ~

11·1" "

o...:.:_~ their body (fem.)

~ ~

.."

,all

~,l

"''''

~O! they (fern.)

,I

FOR1\fS USED AS FULL FoR.Jl..'h

l

(b) (a)

70' I

... ~ mybody

,-

(pqi,,, ~~

! 0'

'f~

my bodies

your bodies

f" ..

..,...~ youtbody

(masc. sing, "you")

yUill" bodies

his bodies

smg."you'y

his body

,.. y

... ~o~

(pagraw)

. ~ v,.

oo..~

ENa..ITKS

ENGUSH

EQmVALENT .

her bodies

herbodv (the dot

, .

, .. 9' f"

. Qi~

over 0;1 indicates

fem.)

C. Interrogatives

J.:l1 I

It, , ,.

~ll you (sing. rnasc.)

,-

'.:!~l you (sing. fem.) f

00! he

r

~'" we

" ..

,,?~l you (rnasc, piur.)

. '71 ;t

~~l you (fern, plur.)

they (masc.)

who?

22

III PRONOUNS

what?

which? (masc, referent) which? (fern. referent) which? (plural referent)

D. Demonstratives

this (masc.) this (fem.)

these

v 00;

,-

that (masc.)

that (fern.)

61

,QJOI those (masc.) .

'1>1

~'Ot those (fern.)

E. Additional Note on Enclitics

(1) Third person (he, she, they) enclitics tend to be used even

I'

with second person pronouns. Hence o~, ~l= "you

).; are .

(2) The vowel with the consonant which ceases to he - pronounced is often written on the preceding'. consonant

~ I' '

if it has no vowel: O'et ~l. The two may be written as

one word.

(3) If the preceding consonant does have a vowel, a merging takes place, ·e.g. ,lSat.. followed by 0& becomes ,o~· J.;c.t...

- (a) Translate into Syriac:

III. PRONOUNS

23

1. This is the Icing of the land.

2. Which gate ms our gate?

3. Their Icing is a man and not their 'God.

(b) Translate into English:

J!~.

._J~,

I •

. ,~ 1:1 ~J ~ ~l 2.

Vocabulary for the above:

king

land (fem.) apostle messiah, Christ

by, in, with (like ~) will

t:nlI.y

light

world, eternity

It.=<.

l.9 ?'.

/, •• ·&210

.. ... ::..

24

III.. PRO OUNS

~ . ~~

Notes.

since, for (placed second inthe sentence) .

love (noun)

priest

either ... or

father (takes suffixes

irregularly: see VI~F)

all

always

with (takes suffixes like ~ and ~; IILS) everything

belonging to (takes

suffixes like ~. ,. HLS)

@3,27

.' . ,

IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PART'1ICIPLEFORMS

ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS

2.

3.

4.

. of,.

,c,~u;.

~;.r ·~.o

'Il

.O!~.;"

'" ,'7>

Q.O~ ,o~ .

'" P"

~ ~o

.J~J~

5 ..

GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS

(Lk 5:25) And he took his bed and went home.

Some of them fled and

some they took into captivity.

(Mt 9:9) As Jesus passed on from there he saw a

man .

(Mk 14:64) Prom his

mouth you have heard the blasphemy ..

an 21:15) Simon son of ] ona, do you love me more than these?

(!qal) is the simplest form (3£0 person masculine singular - "he" - form) of the basic perfect tense of the Syriac verbal system. It corresponds to the past tense, "he took". A series of suffixes indicate the differences of person (I,. you,. she, etc.), a separate pronoun

25

being unnecessary) _ though sometimes added for emphasis. (Note that throughout this book the 3rd masc, sing. perfect of the simple stem is used as the citation form [i.e. the form normally quoted] and the meaning is given in the past tense without a personal pronoun. So ~ is glossed as "took'")

is the noun ).C:,"';:", "bed", with suffix "his". "went", is basically the same as ~ except that the initial. ~djap. must have a full vowel

-II

with it; hence the 0, which here moves onto

the ."prefIXed 0' because the a.1aj2 goes silent: ~,l" becomes~;l 0. (pronounced weifZ~' (So also" + ~~, produces JI~o, waldbd.)

26

IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FOru\1S

~ y

010C)~

~

~,l

p

J~

2.

3.

y

...,!),

"house",

is a suffixed form, of ~, "from, than", used here in a partitive sense, "some of them,"

(compare French "de").

- ~

(Qraq) is the 3tcimasc. plural perfect of ..o~,

"fled".

similarly from;";" "led, took".

is ~j "captivity", with the preposition ~'" "with, in, into,· by". It has to be attached directly to the word it goes with (like , in III.S). For vocalization like ~,see III.2.

<,' h "

- wen, as .

.

IV. THE VERB: SUl'fPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORM:S

4.

J~ ~~

27

like ~ above, butmeanmg "passed by. crossed over" ..

"th .,» ,ere.

is fundamentally the same :as ~, except that with the verbs ending in ~d!aj2 the final vowel

J ~

is Co rather than () and the ~dlaj2. is not

pronounced (see XI!). The meaning is "he

saw",

"man".

"mouth" .

1

\ o~> ..;;. is another perfect verb form, with the 2nd

person masculine plural ending, meaning "you (have) heard".

5.

.y.

.' "y ... ,;.. ......

"blasphemy" .

is a participle like ~l in 1115. The chief

4

characteristic of the participles of the. simple

type is the vowel in the first syllable. The

'7!

second syllable has () as here, though in some

verbs [::, is found (as in ; sOl). The meaning is

. t

. "loving". With a pronoun it may be used to.

produce a finite form (like the participle in English: "he is loving!').

As noted at 1II5, ~ can be used' simply to indicate the object of a verb) as here .

"ab d " ·th·'" " th"

2! . un ant ) W1' ~ means "more _ Ian .

he took she wok

. YOll (masc, sing,.) took you (fern. sing.) took I took

they took (note the 0 which is not pronounced)

they (fern.) took (note double dots, and .. which is not pronounced)

you (rnasc, phir.) took you (fern. plur.) took we took

28

IV. THE VERB; SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORMS

29

IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPlE FOJIUI.{S

A question IS often indicated in Syriac by intonation and can be detected ill texts only from the context.

GRAlvIMATICAL SYNTHESIS

Most verbs in. Syriac have three root consonants, These root consonants appear in a number of patterns or sterns. The basic pattern is called the simple; stem of the verb, This simple stem. of the verb is described as leal on the basis of the set of root letters ~ C~ being the 3m masc, singular of the root in this stem),

The list set out below shows the vowel patterns and endings used! to indicate the different persons.

A. Simple Stem Perfect

~ ~ci 1:'~&. ... ~a.

- .. ' )f

·b~c.._

~

1qat feqlal J<qall j.qalt feqlel foqal

Iqaltiin flqalten foqaln

It may be noted that in unvocalized texts (a:J1Id! even in vocalized texts) dots can be used ItO distinguish ~. 0.--, "she took", .1:-'q..., "you took", and b-' Q", "~I took". (Inlater Syriac, "she took" will have the dot after the t as in .t-..' q._.)

This tense-form can in particular contexts represent "he has taken", "he had taken" or "he will have taken" in English.

The full list of forms for J1- is given later (XlI), as are those of the other verbal patterns or stems (VIII).

B. Participles (masculine forms)

A· ",!P' 1 al ,I' 9'ki .

ctrve .~ (p ura ~ 0.. ), "ta . ng, carrying",

,,*' ~ .$'

Passive '~. CA (plural~ . rO.A), "taken, carried".

for verbs like J;"', the (singular) active participle 1S normal: ,;:..

(a) Translate into Syriac:

1. We are taking the bed! of the man .

2. We heard! everything.

3. The apostle saw the Messiah.


II""

p~p _..:!' t._

.)l...J.!JOI ~ ~"'Q

p 11"" ...

JI~~, Jl;L a...~

- '" ..

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

JJ~

p ' ..

It~~ 11.e,

J~

30

IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT .AND PARTIc]PLE FORMS

EV. THlEVERB: SIlVWLE PERFECT }\ND PARTIC]FLE FOlU4S

31


....

~~ P!:P ~O!

P'

-~

~

l~~

P'

...c..2!J

6 ..

7.

wrote

thus opened

together temple time

prayer (fem.)

behold (exclamation)

_ crippled (passive participle)

Notes

city (fem.)

went out

made

like (pronounced 'a/!J sword

sharp, sharpened (a p:3JSSIVe participle)

answered (see ~;_)

angel

'1)

said (see~,Q

word (fem.)

among

"

brothers (singular J,!.l)

fell

fetters, bonds, chains (fern. plural)

hand

going up (participle)

(I Cot 2:16) W,e, however; possess the mind of Christ. an 1 :10) He was in the world and the world was through his power .

ILLUSTRAT'IVE TEXTS

,~; ~! ,~ .~~l 2. ~,o J~~ .l,.:..,~...,

1.

3.

?!

OQ,

1o~

4.

5.

6.

?

• 116,2' ~ ..Ji Uo


.

On this mountain was the

blessed Panbo, the teacher.

His mother, however, was from the city of Amida.

(1'Jk 3:2) And. they were guarding him.

And no man had gone out.

"to us": here with the sense "belonging to". "but, now, however" is placed second! in, the sentence (compare ~in iliA).

" . d'" 'min "

means 'basically "there is". It 18 very commonly used simply for "is, are, etc.", and

P'

is here followed by a repetition of~:

2. 1601

3.

4 .

5.

<I'

V. ~l, '001 AND COMPOSITE TENSES

33

$'

"belonging to us". ~ ~, effectively means

"to have",

is the 3[..;1 masc. smg. perfect of the verb "was", It is frequently used, especially in its

,f'

enclitic form, J~,~, in combination with ~,'

and other verbs (below).

fo

can mean "by means of" and ':;..l can mean

"power" as wen as ,"hand", (Note the tendency for l to become silent and IDose its vowel when a prefix is added.)

The pronoun suffix anticipates the following nomina], phrase.

"mountain".

"blessed man, saint". "teacher" .

J:.....,., "there is'~, frequently takes a pronoun

#

suffix to produce "she is") "they are", etc. Here it is the fern. sing. 3tcl person suffix and iii: should be noted that the plural-type suffixes are used (HLA(b)).

is the 3cd fern. sing. of '6~. enclitic, and it makes the sense clearly past.

,"'

plur. active participle from ~, Hk~ept,.

guarded".

'"

V. b...', I~O'! AND C01-:lPOSlTE TENSES

'"

v. ~t MOiAND COrVlPOSnE TENSES

35

"..

OOOt

IS the 3rd masc, plur, enclitic from J~O! and with a participle produces a continuous past sense: "they were keeping ... ".

For ~, see IlLS.

(l)~,"he took".

(2) o'~ ~,"he is taking" (with an enclitic pronoun or a separate noun as subject).

(3) J16~ ~,"he was taking".

(4) JI,~~ ~, "he had taken" (sometimes simply "he took", indicated by context).

6. .JI

~s an alternative form of _l;.J1 "man" (see

further in Vl.C),

A perfect verb followed by a form of JI,621, as here, may produce the sense "he had gone QUt';.


(a) Translate into Syriac

1. You were going out from the temple of God.

2. There was an angel in the city.

3, The king had opened the gate of his house ...

A. The Perfect Tense of JIOO1, with Enclitic Forms

ENCLITIC FORMS BASIC FOlUvIS MEANINGS
J~~ I J ~
.OOl' he was
I l~O1 ~oO! she was
I ,i _
&y &001
001 you were
.. &001 ~y you (fem.) were
WI· 00l
- -
~ .f' ~601 I was. I
,0'On
.. ~
y r
0,00; 0001 they were
ri r
.. 0'01 ... 0'01 me}' (fern.) were
4 4 .
J:f...,." ,0&'OOl
,0 O~' you were
'71 71
&". fi....,." you (fem.) were
~ o~ ~,o,O!
y r
~o~ ~00l we were (b) Translate into English.

3.

~~ 4.

". ".

.. ~o~'

p

.J~

We now have the-following possibilities:

5.

36

¥

V. b--Il, 1001 AND COMPOSITE TENSES


II F '11 ~oLo,

r 7>

'l~ Il~

~ ,L;..;

~ J.!;;~ ,~,at..l ~

...... s, !..' ~';..:;..

~ l.:.&.,,0.91

Notes

1,~!_,,_1., JP ~"~, 021

answer

letters (fern.) youth (fem.) pagan (noun)

beginr:nng (here absolute: see VI)

t:6wards, with

holy man

lord (title of saints and. church leaders)

race

Syrian

a place-name (~ot.t means "border")

until now. as yet

to, belonglng to, by Persians

@5,29

VI., NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. TiHE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP

ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS

9 '" ;J"

Jfl,.71' fl'I!y

J.~ .. ~OJ.."""I .P-;,

1.

2.

71,

3. ' OI~

4.

GRAM' MA- TICAL,' AN,AL~ "S",~

- - -, '- ,_ - -' ~ IS

I! «r

1. ~"

(Lk 8: 11) The seed is the word of God.

(Lk 15:2) Anc1! the Pharisees

were murmuring and saying ... (Mt 16: 16) You are the Christ, the son of the living God. The church had been made into a fue-temple.

And this reportreached the king of kings.

"seed", is at noun of the most common form. The final lc::) is a suffix which originally indicated definiteness ("the seed"), but in standard Syriac it has no such special meaning. The meaning can be definite or indefinite ("a seed, the seed') Traditional grammar calls this the "emphatic" state of the noun to distinguish it from the absolute and construct (below). It should be noted that this

37

term does not refer to any emphasis in the . meaning.

"word", is similar except that it has the ending added to the l characteristic of feminine

alternative way of indicating the gerutive relationship ~ not using ,. In this less frequent method the first noun IS given a special form distinct from the "emphatic" and absolute forms. This third form is called the

38 VI. NOUNS.ANDADjECTTVES. THE GENTnvE RELATIONSIDP

VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHILP 39

"murmuring", is a participle (see IV.B) and its plural ending is not '(::; but the so-called

"

"absolute" ending, ~(), which is found

principally on adjectives and participles used as predicates (as here}. Adjectives and participles agree in number and gender with the nouns they refer to.

J. J~,- 01~ In this phrase ~ is used for the genitive, but the following noun is anticipated by the

~ JI! ~,

4. J~

absolute, not the "emphatic" form and since the subject is feminine, it too is feminine . Hence the feminine absolute singular encling

1 p

O, which happens to be identical in form

with the masculine "emphatic".

nouns.

~ can be used to represent "of" (see III.2), ill which case the words linked by , appear in their ordinary, i.e. "emphatic" form. This is the most common way of, conveying the genitive relationship between nouns.

9

JtJ. "church", feminine, ordinary form ..

J~a:; ~ "temple/house of fue", demonstrates an

"Ph· , ". 1 " L·~'. . din

• I· ansees', ts a so an empnatic or or ,ary

form, but with the plural masculine ending

,.,~, ~ \ ..... ' ..

construct. Thus the ordinary form of the l'

,word for "house" is Ji~; its construct JiS

~.

5.

"regort", IS "emphatic", its construct being

~.l6.

Hreached", (see i;_ IV.3}.

~ "king of kings' , , is made up of the singular construct of 'f;'-~) "king", followed by its "emphatic" plural.

pronoun suffix, Hence literally we have "his son of God".

Nouns and adjectives have endings to distinguish singular) plural, masculine, feminine and the three uses which a noun or adjective may have lI1 a sentence: ordinary/t'emphatic",


A. Nominal FoODS

adjective "living".

IS a paSSilve participle (see IV.E) , "done. made". Since iii: is the predicate it has the

1v£ASCULINE

VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP 41

40 VI. NOUNS AND ADJECITVES. THE GENITIVE REUTIONSHIP

P

absolute, and construct. The word ~ , "good", provides a

convenient model,

D. Vowel Patterns of Nouns

SING. PL. SING. FL.
J ~ JW JI~
Ordinary, ~
"Emphatic"
~ 9 ~ ~
Absolute .~
Construct FEMININE

:1

In ~ and a number of nouns and adjectives the vowel

pattern of the basic word does not change when endings are added or in forming the construct. In many nouns and adjectives, however, the vowel pattern of the stem does change. or example,

II; r "l

,0:"""'" becomes ~ in the construct, and

~ P,- P r p

~. becomes ~ in the construct.

These represent two main types in which an extra vowel is inserted when the -a ending of the emphatic is lost. Further examples will appear in later sections.

For pronoun suffixes on nouns, refer back to UI.A.

B. Adjectives

E. The Genitive

Adjectives agree with the noun they refer to in number and gender and adjectives are placed after the noun in nominal

P

phrases like "the goodllking": ~ l';'~.

c. Uses of the Absolute State

The genitive relationship can be expressed in Syriac in three ways, so that the following three phrases have exactly the same meaning: (1) Using ,:

The uses of the absolute state are:

(i) to mark the predicate if it is an adjective or participle; (ii) after ~,"a1l", in what are called distributive phrases, such as "every man; an men": ""';1. ~ (the emphatic form of the noun isl1Jl).

i

(ill) after certain other set expressions, such as lJ, meaning

"without' and in some numerical expressions (see XIV).

(2) Using , and an anticipatory pronoun: 1 !,. ,;, 'Of 01 Z'.:<....

. (3) Using the construct of the first noun: J !n''''. ,oe=<.

The last is jnuch rarer than the other two.

F. Irregular Nouns

There are a number of nouns, unfortunately often the most used! ones (and also the word for "other"), which do not follow the neat pattern set out above. The following list covers the most important ones.

,

. !

42

VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELA.TIONSHfP

6 .

VI. NOUNS AND AD]!lECTII,TBS. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP

43

EMPHATIC

EI\1PHATIC

SINGULAR AND

1vffiANING

CONSTRUCT

SINGULAR

FORl\1S \"VITH

SUFfIXED

PRONOUNS

El'I-1I'HA.T1C

PLURAL

I,

:1

E:M:PHATIC

CONSTRUCT

SINGULAR AND

SINGULAR

:ll{EANING

SUFFIXED

PRONOUNS :1

PLURAL

I"

~l> "father"

1- --,- -- ------ -- -----

I r

I 41, "brother"

."

I ~,l', "mother"

,

I

~------------------

lUt-L "other"

"

(m.); J~t...l (f.)

-=======-----------

, y

It, Nt

. _~

"woman, wife"

f

'I~;';,

(m.)

===-=----~--------

II"" - I" C' ~ ;"\ J..~'satta;,

.r~' ,

none

none

~;_l

(also for

_~~·~?~?E~~ ..

I'

:, ~~, CatIJ

.1".

~

" ",. ~

":~'Q.O

-~------------

I 'l (' -'b' "

I~' ·a~. my

~ "1' father"; "'£:I~ ,

('ajztiy). "his father'

I

,,' b" _I" my t.;

r

... ~~t "his

brother"

.",

..:!1Ol, "my mother";

~ 1 "ms mother"

rare

J "' .. ')

~I;

"parents"; "p v

ILOcil

• t ,4'" ="

"spiritual fathers"

'"JI,,!'i"

, :~ , "br ~h' ,," ....... 1, ,roc ers

-~---~=~==-====~==~

y ''1\

Jl~l

. ,{

po

.. ~~t"my wife"; I 4J

OlLt:....i~ ('his wife"

> ,,_,)

-----======~======~===~ =-=====-----------

j •• ,., -' (

~~~ .• construct:

, ,"~;s)

----------------------- -----=-=-~-=====~=

7>

• ('b ~ "", "

... ~,. "h my son i·

'"

o,;.::s; "his son"

"'4~ (b'raf), "my

71

.. ~~ ~i_~~~: _ ':~~ _~.:~ __

t._' f_. (b' A"

' .. 4~' .q)"h my

h.,"; O!~, "his h.O>

--------~--------------

suffixes not used

~~~~:u~c_e_( = == .,_~~~~_

JIW.) "house"

•

.,

- Ii.. ~ .... "m- ~T :>'.

,-..~'-..i.~, I r v , ,

-----------------------

,.w

.. .

t:,~,

--~---------------

7>., ,I

_I'" ~ ..... «1!",:,~, ,,' '

.... ,.!.:~_, HJ.~ v.

,.-t-_-~-- .. ,-:'--, .. --,-',:---'I---~,,-, ---------

~,name .~

(m.) I

'" (r.-- :; ';;";( " ,.,.

~ ,semI' myn, ;

~, "1....:5 name'

, __ , ~!JI _<1

----------,-------

,.".. Jl." J

1~",.~

(a) Translate into Syriac

1. The light of Christ is good .

2. The word of the king is written in the letter's of. me messenger (angel),

3. The good land! is in the hand of the Syrian.


1. 2. 3. 4 ..

5

44- "V1. NOUNS AND ADJECTEVES. THE GENITIVE RE.u\TIONSH[P


r

~lQt~

~

J..j.;;o,i

~

'lo#.' ,;;

9'

~ . p

UO

C~

.9

J~

J~o; Ul

\(..

carpenter woman, wife

,

in authority (adjective) husband, master animajs (collective sillg.) tribe

nobleman.

I!cingdom

.

head

(walled) city heard, listened to

VOIce

lord (used of God)

anger

anger, wrath

bur, except" if not

Notes

VII. THE VERB: SI.MPLE IMPERFECT' AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ,

- .

ILLUS'I'RATIVE TEXTS

r

1. ~l 0.$. .~

3.

