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Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

8.1

Fan Blades
Inlet Grille Diffuser Exit
Air Flow

∆pssystem

∆ptsystem Total Pressure


Static Pressure
Velocity Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
A B C D E F G H

CH8-2 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-3
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

8.2

8.3

8.6

IP 8.4

SI 8.4

8.5

CH8-4 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-5
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

h
F
L v2 Pipe Diameter in feet, D
Friction Factor
D 2g

.008
.009

.015

.025
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .8 1 2 3 .4 5 6 8 10 20 25

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08
.09
.01
.05 .07

0.1
.04
103

.06

Flow - Zone - Zone


Laminar Critical Transition

2
Lami .03

0.2
nar F
low
.02 .05
2(103) 3

0.4
6
.04
4 5 6 8 104

0.6 0.8
.01

10
.008 .035
.006
Riveted Steel

20
.005 .03

2
.004 Concrete
2(104) 3

Smooth Pipes

Complete Turbulance, Rough Pipes

40

Values of VD for water at 60˚F (Velocity in ft/sec x diameter in inches)


.003
Wood Stave
Reynolds Number

.025

4
60
.002 =.
03
4 5 6 8 105

6
100

f For Complete Turbulence, Rough Pipe


8 10
.001 .02

200
.0008

Relative Roughness
20
=.
.018
.0006 01
2(105) 3

400
.0005

Ca
(

st
40
.0004 .016

Iro
600 800 1000

Ga
As
in ft/sec.,

n
lva
ph
4 5 6 8 106

60
ac

ni
.0003

ze
ie
d

d
Ca

Iro
80 100
Co st

n
.0002 m Iro =. .014
m 00

Ɛ
er n 3
ci
in ft., Ѵ in ft2/sec)

al

2000
St
ee

200
lo
rW
2(106) 3

.0001 ro .012

4000
ug
ht
.000,08 Iro

400
n =.
6000 00
1
.000,06 =.
4 5 6 8 107

8000
600 800 1000
00
.000,05 Dr 08
10,000

aw
n =. 5
.000,04 Tu 00
bi =. 06 .01
ng 00
.000,03 0
20,000

=. 5
00
04
2000

.000,02
Ɛ
2(107)

.009
40,000

4000
0.000,001

60,000 100,000
80,000

.000,01 =. =.
6000 8000 10,000
4 5 6 8 108

00 00 .008
0,0 01
.000,008 05 5
Ɛ

.000,006
.000,005
0.000,005

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300


.000,01

.000,05
.0001

.0002

.0004
.0006
.0008
.001

.002

.004
.006
.008
.01

.015
.02

.03

.04
.05

Ɛ Pipe Diameter in inches, D


Relative Roughness

CH8-6 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-7
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

Friction Loss, in. of water / 100 ft

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.08
0.1

0.2

0.5
0.6
8.7

10
1

5
50
3

100
4

300
200
5

400

500
6

600
700
7

800
500

900
8

100
0

120
9

140
0
10

1000

160
0

180
0

20
12

0
0
0

240
280
14

0
Velocity, m/s

2000

320
0

360
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 Duct Diameter 16

400
0
2.6 in. [mm]

450
18

50 0
0
0

50 0
Air Quantity, cfm
2.5 5 [125] 20

5
0

600 00
66 00
22

70
2.4
8 [200]

800
5000
24
2.3 26

0
12 [300]
2.2 28
20 [500] 30
32

10,000
2.1
34
0.8 40 [1000] 3
60 [1500] 386
1.9 40
100 [2500]
1.8 45
Correction Factor

20,000
5 [125] 50
1.7
8 [200] 55
1.6 Rough 12 [300] 60
20 [500]
1.5 40 [1000] 70
1.4 100 [2500]

50,000
80
1.3
Medium Rough 90
1.2
100

100,000
1.1 Old Average
All Sizes

V
Du

elo
1.0 All Sizes ct D

cit
New Duct Friction iam
100 [2500] ete

y
0.9

800
r (i

(fp
Loss Chart Smooth

900
5 [125] n)

100

m)
0.8

0
00

120
100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

00
Velocity, fpm

400,000
CH8-8 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-9
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

Friction Loss, pa/m

100
0.2

0.3
0.4
0.5

0.7

70
10

20

30
40
50
1

3
4
5

7
20
50

1.2
63

1.4
1.6
60

1.8
2
80

2.5
3
100

3.5
4
100

5
125

6
7
200

8
180

9
10

12
200

14
16
18
250

20
600

25

30
315
1000

400
Air Quantity, L/s

500
2000

8.8
630
5000

800

100
0
10,000

125
0
20,000

30

160
35

0
40
45

200
50

0
60
70
50,000

250
80

0
90 Velo

Du 3
ct D 150
100,000 200,000

cit

iam
y

ete
(m

400 r (m
/s)

0 m)

CH8-10 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-11
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

Plan View Turning Vane 1 Turning Vane 2

Air S Air S

Air Flow Flow Flow

Plan View Cross Section View


Turning R S
Vanes
Air Flow
D
A1 θ A

Air Flow
A1 θ A L
W

Air Flow D
A1 A

CH8-12 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-13
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

Qc Qs

Air Flow
Ac Ac = As As

Vc Vs
Plan View
Qc
Qs
Air Flow
Ac
Vb Ab Qb
As
Vc
Plan View

Ab Qb

CH8-14 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-15
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

IP 8.10

Section View Cross Section View

Air Flow θ Damper


IP 8.9
Damper Duct
SI 8.9

Compression Ratio rc
Section View Cross Section View
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
10
Pressure Drop Correction Factor (PDCF)

