Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
31
November
2010
A Joint Publication of The Japan Iron and Steel Federation and Japanese Society of Steel Construction
Tobu Railway Co., Ltd. and Tobu Tower Sky Tree Co., Ltd.
Special Issue
Increasing Application of Seismic- higher levels than those for general build- events. It will also be important to develop
resistant Structures ings. Further, in the case of adopting design connection details that will enhance the ef-
Fig. 1 shows the percentage of steel-frame criteria to mitigate damage levels, it is con- ficiency of damper-to-frame connections.
high-rise buildings (60 m or higher) de- sidered effective to adopt a design method
signed from FY2000 through the first half of that suppresses frame damage by incorpo- Diversified Yield Points and Tensile
FY2006 that incorporated vibration-control rating hysteresis dampers in the frame. In Strengths of Steel Products
devices and base-isolation devices1). Fig. 2 order to promote seismic-resistant design In addition to conventional steel with lower
shows the ratio of various dampers adopt- methods in the construction of low- and me- yield point limits (lower limits for tensile
ed1). dium-rise buildings, it will be important to strength) of 235 (400), 325 (490), 355 (520)
Primarily three types of hysteresis damp- develop dampers that are suitable for low- and 440 (590) N/mm2, ministerial approval
ers have been adopted: steel plate seismic- and medium-rise buildings and that are high has been given for steel offering various oth-
resistant walls that employ low-yield point in recoverability following disastrous er levels of lower yield point limits (tensile
steel having lower yield point limits (lower
limit for tensile strength) of 80 (200) N/mm2 Fig. 1 Ratio of Buildings Incorporating Vibration-control and Base-isolation
and 205 (300) N/mm2; shear yielding panels Devices in Steel-frame High-rise Buildings
of Y-shaped braces and studs; and buckling- 100% No use of dampers
restrained braces that employ low-yield 90%
point steel and SN490B as the bracing mate- 80%
70% 1 kind of damper
rial. The annual ratio of hysteresis dampers
60%
adopted in building construction runs be-
50%
tween 40% and 65% (refer to Fig. 2).
40% 2 or more kinds of
Among viscous-type dampers are visco- 30% damper
elastic materials, i.e. dampers that absorb 20% Base-isolation device
energy by means of shear deformation in 10% + 1 kind of damper
viscous materials, and oil dampers that 0%
Base-isolation device
adopt cylinder-and-piston energy absorp- 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005.2006
tion mechanisms. The ratio of viscous-type
Fig. 2 Ratio of Various Dampers Adopted
dampers adopted each year ranges from less
100%
than 30% to more than 40%.
90%
In addition, positive efforts are increas-
80% Viscous damper
ingly being directed toward the develop-
70%
ment of new dampers and their incorpora-
60% Other dampers
tion in design.
50%
Various methods to improve the seismic
40% Buckling-restrained brace
resistance of low- and medium-rise steel-
30%
frame buildings have also been applied, de- Low yield point steel
20%
pending on the application and importance panel (stud, y-shaped brace)
10%
of the buildings. The design input seismic Low yield point steel
0% seismic-resistant wall
motions for great earthquakes are set at 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005.2006
Facing the Sumida River in the eastern part Flat triangular framing was examined for On the other hand, as regards the tower’s
of Tokyo, the Narihirabashi and Oshiage ar- the tower base so that it could welcome vis- two observatories, because it was supposed
eas were once flourishing centers of Edo itors entering from these avenues. that visitors might want to look in the direc-
culture (17th to late 19th century). In Febru- As a downward sweeping structure, the tion of their homes, importance was placed
ary 2006 the Tobu Railway Co. proposed to tower is reminiscent of an ancient Chinese on providing a 360-degree view of the entire
local broadcasting companies and to Sumi- kanae or tripod kettle (self-supporting with Kanto area. To that end, it was found that a
da Ward that a huge steel tower, called the three legs) that imparts a sense of stability to circular form would be appropriate for the
Tokyo Sky Tree®, be built there. The first those who view it. In addition, the triangular observatories. In addition, the adoption of a
thing particularly emphasized by the client shape allowed the maximum possible width circular form would make it more conve-
at the start of the project was the “creation for the tower’s base within the confines of nient for attaching antennas in any direction.
of a landscape beyond space-time there.” the construction site and, further, its adop- Also, a circular design, when subjected to
During subsequent stages of the design tion allowed for the introduction of a stable external forces, is better than a triangular
work, consistent efforts were made to real- structure requiring the minimum use of form in meeting external forces exerted
ize this theme. structural members. Also, careful consider- from any direction in a well-balanced man-
ation given to the tower design helped to ner in order to maintain tower stability.