J f Y ...

• t "",~,!.

4.

5.

GRAMl\1A TICAL ANALYSIS

(Mt 8:20) There rus not anywhere for him to rest his head.

And he was saymg that there did noe remain for the Franks anywhere to rest the head on the coast of the sea except Tyre.

(M:t ] 0:33) ~7hoever denies me before men, however; I will deny him also before my father who is ill heaven . And he said to him "Draw near. apostle of Christ". Overthrow from before me ill the heresies.

is used in exactly the same way as /:....., and . -?

means "there is not" (!:v" + U).,

• 4" '.

means "where, anywhere", introducing a

subordinate clause.

1.. ~

46 VII. THE VERB: SIMPL· , 111PERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ?

1 ?) d

r0'Om' is the imperfect tense, 3~· rnasc. sing., of the

verb ,;.. 00) "rested.ilay' .. "This is the simplest fOITn of the imperfect and! by contrast with the perfect this tense corresponds usually to the future, Hence literally "he will rest", though the same form is used also for "he would rest" according to the context.

"h . rl"

eau .

4> ." d Y

,n.,,,,m, is the imperfect) 3" .mesc, plur., of ,'Om.

,~ "coast", here construct with ~, "sea" .

.,.. ,..

.;:0 ~ "except".

2.

3.

p;c

p

J P" y qfl'.",

p

,9.,

J'.P' I"

."'~

VII. THE VERB; SI1'IPLE L £PERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF, 47

is the masc, sing.. imperative, "draw near!", of

'1!

the verb ..;:);,.0. Imperatives (masc, sing.) are

basically derived from the imperfect by the removal of the prefixes (though see the details

. '1>

-. Th {. t" ill d

in VII.B). .. us .~ot..O, you w I raw

" t . "".

near ,..::aoi-O, draw near ..

4.

5.

.s>c.L..,a, rnasc, smg. imperative from grem; "threw, overthrew" .

apart from meamng "of', also introduces indirect statements, corresponding to English "that", as in: "He said that he did it .. " "remained" (see further on this type of verb in XI!).

"heresies", is a loanword from 'Greek and its form is anomalous,

p;..o with suffix, attached as if to a mase. pluto

noun.

~,with suffix: Hall of them;'.

GRAM-MATICAL, SYNTHESIS

A. Imperfect Forms of the Simple (pe f!al) Stem See Paradigm 1.

"whoever" , introduces a subordinate clause.

i~ 300 masc. sing. imperfect of k ,"denied",

~ .

4, 1

while ;o.2l:!Jl is the pi sing.

is a preposition, "before".

the plural of~"'; (construct phrases).

~~ ne.JquJ he will take

- -, ... ----~~=""""'..,..=- _._- - =- - oJf,='== '" '" '" ",":,n ... - ..... --- ... ------- -- --,_ - - - - - - - - - -,--.--------.

~a.&... L tefqt{/ she will take

- _. - - - ... "ee .... . ee ~ __ ~ ~~ __ ~ ~ ~ _, . -

~c..&...l fefqul you (mase. sing.) will take

- e. - - - ... - - _ ?Y-._- - - - -.-- -- - ----- - - - --- - - - -.-.-- e _. ee_. e ee _

j .,.=' o.l .tefqtlin you (fern. sing.) will take

__________ --- _------~-----------e---- .... --.--.-.--------------------

____________ ~:'_?!eL .. ~~!fj~!_n .... _I_ ~_ ~~~ 0000_00 u

______ .. _. _ ..... \~ _~ ! __ ~~.~~t{!~'!~ ~:y. ~~~~~:2 .'Y-~_ ~~!<.: _ .. _ .. _

~•• 1l

. c.-', neJq"Mn they (fem.) will take

------ •• - -.--.- - ~- - -'1;--- __ e eee - .-_ - --- -_. -----------.- -- _ ..

. ~ c.. L .tefqtliin you (masc, plur.) will take

- - - ~~- - - - - - ~ _ r - - _ -.".. - - e - - - - - - ••• - - -- -. - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e - - •••• - - ••

,~L tef{ldn you (fern. pl.) will take

"also".

'"

a suffixed form of ~l, Ufather" (see VLF).

is simply "in heaven". The prefixed! changes this into a relative clause: "who (is) in heaven'), the ,. being used as a relative particle. It is invariable.

48 \Tn. THE VERB: SThfPl.E IMPERFECT AND IMPER.A.TIVE. USES OF,

vn, THE VERB: SU"lPlE IMPERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF, 49

.

(5) for purpose, "so that" ill order that", introducing a pwpose clause.

It is always attached to the following word and! has no vowel if the following consonant has a vowel written with it. Otherwise: it is pronounced i, da-. (The same rule applies to ~, ~ and 0, prefixed to other words: see IH.2, 4" 5 and IV.2} ..

we will take

A ve.ry small number of verbs, including ~1 and ! .;_> , have /:) in the imperfect: ~,; and~' (see Paradigm 2.B}.


L W'e will take lie sword.

2.. He said that he would overthrow the kingdom. 3 Write to my father.

B-. Imperatives

See Paradigm 2.

_____________ ~~?_! ~ ~ ~~tf~! u __ _ _ _~~:L (~~~~~ _~~g)n . __

_______ _ ,_~~_~_;. __ ~q~! ~~~~J_ (~~~:_~~g.) ~~~~HH

~~ Jeqiil take! (masc, plur.)

( . QS..a.&....) (foqulun)

- - - - - - - - - - \_. - - - - -- ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

...so.&... !qiiJ take! (fern. plur.)

II

'l'l

~a.O.. JqiiJin

They are used as in English except that for prohibitions,

, P

i,e. negative commands, the imperfect is used, preceded by ~

(see vii.2).


" .......... 4- .. p._'1l,.... J! 'I ~ ~1, .... '1l

~-,.., .... ~ ...... ~-_ '~

C .. Uses of,

The uses of! are:

(1) ":en

j tomean 01 .

(2) as the relative word or particle: J ~ v.. fa, father, who art in heaven",

.-

\~l, "our

. '"

(3) to form subordinating conjunction like, ~l, "anywhere

to ... ", and, ,~,"whoeve.r .. .".

(4) to mean "that", introducing indirect speech (and sometimes a direct quotation: see vii.S),

.1.

2. 3.

4.

5 ..

50 VII. THE VERJB: SIMPLE IMPERFECT AND Il1vfPERATIVE. USES OF ,

VII. THE VERB: SIMPLE IMPElliU'iOCT AND [NfPiBRATIVE. USES OF! 51

Notes


~,~ !l ~Q.1 ~

- "

J,!..O;

~,~

JY

.... 1.-9

s

pu t (compare ...a..9 in VIl.2 )

mind, thought

worked

wages

<lj

ate (compare L~l)

bread

rebuked; complained cut off

from than

;.

pardoned. debt

just as debtor

spirit (fern.) holiness separated

gtllve (Note that in this verb the middle mot letter goes silent in

"

manv forms:.,:"O\.t. becomes ~~:

.'

see X1LS. Here the enclitic form of

"we' is attached to the first

participle)

pnsoner

VII!., DERIVED STEMS O'F THE VERB

INTRODUCTION

ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS

1. .~ t-Os,Ui )O~ ! !.,.

2.

3.

4.

5.

VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB

53

L

r

~

piY.

Modification of the meaning of a verb's simple stem (IV and VII above) can be produced in Syriac and other Semitic languages by adding prefix~s and/or modifying the vowel pattern. Syriac has five common derived stems (and a few rarer ones) but most verbs occur only in one or two of the stems, often with meanings of a simple type, like those of the

. 1 lilt II

s1rnpe stem v: a~).

(Lk ]7:9) He did whatever was commanded him.

2.

(Mt 2:4) And he gathered ill the chief priests.

And he went out with joy of heart to the place at which be was martyred.

And

similarly

Saladin

departed 'with them.

After he had been

'?'.': • ....,,:),

;Ljod,

excommunicared, he and

those with him, and he had received punishment ...

",

3·~n

S2

"made, did".

"anything". Unlike ordinary nouns this word does not normally change: "anything which ..... ",

is the 3rd masc, sing. perfect of a stem derived from ~" "commanded". Traditional grammar, using the verb ~ as a model, called this the ~etJ/~el, the ~et- being the chief characteristic. The t prefix, as elsewhere in Semitic verbs, has. a reflexive/passive connotation. In meaning the'etj/~8j stem is usually the passive of the pe~aL Hence, "it was commanded".

"gathered", is the 3Id masc, sing. perfect of the

. pa ~el stem, distinguished by the vowel pattern and here derived from ....:1.0, "gathered;'. This stem has an implicit doubling of the second root letter, though the doubling is not 'retained in West Syriac pronunciation. This stem often conveys an intensification of l~a4 though this may not always . be dearly represented in the appropriate English equivalent.

is rhe plural masc, construct of ~i, "great". "priest" .

«went out, departed", simple stem perfect.

,.'

4. ~l is the 3rd mas c., sing. of the ~a_p,;e/ stem of the

verb ~, "he took", which is used in this form to mean "departed". The characteristic of this stem is the prefixed ~alaj2_, Sometimes it has a causative meaning, for example, turning

I'

~, "reigned", into ~t "made bng,

came to power".

"similarly, thus".

]7

5. ,;~ ~ "after", introducing a clause.

• ' r '7> ,-

,.,;..tU is the 3rd rnase. sing., perfect 'ettaj/'a}, derived

from )O+-, which does not occur in the p"af stem, but m the 'cr12 'e! commonly means "he

?I, ,.

excommunicated" (p.,_l). The "ettaj2 "a4

characterized by the double L, with ~et- at the beginning" is the passive of the 'ctJ/el Note that it is pronounced 'ettabram., When, in the imperfect, there is ~ further t- prefix, it is

54

VIII. DERIVED STEJ\.:1iS OF THE VER.B

normal to omit the t which would begin the stern,

VIII. DEilUVED STEMiS OF THE VERB

S5

"unto, up to". "place".

jig 300 masc. sing. perfect 'eiP,a ~al stem, usually the passive of the pa~e4 which for this verb its ~, "he crowned" (often used of the crown of martyrdom). The ~el-, characteristic of passives, reappears ,as in the 'eiP~~ef stem, but the different vowel pattern should be noted.

3'd masc, sing. paceI, "received, accepted". The pS"al means "accused", Implied doubling of the b in the p.a~el is indicated! by a hardening dot" as here (see II, B(H}).

u...~ " 6"., is an idiom for "punishment, capita] punishment" and it can be written as one word (as m villA), )" m» is a nominal fonn derived from the verb pk meaning "put, imposed" (see XII),. so the idiom means

literally "imposition on the head".

GRAM:MATlCAL SYNTHESIS

A. Verbal Patterns

The six main Syriac verb stems are listed here, using the example of ~, which gives them their traditiona1l names,

DESClltlPTJON

ABBREVIATION

NAME OF STEM

~r_ ~_J •

~, p~ (If simple stem pe .

-------------~------------------------------------------------------------------

~U "eq/ei often passive of eth.

_ ._. ._. ._._ , ._. _. ~ ~l!:lp"l~ :~,:!? , , ,

~ pa 'e! . ofien intensive pa.

-------------~------------------------------------------------~-~---------------

I, ~U ~e!pal!al. ofren passive of ethpa.

I . the pa 'e/ stem

-------------~-.---------------------------------------------------------_._----

I ~l ~afj·ei often causative aph.

-------- -y---",- ---- - - £_- - -- --- ------- ---- - - --- -_.- - - - ---,--- ------ ---,- - - --- - -,- - ---

~lU 3ettaJ/aJ often passive of ettaph,

the 'ap_ ~el stem

56

VIn. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB

VIIl DERJVED STEl\4:S DlP THE VERB

57

(The abbreviations are used to identify the stem, but the full title is retained wherever it is important that the student should note the details of the particular stem.)

The other persons of the perfect and the imperfects are formed by the addition of the prefixes and suffixes already encountered in dealing with the pf~al stem to the new stem. So, e.g., the 3rd masc. sing. imperfect of thepa~ei is ~,

l" '

while the 3I<1 masc, plur, perfect of the !lap. ~ej stem is O:>~.9t

,..

A full list of forms, using the verb ~, "killed", will

be found in Paradigm 1. This should be understood and mastered, in its main features at least. before moving on to subsequent sections.

The phrases "often intensive", "often causative" and "often passive" in the table above are a useful starting-point for seeking the meaning of a particular verbal root in a particular derived stem, but it is important to note that pa~e! and 'aJ/e! forms often have meanings which are unrelated (or appear to be ll;nrebted) to the meaning of the simple stem. For example, ~ (jra~ means "he: took"; but the ~a:j/el of the

r

same root) ~l,means "he setoff', Knowing one of

these meanings would not help. much in working out the other. .:{ - (pt~a~ has two basic meanings, "reign, be king"

~ ~

and "advise", while the 'eiPa~a4 ,~U, means '(take counsel,

consult", The 'apf!;e/ can mean "cause to be king'" or "give advice". The verbal root ~;,J:) in the p"~al means "draw near", in thepa"'el"offer" and! in the flap ~elufighC.

It follows that the only way to be sure about the meaning of a particular verbal root in a particular stem is to look it up in the dictionary and memorize it, root and stem together.

A further fact to hear in mind is that not all verbal roots

"i'I ,..

are actually used! in all stems. ~;,.!)l is the'aJ/el of the verbal!

foot J;"'!) and means. "he proclaimed", but this root never occurs in the peral form. Despite this, however, it appears in the dictionary under ;~.

pa tel forms often make an intransitive verb describing a static state of affairs into a transitive verb which conveys the idea of creating that state and which requires an object .. Thus the pt~al of ~ means "it is finished" (which cannot have an object), but ~_~_ (paeel) means "he completed" (which must have an object). The Pare! is also used to create verbs from nouns: lb~f, "gold", produces the verb ~'~i~ "'gild, cover in gold".

A little care is needed with passives .. If the pa~el or 'aJ/ei of a verb root has a special meaning of its own (like ~U above, meaning "offer"), the et- prefixed form "rill give the

'11 >

passive of that meaning. So ~t.Ol.l means "he (or it) was

offered". If the 'a;. tleJ has a simple causative meaning derived from the simple stem" note that it is the "causing" dement

'" l'

which becomes passive in the ~ettaj2 ~al: ~'" "he caused to

r I" 'lI

kill", becomes ~ttl, "he was caused to kill" (not "he

, caused to be killed", which is in fact an, alternative meaning for the ~aj2 tiel of this verb).

'B. Meanings of Different Verb Stems

58

VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VEruB

VIII. DERrVED STEMS OF THE VEip.B

1m,60,


1. They were killed in this place.

2. His son was made king.

3. You will accept his word.

(b) Translate intoEnglish:

] .

"I! ~

~U U ~, l:~o ~:. .. ~",

<!'

)01.19

~~i~Q .J~~

• 'T> .~.' ·'ll.0I ... J;;...; 3.

~~I'"

.w~~'

2.

Jp .~ ~o

4.

'h. J

~~O!

~

I~ f-....,P"'. ~" ,00, I


ethpa. took counsel

L~ ,$

one mouth (~~), agreement

Arab (from the Tayite tribe) brother

pa, absolved blood

reckoned, counted

Sill

divided

war

trouble

tirne

death

aph, became king wicked man Christian

distress

persecution harsh

tyrant then

descended (see XI.2) capita] punishment (a compound)

enemy

Notes

59

(M t 2: 11) And they fell down and worshipped him and opened their treasures and offered rum gifts ..

(Mk 7:34) And he said to him

syllable of the jll!al. Of this group ~,

~. ~

~ and! .::.;..0 have been met already. In

derived stems they are normal, but the pe.

v ~

imperfect often has G instead of oO, These

verbs are joined in this respect by verbs like

r

,~, which also has () in the imperfect.

r

J~M "treasure",

'1> r • 3-.d - - 1 s: f?l

Q.::I,,-,,> IS rnasc, P ur, perlect pa, 0' ,~;..c,

"touched", meaning in this stem, "brought neat, offered".

'Ij!._· -s "offeri "

~,Q"C, 0 rerIng "

IX. OTHER IlYfPORTANTV!ERB POlUvrs

61

IX. OTHER IMPORTANT VERB FORMS (~, IMPERATIVES, PARTICIPLES, INFINITIVES, VERBS BE'GINNING WITH slsl ~I z)

ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS

2.

'-' ."

~~U 0$.

r .,. Y'

_~U,~

• j ~o

','"

~o

3.

.~01QJ,i

- .

,p _ ,r

~ ~o

4.


po 'II ,-

2. -~U ethpa. imperative, masc. singular from w..,t....g"

"opened". Each derived form has its own imperative.

"

"hour". J~ oQ, lite -ally '(in it, ill the

"Be opened" and at that very moment his ears were opened. And when Addai had built the

church; they were offering in it vows and 0 fferings.

(Lk 15:32) It was, however, fitting for us to be merry and to rejoice.

And the Maphrian obeyed him and went up with rum to the

hour" ,means "immediately",

'" 'II

-"ear" (feminine). Note that ...... b....9U in the

final phrase is 3rd fern. plur, perfect.

3. lb pe. perfect, "built" (see J!;_, '001, erc.: see XII)

#' ".

~~ "offering", is the pa. particle (masc, plur.)

'l\ '1> r

from .::.;.,0, the sing. being '::'~I. Each

derived form has its own participles and

monastery.

infinitive.

"vow".

is 3rd rnasc. plur, pt""al perfect of ~'; "worshipped, bowed down". This type of

""',

verb, usually intransitive, has 0 in the second

1.

4.

". ~ 'l\

)"00=:,'O is the pe. infinitive from ~, "made

merry", here, as usually, with ~: "to make

r-.n

62

os.. Jt)Ocf ~.~

IX. OTHER ]1-1IPORTANT VERH3 FORi\1S

IX .. OTHER IhWORTANT VERB FORMS

63

-merry" (prefixing "to' to the infinitive as in

IlYfPERFECT

A completelist of imperatives, infinitives and particlpEes will be found in Paradigm Z.E. Note that there are pa, and aph. passive participles as well as ethpa, and ettaph, participles. The usage of participles is in practice the same as in English.

English),

is an active participle form (pe.) rneaOlng "fitting",

is the pe. infinitive from Jt-I ~;-, "rejoiced",

~ y

Verbs with fInai~d!aj2 have C for () in the

infinitive.

B. Other Forms

71

5. ~.4l is 3rd rnasc, SIng. perfect ethpe, of ~. It

illustrates the peculiarity that verbs beginning with .... , ..cc,...t and .0, in the sterns with a l prefix transpose the l and the loA. / ~ I..; I;. In addition, with .J and , the l becomes ~ and , respectively. Hence instead of ~U we

. . ~

find~l, ... J. The ethpe. here means

"obeyed", though it can also mean "was heard" ..

-with suffix indicating the object. "dwelling, monastery".

. "Maphrian" (traditional tide of the eastern head of the Syria.n Orthodox Church).

C J>' P-

. ~,and~

~! ~~ . . !

~!

.. ~, ~~ !

~!

~r~!

oJ

,o~,

es

~~, -~,

~,l

i!'?!

~,~

'."

~'.L

~!l

These two verbs have

,. 71

o in the perfect and C 111 the


imperfect. See Paradigm 2.B.

D. Verbs with Initial s,~s, ~. and z

."

A. Verbswitl» the Vowel 0 (~!)

.."

Verbs with the vowel () in the peal stem perfect usually have

'"

() in the imperfect, but are norma] in. the derived stems .. The

list here uses the verb ~" meaning "feared".

These verbs undergo transposition (metathesis) of the first root letter and the t of the derived )&1- prefixed stems.

~. ."

E. s- ~U becomes ~~l.

64

IX. OTH R.IMPORTANTVERB FORMIS

IX. OTHER IlYWORTANT VERB FORMS

Note also in the case of verb roots beginning with f andZ the

'l!

mutation of the t of the prefix to t and d respectively: ~,U

.'71

becomes~"t

p

,~

,

J~,

~

.~

(a) Translate into Syriac :

1. He said that the king would fear God.

2. It is not fitting to write this ..

3. Nobles, make the priest king!

~ ~lf.


I

I

65

evil thing

many bore

pa. spoke

one

happened (note short form of fem, plur.)

iholy;. holy man

cathedra (bishop's chair), pulpit pa. explained

people

book, writing priestly, holy

'*

hand (construct of J: ..• J

VLF); ~ , "by' means of'

see

Notes

Vocabulary for the above

f J" PI'. l 0' "'0'),,0 I

Turkoman

~ JI;U

~

over, against, concerning

P y F'

place, region; plural Jto,U

{.

ruled, prevailed over; pa. gave power (here passive participle)

x, PECULIARITIES IN VERBS CO'NTAINING GUTTURAL .LETTERS

INTRODUCTION-GRAMMATICAL SURVEY

The number of totally irregular verbs in Syriac is 'Irery small However, many verbs contain consonants which regularly produce variations on the normal vocalization. The biggest group is that of verbs containing gutturaM letters (l O! ...... ~) and; (which counts as a guttural in Syriac).

(1) Verbs beginning with l have already been encountered, e.g., ~,r, "he said". , always has a full vowe] at the

..:;

beginning of words. Thus the equivalent of .~ is ~l.