6 in. [150 mm]


9 Air Flow θ Damper
8
8 in. [200 mm] Duct
7 Damper

6 10 in. [250 mm]


5 12 in. [300 mm]
4 14 in. [350 mm]
16 in. [400 mm]
3
2
1
100 95 90 85 80 75 70
Percent of Fully Extended Length

CH8-16 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-17
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

Section View Plan View

Air Flow H

Section View Cross Section View Damper θ

Air Flow
H

Damper θ

CH8-18 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-19
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

CH8-20 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-21
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

Legend H FD
30 ft. I
ATC - Air Temp Control Valve 450 cfm 15
FD - Fire Damper
250 cfm each 300 cfm each 10 ft.
VD - Volume Damper
7 8 9 10 11 FD
10 ft. 15 ft.
R S 16
10 ft. 10 ft 300 cfm each 1620 cfm J
FD VD VD 12 13 14

D F G 20 ft.
20 ft. 15 ft.
VD VD 2070 cfm

300 cfm each 300 cfm each FD


20 ft. 1 2 3 4 5 6
17
2300 cfm 1620 cfm K
10 ft 10 ft 15 ft.
FD VD VD
C
20 ft. E
VD
20 ft.
30 ft.
4100 cfm
3690 cfm
P
Q
10 ft. Air Handling 10 ft.
Unit Outside Air Louver
B A 800 cfm
Supply Air Fan O ATC 3300 cfm
5 ft
Exhaust Louver
390 cfm N M 20 ft. L

Return Air Fan

CH8-22 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-23
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

CH8-24 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-25
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

IP

5.72

5.73

5.74

5.75

5.76

5.77

CH8-26 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-27
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

5.78

5.79

5.80

5.81

5.82

5.83

Static Pressure Curve


Static Efficiency Curve
100 BHP Curve

SP, SE and BHP, (W)


70

0
0 30 80 100
Air Flow (%)

CH8-28 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-29
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

Static Pressure Curve


Static Efficiency Curve
100 BHP Curve

86

SP, SE and BHP, (W)


Backward Curved Blade Forward Curved Blade

0
0 50 85 100
Air Flow (%)

Static Pressure Curve


Static Efficiency Curve
100 BHP Curve

80
SP, SE and BHP, (W)

0
0 40 85 100
Air Flow (%)

CH8-30 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-31
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

Static Pressure Curve


Static Efficiency Curve
100 BHP Curve

SP, SE and BHP, (W)


70

0
0 50 85 100
Air Flow (%)
Static Pressure Curve
Static Efficiency Curve
100 BHP Curve
Static Pressure Curve
Static Efficiency Curve
SP, SE and BHP, (W)

100 BHP Curve

80

SP, SE and BHP, (W)


50

0
0 65 100
Air Flow (%)
0
0 65 90 100
Air Flow (%)

CH8-32 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-33
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

m3/h
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
3.0 Density =
700 0.075 lb/ft3

1H

2 HP
rpm

P
0.7
2.5

5H
600 HP

P
0.5

1.5 H
HP
500

Static Pressure, in. w.g.


2.0

Static Pressure (Pa)


0.3
16

33
50

ve
400

HP
0.2
1.5

cur
14

5H
15 80

tem
P
300

sys
14 13
11 00

this
13.5 in. @ 3780 1.0 20

t of
13 200
94

lef
Ratings may be published in this UPPER RANGE
0

the
12 0.5 760

t to
100
el

ec
s 580
ot 400
min

11 on
D
imu

Fan is required to be physically capable 0.0 0


mp

Typical Class 2 of performing over this range


10 0 700 1400 2100 2800 3500
erf

characteristic curve
Static Pressure (Ps) in. of water

cfm
orm
anc

9
eC

8.5 in. @ 3000


las

Class 3
s3

8
Selection Zone
mi
nim

7
um

6.75 in. @ 5260


pe
rfo

6
rm
an
ce

Class 2
Cla

5 5 in. @ 2300
ss

Selection Zone
2

4.25 in. @ 4175


mi
nim

4
um Clas
pe s 2
rfo

3
rm

Class 1
a

2.5 in. @ 3200


nc

Selection Zone
e

2 Ratings may be published in this LOWER RANGE

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000


Outlet Velocity (OV), fpm

CH8-34 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-35
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

4.0

Static Pressure, in. w.c


3.0

2.0

1.0 200 1300 rpm


180 1430 rpm
0.0
Duct System Curve
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 160

Duct System Resistance (%)


cfm 140

120 133% bhp

100 100% bhp

80
60

40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Duct System Volume Flow (%)

Fan Wide Open Volume (%)


0 25 50 75 100 125 150
200
Fan Curve @ 1300 rpm
180 Duct System B 200 Fan Pressure Curve
at 0.0375 lb/ft3
Duct System A 180
160 Fan Pressure Curve
Duct System C 160 at 0.075 lb/ft3

Duct System Resistance (%)


140
Duct System Resistance (%)

2 140 Duct System Curve


at 0.075 lb/ft3 at Fan Inlet
120 120 Duct System Curve
at 0.0375 lb/ft3 at Fan Inlet
100
100 1
80
80
60
60 3 40

40 20
0
20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0 Duct System Volume Flow (%)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Duct System Volume Flow (%)

CH8-36 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-37
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

CH8-38 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-39
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

CH8-40 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-41
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design 8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals

CH8-42 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-43
Chapter 8 Introduction to Duct Design References

References References

CH8-44 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH8-45
END OF CHAPTER 8

INTRODUCTION TO
DUCT DESIGN

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