High-rise Tower in the Shitamachi avoid any sense of oppressiveness in sur- As a result, the tower configuration pro-
District rounding areas. gressively changes from a triangular shape
Rising high above the Narihirabashi-Oshi
age area of Sumida Ward, the Tokyo Sky Area in and around Construction
Tree is surrounded by several shitamachi ar- Site for Tokyo Sky Tree
eas (traditional shopping and entertainment
To
Ar
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Hikifune Sta.
Ke
Lin
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Kit
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The construction site lies at the center of ajik
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Tobu Railway Co., Ltd. and Tobu Tower Sky Tree Co., Ltd.
at the base to a circular form higher up― There are two perspectives from which a
giving the tower a unique configuration not single tower can be viewed: one is from a
found anywhere else in the world. distance with the tower soaring upward
from the ground, and the other is from the
Changing Configuration of the base of the tower looking up at the sky.
Tower These two perspectives stand out in the
The changing configuration of the tower memories of tower visitors.
from a triangular to a circular shape pro On the other hand, for the Tokyo Sky
duces “warping” and “camper” in the tower Tree, it is the distant view from beyond the
design, forms that are found in traditional Sumida River that is most memorable. From
Japanese culture. The triangular cross-sec- the avenues running in diverse patterns in
tion that dominates the lower section of the neighboring shitamachi to just beneath the
tower becomes circular at a height of about tower, the gently changing appearance of
300 m above ground. the tower from a triangular shape to a circu-
When viewed from the side, each of the lar shape emphasizes the tower’s unique in-
lines extending upward from the ground terplay of warping and camper. Offering di-
along the triangular part of the tower draws verse appearances depending on the point
a gently depressed arc. Etched clearly from which it is viewed, the tower is linked
against the sky, this arc closely resembles to the quintessential nature of the shitama-
the “warping” seen in katana, or Japanese chi alleyways and to the freedom, change
swords. The diagonal lines that girdle the and originality peculiar to the Edo merchant
three sides of the triangle form a gentle con- class. Accordingly, the tower is not an inde-
vex pattern called “camper.” An example of pendent production; rather, its appearance is
this is the subtle swelling seen in the colon- brought about by the consolidated embodi-
nades of Japanese shrines and temples. At ment of the tower itself and shitamachi char-
first view, the configuration of the tower acteristics.
seems simple, but in actuality it contains ex- A new architectural landscape will be
tremely complex curves. born. In it, the Tokyo Sky Tree will employ
advanced technologies and never-before-
Tower Design Transcends Space- adopted design approaches. At the same
time time, it will inherit and embody the deeply
The world’s most prominent towers are rooted culture of the locality in which it
commonly located on a clear urban axis, as stands. We believe that the landscape thus
is the Eiffel in Paris, or next to the sea, a created will manifest the theme: “creation of
lake, or a river, such as the CN Tower in To- a landscape beyond space-time.”
ronto and the Oriental Pearl Tower (TV tow-
er) in Shanghai.
Name of storm Return period Average wind velocity equivalent to basic wind velocity
Level 1 storm 100 years 36.0 m/s
Level 2 storm 500 years 40.0 m/s
Level 3 storm 2,000 years 44.7 m/s
Maintenance deck
Fig. 4 Framing Drawing
Horizontally-connected
truss
Kanae truss the adoption of welding. Further, due to the
Intermediate tower
heavy weight of each member, it was deter-
mined that the members would be divided
into shorter sizes conforming to the trans-
port and lifting conditions, and that these
members would then be transported to the
Rib truss
Ring truss construction site and joined together by
Plan: Ring story means of on-site welding.