Otherwise the 1 often quiesces and the vowel which belongs with it is transferred to the preceding consonant.

1) '"

Thus the pe. imperfect of ~l, "ate", is~Q;QU'. (The

1) .

imperfect of ~";'( is of an intransitive type, ~t). See

Paradigm 3> comparing it in detail with the ordinary verb forms, and noting particularly the aph. and ettaph. in which a 0 appears.

(2) 111 verbs ending with a guttural or ; there is a general

r

tendency for the vowel before the guttural or ; to be ()

, .' . ".

rather than any other vowel .. E.g., the imperfect of ~

is ~;,. ;, ''he 'Will hear", while the ethpe, is ~~1

It-

(N ote here the interchange of ..... and l: IX.S).. See

Paradigm 4. Verbs ending in '(} are dealt with in XII.

@9,33

X. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS CONTAlNING GUTI1JRALLE1TERS 67

(3) Verbs with l in the middle have peculiarities arising from the nature of r which always either bears a vowel or is completely silent, iits vowel being transferred to the preceding consonant. E.g. ,~u.., "he asked" (note the

'II

() vowel), is the pe . of this type, while its imperfect is

~W (neta/ becoming nda~. The pa. and ethpa. forms are regular. See Paradigm 5.

IlLUSTRATIVE TEXTS

In the following illustrative texts some forms of these three kinds are iutroduced, Other examples will ·appear subsequently in texts, exercises and readings. The student should attend tothe bask features of these verbs. Details will not then cause any problem .:

(Lk 19:28) And when Jesus had said these things he went out ahead to go to Jerusalem.

And he was killed in the war and his sons were led away prisoners.

And he commanded his servants that they should kill every Egyptian who would meet them ..

3.

4.

,

~ ~ ~o:

~~ .. ,_,~

On 16:23-24) And on that day you will not ask me

'" ,.

0000

~ul

,

anything. Until now you have not asked anything in

5 ..

68 X. PECULIARITIES 1N VERBS CONTAINING GUTTURAL LETIERS

X. PECUUARITI!ES IN VERBS CONTAI [NG GUITURAL LEITERS 69

~. t

,O~J;.. ~ ~,~

.." 1) 1>,

.' I :¥l.:> )O~

5.

'"

;.»lUo

I"

~l J~

:::)' # I!

J»~-; mJo=ll

;

:<... _x: , .I. "'~, I~

J •

. Jl~ ,0$.

GRAMMATICAL .ANALYSIS

'10

1. ~l

4.,Ls;o: "day".

."

, ~U.l is the 2nd plur. imperfect of ~l,;.., in which

the l has become silent and its vowel has moved on to the "'1 Contrast the usual

'"

.... ,1> L

,Q.:). 10,8_ +

J.;...~ "now, (at) this time",

I I

,o~J,i. contrast ,o~~ fl. ..

~ ~ "name", with suffix (see VI.F).

my name.

He asked for Basil and he

was. told: "Tomorrow you can see rum in the church".

"he said", a verb beginning with t should be compared with the regular vowel pattern of

. "

~,

F' r _",. J _;,{ "11. ad" ( ·')·th 3m .

.. ~~~ lS""~, aneac see)O~ W1 SIng.

suffix.

"",

~;)S is the imperfect of the pe. of ~tt The . ( has

become silent: "he will go (out)" ...

2. ~L1' is the ethpe, (passive) perfect of ~: "he was killed".

"I!

o~.,U

..

3.

J~

J

~

~ J;.:..

"he asked", is the pa, stem perfect of ~l.A. and is in effect normal.

"on account of, for, concerning, because of'.

.~

is the ethpe. of ~" the l becoming silent and

." ~

its vowel (not written in the regular ~LO

moving on to the prefix. Also the final ; produces an a vowel in the last syllable. "tomorrow" .

is the active participle from Jj..,"he saw".

the suffixed plur. of J~ (see construct plur, ~, VI .. F).

is the ethpe, perfect 3rd masc. pluto of ~'.,

r

"led", with its final , preceded by () instead

'l!

,t' .. ,,:

7 ••. ,_,,",.,

"servant".

the pe, active participle of ~, "met". The final guttural causes the departure from, the

"" i

usual vowel pattern of ~.

(b) Translate into English :

" -$., l' -; 1'_,

~ ,O~I ~t.»' ~

?>

F' l 'l! ,....4.,' ,..... I"

·.;...lO.o ,_, ~,..., 1..

'10-

.sr.F' 'lp+-

•• ~ f...=) ,.(_'" elO


1. We will go. to this city .

2. You (sing. masc.j will not hear the word of God.

3. He will ask for the book.

70 X. PECULIARITIES IN VRRBS CONTAINING GUTTURAl. LEITERS


X. PECUliARITIES IN VERBS CONTMNING GmTuRALLETTERS 71

Notes

pa. sent

envoy

summer

apih, ordained; pe. devastated

four

deacon

bishop also, again monk

rest

J ~; women (related to l;. ;1 see

v' \, ~L

VI.F)

exacted satisfaction from, asked for recompense from (transitive and followed by a direct 0 bject when active)

XI. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS B,EGINNING WI'TH .J ,AND ~

INTRODUCT]ON-'GRAMMATICAL SURVEY

(1) Verbs beginning with J frequently lose the J since it tends to be assimilated to a following letter unless a vowel intervenes. This occurs particularly in the aph. and ettaph. stems and normally in the imperfect of the pe. Thus for

y '. ' , . •

...a.!aJ (see iv.2) the pe. imperfect is ..oaaJ (the dot over

p"

the hard ..9 reflects doubling); the aph. perfect is .Q9;(;

_ y y "1\'

the ettaph. perfect is ..,ogLU. The ethpe., pa. and ethpa,

are normal. Note with unusual vowel patterns ,~ with imperfect lc:..;, ~ with imperfect '~~ and ~

ith ' C P" ')) S P J.: 6 '

\V1 - . irnpertect ~ .. ' ,ee -amwgm _. '

(2) Most verbs \vilth initial .. were developed. from verbs with an initial. 0 which reappears in the aph, and ettaph. sterns. (A small number of verbs has an original w.) In other forms the ... without a vowel changes into the vowel i which may have l before: it if it is not preceded by a prefix. The pe. perfect normally has the vowel ,;::. Thus for the root l..... the pe. perfect is L~( b (fret») "he

#'))

inherited" (note e vowel); the ethpe, perfect is L~ U; the

, ~ ~ .

aph, perfect is t;ol. (The verb \~ retains the.J in the

aph.) The pa. and ethpa, are normal, See Paradigm 7.

7?

q;J 10.34

Xl. PECUlLIARJTIES IN VERBS BBGINNING WITH.JAND .. 73

IllUSTRATIVE TEXTS

"' .... F )p ,~

2. Qo1"~ A~

~~ l~ ~Lm.; ,~,~

3. ~~o

1) ~

~~~ o,~llQ

- p •

.)..irc$. J4~ ~

J' 4- .;~

5. '~~I! ~~ 0$. ~~.,t...;

v

.OS", ~oL~o

GRAM:MA"fICAL ANALYSIS

1.

'" "

Q:)~

'7>

pa. perfect of I.!)~,meaning "brought near",

"demoniac",

(Mt 8:16) ADd they brought before him many demoniacs and. he made their demons go out by the word.

(1vfk 15:32) Let the Christ, the king of Israel" come down. now from the cross.

And he divided. his army and they were prepared and they encamped against the city for battle.

The churches they uprooted, We sanctuaries they demolished and the monasteries they burnt with fire.

(Mt 25:29) For to whoever has will be given to him and added to rum.

"demon' (plur, with suffix),

is the aph, perfect of ~, the J' having been absorbed, since no vowel would have followed it.

14

is the pe. imperfect (J,tdmasc .. sing.) of ~, the J' of the root having disappeared. The imperfect is regularly used for wishes: "let him

XJ.PEcULIARiJiTJES IN VERBS BEGINNING \'XlITH..I' AND ..

75

v

3M masc. plur, perfect ethpa, of ,k, "was

prepared" .

'" # ,f

a;::,,.t-.....o Here the C slips back onto the 0, "and", but

• ?>

the ground form is c.=,~,the. 300 masc, plur,

perfect pe. of Q1.,.::, "sat, encamped". Thls

2. L~

p

3.. .If.:.

" "11

o,~U

4.

r

~

~~

t P F' ,~,

'y

.~ol

5.

XL PECULIARlTIES IN VERJBS BBGINNffiNG WITH J AND ..

"cross".

pronounced and its vowel being moved forward on to the ... Also, for «he will give" a

....

completely different root is used - ~N.

J'

~,ot~ is the ettaph, stem from the root 9,m. (no

pe.), used in this stem and in the aph. to mean respectively "was addled" and "added, did! again".

,.c: 'I?"

army.

verb and

Y 4' "kn ew"

\)..~, ,

further


1. We will cause the great men to go out. Z. He will. inherit the earth ..

3. He burned the city.

have

irregubtities. The main one is that in the pe, imperfect they behave like the verbs

11,

beginning with ,J: ~~ etc.; '-\..~ etc. (like

.... , 1."" "." .

~, and ~ in Paradigm 6), with

1>

imperatives ~l, etc.· and ~i; etc., and

,..

infinitives . ..:;,~ and ~i;' .

.

"uprooted", "altar, sanctuary" "monastery" .

is the 3[d masc, plur, perfect aph, of the root ~:. This transitive form means "they burnt". The original 0 reappears in this form.

is the regular imperfect pattern of the ethpe, of verbs with initial ..... The verb ~~, "gave:" 18 peculiar in some forms, the O! not being

leave, forgive

life (a plura]! form) patriarch

~ ?

thing; pEm. Jl~~

resurrection

76 XL PEciJlJARITIE .. SIN VERBS BEGIDNN[NG WITH.ilAND ...

XII. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY Two RO'OT CONSONANTS IN MANY FORMS

Vocabulary for the above;

.P'

t 0(-'.

"

~o

~a1.. .u.~, li_s, ~ .~.

P' ~011 , _"

,~,

lamp stand, candle gold

INT'ROnUCTION ... GRA.M:MATICAL SURVEY

(1) Marry verbs are like ,,~ .metalready (vii 1) with two

,

consonants and the vowel () in the pe. perfect. The

corresponding imperfect normally has 0(\ while the pe. participle has an Jdlaj2 (by analogy with the verbs with 'dLaj2 in the middle), The aph. and ettaph, perfect and imperfect have the vowel .!. Thus for the root }Q-C: ge. perfect ~; "he ~rose"; imperfect ,..,06'; participle p~; aph, perfect ~l. The ethpa, and ettaph, are merged: ~ltl with doubled t. This form is pronounced 'et(tJ qim. See Paradigm 8. (Note that ~ may be found under ~Q.O in dictionaries, since these verbs originally had three root letters.)

(2) Another group has its third root letter identical with the second (see ~" VU1.3). The letter only appears once in many forms - pe., aph., and ettaph. stems. Thus we have from the root ~ for the pe., ~, "he entered"; irnpe;f~ct ~~; aph. perfect ~1 ettaph. perfect ~LU. The first root fetter is hardened if it is one of the series b, g,. d, k,. p~ t after a prefix: ,0';; from ,po The ethpe., pa. and ethpa. are all regular. See Paradigm 9.

(3) A major group of verbs ends in the pe. stem perfect in ,6 (~d,. see Ji-, IV.3), taking endings like JOOI ('l.A). It is to be Doted that the final ~dlajJ is not a root letter but simply the

silver

.

and other.etcetera

authority

Magian, Persian priest

on account of what, why?

...

aph, (~oO brought (here

participle)

turned, returned, changed elder, priest

pe, Imperative of ~~ document deed

,

(Acts 13:16) Paul arose and raised his hand.

4.

78 PECULIARITIES IN" VERBS WITH ONl.Y TWo ROOT CONSONANTS

PEClllIARITIES IN VERBS \VlTH ONLY Two ROOT CONSON.~TS 79

sign of a.This takes the place of an original ... ) which reappears in many forms (often as a vowel, however), e.g.)

.."

ethpe .... ;:..tt "he was seen". Imperfects end in 16, e.g.;

pe. ~., "he will see". See Paradigm 1 O.

IlLUSTRATIVE TEXTS

1.

2.

3..

4.

5.


1.

2. ~l U~ ll.O;a2

3rd 'J: h f ,,9

masc. sing. perfect ap . rom p.o.

«horn",

"redemption. salvation".

3.

9 ~

J' 4" ,.. b ..'".

LO~;'.I em assy, missson .

~ is 3rd masc. sing. perfect pe.

"

~;l· is the 3td masc. smg. perfect of the aph. of

I. ~ . "h:r 'd" H' th" ., al

~" tew, poure . ere e ongm.. ..

reappears (only as a vowel) and the meaning is "he placed, imposed".

(Lk 1 :69) And he has raised up tor us a hom of salvation in the house of David his servant

And Alexander went with the

embassy to Darius until he entered Babylon.

And. when he returned to his kingdom he imposed a poll-tax on the wholecountrv,

"

from the root

~, "entered", The second and third root letters appear only once.

is the 3rdmasc. sing. perfect pe. of a verb which has become two-consonant as at result of the loss of a final ... (Jin-a): "turned, returned" .

1/,-: ~

,..... Sma a construct phrase, literally "money of the

head", is an idiom for "poll-tax" (note ordinary form '9m';);

y . I

~ 1S the 3'd masc. pluto pe. perfect of lbo, "filled,

1

was full". The rvowel ri of .Jbo is modified

when the plur. ending is added.

]s basically the pe. passive participle of

r

~).. i"Io here used as a noun "those killed. the

~~, "

AmI! they filled the land with those killed and came and encamped agamst the city 9£ rvIu • arra ..

5.

is the 3rd masc, Sing. perfect pe.. of 3! twoconsonant root meaning "arose, stood".

is the aph, perfect of .eJ, meaning "raised, waved".

Y7I

oU

slain",

'71

is analogous to .~ above, but from JU,

"carne", which has the extra vowel because of the initial ~alaj2 (see X.(l)).

80 PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY TwO ROOT CONSONANTS

PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY Two ROOT CONSONi\NTS 81

,II"

0 .....

II'?I

see ~, oll, from J~, "loosed, dwelt,

#

encamped". The PaJ. means "began" ( .. ..;..).

J p ~ '1! 'tmf,

(a) Translate: into Syriac:

1., They put the book in the hand of the king.

2. He will not enter the kingdom.

3. They returned from the battle.,


1.

2.

~~ ,~~ u...'" l" <$ ~ 'II -r I!' 3.
t-O' ,001 ~'. ... c.o
~ "",
~ 11" U .. :" ? 1> " 1>, .~~ 1J '*
OOt ~" OIi::l!p ~o "ahSO!
. .
l-W.~ JJP
. , O! f .J'

..:Oom~,'.

,lb~

~l; ~~Q'

# p <t 0,·:"·

5.

'" ?_

,.~


I!" .0...,.

pe, participle of ~ opposite, against

sent

experience, test

pe. imperative of ~~, (see XI.S) lord, the Lord

depicted, painted

picture.jmage

pe. passive participle (construct) - f u. - «Bill d ' full' ;;

o ,I.ILlO, _ ,e, " was '

b .

eauty, VIrtue

chose, (here pe. passive participle, "emphatic", used as an adjective: elect, pure, eminent)

hih

g

from, than (here "more high than") (for comparison, see IV.S) tongue, speech

P{lJ. remained

year (VI.F)

Iyar (month name: April-May) month

died (like pi:" but "with middle ... ) Damascus

sickness, pain

strangling (used of diphtheria etc.) forgave

because ...

82 PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY~IO ROOT CONSONANTS

(~) ~.

~ aph.Ioved much (adverb) little (adverb)

Notes

@ 12,36

XIII. OBJECT PRONOUNS ATTACHED TO VERBS .. ADVERBS.~ OTHER DERIVED F'ORMS OF VERBS

IllUSTRATIVE TEXTS

- - -

~ v

1. O!~; .~ ~Oil

r ~

.'4~~,;

-. .

2.

3.

4.

5 ..

He made him turn back because of his. fear to bring hun into the city.

They ran against Romanus tn order mat they might kill him. They confused their order and they fled hastily.

(Acts 13:33) Behold God has fulfilled it to us, their S011S.

And ill the people of the clhuch were praying there diligently .

. .,

1. ~0111 "is the 3rd masc, smg. aph, of ,90, with the

pronoun suffix "him" attached, This is a normal procedure and equivalent to the lise of

. ~ '" I" .

~ with suffix: ~ ;90,1. The pronouns are

similar to those attached to nouns and prepositions, except that there is no 3IG pluto form, the enclitic form of the independent personal pronoun being used instead. The

IPi

84

XJH. OBJECT PRONOUNS An ACHED TO VERBS

s,

vowel pattern of the whole word rs often modified as here,

,f

J~; "fear". It is followed by a clause introduced by

" which explains what he was afraid of.

3rt! masc, sing. imperfect aph, of ~~

"entered", with "him" suffix, equivalent to

0$. ~.

2. ~o,; ~Ot; "hastened; ran",

... ~~~ 0: is \~ "they will/might kill"; with the "him" suffix in an alternative: form. See

XIII. OBJEcr PRONOUNS ArrACHED TO VERBS

"completed, made full, fulfilled.". The form is called fap ~el since in verbs with an ordinary third consonant such as ~, the form is t ;ve, "enslaved, caused to serve".

9

is the pa. active participle from J!J, "bent"',

which in the pa,., means "prayed".

"" J- ,p,~ +

b-~ "diligently':' (see Jl~, "diligence").


XIII.A and Paradigm 11.,

A. Object Pronouns Aeeached to Verbs

3...~~""'':;, is again a form with object suffix "him". This is added to the 3w masc, plur, of ,,;>..~ which is 111 effect an additional rather rare verb form derived from ~ ~) and means "confused". For convenience it may be

called a palpel form.

The following list gives the main. forms encountered.

." d ank"

or er, ran .

"',,," il.!_, !_ +\'1, h tl

"" ....... p.....::;lJ!. '" astily, earnes y" urgently", 1S a typical!

II

adverbial formation based on the adjective

I, ~ ;,~ +l.

~, "urgent".

The ending -.d'it IS

4.

commonly used to form adverbs from nouns and adjectives.

when the pronoun ]s removed, is . ~ "'; . This is another rare derived form based on the

1

, ill .. verb ,we.

The meaning attached to this

pattern is often causative and in this case is

me

X?~ _(~31_s_~._ ~~:r:g.l_ _ _ , ~ __ " . ~_

X?? _(~~~: _~~g) ~~_

(after consonant) .$.

(after o())

J'

(after 00, often inserted as a

lIinking vowel)

.p

_________ -_ -_- - (~!!~~~~?L .~~~

her

us

. ,_ ' , .. - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - _ - , ' - - - _., - - ~ - - - ~

you (masc. plnr.) , ~

- - - - - - ,- ,- '- - - - '_ '_ '_ - - - _ ... - _., .. - - - -,- - - - - - ~ _. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,- ,-, - - - -, - -,\~ - - --.

, ~

you (fern. pIu!.) ~

85

86

XIII. OBJECr PRONODNS ATIACHED TO VERIlS

XUt OBJECT PRONOUNS ArrACHED TO VERBS

87

Notes:

(1) There are no 3rt1 plur. suffixes but' \ ell and ~i are used instead.

(2) The addition of a suffix disrupts the vowel pattern of a verb.

(3) The final -0 of verbs Iike li- produces special vowel mutations when suffixes are added.

See Paradigms 11 and 12.

B. Other Derived Stems


Other rare derived verb forms like lei.>.;. from ~, and ~.;>..!. from ~ indude the following patterns (based on ~): saj2~el;, pa~/e~ pawlel; peale!; pq:/e~, p.a~/f (and their correspondinger- prefixed forms).

The pattern for the addition of suffixes 'and prefixes to indicate tense and person is like that of the aph,

p

'l~

p

Jl--.~ ;;

~

j'

J~~

~


1,. The king enslaved him. 2,. He will make you Icing. 3. The priests killed! rum.

,~

,Lt:,

_J ~.f'

~L~1-J»

$'

" "~. tl" 4 ...... t ... ,t-A.

J.;.:.

j .... m

(b) Translate into. English:

took hold of'

pe, threw, lay (hands), put (chains); aph, raised (voice)

village, field

beat, struck

blow (here p]ur.) chain

was :fulfilled/ finished; ethpe, was handed over; pa, finished, offered; aph. handed over

,Greek

with mistakes) imperfectly pa. praised

creation

futili

- ty

trolly suffering

pc::/el stem: bore

88 XIII. OBJECT PRONOUNS ATTACHED TO VERBS

beaten

pa. passive participle (Hemphatic'') of ~, struck:; beat:

was low, lay down, etc.; pa. laid low) humbled (transitive) (here passive participle)

Notes

@ 13,37

XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS

ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS

(1ft-14:17) We have here only five loaves and two fishes.

In the days of Shapour the king he killed there in one day 118

martyrs.

He came again to fight with Edessa (Othay) on the twentyfourth of the month of nul, a Wedlnesday

In the year 305 of the Arabs were sent from the king, Coustantine, ambassadors, two persons, an old man and a youngman.

She had four sons. the first Tushi, me second Shagati, me

, third Ukati, the fourth Tuli.

89

90

XIV. NUMERALS, DATES,DAYS


is the construct plural of ~~, "day'? "hundred" (common gender).

l>"

~~t "'eighteen", IS the masculine

1.

"])" t.e »eo

2.

j>' "y

,~o..

J I' ?

,0\l:0

~~, and JO~ are used to introduce the date in the month or week. (Alternatively forms like

- p

J~;}':;. "on the fourth", may be used.)

= _Cl construct of )1...:, "month". '~l

* #

IS a month name corresponding

"here".

3.

"five", IS used with the feminine noun

J

,~~ "loaf',' in its absolute plural form.

The absolute is often (but not always) used after a preceding number, As in the other Semitic languages, the numbers 3 to 10 have a feminine-looking form which is, however, used with masculine nouns, and a masculinelooking form (here) used with feminine nouns. The number can also be placed after the noun referred! to (in which case the noun is normally in the ordinary, "emphatic' form) .. "two" - and all other numbers which

,

distinguish gender have the normal agreement of masc .. with rnasc. and fern. with fern. lJ~,

"fish", is masc, "Two" with a feminine noun

'II y

would be ~L,L

4. ~

corresponding to fern.

form Large

numbers are formed by using "and", putting the b,igger numbers first. Note also that the number here is -placed bifot:e the noun, which is in the ordinary (<<emphatic") form.

"witness, martyr".

r 'II

o;,t.......l

~.ak.

~ ,~

XIV. NUNlERALS, DATES, DAYS

91

cc " . uli th f . )19

one ; mase I ne: . e . em. IS .~.

1\

is the aph. infinitive of ~;..o which in the aph.

means "fought",

"twenty", does not distinguish gender, while

r .l>"

~;,r is the feminine form of ~;l, "four",

used with the rnasc, noun ~~ in accordance with what has been said above.

approximately to September.

"week", is used with the number, as here, to indicate the days of the week. Thus~. ..::. is Sunday.

P'

is the construct of ,~, "year".

(no e the line over the top) is a number, the alphabet having been used for this purpose. . .... is 300; ·01 is 5. In full this would be

~o J~~L.

indicates the dating system being used - i.e .. the Islamic daring, based on 16m July, 622.

is. from the root; tA-.

" b h ... "

person, substance, ypostasis .

"old man, senior person".

" "

. young man .

A. Numbers

92

XIV. NUMERALS) DATES, DAYS

5 ...

';'~=- is the plural ofJi~ (see VI.F.).

. Jf'

t~J.;", 'I~P,!"l l!~l l;,C .... ; (from ~;l) are ordinal

~~, ~ ,. ~' -i"

numbers: first, second, third) fourth. (An

alternative to these is the use of ~ followed by ordinary numbers, e.g., ~;ti I~, "the second son", literally "the son of two".)

I 6

XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS

93

GRAMMATICAL SURVEY

The main series of numbers is unremarkable except for the fact that

a) 1-19 distinguish gender like adjectives,

b) 3~ 1 0 display characteristic endings of the opposite gender to that of the noun referred to.

Note should be made also of the general pattern of ordinal numbers, with then: C (::~: ending which forms the numbers into adjectives.

As for the calendar, the names of days and months ate different from those in use in the \I.' est, though the structure is the same. The year used! as the start of the era is rarely that of the birth of Christ, even in Christian contexts. The most common system is that based on the accession of Seleucus I, the founder of the Seleucid dynasty, on 1St October, 312·B.C. This is called "the year of the Greeks".

The main numerals and the months and weekdays are

FOR.MUSED

\xIITH

MASCUUNE

NOUNS

FOR1v~USED

NOUNS

FoR].[ USED WITH Born

\VITH

MASCULIN AND FEMININE

FEMlNINiE

NOUNS

listed below.

1 2 3 4 5

.f '"

~~

~.~.~ ~;l

7 8

9 10 11'

12 13

r

~;l 40

"111'

.~ 50

II 60

14

15 ~6

r

Y " Y

17 ~J."'~ .." A_

r

18 ~~\.

Ji' .

19 ~~l

r

~ 70

J.:Wl 80 ~l 90

r

~ 100

J'"70 "71 .. "

~,_

,,' "

J~l;t

''11 "" F' .P t

J~~

1200 300 1,000

1.0,000

,."." F' }, l ~·m' ''0

, - .

, . ." "71 Y \.

·,·m>.

XlV. NUMERAlS, DATES, DAYS

95

94

XIV. NUMERALS, DATES,. DAYS

H. Months

D. Numerical Values of Consonants

,
NAME Ap!f>ROXIMA. TE EQUIVALENT
[p.;.o] '11- w.Ca..t October
JO!"""
'lI,
w.;"'l w.r..t November
[~f.o] 10;0 41 , December
,Q!!)
1 t 4, ~
....... ~ ,Q1!) January
~ February
"'l Match
,~ ,
, 'f Aril
~ P •
• J l May
.... '
~
p ~
,;...,,; June
,~l July
p
,.;:)( Augus!:
#
~~l September "] HIO "J;J
2 20 200 .
,~ r ,
3 ~ 30 " 300 ,loA.
4 , 40 P 400 l
5 ~ 50 ,
6 '0 60 ,.m
7 70 ~
8 ...,... 80 .9
9 ~ . 90 .J
10 ... I! c. Days

l can stand for 1900, w..!:) for 2000,etc.

, u:o "'- .9 ~ can stand for the corresponding 500, 600 etc." this being indicated by a dot above the letter. Other numerical systems also exist.

Sunday

, Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

(a) Translate; into Syriac:

1. Twenty-five men.

2. In the year 57 of the Arabs.

3. On the ninth of the month of July. (b) Translate into English:

XllV'. NUhcffiR.Al..S, DATES, DAYS

96


~.

~

j>'

,~

y ,

~

~1 J~

p

u..;

"'11

,.~

"'11 '"

...... ~

Notes

took (see Paradigm 6) after'

vintage) grape harvest

pe. bought; pa. sold (see DC.D)

wme

measure (of wine, oil, grain) dinar, denarius (monetary unit) gab (measure of c. 2 quarts) raisins (plur, only; fern.) nummus (a coin; plur.) daughter

wife, woman

pe. was at rest; ethpe.,' ettaph, was at rest, took rest

work) deed

bent the knee; pa. blessed! pa .. sanctified

97

VERB PARADIG'MS

" "-

~~ .... l~~'i~~-. ~~.ik}- .. k~·.i~~·. ~~ .•. l~.~' .~'- ...• ~i-.

f. .. ,11 .. I. ~ ,,' I~ ',I ' (\: ',' I',~" ", ~" ,t,co;' - if;: f:'

II I I I I - I t I

~ b;," : ,,' .: ~,' ' , :':, ',: 1 ' "

~ i, ,I, , I. - I

n - j. - - - I •• ' I.... .~ ~' ••

s : Yd: :0, 11 J_

, '<!- '~':1. 1./' "v

I I ", _ I I -

: /,: ." : I .

'fL""_ F""_ ~.,..._

~J ~-t

~ i

, , , , ,

} ~~ .. '!~ .... ~.~:!.~. !.}' ..•.. t.··,·}. _~.:i~· .. _ l'····

.... ,h.. ',' Ii., " II . - . Ill..· l;."" b.. - RIo.. , -, I ~ -,' It.. ,

... 1 .. 1 :: '" . i . :.. I :

II ' ' . I

-'- " - , ~ u :,' -. '-. I 'to: ' - ••

- I::, ..... "0: <liJ J.

" ",A .. :~_ /' v ~v

II 'd I I

~ -_""!, :

iI I

" ,

II 1

" ,

, ,

•
E · S
I ..... I !.oJ
· I
13 • "'B -e I ~ ....
1 '" , '" .,
n · ("') ('(l , N "'""" ,
E I
E ,
c".,: ~' w.
"" ~ ... , .-'; '"'
~ ". , '" ",.
r o:<"l N , N ".....
, l-rvm9NIS~d

1fV1ITTld .L.:)HdID3:d,

j ..• ~ .• :~;:-'"~... ?t··.·: .. ~~! .. ~~ ..• '. ~:::-~..'~ ... -- .".'~-. ~l·'··- ~.i~:r1'>..·.·-1

7: .... - - r : "': . ~ '''';it: .",. ,,,:j[;: '. I.

'. r ~, . .,,;' I I, I. . _ I, I

;:: ,I' : .' : ': /: :

~

,

f2-' :~~ ,........, :~,~ :~,,..,-J :: ~';-'

: ~ : .;:....1:;> .- ...... ::::! .... : .;:...11·· . ": .. ,,;....JI~ .• ',"'-:: :tj-- ......

.,;...l"t •. ,. "';

u' '~ t ~

;; ....... t,:k :~ .:""

it-" II, - ~ I' I

II ." , II, I I

II 'II 'I I

il ',' I I - I .'

I; L......I I' I I

"1 .. _.J .------, ('~ :,,___' : .. ---

~1,1:.1:::lt :.1: :Jri,l

:r: f: f : .f: 1.., f

~ I • I I

UJ : ~: :

, • 1

• I 1

Ii I I

II I Ii

" I

Ii I

. ~~

e:S

~."'Cl

..£:fl

, .-

('1 , f1 :~_..I :('~ : 2

:.c.:.: :.1:c : ~t' ~: ~%' ~:. 1

~t' ~: -'-'k·_ "'-: : : ..:-4;. ,"

I I I I I

I I I. •

I ~ ~ loQ, I< I},. ~

~ I.. I I

:"'. : /:

/f I I.

, .

• ,

}:: :..~. :'._---' :~___. k1

1I . I I

!I I I

- Ii _ - - ~ _ I ~

-e ..•.. ~~:. ;.: ~.l:,,:.1 .