Given such circumstances, it was neces-
Kanae truss sary to adopt steel products that were not
Outer tower
Intermediate only high in strength and toughness but
tower
Inner tower
also excellent in weldability including pre-
heating performance. The steel products
Shimbashira having a yield strength of 400 N/mm2 or
Rib truss more that are used in the construction of
Rib truss
Horizontally-connected truss the Tokyo Sky Tree satisfy the performanc-
Ring truss Ring truss
Kanae truss es thus required, and, at the same time,
Plan: Horizontally-connected truss
have been approved by the Minister of
Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tour-
Kanae truss ism particularly for use in the construction
● Built-up column employing four columns, and horizontal and brace of this tower.
members
● Arranged in the top of the triangular plane form ● Design of Tubular Joints
● Main member to resist horizontal load
Because kanae trusses and structural mem-
Horizontally-connected trusses bers such as columns, braces and horizon-
● Connecting intermediate tower and ring trusses every two layers tal members for the outer tower are three-
(25 m)
● Working as members to transfer the horizontal load (in-plane), and
dimensionally linked together to form
members to stiffen the buckling of kanae trusses and peripheral connections, steel pipe was adopted in
columns terms of the cross section, and the so-called
Ring truss tubular joint method (Fig. 6) was adopted
● Horizontal members arranged every layer (12.5 m) to join the pipe members. The reason why
● Working as the member to stiffen buckling of peripheral columns the tubular joint method was adopted in-
Steel plate
Steel plate
SRC
continuous
Pile section subterranean
wall pile
Geological
age Geological classification symbol
− − Surface soil, buried layer B
Yurakucho Clay soil layer Yuc
Alluvial layer
layer upper
section Sandy soil layer Yus
Yurakucho Primary clay soil layer Ylc1
layer lower
Secondary clay soil layer Ylc2 Steel-frame
Quaternary
section
Buried roam layer Clay soil layer bl member
Sandy soil layer bts
Buried terrace
Diluvial layer
8000 mm
EXP.J EXP.J
RC continuous
subterranean wall pile UP UP
GL– about 35 m
Shim-
Operating bashira
range
EXP.J EXP.J
The tallest self-supporting tower in the Among the major facilities of the tower are The shape becomes gradually more round-
world is being constructed in Tokyo. an antenna tower, a first observatory (350 ed, until at the height of about 300 m it be-
Named the Tokyo Sky Tree®, this 634 m- m high) and a second observatory (450 m comes a perfect circle. The major advanced
high tower serves as a freestanding radio high). construction technologies and materials
broadcasting tower that transmits terrestri- The lowest section of the tower is trian- adopted in the construction of the Tokyo
al digital and other broadcast signals. gular in plan and supported by three legs. Sky Tree are introduced below.
Project Outline
• Name: Tokyo Sky Tree® reinforced concrete
• Location: 1-chome Oshiage, Sumida-ku, Tokyo • Foundation work: Cast-in-place concrete piles
• Site area: Approximately 36,900 m2 (tower plus and underground continuous wall piles
the East and West districts) • Commencement of work: July 2008
• Height: 634 m • Planned completion: December 2011
• Building type: Observatory (first at 350 m, sec- • Client: Tobu Tower Sky Tree Co., Ltd.
ond at 450 m) • Architect: Nikken Sekkei Ltd.
• Structure: Steel, steel-reinforced concrete, and • Constructor: Obayashi Corporation
Second observatory
(450 m)
First observatory
(350 m)
Obayashi Corporation
Obayashi Corporation
Elevation Spring 2009
Antenna tower
Antenna tower
500 m
400 m
Obayashi Corporation
Shimbashira
(with stairwell)
200 m
Cross section at 200 m
Tower structure
(steel pipe truss)
Shaft
100 m
Cross section at 50 m
0m
Cross section at 0 m
Foundation pile
Obayashi Corporation Obayashi Corporation
Autumn 2009
Shimbashira
(center column)
Compressive
Uplift force force
Wall
Obayashi Corporation
Obayashi Corporation
Winter 2010
Obayashi Corporation
Spring 2011
Thermo-mechanical control
Conventional
Temperature controlled rolling
Thermo-mechanical rolling Accelerated cooling
Ordinary heating
temperature of
steel piece
R
R R R
Normalizing R
temperature R
R R
R
Ar3
Ac Ac
Ar1
CFT Columns
— High-strength Steel-Concrete Composite Column
Members —
By Atsushi Fujii, Research Institute of Technology, Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
Tooru Hirade, Takenaka Research & Development Institute, Takenaka Corporation
Fig. 1 Treatment of Value CγU depending on Fig. 2 Treatment of Corner R Section depending on Width-to-
Axial Force Ratio and Width-to-Thick- Thickness Ratio
ness Ratio
0.5 0.5
* In the case of
45˚-direction
γ U = 0.85 loading, it is
Axial force ratio
C
Axial force ratio
23 30 23 30
Width-to-thickness ratio Width-to-thickness ratio
0.95