'/' "~i~'

." /1

I I I

• •

- I, I I I

"'. ,,1'1 '.,.,....Ji<".,....J i "'.

"14 :i' .. ~4 : ~~1 i :--?ti 14

Ii i ~ I I

II _ - i .,- !_ -"

II n • I I~

~., .... '. "I ... II ~ - ...... : 'I ' ....•..

"'<,~ ll~"" II _ _ • '. ,'I _

~ .• j1' _..jo' ~ 'I'

./fl !l ,,. ~ '.

" ,

n •

" 1

Ii I

, ,

, 1 i

!'}C. ·"l.·.- .. :<"...,.....{ ... ::.!'.......I:.·:·l·· .. '

, . '~"k.' I

I II ~-

: - :I",_:~ _ ,I

'<" - I • Q,..= - , ~ - I.. - - I ~ ,

... I, • '6-- . l"low,l r e . A.

/: _.: '/: - .' ~ l'

I·· I !I

E t.H E ~
"t:O "2 '"0 -cr t::
~ '" ~
«j N .,...... 00
e
~,
.... '
0
S'
d
,.~
~
,~
.0
~
0
00
~
Q..
''_;
U
.,t:l
~
~,
e,
"'
'00
,(I)
>-
'"~
...
'8
'E
.....
riJ ....
!l.I
>
";j
e:r.I
bo
GJ
Po;
e
I-!
<
N
e
.~
"C
'.I ~
:;l t;
~ ~ :--;l:--t', :1:--1, ~-~_,-,~:~~'" :~~- i ,}!_} ".', '},.,_,

•. :' I ~ " ~"; .• : ' ~: ~.' ~'-, lb..

J::; II I - I, -o.

P-t I I /11 ''',_.

-< :: ~

I I II

,! fi

I :: :

" I

I II •

,II I

I ~ I., I

e ....... ,,!"- ,<'- "..._ ,~,__ "',.._ ~'

~'J ,}:,} 1+~ ~:l~".,,'

:t '. <' zt:4

~ , I

i •

I "

I n

I !,

I !I

I n

I •

f:1" · ,~2,.!,'1.,'1.",'i~!n,~!oj ~~' "'~'~ ".,:

f: ;f:: 4 :4: ;;f ~;tt"' ,f',,' '-'-

<::: /:' ~'II

I~ .:1 :

u ,

,

I I I I I I

"'~ ',,,,,,- I~""_ "...._ :,(0-"" 1'-, ~SI

~} }:}~!~ lJ

D'I ,

, , ,

'.1-:~1- .• 1-.,~:~,1-,1 ~~ ,,,I'} .•.. :.1,,' ..,', I

. A, A If x'A[!:11 :A,., f

ta .9' :I'i '[d' :;r,d:'j , t; ,"

~:: . /: .

, ,

, ,

I I

, I

I I

. .

1 •

, I I I I

•

:: S

'.

I •

" ,p...

"

, , I I I, I

e :

I •

lfj I ......

"

" " " .

I ! I I

. ~ ,

-E1 el el
P p,
~ ,_. I
.... u
Z u i=:
:H ~ G ~. VJ
'LL. VJ
z -< ~ <:
~ <: p.. ~ '1
eo
~
.....
U
IU
~
'to!
1)
0..
.§
(j)
,..q
.....
c::
._,
.... "l
t.J.
!l,I, OJ
~ ~
~:
ilJ' OJ
Q, ~
~:
._' ,.r::JJ
~() rn
...Q
J::. w
(j)
.... I>-
.~' -c-
fIl'
..0 C.)
,'"' 6
.u,
> 0
rn
.'
=, ~
.' -s
N
~ Ii)
oW
0
iII~' Z
"'0
~,
~'
~;
~, El I 8 b vi
I ~
I
I
v) :~ p.; 4-1 <:
~ ~ IU:l
.-l
e: e:
.... o U
HAll VlIHdJ'lII z i=l ~
s: ~ ~
~ I' lJ_....t~_....t ~_....t r""':'"'.

~ '):l~\tij

~ :: I

~ : :

Ll.. , I

~~ , I

, I

, I

I. I

, I

I ,

11"',: ~-.: a-,' ': ;1, -, .

I I ~ , ~ '.

: I "6- I ~ I .

I . I ~. I·

, . ,

f(Io If. I.

I 10, II ... JI

: ~ .VI

"
, 8 S ·
S El I
, 4-< '+1 4.< . , 4-i
, , ,
"8 , "8 't! ~ "8 "8 I -e I -e ~
, <:1 e ,~ , e • '" so
.c<") , .('<") C'\I N ...... ('j ('j , N · (".l "...,
, ,
!IVI09NIS 'IV11H'Id r:n

~ ~~ ~1;.

__,,,,,

,.._ I

I~'l~ :

,

•• L

"~ '~ ] i"~ q .~ l"J .~ i'~ :1 !":t

~ :: ,," , •• I •• :"'~ :!' {,: ••

"'" :::: ",d : ~!I! /: : !l.i;

: 1:: /: I:!

I I I t I I ,

I I I I I I I

I ! I II ~ I ,

I ! I II ~ I ,

t ! I " I I I

I I I ~ I I ~

i I

<' '.. 'f' __, ,:<,.--'1 4 :"...-. """"'"

'Jj~l~

: s :

, .

I ,

I !

I' I I I I

i:ti'~ .~Jt::l~,~i

I I j I Ii

• I I I n

a I I • II

II I I' I II

II I II • II

II I II ~ 'I

II I II II I

I I II II I

I~""_, I~ __ Itf:~ Ic.=:.-_ IF..--· ('=.r-- :~-."p :f:~ ~~ I

: .. --, :"..-J :".....r .. __r :Jo..--'I ,,__, , .. .....« 'Jo.__..JI II!>'__'

~ 1~1 ],: e ~ ~~l ":~'~)'ii, ~':~ t

: :4 : 1 :& .... : .",:J II.~:.J, ..

'" dl I ~ "'.j ,:,' 0: J.~ V:," .JI, . ".

I II '(It,l I \"'v' ·V

: I:, /: :: .: ~

II, Ii I

II • I

II ~ I

Ii I I

• I I

"~~~"?

."

•• II

~d ~

....... :

, , , , , I I I

',~<~r~'r'3t

" .. 1"(io:4 i~4 I .,.

. {;: 0 ..... : v: j,...I.

,~ .1 ". ~-v

I, I I II

I I II

I , ,

I , ,

I II ,

I II I

~ • I [I I !

er-« ~i[:""_ I~-"'" II~''''''_ !f!:~ f':~ ,F"""'_ ~..,..._.., ~~,.._. I~~ ,(.;----

f__r I --,,,,,,.-4 II!,__' ,,,....J fi.,_l ,,,.-1 .,--' II~__' I,,_...r :<,.....J

~!]i2 1 '11.!~ q]!,~i~

:!! ' ""d ! ... 1.[ 0 ..... : v:!>,v

~ : ~:: II!:::

I I I i II I

I I I I ~ I

I 1 I '"

I I I I' I I

I I I I' I 1

',~ i'J ',~ i'~ (~ (~

'!!'II 1'i{io41t.L4. ,;j;oi

d :1 u: OJ! V:

~ II (= J _·1 f!II'i I

,/11 v:: ~

I I ,

1 I II

I ~ II

I • II

• n II

• n II

• II ~

,

i'~ :'~

: J

,

, II I I I I I I f I

:!~"J ,4

, I I I I I I I ,

, , ,

...

" :

,

, I ,

II

, I

_...I",. ~'" ....... ~ .,.._, I ,__ 1 h. '1'

1t..n': n: .. -WJ... .~'J. .. I

11:

..

I I , , I I ,

,I "

"

,. II~"""",,-

.<'==, "a

:1"'1) I

· · ·

~

1iI1

I

II (' I J II •

::J... ~ "i>-~ ,,'''_,l. .. ,,._.f '''~ !:.:l. I :.:t. 'i>-.-J ... :;:::::! •

;~':, ~'~l- J~i",~ j ~ ~ ~~~~:Jti:~~~~:Jt!

I • I I itl /:: ./!

Ui. I l II 1

, : :: ':: ~

Ii. II 1

, I' II ,

I I •

I I ,

I , ,

. .

I r."._::j

:-= :~

II • I

....l..'t-.II ...-=I~. ~.~:

. (I' :: ""_l!-;: . q' 1

'.w, ~ i 6 I

.~.~: ~~ _, '1-."';-:

: 0/: :

I ! i

• ! i

• I •

1 I •

I I I

1 ! i

1 ~ i

I I •

I I •

I • "

!:l. ~ :,,~ :<,....,,01 :: !l.

~ SI: ~ : 11 :: ~g

"'/d ~VIl:"'-':dl :~:/(;: A

...,~ : ','1: : 9

, I,

" " · ·

.;:

: .....

I

-l.":

1"

II

~ ·'11

o " /,

, ,

:9

:] :N

I I I

~ ,~

, , , I,

"

!.l.:

"1,,~J :

'1 I I I I I I

I

I

,

,

,

"

I,

'I,,__...(

~ .f

j :

I, " I

I

•

, ~.

I ~

· ..... ·

I I ,

i I I

I ~ I ..... I

I •

: Ei

I

.'"

, Cl

,('.1

,I

I I

:: 8'

iI

III "'!'j

II ~ liN II

" " "

I 4-< ,

:~

I

II~ "

" "0

::f1

,

z

,_,

~()

"

.,11

• .

I

:~_.dI

:~ 'f

I

I

I

I

"

"

1I'tl;

~r-t

~n£>NIS J.JEl:Il:1'3dW}

~~ I~~ I~~

.:» :_...,.1 :....-'1 ... _.J ,,,.--l ,';,..-Jl

~:1,:1

• I

· .

· .

· .

! II

! ,

I "

, "

~':::i :~~: ,,-i :h,_....l

_"~O ; ::1°

"V.- I.

,

/: -

, , .,

i i

· ·

i J!..~da,.,~ 0, 0

:~ ~ t1

/"

" " " " u

"

, I

~ ............ 1iLr-.",~ Il!.. ............

~; ~ f~ i ~~

,I I

,I I

I I

" ,

il t

" I

I ,

).~ .. ,.-.... '~1 '\;1 :t...'-_' it-.'~ :! ... ~ ';
'(;~I ,,,, : X>9 "'~I ~;
,
"CI f .I} , 4 ~4) 1·~1,. I
I1J Pol , I
, I
::l , I I
.51 'QJ_, ,
, ,
, ,
... , "
c , I
0 · " i
I " I
0
i "
rf'l · "
· " p;! ~
e E , 8 " ~
, , o...:!
bJJ , , e: '""'
v), :~ I ..... ~
;a 4=i :~ '"'" o ~ l::;
~ z ~ '"" ~ CI),
~ Ii: .1-< CI) r--
H.t\ll'illIHdPilI ~ u ..:: < 0
~ 0.< 0.. p.., ....... 1 II I Iii

« .. ~. If'''___· I(:."__' e:".._ ile::.~ .. ~.,..._. . 0'] .. l>~ ,,,_..J , ... _...,I' .. --' " .. ..-I .. ..-I.

'-;'«'.:- --~.'\: --~- .._ ·~~"'1i: --1' " ~~ ",.;.._.;

I I II '. ,.

I I '6_'- 11 ,.. to ~', '"

I I 11

i I /~ ""6,

I I ~ ,-

" .

" I

i I •

i I •

I ~ , ~

... ,~,:';,.~~ (~~ :~.- ~~ ... ~~ "':~~ .;!~.,

. .: ,: ~ {; ,~.

I ,

I ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

" ,

I' ,

.' ,

,,' I

~~ "f' ....... "I' ........ f---- 'f''''_:~ ",O'_j,

-, t~ ~1 :1 !',~ ,1; "=-~._·.'I

: /: ,_

I, ,

I, ,

I' i

II i

I ,

.1 ~q. ~O':q. "'~.~~. !~l. "' .. ~.

~ '~ "0' 0,,: , 111

~ : I

lA.() ~ :

...... .

· I

I , ,

.-
0
~
a
,
~,
~,
~~
4)
,~
0
,til
.:Q
40!
'CU
>
I~
I
-
~
5
~
""
0
e
~
e
...
....
:s
bJJ
~
.c
...
. ~
bJJ
~
c:
v
en
.e
~
~
~
;e
0 ~
:) ~
""""!iI-' ~ /

• I! n I I I

!] ]']i] "1n"~i][]i'1

I ., : •• : •• : 0; 'lIu,',., J, . 1

, ... d :f'J.: '/' '~v

:: . .".. 11,: ~

II " I II

[I I I II

II ~ I I

.11 ~ ~ i

II ~ ~ i

I I m I

I , ,

~~'~] 1:1' ]- .J .~ ·~;l"i']','".i

h: 'h.:: Ib.. t>.. 1 ~ ~ : ... 'I :: ~ :

I - II I I I II I

I ~ r: ~ I ": ~ .: :

: ~ II n~ - I'~ I

I 11 II, .. . .. II 0 I 1/:

: :::: ~d F it I /-: I

: I: p /r ~:

I I ~ t .. I

i I I , .. I

H I I • I I

II I ~ I I I

II I I I I I

II I I I I I

II t I I I I

[I I I I L I

j~j

i~

I I I I I , , I I

, ,
, I
S I e ,
I , o...J
I o..H ,
I "<I, I -c
1l I -e <l i 'Cl 'il
C"1 I I:'") N , N ,.--<
I , ,
I , "
mrID-9NIS L::JHd1IHd I

I

,

I 't...:< I

1-0;;

:~

I

, , ,

:8 ~~ :C'.l

I

'.~"-" ' ~:{;

I Nil

:~ t,1 rj ~-dt,' :1

':~I:~~,:~I

~ : ~,.:: I :

Q.. :, .: :1

-( II t II

II t II

II II

" n

II II

:3 ~~ '(~/ ::t13 :3; ~;3 :-,~,,- :t: ~~

~ ~, I ~ 31 I ~... ",.'

- - : /! ,~.::

.;~r .. . I " II

~, :: ':

, "

II I I

II I I

II I, I

II II t

II II I

II II I

II II I

II II I

JFjfjt1f3 J~JL1f1:1 gf~ " "' iJ i", ·a ~,v..~ [,'I i",

~ I ,.: v~ F.: fl. 11:

E-1 ..... ,i I ~ I

UJ , :: :::

I I I I !

I I I!!

I It' I

1 i II I r

I' II I I

• I D I I I

I , ,

:~_ r:, .. ~~.: '.--I' , --" "', .........

~ L~ it I ["~ .. ' .

I . I I i ~

II J .: '\" I ~

l- if I II

It·· I· II

II I I

I<! ~t .. 1 ~_,. ~_, ~ O'~ .. ' ..

" ~ 't"

'. 'II I 11;tr..

II I' I' II

* ~:, :: - I. ~

~ 11"'(I1o-~·· II

.: II./.. M

" , , 'I I, I
" " " I' I
II' " " "
" " " "
'I, " " "
" " " n
" " " !'
" " " p
" " "
h • "
i I' • H
, I ,
, I I
a , a I I S El
, I t....:; I W '-'H
I ...... , ,
I "=' , "'t' , -o "t)
"E I ~ I I -:s ~ , ~
'Cl M '" Cl " ~
('<') I ('<') N I I ....... ('<J N " N .......
I I I "
, I I ----'----' "
}JV'lD'9NIS J.:JllifH3J~I (ij
8
~
0
t:1
I' '0
;I-l
, .<:<1
...d
.p,
~
ill
"0
~
cd
:&:
~
'~
u
,._,
0
Z
0'\
0
...... (0"- :2 1
_...,l
r..-'
~ ~~ ~
o:<l '~ ~,_.II
~ u ~ ~~
...
~ 0 Jt
~
1
" ,
~ '1 "1 "1 '1 '1 '1 ;J '~ :~
", '
'<>- " ~:: I
p..; ...,
<I .
_.
< :] ~ "J' ~1
Ai '~~ u ~ :~ :.., I
::r::. .Q
~ C!) !I)
~
, I
1
I ,
~~ ~~ ~~ 1 '~ t :! 1 ~~
" I " ~~:,
' I
I
'" I
<tl ,...;:
~ I !
I
i
•
I
n
n
t'- . ..._ ,(0]/] :1 :J :1 fj 1
:...j , ' I
~ :, ~ r~
A< , ~~ :~ ~:t ' :~ ~'~
::r::.
!il
" ./
"
"
"
" I
,
"
~~ " '~ '~ :~ ~.~ 4 ~~ ~, '1 !
~! n
n -...,
~ n
",
,
u
"
"
"
I , j
I ,
I ,
I I , el
a I , e e? ~
I ,
I , ~, Q.. ~
, , b 9 ~ ~
,v::; :~ :~ ...... o
, , Z £-< ~
5:: ~ V)
HAI.LVHHdYH z '< ' p: <
I-< p",< p.. ,
I ~:~'_:~!~~I~~:~:-:-

~ ~ ~l~ ~ ~~~ ~!~l~~~ I v1 /1 l /1 fA ~. II f Vl: 11 :11 !l .11;

~ :4.: 4 4 .. ,:: 6~~ :~'4 :~4:: ..

" . d.1 u v' 0 ... ' 11·" J.

I '$ II oF! /1 • ~ "'--y

: -~<: ' : I

, "

, ,

, ,

, ,

I

" ,

~d ~

/"

.. ,

I I ~

~ 'J ': ~::J ",,,--, .,,_..l

.:..l, ~:!i,!i

~ :<>.:11;:: ».Ii. :,0,:,,11.'

/:; ::'d" 11

II II ./.

"

"

·11

"

"

,

I

I

I

I

. ,

I I II ~

Cl:] Cl Cl Cl 7 ;A i ~1- i: ~1-' ! IL

-, ~ I ,II ~

i .. '. • 'Xii, - _, II f ~

JlI ' , 0" 1/'

'{tID, ': ~ ,J ,':, /:: :,

/; V

; ,

!1 !J,!1::!.i 11:.11::11' ~~.4 ~~4 I

I 0 II iI,}1

t_'i;.J., I /" v-

1/4 II

,

El '*' S 4-l
-er 11 .", .", '"
;,:.; ('l ('l .,
c<I «") 'N N ...... ,

8 4-l , S '-<---l 8 4-< E ......
12 1l: -e pO .. 'E 'E .", 1
'" " Ci '" Ci "'
«") n , N " ('.l .-! "" t<) C'<! N .,..... ~]i]:]]i]J 1 .] .~ I ~ ~ !!"4 ~! Vi ~z:1I~A

I~ :. ~ -/: .. 1; 'd '/

" I

" I

! I

, I

I I _ . I I

] _,7l:~~iq,~ ~'7 1,

= ~ .. ~ .. ~ .f ,

(:l pc, . :

.. 'JIIIIIiI I

.... I

d I

Q : I·

u I

.,.,.
. ...s:
....
. ~
~ If
Q
·s
C
.S:!
a,1
,.c
r.IJ
,.Q
~
v
>-
..0
~.
.~-
'"0
~
) tI
~ :>:~ :: ":t· ",.....J ... _...r'"

'I '~,I"~' I - .. lr

,*.' ::",: ~ .. : "'9- : e, :~. ::

,_'I ,I I I :: 4· - ,I,

-~,' " "

"1 /. I'

II - I

I , , , I I I "

,

, ,

,:oJl,' ,: ·V!

" ,

" -

I>."?-~_'. ;,,: "-.]' C.,-.' .

I - I -

I"

. I

:"-.1 '''-jOe '.'''....._1.

• - ~I' ,~,~ :

I II •

I '!I ' ~ ~

I II !

• 'II . I

• -::. II I

1 '

~~;,I"~. )"'"ij ;,i:":t-" !"l ~,

'q: q:J : I

•• I I', . ,

s : :,

, I

, ,

, "

I I

~ I'

, I

I "

,

II _ I, I, ~

"-:-~·.'I~r·-:-~·.- ;,':"---1.,-,- il1"--]" . '~:";t,',.» ..

, 'I ,I I' I ','

I I ,I I I

,I ... '. I~,I f', ~

.. : 1: 0: 4 i: iI··

III,; I -/1 10"1>. I

':(ie· I '_ I I I I

-/1 'i I I

. I • I ~

I I ,

V' I I

f.i I I I

, I ,

I ,

I ,

I ,

, ,

I

E e 4-l 8 ; ej 4-l
~ ""'='
-o 1: ..::I .", , '" ''0 , 1:: '" ... , ~
;;, ol Q " ~ , c% , ~
t<'"l N N ...... r() ..--< I "
n
8 e " a
, ....... s "
, ~ 0....; '40<
"'tl 11 ] '-.;1 ~ 1: 1l " ~ , 11 ~,
?!h 0: ,
("<'") M N "... 1!1 r<> N ..-<J V

-I-'

o

Z

~~ 'I ~~ '"'~ :"'~I ~'~~ ~"~ ~~
'I'
"
u I· '
q " ~ 3 , :~
,
,
.. ,
p:j, "
'"t; p..' ~d : ~ J;
Qi,I " ~ ...... :
:I " ,
.5 H ,
II ,
,
.w ,
d ,
Qi
o
\0
e s E ~ ~- ~
'bIl, p.. p.. ,~
;,s ; i' , ,....., ~ '"'"
~ '0.. '*' u u
rn i I' i '"' ~ f::l
't:":! ! I' . 2'i
VJ
.. [;k. 0:: VJ
,~ 3IAllV1l.'3dJY1t_[ :z; -< ~ -<
lC-! >'-< ~ < ~ :'<.1 ... :::! ~"'1 ,,"~

/1 ~. ,-/1. ,'1. I

,;jl

~'o '>--0; :h.o :kO "J I "~ ,;1. ~Jj.: (01.; ~1. '",/1 FA

, 0, , ~L. ' J..

!!~:: n 0

o 'I

/.:: ~11

" " " ,

,

I

: .."d ~ : -/:

, ,

I

"~I

Yl.

i

, , ,

" ;

n

~ 44

'II

'lj'T'1 (T1 ~1 ::,'1'1 j] n :'1

, ~ , d 1 .' 0 ....... : 1I:"'V

:: : -v ".,'1,- ~ 1/:, ~ :

III I I I

I, I ~ Ii I I

II I II I I I

!I I U I I ~

II t II I I •

U • II I I •

a I III i I •

~l:

" " ,

. "

u

" u

u

" " " II

"';:j r ....

" ,.., N , ......

,

II i

" ,

" ,

" ,

II ,

p !

, ,

" ,

;q !'

st."

". II

"

, "

"

,

'(>-3 :, '(>;) !

a II a I

,<,§ ::b,!st;- :

_ II . Ii

" ,

....... " ,

" ,

" ,

u ,

n

n

"

u

"

n

n

,

II I M i

:~ : ~1 ~~ :~ T ~l ~r ~~ : ~~

:2 ~ .2 4 :~j :~4

: , d~+ : .'. I 0".: 11 ,

: ~,/: ff;~ : :

I I I I I.

I ,Ii 1 II

I • I j II

I • I I II

I t II I I II

I I it. I ~

Ii I ~ j I ~

"

i"

I>, "

"

«!: II

" "

_t:

~l

n

"

• ,

,

,

,

;

,

.I

;:-t~' ~ ~t ~ ~

>,@ ~~. L. ,

,.....:

, , , , , , , , , ,

21

b.q:

~i

'a 11 : 11 '~i 'i ~~ J J i

:' I .... d : ,!,"jl,i 0,.....: '11:

L /~ 11 ::

,

" "

" ,

" " "

~~ .-J:

, . '6 _ I I

- : ~I: 2..,: ~:

! ,

: ,

, ,

__.t : ___.t

~3: : ~~

~~i :--:t-

,.:

, ,

" " u

" ,

' .... , "' , .-. ,

: t;;

, ....... ,

i

L__L ~~~ __ db ~~ ~1

u n

•

: ......

:11

, c') ,

-_ I

'1'1"1 i"

~d) ~.~

1 1 I I I I

,

.1

1

fr-- ~-- ~-- '''--I'j

<1!1111 ~~

~ : ~rJ :. '" iI ,

/11 11

"

,"

,.

n

n

n

"

1 ~1 ~~ i,"~ :1 1 :i

~ "0~ : e 11

II ".

" 1

" 1

II I •

II I •

11 I •

II I •

II I I

! i I

II I •

I 1 1

"

"'9 ~9 ': -s

$l_: ~ ~

I ••

I

: "$d

I :/

I - ,

~ : :

~ I I

= :: :

.~ !f-~____;;!:-~~~: ~-I--l----1----l

i-li 11 ~

e II II

IU : ~

, "

,00 I II

. "

e Eli; E 'i

,~ f./): '+l J p,,; :: 4.i

~ I

'~ ~,

~ Ul Ul
....1 ....1
~ ~
U ~'U ~
z •
[.l.. I~ ~I~ ill r-.
~ I~ U <I N
~<P-!~I ...... II I 1 I _ j

4'.' ",,--, '",._...e ''''~ ''''........ '(;'2- "2 . " . .' .!'.' .......

~:t...~ Ilt..·~ It..~ ~ __. . - II

, ." ,n,-, ill I , , '/II ,I., _. '" •

Iti.~ N ~~. ~:~ ~!.l... Q"'i ~~, 11b..~·

~ Q~: .. : 1/: ",6..-.::: ~IQ

...... 'J I I 0'"/

~: /:

~ ,

I • [ ~

"-::::1 ' _. • _. n --' ' ............

- Mu.~;ib,-"!n'~:~ ·II~I:·~ "1:1 I ~Q~

I ~I ~'1 ~~I

• : I 1/:

, :: i

"

,

_..!! '--' 'o.:'a_ ,,',

.", ,- ,",.

, '1jI' -(I II "'6~r ~~

()' ./ /: :

"a_ "a

! I~·

". ' ... -/'

0..,,: -

,

•

"d " /~

~ I I. I -, I -,""_'

'a '1'--' ,,,,.--I !I"__.( ,I' '9 I"., '(1,,' '(1"," :n' 0)<

. ..:... d ~ d:: "'~: I .....

. ~ I ..... ~ v:

" ... d : I' J , ,/' 11

i

"'-:-0.:- , "':;-1.

~,.

, to..

:-'

" ,

N:tr,."'- 11"b.,."""""'_ ... .,...._

n '/1 '" " ';01"1 ,.' 'n.' I

II ~ II ~ .f:.'Ul

:: __, : ,__....I ~

, 11

. '

•

"'9 "'9 .g ~,gl :[ ::!t -1,0..
- CO' _ .l.
, 0 'I
-..
:"d , ~111 :.Q
-
,/
~ ~
~ ..__.,.' ~ I~
I~
-.::
,< p.;
E E ~ ~ ~,
v.i ~ p.; ..... Pc. A..
,_. 1-1
..... U ,U
z H ~
'ElAlLV')fBkIWI I~ ~ 0\
Z < ..:: N
:~ ~ Ip.; "'"""' ... c N

tt:: -

~(~)

,.._

'II I ~ I [I ~ • I

tt..,.._ [l~"""_ I~"""_ I~~ If::__ ~~ li~""'_ ~~..r-.-. It=:iI''''''-.- I~~

'''::::.1··· ~ .. ::11·· .l~::::i- .1"::::i··· ;"::::1- , .. ::::~. ~~ .. ::j.~1":::1-.··· i":::il .. ::1~.··'

~ .. I i I. I: I I I

~ ~', : ' ! ~' : '\ :"'b '~.::, I~: ~ : ~ _ :~,

~ : ~ :., : ". ::,' . -:.~: ~ ',,: ,,' ~::

b I· J -.... [I -. !lot. I .~ II, ....

Ul , 'J ~ 'J:" , Ii' {;' o! V" V

' ,~ d '"I /. II "t.,.'

I ""6-1 I I • II

: /:::

, ,

• II I [I _, [. " II

I'::=i~_ .'r::;1" .· r r::i1'·· !1i':11·, :.j~::l.i' .. '· ·1i'::::i1" •.. r~~ ... '·.i:~:=ii·. '~"~i .. ' r::::'J.'·~.· ... '

<~:[ :~ ~~':i:. ~,':'\, ;,,':~ :.~

~ :: : I ~: " I, : ' :J:, i ~ :.

,:I:fjQW_." h I r , : ~, : . ., ':: .-.: . q...1: ~";): ••

:" "", ' •• n "'1;' 0,.' ... " '

, I·! d- ~ ,_ jl v' ..J,

, I , "'(!>. ~ rII" • ~l.I

: : : "/: i ~'

,. ,

i'i

'" , ,

" I' n

i'"

" • ,

"> , , , 1 1 JI

i:'

,

, '\. ~ • 1

1

11:

~i.1

t' 0"

~ ,~ /~

" ,',

"

1:

" " "

... . ~

~d _:

/1 ,

, , , ,

S '....,

1···'1

.... ,

. "

/::

"

" ,

" ,

" " ,

n

I n II! I I II i

4 I,,__.II "II'__.!! "f_'( 'II'~ 2' 4 '11'--' "11'--' ' 2

.... "1-1 ,l ... ~.ii"'~A~"'_.(~1"1:::::· "...,....{1··.·'· i,,_.(~·· -. l"'__ll·· 'i;"'_'~L1_'

~ :~:::ll::fd : ~ :F.' "~' . : ~ ." :: : . : r

~ ~ ~ II " I I II I~

P :: :: -: '0 __ ' : : .. : /~ e, :

J::i :::: ! _ /: ~ , :: ~ :

FI-I II II , I II • t

II I[ , I nil

II H j I ~ I )

[I. I • II i I

I. , • I ~ I

I I , I I i I

1i;"].-I. +,]_....l : .. ..-J~i ... ,J--.

.e;: II e . . I ." I~ _.

:;f.. _ if=,_. I <= :

.,.;" . I,

~ ~ I '

0.0" ,

-(: :

~ .. ' ..•. :''''-'.. : ... _.I ... :.·1·

"·1'~' .

Ii . I I

I II . I , ,~

: I ~"'(-I :: I: '

'I:i.., '11, I ,

I _ ~ /: ~ :

:r~tj:1:'] J ~:'1:'~: 'J
~.. .~
II ,t .'
~ R~, L~ I !F ;!o. u I .~------:_
II I ! F !. ;!o • I :: '(;. ~ ~, :
I _ It ~ I
~ II t " /'1 ~ !:: ~/:' :
" , 1
~ , , 1 , , ,
, , , , , ,
, " , ; , ,
I " , , , j
, " , , , ,
, " I I , ,
I " I , 1 ,
, " • , I ,
, , " , I ,
; " " , , ,
; " " , I ,
, " " ; • ,
El I E • S " ; S I ,
I ..... '-Fi • " '-!-! I I ......: ,
I • " I I ,
'E • "2 -e .'0 , .~ -g " , ':B , .", "
I , ~ 0 , " "2 I i 'Q " ...
~ "',
t<') I t<') I " N , "..... C<"'l 'I 'C<I ; N • N " ".....
I I " , I I , " J2 .... ~~;!~ r;!~.r:j~.t;;?,I'

< it" :~ ':~, .: :~.

p.. " I. , I <" I

~: " ':

bJ: . -:

, I

, .

, "

I I!

, "

.Ji,£1 ;if. J:~

~ : ~:

~ ~:

" I

, ,

" ,

" ,

" ,

" ,

" ,

1 ;Y! 1:

<4: ...... :

, I I

I I

, I

! i

, I

, I

, I

, I

2::

"

:]"

" •

• ... I

,

.,...,:

I , I. I

"'. '11'_...l ,!"___. I f, I

4 : .-.-E.: _.J : --4 II

~:t_':~'_":J"

. :... :: :",,---:,

.. I' I I'

~ : ,:'~.:

, ,

, ,

, ,

I ,

, ,

, ,

I ,

--"t· .. ···,! J-.

11f: .

. "

. " ....... 11

" "

11'.-4 :(" ........ :,,-, "'2:

~. : ~1':: _,~- J.

l.. 'I ~.

~1 '" ~!i ~"r

I 'I ,

, , I

, , 1

1 I I

I , ,

, , ,

, , ,

"Q
I1i IllS
~
e .p.,
'Ill
·CJ
0
U'
-0
~i
a
btl
:.s:
N ~;
...,
r-r) CIli
"...... ~~ I . ,

"......... ~r...- ." ~"'-. ~.,__. i.~.""-. 1', f] ...

,,]::l. . ":::J' :·'.,:::1 .. ·• 1-'· . : .. :j1·... .... I

:t .. ':. .. r: '''-'1'

.::;::... _ o:i.. . ~ ~ I ........ __ _ ~ : _ ':il. . '.

_. ..' O'~. "

~ ~.".m ' ~

H • '. _ ' .

E--t • ,

:r-.-l . ~ ~

iI-'-!I ~ ~

-

. l~l :?t!:1~~~~ .. ~ o.'!I "J~ .~} -J". ' ..• ~) ..•. " -J ......•

;r: 11 : 4 o....-:.~. 1 .. '.' ~

~ , , ~ .

< ~ ~ ., - . - _':':_

~ ~ ..__.

n

·

,

• • . ,

, ,

;f 1': j' ;£: t- :f~' j?'-" ~-.

~. . "'~.' ! .: .. 0.- .. : " :~ .~!. ".' j. .. 1 .

I . II -', o. _ '-:::iI., .~_:tr., I!..

• I ~ /~; ....., _. !!ro.

< ! ~ .~, 'I

,~ : ~ ~ .~, 0:.. ...

I ~ I - - _,

_.. -

I iI'iF-''''__

L~1···

I' _ ~,

.

.

,

;

,

, I.

I,

,

E S ~ Il.1 '~
,_:j
v:i 4-i ~ c..; p., p..,
E t1 ~ 0 ~
z .~ §
s: if) C'i
HAll V1I3dJ\lI z ~ «)
p.. < p.. A.! "...... I~t,.i ~1.··~

I'll., II

, ,

1$ • I. ~

, ~t--'

I' , II

I '"

, ,

, ,

,

,

, "

l~l ~.1 .. d !~~ ;i i i 4 :4'L-- ;:(1) ~ -.". ~{;~

;I"t' , ,

, . I

, I

I

't

II

~ ~ " ..

" ..

: f: •

• • I

I I J

I I

~} ~'.,

, . I -e

: ~t'

II t;'."

II -

II

"

"

,

'~t

: -/,

· ,

I ,

, ,

· ,

I

'~'

I

: ~

o .

! -:.'.-'_'

• '<> •

. ."

jd} ....

I: -..;. ,

: :~'

:' "

,

, J

·~i· ~

- .

.. .. i

'/

~-:~.:~~

' ... ' ~ ~ :_: ~ , .: '"- .. _".

\.., II I' ~

II I I

[I i ," i

[lit:. . i'" j'\.-

:: ~': .;/: 1.1

~.1." "d ';4 'v

:: "

,',

'II II n

"' "

; I'}.: ,

' ... ,

: .... v

,

· · · ·

I~

t" ':~."'::~:.~.' :~::"t··· .....

I il I I I I _.1 "(!.Q

.- 'b., -, lib.. 1 a... _ Ib., iIO.~

....: ~. : -: '.;io' ~ 0

I ~ I I '

., 'ot., _' ~"" .. ': i",- 1'1" .6

-I) :'6: j':-6

I • "'0 t

/.-4t'

.

I ' .'

o ,

: ~. I

! ...

o _

o

,,.;

'~

, . ,

I i I

I i I

· , ,

o • •

, . .

~ ~~:)~~.: i.~~ !~~. ~:~ ~t:. -'.

~1 I: I: . :.' ,;.{[ QI ."

I :~ _ :-=-"', :"\. :~ _. ,6~:I ' II

'is jj' .:t." 0' i

1 0-1 ~ gl I

, ,," 61'

: : 11:

II II I

! II I

II II I

, ,

n II
II "
, "
l~ "
,
~ ,
VJ . ~ l.. . ,
..:: ~ " ,
· . 1
'-' · ,
~ .~ ;
:~ 1
0 1
>< 1
, ,
, ,
, ·
· ·
ti,~ ·
r» ·
<IJ ·
"'=' I
"', . I
6- 0 I
,~ ·
;:J' : - ,,: ·
0 I
, I I
>< II , · ,
, , ,
I , , 1
, " 1
lJf~
~ i~ :1 ~ i ~
~ I 'II' II.
I ito... II...... ~""
1:: 1 :: i
. II Ii
II Ii
II II
I' H
I' H
• • 1

::J

IJ'i.,

II

II

"~

: -~

, ,

,

,

.,

,i} ~

'I

II "

::~: I

_ if ~~I

" '!

"

'~t..,

",

•

•

II

II

II

"

II

" "'!' II

~j._"

,- I'

1

::~.

"

" I.

:: ":

1 ,

1 1

" "

!

~ t1 :'f't r~~'~ l~"'1

, I

I •

I •

"

i :t-·:

'I n ,

~.t. ". ~ ,.-:I. '~.-l!. • .•. '

I t ~:

i "'~

.. ~.. ':'11

, I

" ,

,

,

I

· .

@ .. .1 ~1 ... t i~t ~~ i .. .1 "d ,,:.1 ~'y h~ e, ~ ~.1.

, ~ I 0., : ~:.4 /::.f ': /t,

Z tt! .: L : : "CO ~ : n

:=i fI.. I" I , 0. 11' ~v

2 ~ I I I./"I

(/):: : :;. : i

:: : :: : I

,

i:~ if'

I ,

. , ,

Jl

" " n

n

" "

1

I I ,

I I ,

I I ,

q:: q: "9 "'9:: q, q_ 1-' _ ~_-ft

"~:~'?: ~ Vf::"~"1f ~-~

vt! vI)" ..... ~~v!: :11; ~~ __ .. _ ~~/

!! ,I ~v

I I II

I a II

I II II

,~ II

" ,

" ,

--
v
~
....
u
ai,j'
W
~
-<
-
~()
--
.. $
.bJj,
e
;e
d
~
{lI
.:0
-~
~
~
Q
0
(t)
~
~
~
~
::::I
I'Jl
§
0
C
0
j.j
~
N
~
~
:.a
;0 e
"l C\!
~ ~ ·~1ij·.

1 ~ ., a

, :: ~~.

,.

"

:J:

~ , . ~

~;l, , ~

I . I Ii """0 ~

I /.

, ,

" ,

, ,.

" ,

" ,

" ,

1': J~

I " II

II 'II

: 11.t.." II

II ., II

II 0, !I

11"4 ' II

II 0

~ ~'V

" "

:1'

I

,

, .. I

'"

: ..

~ ~i! ~1····· I ~J .•. "

. 'Ii. •• +. I "

: ---/:~' /~.% '11.

I ~ 'I

• I I-

I , ,

I • __ I

:{"~.!~J' .. "1.' I

, ""':.; .;._:

, , ~ • "(+ .

,• I) ~

, : ~~. t

, 611

: ,

, , ,

,~.:1.·

;;~.

l.:Ji{:

I ,I , I

- I~' .. I '.' . '.

' =, ~.,"I

~o ~ , ~I

q. I .,

~ ~.' . j: ;

. ,

I ,

m ,

."

" -

"

"

1. J::

n

.. ,,,_ .. ::

I' '(iO n

I '. ,II

..", I ",II

"': II

1'J"

,

, . ,

. !~ .. ,

I"{/'

- '0

.,,~

i ~~i

'J"

I "II

I 'II

I'b._ I!

"!':!-'Q I!

1"

,@·j:1Hj / ~,r 4:'.,1.' ~~

z [i , I 2 2 2· I ,,~2

~ .p;,. " , '" Q

o : : : :::"/

'if) • I • ~II

I I

I I

4"i'J'"

II ,'I "II

II , I . n

II I ,n

". II'" I!:tr..- ,. II

!I I! '~

II:"" ';I! II

I' ~ , II '!I., ~

:: 1:: 1:

! I! ~

1,'

,

.,

, ,

. ':

,

~~'.'

- ,

, ,

1::J:1:

Ii '!o.."'l 'II.. •

ii, t •

" II "1.1. '.1 :' . '

II ", I , I

II -e I ~... I

"<- ClI' :.:;. "<) ClI· :: "'" ' :

d I!: d 'I ".

-""';:' .,/': '

1i J. :J :{ ...

~ CJi~ ~ 'F ,q.r:·· ~~,t e .

V'~ 11

n n

'1>4.'- ·1'

...". ' I

,

, ,

;,...', "0' , I d I , ./,

, ,

I

;{-"J" t i

~ It. •.. :: ~.:. ~. ' .. _

~ ,'. ::.~' .~

: ~'~·~·-L ::~._~ ~ '""

I' ..... :: ;;- 11

;{ ·1- !: 1'" 1.' 1-'" J-' .~-. l1-' { .

, :: -' ~, ~ ~,.. "-: ~.II ~',I

.... ~' " :: ...... _. • ,'~ e, " "<1-- I~' :~, .. __ ', ~<

- .r" "0' _1 .", '0' '0. .

{..II u, "'0 lUI! I 10::...3

1 '0,

1::

" u

"''' p

"

~ "

15 :

" " " "

Ji{:J 1.

I I!i." 1 " :to,

!, ! '. ". ":,

";;I I .... I, "I ..... "

01 -I : ... ·0. :-1

, ':"11":'

: 01 ~

, .",

, ,

, ,

,

,

:.J ... ' ~ ~i' .. ~ .~J. - i ~1' "1.'. i:~.~i :1'~~ ~.J."" .. ·4··.·

• ' . ~ ,11 I I I' 0: ~I " ,~

..... ' II"!., ,.. I "'",\, ~ " II +1) .' i '_., ;:..

'0 ~.(j .i '0:: :~ 0 ..

II "'0 ,I . 1 3.

~ II 1 • 0-

I1 II 1

II II

1:1:

,.:to, I·

L ',I

: I:

I(", ~ ~, ~

~ _, • 1

I~ ,,:

4'"1 i i

~ "to, , "to,. h,

!:'. - " '. ~ 1 1 i'

" ,

, ,

"

:1" J······1~· :

:' ~ , ,'i ' ~

~'..;,;. II

~.~ , -i- , , ~

I q_ ~.' . "

• _ I n

1 I II

I' r 11

I

"1~J·t:l'i

I· r II

1 "<;I.. ~ II

~ ._>:~: ::

"""1 II II

n

J'

I

~ i

1

1,1·" 1····.····1·.··· ·t·····

~ %. %. ...

):;; '+ ' .. " .• I·

.. . - ' I

" I

I

I I I I

~j '1~ i: ,,~f :

:.::4!

1"<" - II I

: 0/:: I'

, "

, "

, "

TABLE OF SCRJPTS AND VOWEL SIGNS

TABLE OF SCRIPTS AND VOWEL SIGNS

SCRJPTS

These are frequently usee] inconsistendy or not at all in Syriac manuscripts. Not all distinctions of quality and length ate represented unambiguously.

VO\VEL SIGNS

r

() a

SERrA. (WEsrSYR.)

I HEBREW I

~

O ufo

ESTRANGa:..l.. .1 EAsT SYRlAC "NESTORIlU""

....

~ ~

:P ~

-s,

...

.j

.

,

141

WEST SYRIAC

~ :
r< 2- N;
.!:3 ..:I '--J J
~ ~ (! "
:l ::1 .:l ,
en G'I I) :1
a Q _J ,
-, i
\ , .J
"", ' .... C n
\, -Av .1- ~ ,
rJ "J
, ....
..
~ fI, ~ ~ ~
~ .i J , ,
';c ,. f" ~
~ ~ w J
-.
co -'I ~ 0
..:::.... .j", t :3J
. !:l
..B. ~ L.....Q
~ ~ L)..::II ~ I
.. P
Jl ..a t,j I
; M .J , ,
::::. I
£.J TJJ I
oX. .x
:h .. _ n
I:'!I ~ ,

o d (pronounced as in "raw")

EASTSYRlAC

~

() a

(,) ,d (also used in me diphthong

alJJ)

C (or 0) ;

I P

o i

1 All

.... i

•

(II, ulu

j -

Ca, 0/6

READINGS

INTRODUCTION

It is emphasized that these readings are an integral part of this introduction to Syriac. They contain examples of grammatical features and information which complement the main grammar section.

Most of the readings are given in vocalized ser{d script.

However, since the student needs to become familiar with other scripts) Text 2 is given in each of the three scripts, while Text 9 is in estrangeld and Text 10 is in the East Syriac script (commonly called! "Nestorian"). The punctuation follows that of the printed editions and, 2!S in the manuscripts. is not consistent.

The notes with each text are aimed at making it as easy as possible for the student to read the text without recourse to further works of reference, Hence on grammar and vocabulary qU1tefull information IS provided, though unnecessary repetition· is avoided. Familiarity 'With the grammar section of this work is assumed! and cross-reference is made where necessary. Reference is occasionally made to sections ofNoldeke's grammar (see p. xix),

Vocabulary is not cross-referenced. New items of vocabulary are translated where they occurfirst, The 'Glossary aims to be comprehensive and may be used where vocabulary items have been forgotten. Personal and place names

144

READINGS

(asterisked as before wherever confusion could arise) do not appear in the Glossary.

Verbs are translated in the past tense, the meaning given

y'

being that of the particular stem in question. Thus ~ is

glossed as "killed": the particular form means specifically vhe kill.ed'" .

READINGS

145

Text 1: New Testament (john 1:1-18 and 20:19-25)

The following text is taken from the Pesirta version (early 5th @ 14,. J' 24 cent. A.D.)

146

READINGS

READINGS

147

.".

~l. It is Iike an aph, and! means "believed"; 10: ~;:,

"knew", perf. with. sfx.; 12: l:,:\ P .. of fG, "son"; \o~oJ,

. f fJP & ~. , 71 P'

impt. 0 OOl;,~OI.::Q" p. absolute pte. of ~OI (above); 13:

. &71 ~

_x ,< ,.>' !P ." "fl h" ':""l' . ...:' ~

~, .nor : ~i '!' .... , ,', es r"; of I, ethpe, of ~, "be gat,

bore"; 14: ~, ap~. of ~ (~, "dwelt, d_;scended";

'I 9 - . -$ H .'1 ". ',,, ". 11;>;1' .o9.fo " 01·' 1 ". IIIL ~ •.

~QA.., g 9ry '''rl, as, ~,...,.-, 00', y, ~so e .~ J,CIIO, passIve

pe. ptc. of ..lba, "filled", here construct s.; ~L~, "goodness,

" J? 6-, '. I,f _. . !U I ,~

grace ; ,b......Q.jJ', "truth"; 15: ~, "cried out"; W01' = p~ +

o~; 0$. is a kind! of "ethic dative", approximating to "for himself' (see Noldeke §2.24); ~!-o' "before me"; ~,..o,

;>

"first" (ordinal); 16: Jt~, "fullness, abundance";~,

H' d f' h C " . 1 -'_ 1- P

mstead 0" in exc ange lor; 17: ,u:D~,. "law"; i8:

-6, Ll' 6-

)Oo~ .• He~,er': (JOo~ ~,"from everlasting"); PQ!l,.,

"bosom"; ~.J:....,...l, root 4...., ethpa., "told, narrated".

r

19: ~;. "evening"; ~ ~ .. j>') "Sunday"; "':":"" passive

'?I :r· '",. ~

pte. of ...:.l, "closed, retained"; , ';-.l, "where"; J:.... y,". l,

.1' '. ..

'" ~

n~' ,-'11 ,Y~" .. 1" Jl j ? 9 ",. hill' oj _ -'

\~Ol, go-spt ; .o,o;..!), preac.··. g', -uta IS a common

ending for abstract nouns; 1-3a: see Exercise vA; 1J~,

,? ~.

"without", with sfx. added as if toa p ... noun; Jt- ,ll.9', "also

not one, not a Slagle one"; lOIO!, "it (f.) was"; 4: J~:.; "life";

4'" 1 7> l'

,OO1..~#; p. sfx .. because l::. is p.;. ',,,,oJ; "light"; 5: ,l;~,

"darkness"; ;~, aph, pte .. of ,&","shone, illumined", Ii,]'

y 71 •

aph, perf. of r;') "attained, understood"; 6: ;,.4t ethpa, of

... ., ..

;~! "sent"; 7: Jto!~,"testimony, witness"; !~,

H, ..•. . d'" r«: -6 " ,,"" P" • f f- 71 ~ •

witnessec ; ,.! :>'J, everyone; ~ou. lffiP, 0' ~01, In

effect ap~~el stem (see XIII.E) based on ~Ol, a by-form of

"disciple"; C,o&:, "Jew";~, "among"; ~. "peace"; 20: .. ar.., root J~.in pa. steml "showed"; ~~) "side)'; 0.;-', root .... f-, "rejoiced", like .~. (XII), but some intransitive types like this retain the .... iln . the pe. perf. Compare the

or

intransitive verb-type ~..:...m (IX.4); 22: ~, "breathed"; 23:

'71 }' :_~~ 1

) H'f" ' .. 2·4- IlL," v 7\ "th .. lv ,n.ll ' ... 11·;>)\ ,", ..... "'.

,I; 1,,; . ,I ~'L~ .. e twe ve ,a co ect1ve,)li.¥JU., twin";

25 J ~ .. _... f J t.. - " ,- 1 ." ,;> '7l (c. :111" , . '.." "

,:4-........::;JO" P: 0 I . 4~O~. pace; U,J' nair: ~" put;

,,~j, "finger"; ~~, aph. ptc., root ~, "stretched, held out"; ~,. "side".

148

READINGS

READINGS

149

Text 2: Did Testament (Psalm 110)

The following text is taken from the Pditta version (c. 2"d cent. A..D.).

-6,:h .. ~

...._.":._- ... \ ?

'~ ~:u

~_? ~ ~~ ?I -,:IF . 9 ~

. ~,~ r<'r<'i'~M:\ rC%...;

_J!m. p_ '\\,_ ... 4': .. ~. 71 .. , \~ __ ?' ~.

"-I ~;J. r< d\%l re:»;o~

~ ~

~t, Impv. s. of ..:!:Ib-..::, "sat": note the irregular imperative

(see XL 3); c-"Z., ethic dative, see Text 1:15; H.",,:, "right

~ ~ *

h d" • - ~ ". «til·" -1-" 1 ~( . f f ~

an ;, ~~, un _ .; }O' mi, . person pe. 1mp . 0 ~,

"put", which is otherwise like p1, (XI!).; ~a£,,"footstool"; ~~. "foot"; JL6'at., "staff, rod"; u....~, "strength"; ~4J', ethpa, irnpf., root ~, "ruled"; ,lL=;~, pa. pte.

~ . _

from ',,"")A_, "gave praise"; J;,o,,"giot}?';, J~~, "womb";

JO--~j "first, of old"; J_: ~, "young man, childH; ;:;;.:( n,

"be .. h 1 st f with f 'I" ~_ ~ " » (

I egat , 'c ere . persol1 s. pre"t.Wl S X.;.~, swore see

9

XII) ; ~!".; " pa, impf., "broke faith"; Jl~~, "likeness"; ";l~

-"110 ..

"b ke" 4. • f f ! ". d d' I" "" L rr

. roi e ; ,Ct:" pe. Imp. or ,~, JU ge. ';. ,. """'fU ,. p. of ~,

<'peopl;"; '!~_. , "corpse"; ...00";' 9) ~ pe, impf of ·0 m 9~ "cut

~ 9

off"; lL..J~ "stream, wadi"; J~, pe.umpf of J4, "drank",

Note the letter combination l in rue "Nestorian" script

J-~ 1l P

version; ~;~..e....J, ettaph, impf of 10; "raised up" .

4. 11

.,DC\MC\\Q

150

R AmNGS

READINGS

151

The text, concerning the coming of Christianity to Edessa, records the letters exchanged by Jesus and King .Abgar and! refers to the blessing of the city by Jesus and the image of Jesus preserved there ..

Text 3: The Addai Legend (c. 4th/5th cent. A.D.)

JI~ rr P' Y

... .J', ~o

f ~ j>'

?~m..,.

l p "1'>

L -!.. !. '. e " 1 p - - , if< l' 1

}o.:sr;;;J "black"; ~I, "healer, physician"; .... ,.... I , ethpe. of

" ~.

J~; "was seen, appeared"; ~Lc!.=l, "healing"; J';,,;,...,m; p. of

I .. r:»: '''d . . ,." .' 1"1'> "'. he b" 1~"1I~i.': f

~, rug; plgment ; 1~, root, . er ' ;, ~',.:s:J, pa, pte. or

~ , .

J..bl, "healed"; J;"~,, "blind" (pa, passive pte. of ;w..:);

~~, pa. pte. of ~Q1, "went", here «made to walk"; , !_ " .. ' "leper" ,~~ _;..,. pa .. pte. of t! up_ urifv" 'p . V'. "silent

p __ '-. , ~-, ~" J ,,....-.,

.~ .''?I, • ''7'1

(deaf, dumb)"; JI~, "roof-top" - J~~, "demon";

J 0"':;' '0, pa. passive ptc. from ..&:l.I&., "afflicted with pain";

I Y ,y - . .f , J'l'~' ,po l"

,~, "dead"; ),,+-0>0, aph, pte. of JO-"; ~ ~ "wonderful

things" (strictly a pe. passive ptc.): .l.:f,,;o;, "great"; ~, pe. Etc. of ~; ~, 1st person perf. pe. of ~" "sought";

'71 ,y P '"

JUl; 2nd m. s. impf. of JU, "carne"; ~; approximately

j

152

READINGS

READINGS

153

"while", but in context "so that"; ~,~ ...;,. "anything", hence as r. y

di _. , " ,"ii" " ,'" ". ') " ". ~ ~ ......... 'P'

an a Jecttve 'any or 2! certain ... ; ;, '. ,....1" as; J.~OI':

#' Y'

th b"''''' T 1 7' f IT.

see e ver ~01 m .exr :'; ~". p. pte. pe 0 .9",

" d" r $ .,.. 3Id . f f Y ," if d'

persecute' ; ~'c.9.0,..,,' p. rmpt, pe, 0 ~hcruCJlle ,

, 7> ~ I! _ r '11

with pronoun sfx.; ~, ptc. p...:::. (above); .... ;...m!lO, pe,

. f ;,,;, f ~ . ",.... d'" .p J, - f J '''1 k d

In irutrve 0 _1M, 'LnJlur,e ~ ,~;""", pe. ptc. 0' ..... , 00 e

, 4 ~

at; considered"; ,;Q)..""smaU"; FI, pe. passive pte, used!

I ~ +' with art active meaning, "holding", see Noldeke §280; 'i . o)~,

"fair" (here f. absolute); ,~;l, "two"; ~ 09) M, pe. pte. of 109m, "sufficed"; 1":;\~; pe. infinitive of ~, "dwelt";

p '11 '

J;'!, "peace"; Jt~l, "letter"; ~ can mean Hat the house

of ... ,. without an extra ,,;::, J'refIX; ~;, construct s . of l,;~, "great one, chief'; J; ',~,' "tabularius (scribal official)";

"'"

,,. pe .. impv. from "'l. This is not regular (see X). A

further pecularity with this verb is the non-pronunciation of the , in forms in which it should carry a vowel after

'}, l'

vowelless ,. E. g., the pte. is not V,l but Vjl, pronounced ~azd;

'11 9

..x,l,also impv.; r' ;' ..... , ;,ilL with sfx.; ,...~, ,l~) "to, at", with

~ "'. . v .__,.

sfx.; If,aJ, ':'goodH (noun)" may be used as a p. with sfxs, 110

P'

give "blessed is he, are you, etc."; ....Jb-~, 2nd m. s. perf pe.

f I,p ith f ;., .:~ Y' 2nd f f '11 ,. (sc b )

0,... wi r S x.; .4,~(11), m. s. per. 0 ~Otsee aove;

Y .

~~, pe., passive pte. of I.,;:)bo, "wrote"; ,~~ pe. pte. of J;_;

,~Ou') 3rd p. impf. of ~'6., (above); ~~, ,Hand that

,-- '11'$'

yoU! wrote, as regards the fact that you wrote"; IU, l " s. impf.

l' "" " '11 Y ~

pe. of JU, "came"; )O~o6t, "that thing"; L;!k.l, ethpa,

r

perf., 1 S'I s., of ;;;":"1 was sent"; ... ~~: the sfx, refers to the

I""y '7)

_'l'I,'1I IZ_·p. "h " ..... , '1'.11 ," ,. -"':"'Y)Ll' h f -,)

JO~; J..!),01, iere; ,>.r'l ...,~ now; ~, ,et pa. 0 ~)

"was finished"; ~} ethic dative, see Text 1:15 and Noldeke

§ -e _,-'h L ' ''"-

224; ~ is the same; ~, pe. pte. of ","" 1M'" "went up";

. ~ r ." r ,'. II. ~ ,~, ;; • r: r . . '11 IT

...... ,fA-. ,fA With sfx, ; , PC, when; ,~, pa. ptc.;~, ~,

" f" _" - ~ , h c. f f _. .""",- . " "h al d" '-" ,j,

one 0' ... ;,..__, ap . nnp . rrorn 1--, I.e I e _; -..o:>.i:l!l

y "wh " '''''-.'': 'h", f f I" """" d ..

" ....!!IO, w ioever ; ~', ap r • impr, ,rom~, rna' e return ;

• ~~ r

.lQ~, "city";..,..~, "blessed" (pe, passive ptc.); ~~,

ethpa, itmpf. from ~, "had dominion"; '- ~,"by the

I bv : f th fac th ;; II! s r

hand power that ..... y reason 0 ,'~act,', at ...; '~,.Y

"painter, carver"; ~, "took", can mean also "began"; ~,

J .

pe. per£ like ~, "painted"; ~.J, "picture, image"; ~

passive pte. pe. (emphatic) P: (s, I ~ -. ~I" \ of I.!..~" "chose",

" , « ':» ~ ~

hence "chosen, choice'; ... ])...l, aph, perf. from ILl, the first ..

being unusual since the normal aph. of verbs beginning with l

l'

is like ";01 from t='l. The second ... tallows the regular

pattern for verbs in fina] l. Hence, "he caused to come, brought"; ... ~;_., J;_ with, sfx.; ~" ~ (pa.) with sfx .. ,;

+' '11 , P

~, ~,with sfx.; Jf Co." "honour"; J~, p. of I~ (see

'P'~

VIP); JJ~l, "palace"; ~;, "belonging to".

154

READINGS

READlNGS

155

Text 4: Bardaisan (A.D. 154-222)

From The Book 0/ the Laws of Countries (early 2nd cent. A.D.): a dialogue on fate ill which it is argued that Christians are everywhere free to reject the customs and! laws of the societies they live in.

Note that this passage contains many tribal and place names: they are not in this case marked! with *.

I f

.l.bO -=- ~, "what?"; ,~~, "race, rank; tribe"; J\..;_ (f.)"

y" I" •

"new"; ;U, absolute form of ~~U, "place;', the absolute often

being used after ~ (see Noldeke §202); ~'i9, absolute p. of

~ Y ,9

JI~, "region"; ~Ir. aph. of JO-O; JI~khC, "coming"; 10",

- 'l) "h r" ~ _.1'_ _ "" Y '71 t.. - ~

"for behold"; , , ~, 'w ereve ;,uaa.., narne'; ~~J.~,

ethpe. pte. p. of J'-c, "called", with enclitic attached for ~:!; ~ •• !.;~, ethpa, ptc. from, .. ;.;) "gatherecl", also with

. . p ,

enclitic; JI~~, common P: of ~,~; ~t-c' passive pte. of

_~) "became bald, exposed", the passive pte. 'being used as an adjective, "evident, specified, special". Hence "special

I' Y Jf. - Y ''''., Y ."

days"; l.~,m" "food"; ~l~, ethpe, ptc. p. from

~.U.., "abstained from", with enclitic "we"; 1"" .r . "Gallia.

~ .

Gaul"; ..: 4. m!, pe. pte. of ~, "took; took in marriage";

JG;, "male person"; 'ct...g" "Parthia:";~" ;, p. absolute of

J{ ,~. _f',. « . ,.. ~r ." *(VI F)' 4: -9 "J- d ," f v '- .. ~ I..)..~, woman, wnc .. I ; !OOl.., ,u"aeay; ~'~J.~" -, .

ethpe. pte. p. of ;~ "cut, circumcized"; ,la...i', "our sisters"

(p. of J~);~, "among"; ~ "the Geli" (a tribe);

7! ~ r . 9 .; ,.. 71.· \: Y -;

I. Ie 0) "Kushanians", ~\..Q~, f. p. pte . ..9J!..ok" "had

intercourse', the passive of ..9laA., which is basically a ftJjl_ "el

, ." , J' f'

stem (see XIIIB); ~;,.c~, "foreigner"; ,..co.;..9" "Persia"; ~

p y

p. of Jt~; "daughter" (Vl.F); ,,!», "Jvfedia"; ..c~, "fled"';

J~, "a dead man";~, "buried"; \t::o) p. absolute of

p

adjective ,l:.:.., "alive, living"; J~~~, "food"; ,~.; '-0)

§ 'lI - 1

"dog"; ,O'~j ~; see ~. ~; above; \ ~ pe. ftc. f. p.

absolute from ~ "committed adultery"; ~l, "but"; ~~~; ethpa. pte. of ...c....;, meacing "avciding, keeping

~56

R_EADINGS

f " ~, r h f .... , - "h d d ..

away rom; ~ ~, ap . pte, 0 ,...._._, . "an e over;

~f, "judgement"; J~a1., "Hatta"; ~;, '<~ew st0t;esat"; ~ "thief"; J.Q0f, "place" (absolute of J.t:..oo'~); ~! often

h th "les ha ..... '" '11_ . -J:' "1' w" (h

as I e sense est, so t at ... not ;, j.m,Q;XU, a ... lere

,. r ,. r '

construct p.);. 'Lo,U, p. of J;U, "country"; <~o~" aph. pte.

of the root ...o~, "caused to withdraw, separated!"; J,~ ;;:., "fate"; . .UG,~, "governot, ruler", used here of the (heavenly)

• ~ 9

pm:l.rers controlling a man's desti:ny;~"" pe, participle of

~~, "forced, pressed"; Q,4_; ::.~. ethpa, infinitive of the

~ . p ~

root ~, "used"; Jlt~J, p. of .Jlad-,.j (f.), '{thing". Note the

mutation of the vowel 3 (U) into at consonantal 0' (way in the plur, Tills occurs in a number of nouns with. vocalic. endings

J' ; }.

in the absolute: here ~..J' See also Jl.o:i.J' "prayer", p, JILoS..j;

,~~, £ b hn . f-JI .. ~)". I ,. ., I sr «. ~ ,,', '1-._. . "

\~,. a . so ute p. 0 ~, UIl!C ean ; ,uOt,Q!), SKKHess;

, ~p J' ~. Jft -$

'1>. "h '. t",~ .... ~-$, "hea Ith": ,-"'~ "wealth"

~~, oweve, ~_._' . " -, .,

* ' .j:L~ j>'

'Lo1., M'V" "poverty"; JlQ;}1.., '''fxee-will'\J;.,).,''came to pass,

befell".

@ ~8

READINGS

157

Text 5:. Aphrah:l~ (flourished A.D. 337-45)

From his Demonstration 8, discussing the resurrection of the dead.

158

READINGS

READINGS

159

~, a.ph. pte. of the slightly irregular ~, "lived", The aph,

r

perf is ..,,:.l (only one .... ). .. Compare verbs with reduplicated

second root letter, XlI and! Noldeke §183; ~, "Hannah";

9 .

Il~.J' "prayer"; ~. aph, pte. of ~" "descended",

hence "making go down" (see XI, verbs with initial .J); ~o!..., "Sheol" (Hebrew name of the underworld); .0';'':', aph. pte. from . ~.a>, "went up". This verb is odd! in that it assimilates the "', somewhat in the same way as verbs beginning with .J, Its vowel distribution is identical with verbs in this latter category. As Noldeke notes (§183), it behaves as

"11

if it were ,..c.m.J; J_:~-~ l,. "Isaiah"; ~, "prophet";U;6;, "thus,

likewise"; ,~, 3rd person p. impf pe of l!-, "lived" .. The ~ instead of], reflects a tendency to treat this verb as if it began with l; J~, «corpse"; \ o~Q.&.., 3m r- pe. impf of p.e;

~ ?' l t.. :' 3,,1 ., f tln (XII d P eli'

,o~ .J."-.,j, . .. p. unp . e I' pe. '.' an I . - ara • gm 8: some

treat this as ettaph., see oldeke §J 77) of ;l., meaning in this stem, "was aroused, awakened"; ,at ...... ~ i 3cd p. impf. pa. of . "=-., "praised. glorified"; ,·;;.o!, construct p. pe, pte. of

" y #" .... J s

,=, 0 •. "slept"; . o.,""~dust"· 0 . "David": ....... "behold":

~..;&.&., .............. , _ .......... " .,...." .,

, , ''111'' ,. 71,

~, pte. of k, "did"; H.{-""L, P: of Jl;o~"l, "wonder";

• • ... io ..

J~ "giant, mighty man"; \ o;Q): 300 p. impf. aph., the

main form in which the root J~ appears, meaning

, r

"confessed" ( ... ;0';' per!-); \ atl\...J,ethp~. img.f. of the root

u..., "related" (~hQ; J~,. "grave"; JL~. "grace". We Inay note here that the Hebrew of this verse (Ps 88: 11-12) is interrogative and it is implied that God does not do wonders for the dead. Aphrahat takes it as indicative, with the Syriae

r r r ~

version; llf..,..', "how?"; ~~, see "'>".4,1 above; ~.".,:.

~ ~ ~

~oL, "again"; J.;...~, "Moses"; ,~l, aph. perf. of the root

,;"Q" "preached, proclaimed"; ~~:,.! . "clearly": ~

?t, ~.!..

J~, "resurrection of the dead"; '. ...,.', "as, as if"; ~a.9,

"mouth"; b..~», aph. perfect of ~,. "caused to die";

160

READINGS

READINGS

161

J'

. , 'f ,v "h 'd" ~, 'f IL~ ,_ ,.'

pe. pte, 0''>-»., ' ,ea:r, ; .' _, construct s. 0 ~, VOllOt, .

sound"; ~;o'9~, "trumpet"; JU pe. ptc. of JLo, • 'called"; J!J;'-o, "horn"; lb..;" pe. pte. of ~","caned",; ~o;,"he]ght, high place": ~o", "shaking, earthquake"; Jo~, pe, ptc. of J~01I;

Y , ' ,

~~~) ethpe, pte. of the root ..... ~, "was opened!";

7 '71

...... y,~, pe. ptc. of ~; Jb-~l, "hymn, praise, glory"; ,.:.

~, "one to one" to each other"; ~~, f. absolute, "great";

, ~ ,

L~U, ethpe, 3rd f. s. perf. of ,.&..;, . o. M 9>, passive pte. pe.

!'"' " ff'" '19 ,,,, "'h ,,# '" f

.0=,9), 'cut 0 . ; I~,' lope; 'e' .... ~, paSSIve pte. pe. 0

r " h ' . " .'" 11 St, . f 'f' J j , • I! , i." '''d rkn ' " .

...:w.., snut 111 " ~OO1I, f p. per ,., 0. ,001, ]..:J~, ar " ess ,

y "', r ,

., th f th . ,'( d" '. 'hi" h th l

~'~'I, err pe. 0 tne root ~", sowe ,ill W' C . e.

changes place with the, (see IX). In addition" as happens with ..J als9' , causes the l to chaI1p~s into , (with,J the l becomes

~; ~, "corruption"; ,~l;' ethpa, of ~, "was buried";

. 4

Ii. , ip , ., all . -II: hvsi al !i,e", ~ 11-" J' •

.I.."_}j,A.-cC;::u, natun I y, r,egar.wng p.yslcle; ;.."--~O"

.f I 'p.p

"spiritually"; Jlo&.to, "weakness. sickness"; ,lL...:., "strength";

... 01 J;6t, "this is" (1;~, "this (f.)").

..... """"""".. y'" "

II."'" f JfI." ~~ '.. rd" ,4'" " ''IT?~' 1'., "bel ed

~, p. 0' J,,~, WOf' • ,~, on y ,~, oveo,

friend"; J; ';", "deed"; 9~c!."W!~, .pa. gof the root JIQ...., "showed", with sfx.; 'lo,.~) p. of J~o;~. "witness,

p" •

testimony". See JL~.J.in Text 4; ,.,6)'0, pe. infinitive of ~,

"put", used as a compound with various nouns. Here literally "putting in d1oU!ght", hence here "doubt" (see VIlIS); ~fC,

~ . ~

r=. "be early! quick (in doing)"; J ::s.., "Elijah"; ~,r.U,

.f

th 3<d f f i: I' "'II P , i: I PH,; d"

e pe. ,'. s. per. o!l,"";~, m, P: pte. OJ!. J-" Irved ';

p" ,I",!P

f~;,l, "widow"; 0-.:...'. aph, of u, ("":"',0 with sfx.; eO~',

# '"71 V

~~, "gave" with sfx.; 'L;_''S;.." "Elisha"; ';. .. '¥'~ L,

~' ~

"discip]e"; ~b- _o_x,'" . !, "Shulammite" (f.);. )O~ otL, ethpa. 3Id

?l

s. f. ilmpf .. from p.C, "was established"; ~'l) pe. yd s. f. impf.

of ; ....... , "was proved true"; .~~L!, "of'two", i. e. "another,'

d" I -". '" "b " .. t, ,.; hr w" ~ ~ •• . cl"

secon ; ,.uc~ one; 0t-"-', ,~, t I e" ; ,._.." ' revrvec ;

L~ (above), 300 f. s .. perf.

~ r

'~ .. J ... .o,L., ~'Ezekier!;~l, aph. of ~, "caused to go

J P' ,..' '11 I"

out", with sfx.; ~), 0'2>, "plain"; O!~.l, aph, of t~;"

" _ . "; ,:4 ~+P' .' ~ H· , "

caused to pass by', WIth sfx .. ; \O~,~: 't- ( circle") 1S used

as a preposition, "around", with sfx. added to the p. form

.v"

",,;-;~, pe .. ptc. p.of ).!.....; )JJ;";, "man", literally "son of

h bei -,. ,J" " 'f' 1"'" .q_~ " ,'71 P

aumanemg; ~ .... , pe, pte. 0.\)..,.., Knew ;.~,

,. ~. 'II

construct of ~r~/J!~, "lord"; ~Lo;·..o, p. of the same; ~U,

?I,

ethpa, impv .. from the root ,(::':)_I, "prophesied"; ~t impv.:

~., "dried up"; ~ pe .. :nmpv.m. p. of ~; I ~ ,.7 ~,

r ~ ,

"saying, word"; ~l, aph, of ~; ~o,) "shaking"; ;U.O,

'71

"voice, noise"; ~ U, ethpa. of .IAJ..O, "was gathered";

.(, 'r .

~~, pa. infinitive of the: foot ..a.o~'; "broke in pieces" .

The infinitive is here used in a special construction ito emphasize the meaning of a following finite verb, or pte. used as a. verb, of the same root (see Noldeke §295-8); ~~, which follows, is the passive pte. of the same pa. stem. Hence

. ~

"also those which had been finely crushed";~G~, pa.

passive pte.. of ;...:;t, "shattered"; ~L, "was stupefied,

P 71 , ?>p

amaz:e4':, -E.9, absolute p. of J~, "region"; ~U pe. ptc~

P .. of Ill; f6r., "companion"; ~;.o...,) pa. pte .. of ~, "accepted"; JI.L~, "joint"; l~, "to"; t..;_, construct of

, ' , -

n . ..;, "daughter"; ,~o;, "yoke", the whole phrase being used!

r ~" . (Y ,. f ) ".c ." "'! ~ 300 f

101" 'compamon ~ I Ill., wire, associate ;4~;..cj . " S .

." F! r, "'. " '7>

pe .. of ~i-O "drew near"; ~;U, ethpa, of the root ~;,

162

READINGS

, 'lI

"was constructed;'; J1.o1 . .5.~) "dryness"; ~;. 3ld s. f. pe. of

_ "711 '71 "'?'.t

~;, "was /became moist"; 99,," U, ethpe. of 99', "was

joined" (note the short form of the f. plur.); J~ '<tendon,

y 'lI . 'll!

ligament"; ..... l;, "bubbled up"; ~~) "vern, etc."; p~tl',

11 , ~ 1 .." "11,: .,» J' .."

erhpe. of )Ot-C, "was spread over"; I?· '0, "skin"; ~"

h" I!p " .. J'I~ r "hair" 1'9_ ,. ..

"fles '; ~, 'sprang up;, t,.)..C!),' . aIJ:;}.J..io!:J, nature;

"nature"; ~~, pe, passive pte. of J!fa,., meaning "lying" thrown down"; ~::,,~,"the:rn"; OI~) pe. perf. from ~,

'-;' • p'

"commanded" with sfx ... ;4o,~ (f.), "spirit, wind"; .. l irregclar

lffipV. f. s. of JLl J,.:..,o; ~.~~ ,-"the four winds", is an unusual numerical expression of a type used for dose and fixed compounds (see Noldeke §152). We would normally

. 1. ,,~ .}'.. .

expect J.=.o, ~,l; ........ QS), impv, f. s. from ........5),,"breatbed"

P .;-

(note also ",9f); ~,"slain"; \ot.J~ 3cd P: impf. pe. of J,.!...;

.lJt..1.. «other, another"; ~; 3rt:! f. s. pe. of ~; "entered";

p .." P

~;, "foot"; ~: as an adverb: "very"; ~,"gre-at:,.

@ 19

READINGS

Text 6: The Chronicle' of Joshua the Sty-lite (c. A.D. 5(7)

The following text concerns the period of Persian-Roman wars of A"D ... 5'02-6.

164

READINGS

READINGS

165

!fo~, ethpe, ptc. of !to, "wa; ruble for, a match for, prevailed! over"; '.Q.O, "Kaw~"; u...:., "strength"; ; fA. , pa., H·" ? Y aN· e .. . - n t r r ,......... ." ib iI . hi h

sent ;~, .. u man ; ~, ~ ayite . , a tn as name wn c

came to mean !'Ara~", later "Muslim"; ,4,t' (silent '),3,d P: pe, irnpf of "t from. which the ~ falls out whenever the ,has no vowel The vowel of the .~. is transferred to the

P'

,; ~l, "south"; ~, construct" "house, district"; Wil..,

"H ." 7> d h .., I < Dip L . f

arranrte ;. ~,use. iere parntrve y, < some Or'; ,.,...m;a.9,

"Persian": .,:)~, "drew near"; }O! c::; with verbs of

~.

movement means "forwards" (with sfx.); I ~. \. ..... -0..6,

~ ~~~

"Constantina"; Ul., "Tella", ~p" pe, pte. P: of 'IP,.

~ . r

"plundered"; ~. pe. pte. of ~, "plundered, did

violence to", ~~, aph, pte. of ~;:_, "devastated";

Y.,.. ."

~lll == ~~l, "nineteen"; ... '-1 ... r....l, month

name, c.November; note that some of the verbs in the following passage appear in the MSS in the singular, where P:

,,j _ .... ...:: .-

is expected; ,00. Q:,>o~, "Olympius"; ..m.oo,; "commander,

j '* .

dux" ~"?I I "·E .", ~ l , .... :. "1\1 li " to.".

ux ; ~o"'?: ugeruus ; ~~, "n e tene '; J.,~,

"d dl·1 d!'~ 1-" _" H-' " ,.. l

. -. escen· e ; .J.,J.:::)j" time ;, .. 0 • ., an anomalous verb,

~

treated like an aph, despite the first vowel, "was able, found";

l!.,~, irregular p, of JLtc, "village"; .:;.,:-, "round"; ~r-,

'7:1' I;

"devastated"; ,_';9'll, ethpe. of .4£" "turned back, returned";

P' I'

~.; pe. infinitive of *' "turned back, returned";

I"

r' h f- v'" H d. kn .. JI 1'''' ...f ~,

~ ,01 > ap. 0 I '\\..~) c~use : to ; ow"; ,...., • ...., !", "500"; ~.b

absol~te p. of W1 J.L.J, "torrent, wadi!"; ~ cS., "not

I' .1' '1l

much, very little"; ...c...:...;, «far"; ~U, ethpa, of the root

u~:, "was prepared, prepared oneself"; "~' pe . mfinitive

1)

f ",- 1', ~ t - P ~. <OR . . f· ERE .".

o ~'i; ~OOi" . oman, cmzen 0 .• . oman I mpue ;

166

READlNGS

I" I"l; ~, t:

O'~I: passive of the four-root verb !'~. "scattered",

The pattern is similar to the pa.; ,o,~) "for themselves", a

all d " hi d . "(. T' .<., ... s I"

so-c e ett c. atrve see ext 1: 15); 0;';:". ~, pa. infmitive

~ #

of ~, meaning "strip" (transitive); ~, "night";

. Q. Y .- 1". .. . , ;;

\ ~,.." aph, impf of ~,,"caused to burn':'; '~;, "high

" I' .F" " - 1""1'. .

place ;,...~ i-O', "blow a horn";! ~ r' "such/ so that";

~ .""':- ... II!.. '. f' f 11 ,.. " ! r

\ Q.a.lQ;......." ethpa . .tmp. rom~, "was gathered"; ~,;.»,

«general" (strictly "border guard", of Persian origin); ,~~, pe. pte. of II;"", "dwelt, encamped"; ,,';'--;'1, -r-n

J. ,j'

B h .,',- r 9 " " • - Ii' J'b . h .,. W f

es mal ; o".,..,,_, saw"; ,01". rig, mess"; Q.L..", pa. pert, . .f

from the root Aot '<armed"; li.L.9,"cavalryman"';~~,

b· I -t f 1'-· J !:....( ~,J' ~" d" :l , .. 11-:

p. a so ute o~, many; rOl" turne ; ,O~) etruc

dative. see above and Noldeke §224; I <: . ;, "infantryman";

~ ~ ~

0" ~l, aph. of ~l, though formed as if from ,~, "was

~ '*:P Y' .. - ••

able"; ~~, ethpa, infinitive from .~x 0., "escaped,

'710 b~

saved himself'; ~lll (middle l not pronounced, hence here

- ,.. ~

omitted), ethpa. of~, "was compelled": ab; o'.:tO aph.

• " Ii' 11

jnfinitive of .,:);..Qi "fought'); ;fb..ml, ethpe. (with

transposition ofs and ~ of ~;.:m, "was set in order"; ~Lo, battle"; C~~, ethpe. pte. f. of 1'-0, "called"; J~, the

9 '-,.

Greek word X~AWVll, "tortoise" (military); ~~, "tortoise";'

IJ 11· " ... 7!

,J~ "time"; ~, "multiplied"; a.SI.m,oLU, etta~h. of ~,

'<:"__.' . . d dd d" 'I j I 10 "H;; ~l'L"'

was Increase, ace e ; ,LA.JO~,. un ;. 'II».., il. ethpa, of

~;l, "was broken"; J;t ;" <O:rank"; ~kl, ethpe. (with transposition of ! and !) from ~, "was troubled, put in

•

disorder"; ,,~,"each other" (see ~, "one"); ,~U. ethpa,

I" , . 11

of ~. "was mixed"; ,~ "dust'; (possibly read Fi 9,6,

"h. . ,. I, _:' ". " . ' , .

coves '); ~" - horse (form also used as a collective for

READINGS

167

71 Y

p.); .......;lU, ethpe. of .... ';,. "was trampled"; .C1'~>

;I; 710

. r "1" d d'I> I! ",,#,~ - ,

"trampled": . ..:1.;._) sew" estroye . ;Ji.:J~, rest·; . ...,.,;:);.. ........ 1,

ethpe. 'Of ~ (with transposition), "was led away captive".

I" ...

(p f '. f\. '" ". d")

a. pte. . rom ,;.. ...... , . mcrease;

~

!~l,"Amida" (modern Diyarbekir);

If~. ,. c 11 n

. -'. e_xce ent

, ,

I' +-?o

J' ""b:' h .,

acme 911. 1·18. Op ;.

'l\

__J'LU, ethpe. of ,_J meaning "was at rest, took rest", here

'"

"died" (some regard the from as ettaph.); ~.;o~ ,~,

"b C " 0$ '" J'" ioed ".~ ." "

"oerore ; ,Oi_AJ, ....... encampe ,etc. ; d"'L co, went up ;

";~:>, construct P: of ,~; "son". "son of ... " often indicates

, . # ,

"someone belonging to ... "; .mo~, "clergy"; p.:..;, pe. pte.

of ~;, "loved", here in the construct used as a noun; 'f\. .r.I" . f th b '" - - "adorned"

.4,~...ro, pa, passIve pte. '0 - tr epa. vert .!..~,J' .. . ,

~J, "illustrious"; .mo1:~, "Flavian"; J.O..:~,

- . J P' .f. ~:t', . . H ,P' P I,!" . _ !,.,,,

. "patriarch"; __ .,. ~I> "Antioch ; . ~F -r--' grasped

with honour, held in honour"; ~L, "there"; ~;~.

?' 11

"afterwards" (also ~;~); ~ll, erhpa. of ~, "made

his escape'; ~, "captivity"; )J~, "Nonnus"; ,:..!. c,

,-~ -, "') +-"

"priest"; JI~; (J~ ~;, "steward"; ..m:.91, aph, with

sfx, from the :root pys, meaI111lg petitioned". This verb IS a loan

"persuaded, asked,

~

from Greek rraroot;

,

Jl~',

? t-: _. ......,'!_.! ". d"

IJ:D'Q.Q..~, "clergy"; ~', pa.,reOeI.ve;

" ~

"headship", here construct with Jl~oJ" "priesthood"; ;~,

~ P. #.."

pa "sen" t"'· L "= ,o'l "Thomas'" '( O",m. 9l,~ QQ

") . -, ~, ..,? ,

"chorepiscopus", a priestly subordinate of a bishop in charge

- p

of a (country) district; ~'.!' "led, governed"; l.!;~t

"Amidan": 'W; iropf. of ~J.;.; JL~,~, "gift"; p~,

'" .."

"anything, some"; a..~4.t ethpe, of J~ (with

168

READINGS

transposition), meaning in this stem "agreed with, conspired

. J

with"; ,lQ;';, "petition"; ,,' ,~" , "sent": It-. "forced, , d" 1';'1" .". d" 1 J'l " h " I!. r ,., Id" ~~, c:>. restate ; .u." JU ge ; , J...t-, W 0 ; ~01~:'4 go, ;~,

pa., "distributed"; ) ;.;, .;:,";;, "poor" Jli~, "for this

P Y' Y , ~ . .i- ,

reason"; Jl~,ll, p. of J;U, "land"'; U·.,_L "other"; J~.

. y y

d .r» *. "h f· JPX -" "

"wan ered"; ~09)n, ap . pte. 0 ~;,~, corpse;

, .." ,;. -~ Y.J

~;"Ot, "then"; ~"I.,~, ethpe. ptc. of ~". "was ordered,

. d"

appointe ...

@20

READINGS

169

Text 7: Barhebraeus (A.D. 1226-86)

Barhebraeus (Syriac Bar 'Ebroyo, Arabic Ibn al- <Ibn) "vas Syrian Orthodox Maphrian of the East. The following text is taken from his Chronograpf?y: part of his account of the Crusades, specifically the dealings of King Richard of England with Saladin and his entourage in A.D. 1191.

]70

READINGS

READINGS

17]

r., r ,

;l~,l, "England";_,. J~~,l,"messenger, ambassador";

J f . r 'll 'lI

..... "behold" ... ,....... '" thp . f' . "was xi . 'd:

....." .:;;'., ;_~.) e .::11. 0 i.fO~ wase:ome.l,

broken in, pieces"; J.k..:., "war"; ~ "side"; , .. ~U ~~, "h 1 II! til h ...... H p~ P thus' ' .

. ow ~ng? (literally: urm whenr)"; ,u.::JO!, ", .. us"; 0..0"

from , .. ~,;, "became drunk" (compare .. ;- in Text 1:20);

J "1) ". ,..

,9)..,a", "sword"; L::t,) "blood"; .,..=>OIl,aph. impv. of -f9O!,

"returned, changed"; ~.,.; .;" "now, therefore"; . _t... ..." m ." 2nd

]72

READINGS

READINGS

173

s. perf. of ~, '(took"; ..... ; ,~" "rather, especially" (see

~" .9 ~. '"

Greek l:laAAOV); JL~, "worship"; ~~: ~

with sfx, "on account of it"; .J 0 0, ,,1St p. of ~ W]th encli~c ~; ~~; pt p. impf of .0';., "]eft desisted"; ....J'll .. the ethpe, equivalent for verbs like pi" from the root

7>

_j, often ~lU (with two L s) in the perf.; here impf 2nd s.

"' .. ,- -, . .», -'J' ,F' f t ',- "'. Ii d" .... o,{_ "-, .".

m., was at rest • ."..J..9. pa. rom j.ee, rep e ,~ not";

of _!. -, .,., «e 1 ,. ( Y _...t '~fi ell") f ~

~~'~ ~, rormer y see P~'~' ' irst OIL a ; .... ,QA._~

p F Y

f'lp+ 4 "b' •. "J~ ,J'" . .

construct 0. "..,QA.,egrnmng;, J.,' 09>"', .' eruption, gomg

r

out, emergence": Q.,.;.~.J, aph, Fierf., of J~, "snatched";

y ~

~;, aph. of ~) "were weakened"; ~~" "a little";

4- JI' 'JI _J 'JI, 4

,ob-lt 2nd p. m. perf. of IU, "came"; u...~, "now"; ~,

i P "',

"because of, concerning"; \',01:--._ '~l. '" pte. p. of ~l. with 2nd

.J\ <,,' '" ,'/'

p. m, enclitic pronoun; ~~,,' ~l with 3ld f. s .. sfx.; .... ~.

"much more"; ~;~, aph. pte. with enclitic pronoun of

?: "'l 7)." . , r <'" y

~"o (root ~Hjom.ade great, honourable"; ~. Q,j,); pa,

y

pte. with enclitic (root f,...O.)" "treated with reverence"; ~,l

,', "as"; ,11;ol" "Qur~an"; l;~, pte. of If>>,J' "wanted"; ,~.t-J, ethpa. impf. (root ,~),"connected himself by marriage": this verb is a denominative based on the noun .u:~, "relation by marriage"(see VIILB); ~, with the foregoing,

'" .Y . .~

"through, by way of'; .,.ot.l, 11.1, "brother", with sfx.; eX':"

19 9", r;;:

~;.lr "Malik 'Aclli"; I~, "sister"; LU, 3rd f. s. pe. of JiLt

. ~

~m";') pe. infinitive of ~, "worshipped"; ,t '''if';

,i ~~'.9 f J'.'" '" 'h?' I' P "'b k 'd"

L-.....J..~, P: oJ.,~~, Cl"J; Ii 5'> m", '. an, S1 e

(construct); ~) "sea"; ~, '<fort"; "Q,~7' "alone only"; ,~; ~, "ordered, ruled, had! command"; )..;.;~, irregular

• J' •

p.of J~tc, "town, village"; ,~! p. of ~o;, "afflicted"; the P:

being used of "templars, knights ternplar"; c~,;~t

, ,

"knight hospitaller"; ).;'0'0" f. pte. of 'I~Of;~lc.1~,

". ,

"relationship created by marriage, wedding"; ... :'l, contruct p,

.9 •

of~!-l, "hand"; JJ,l~j "dwelling-place"; ~, "agreed to";

71"." . . -- '. d" J "--_ ?' H.. • ~, I P!. ~ . .

~, was inflamed ; "'~'j desire"; ~,o,', "prince, great

" II! r. "1..11 " .... , ... :' f ...:..."'- _ y

man;~, e oer ; ~, Imp. of ,_; ~, "much";

11 ~.~ . ~

·Om), J.,~~ pte. from .oan, "was difficult", ethpe. "made

11..;- If diff ul n I .. ' l' " r <" 1-

rumser .,' c t; }..JO.a,t-)..;asrute, clever"; ,~ .... , pte. pe. of

yl' " n .". ". . . II 4 • . p P

~!",*l knew",; WIth enclitic pronoun; JJ pof:...», "(never"; ll91,

':'noi;; ~~;, ethpe, pte. (with tunspos/tion) f. of ~,J' "was willing, consented"; l.~, construct of ,L";'" "daughter";

'I e. .. . J P

P;, "great"; ~ 1001 can mean "married"; ~, adverb,

"weIr'; C~ passive pte. C~emphatic") of l.fo, "was able", hence; "it is possible"; .li" "kind, type": 'u,Q, "by way of";

P y y y " '

'~Ofl, "jest, mockery"; l~l; "as"; ~, aph. pte. of ~,

"was accustomed"; at.~, aph, infinitive of ...... :.p'~ .. ", "joked";

P - ~ Y·~

It 1- po ,,,.,, ~ Y" . . " ' 'L nd .

~ •• : • .I' cunrung;, ~ ~:l therefore"; ~.. 2 - s. impf

. ~ ~

aph. of ......... (.aa.....), "saddened, hurt"; ~'b- .... J, ethpa. (with

• l'

transposition) of ~;...." "was enticed, cajoled"; J:...._z ,.1,

~ , y .,. ,i~,

"ambassador;"; Jlo":" .::" "agreement"; O1I;_l, ..:.l with sfx.,

?' ..f !Ii 'I

"retained, kept"; ~, "night"; )"~. ,., "day-time"; ~~,

9 •

pa. pte. of ~;...., "enticed; cajoled"; J~l, f. absolute ptc.;

II,: :;...., ;; p' "... ... '" ". '" ."

.... ~, true; ~OI, returned; i. ...... 0\.:),. pe. paSSl'ile pte., of

,--- , ...

lOo,"\'I.1aS ashamed", hence "in shame"; .. ~~ ~r~ ~L,

"'Taqi ru-Din cUmar"; J.!.;ol,. "journey road." , 'lb "KhiIlat'"

p ~ "'15 ' . .'

'~:;l, pte. of~f(; ..::»; 01, aph, impf. of ..;);..0, "fought";

, JT

... ~~O'Il, aph. 3cd m. p. perf. of ~~I, with ]Id m. s. sfx.,

• 4 y ". -;, Y

"brought him back"; "'90~, "buried"; ~i '9. '0,

i -

174

READINGS

READINGS

175

;

('Maipherkat";.p.m, pe. pte. ofll.co. "hated";,U" "without";

1" "'. '" ..!'"

.kO-" p., "mercy"; ... l, "shed"; t: bo;l,"Armenian"; J !~,

. . # •

"labourer"; ~, "wronged, miserable"; ;~

"Gabal Gur": ,~,,:, ~. "Malik Mansur"; ~U , ethpa., "was confirmed, fortified, took refuge"; .o~, pe. pte, of

.'l\

- 0';._, "left"; JI,ol.~, ethpe. pte. of the root Jot "agreed with,

- . ~

made alliance with"; ~'!-.o~. "Begtimur"; JI~. "Lord";

r

,;~Z_, "therefore"; . ,';;;O!l, aph. of ~01, "ignored, turned

. - " J~' p ,,- h . .n '"'" ,"' "". ," l' d n P • - '\

away ; .. ~,. at 11: at moment; ~ ~ 10, a it e ; ... 01,0(,

• p

'''Edessa''; ,0., "Harran"; .'" ~, "'Samosata";. ~,~"

b'. vi" '71.1"

aph, pte. f P: of ~) "set off"; ~~l,.l, ~L,l, "two"

with sfx., "the two of them";J;~ "band" (f.); ~~,

~ 9 "'1 .' '7l

"towards'); ,os. CA, "Ashkelon"; ~~, pe. passive ptc. of

J .9 '< d '" P r N ,. ,., .I 1'1 L ''"' .• ~

..... 'encampe I, etc. '; ~, ~ "put, set '; J.J~,

, «<:» v I .' ~ I'" 1, ~- r

"ambush"; ~Q__9", pte. of ~; 1~~, "camp";~,

. fi . . f ~~, Jj d' 'I s. ! " . f d"

pa, innmtrve 0 "Q'~' co I eCl,e ; ~ __ , piece 0·' woo ;

0;:"', ~;....; ~U, ethpe. of ~'{was uncovered)'; ! :'l_O;, "rode"; ~. ~, "every one"; ).:..m~, "horse"; ~, "met,

• 7> ?' -JI '" '11

attacked»; ~, pa. of~, "slew'; o~lll for ~lk;'

ethpe. of ..:.l, "was seized"; _l;..t9,"horsem.an"; ,~,

• • .4

n nl ",., , - P.f ,,- din . ". ; . 'I P .' "b] d ' - . d'"

o y. ~~, or ary: ... ~,., JI.A."ame , accuse ,

"jtj.

• ,17' ! . I,! _ "" '11.~ "~[ ,

with sfx.; ~,pe. ptc'1lof ,~, sought; '1'*',.....'1, 1 s. impf of

J;"" with sfx.; ~l, pa. ] sr s. impf. of the root ~,

" k l) I"" -,. ch d ( ) JI J # ,

. spo e ;.a.Q.J, . prt ,e . tent, encamped"; ~ .... , "tent,

, ~

etc;'; ~ ~,"outside"; t"'j, "towards, at"; ~~, "saC;

~l, ~{theren; ~;, "evening"; .... ~, "departed"; )1;;....

v '11'11 .,

"each other"; ,h. <, ob. "sultan"; ..:)tl 1M s, imp£. of ~~,

"'t;J--' 'lI i" .

"sat" (see XI.3); }.:, •. J' "was willing"; ~L,l) "two. (things),'; ~.

,

"indeed" (Greek J1€v). It is used for "on the one hand .... ";

, r

~, "was afraid"; ,t:-L '~oth~r (thing)"; ~J, aph, perf. of

r , I Y

=y.-,., "conceded"; 001, OIL£:::.., "towards hitd'~ OOt,

emphasizes that Richard is referred to: by implication, Richard ought to come to Saladin; ,~,.;, "therefore";

#1"" f I .p' ,.... 01 Ii d'; '1IP - f- '.. c;'"

..w.9, pa. I) .~. rep' e . '; ...o!,; pe. pte. 0 ...0" 'was ntnng ;

\ a1u.-6~, erhpa. impf of ...a..cl,"were gathered,. assembled"; .)J'

11 1. "str - --gth agreemem" (11- ere .... ons ...... ret); II ~ Y "peace"

", , ~I en-I ., .•.•. _.-'I'-"I~, ."- . ..__,' '·u_u ,).,LJ..e.&." .. , .,

~ !'" r

~~. "until now"; , .... '),')', pa. passive pte, of ;;1..., "fixed,

• A _ r

d" -$- '11 ~ " k d th 'ht" ''".::: t.. ~- ~ ~

agree ; ",::,,~, ~ fee oneo, . Qug, t ;~.4~,

ethpa, pte. of ~ (with transposition), "understood";

. ~

J'...... P-" h 'I~- ., # 1'",' "'« ' f '. "(G k

p~, speec '0 .Lauguage ; ...,...QJ..J~, or necessity . ree

. .1""

,! ) II!~. .. '" ~- w "t.. ~! "b "

avayKT]; ~;;.~ interpreter"; .J.,~, . etween";

... ~Q..'1 "'» f, pe. impf of ~, "made, worked, appointed" with sfx. anticipating the object: probably I" p. with jussive meaning: "Let US appoint the amhassad.o~ as interpreter' (alternatively 3rd s.); ~, "there is not"; JlQA. r m,"need";

9 '1\ .. 4 i" . .; ...

~, «meeting"; J~_b...b, "w.inter";c.:::u.. ,"Akko"; ~~,

. r. i" p. F' ... . . p

"20"; J; ~, p. of ~', "1000" (hence 24,000); hJ. .. ~

. f

"dinar, denarius"; }.:;01', "go[d";;;:':", pa'j «set free"; II;;, ,;;;",

"" .'" ",

pnso:ner.

Leshono Suryoyo

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Leshono Suryoyo

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Volume 2

Lesbono Suryoyo II J' P,. i 1 l' r ~,', ,...,a.m' ; ,e ~

S-ar putea să vă placă și

Leshono Suryoyo

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Leshono Suryoyo

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

﻿Volume 2

Lesbono Suryoyo II J' P,. i 1 l' r ~,', ,...,a.m' ; ,e ~

S-ar putea să vă placă și

Volume 2