CONTEXTUALIZED SCIENCE MODULE

GRADE 9 – QUARTER 4 – PHYSICS

TOPIC: HEAT, WORK AND EFFICIENCY

COMPETENCY 11-12
S9FE-IVf – 44/S9FE-IVg- 45

Prepared by:

MARIA ELENA B. CACHERO

T-III

71
 INTRODUCTION

What is heat?

In a physics classroom, Heat is defined as a measure of the ability of a

substance, or more generally of any physical system, to transfer heat energy to
another physical system.

In this module, heat is being explained as the flow of energy from hot
materials to cold materials. Heat is described as that molecules in a material
begin to vibrate ( or move) more quickly when the material is heated.

In heat engines, for instance, there are parts, specifically, of the four –
cycle stroke of a gasoline engine prior to heat transfer. This module discusses
the four-cycle stroke of a gasoline engine . Each part has its own movement and
explains what happen to mixture of gases present in the engine, thus finally
transferring heat between the two bodies.

How efficient the engine is measured in percent. Temperature units is in

absolute temperature, the Kelvin scale.

72
 Pretest

DIRECTIONS: Read and carefully understand what is being asked or

describe in each item, then write your answer on the separate sheet of paper.
Select the correct answer from the given choices by writing the letter.
1. What is common measuring device in measuring temperature?
a. heat engine c. thermometer
b. piston d. all of these
2. The concept of the conservation of energy states that energy cannot be
_____.
a. created c. removed
b. lessened d. increased
3. Which of the following is a device that changes thermal energy into
mechanical work.
a. heat pump c. heat engine
b. generator d. gasoline engine
4. How is internal energy of heat engines expressed?
a. Kelvin c. watts
b. Joule d. kwh
5. What is the SI unit for energy?
a. watts c. Newton
b. Joule d. calories
6. Why is heat engine not 100 % efficient?
a. because all mixture of gases is converted to work.
b. because engine needs to be cooled down.
c. all of the gases are used up by the engine.
d. some of the gases taken up in the piston.
7. What causes thermal pollution?
a. exhaust of different vehicles c. degradation of water
b. exhaust from different industrial engines d. all of them
8. It refers to the harmful effects on the environment of the heat exhausted by
heat engines into the environment.
a. air pollution c. thermal pollution
b. water pollution d. none of these
9. Steam, piston engine and the atmosphere are examples of this.
a. external combustion engine c. internal combustion engine
b. heat engine d. heat pump
10. Which of the following is not an example of internal combustion engine?
a. steam engine c. diesel engine
b. human body d. gasoline engine
73
11. It is a process in which heat is transferred from one body to another as a
result of a temperature difference.
a. Boilng c. Cooling
b. Heating d. Evaporating
12. What is used as a temperature scale in expressing heat?
a. Kelvin c. Celcius
b. Fahrenheit d. Rankine
13. Efficiency has only achieved 100 % if there is ______.
a. no energy transferred away from the engine by heat.
b. energy transferred away from the engine by heat
c. no 100 % efficient engine.
d. none of these
14. When is the internal energy of a body increases?
a. when its temperature increases c. when it changes from liquid to gas
b. when it changes from solid to liquid d. all of these
15. Which is the least practical method by which heat may be converted to work?
a. the bicycle c. burning gases
b. the steam engine d. atomic reactor
16. What is the correct sequence of four cycle stroke of gasoline engine?
1. intake 2. power 3. Exhaust 4. compression
a. 1,2,3,4 b. 1,4,2,3,,,,,,,,,,,,,c. 2,3,4,1 d. 1, 3, 4,2
17. What is most commonly used as the refrigerant in heat pump?
a. CFC’s b. Fluorine gas c. Hydrogen gas d. Carbon gas
18. Some of the following are examples of everyday heat engines which one is
NOT?
a. thermal power station c. steam locomotive
b. heat pump d. combustion engine
19. The percentage of heat energy that is transformed into work.
a. thermal efficiency c. thermal percentage
b. percentage quotient d. none of these
20. An engine that generates motive power by burning of gasoline, oil, or other
fuel with air inside the engine.
a. external combustion engine c. both a and b
b. internal combustion engine d. none of these

74
 MODULAR PROGRAM

UNIT IV. FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY

MODULE 3: HEAT, WORK AND ENERGY

LEARNING EPISODE 1

HEAT ENGINES

Work can be easily transformed into heat. It is very evident

when you are doing work. All the work we do in overcoming
friction is completely changed to heat. Example, eating
( which is a method of work due to tearing and chewing food
particles) can be completely converted into heat ( which is
the product of mechanical and chemical combustion and
absorption of nutrients occurred in the digestive system).
Reversing the process is impossible such as changing heat
completely into work. To make it possible, we have to
convert some heat to mechanical work. This would happen
only by using heat engines. Heat engine is a device that
changes thermal energy into mechanical work. How does it
happen ? What implication will this bring to the
environment?

A device that changes thermal energy into

mechanical work is a heat engine. A heat
engine consists of a gas confined by a piston
in a chamber. If the gas is heated, it expands,
making the piston move. A practical engine is
operated through cycles; the piston has to
move back and forth. When the gas has
heated, the piston moves up. When it is
cooled, the piston moves downward. A cycle
of heating and cooling will move the piston up
and down.

75
 A very important component of heat
engines, then, is that two temperatures
are involved. At one cycle, the system is
heated, at another, it is cooled.
Three things happen in a full cycle of a
heat engine:
1. Heat is added. It is an input heat
which is a relatively high temperature;
2. Some of the energy from that input
heat is used to do work;
3. The rest of the heat is removed at a
relatively cold temperature.

Let us find out the four cycle – stroke

of a gasoline engine in the preceding activity.

76

Activity 1
 ENGINE START!

Objectives:
After the activity, the learners should be able to
discuss the four cycle stroke of a gasoline engine.

Materials:
Illustration of four cycle stroke

Procedure:
Study the illustration
Fill in the table
Answer the prepared questions that follows.

77

FOUR –CYCLE STROKE IN GASOLINE ENGINE

 www. bikesrepublic.com
Intake: Also known as
induction or suction. This stroke
of the piston begins at top dead
center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom
dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke
the intake valve must be in the open
position while the piston pulls an air-
fuel mixture into the cylinder by
producing vacuum pressure into the
cylinder through its downward
motion. The piston is moving down
as air is being sucked in by the
downward motion against the
piston.
78
Compression: This stroke
begins at B.D.C, or just at
the end of the suction stroke,
and ends at T.D.C. In this
stroke the piston
compresses the air-fuel
mixture in preparation for
ignition during the power
stroke (below). Both the
intake and exhaust valves
are closed during this stage
Combustion: Also known as power
or ignition. This is the start of the
second revolution of the four stroke
cycle. At this point the crankshaft
has completed a full 360 degree
revolution. While the piston is at
T.D.C. (the end of the compression
stroke) the compressed air-fuel
mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in
a gasoline engine) or by heat
generated by high compression
(diesel engines), forcefully returning
the piston to B.D.C. This stroke
produces mechanical work from the
engine to turn the crankshaft.

Exhaust: Also known as outlet.

During the exhaust stroke, the
piston, once again, returns from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the
exhaust valve is open. This
action expels the spent air-fuel
mixture through the exhaust
valve.

79
 To find the four cycle stroke of a gasoline engine, the activity below is
for you to accomplish. Fill up the table below and answer the questions.

Movement of the What happened to

Piston mixture of gases?
CYCLE STROKE

QUESTIONS :

1. What happens to the gas if it is heated inside the engine’s cylinder?

2. What happens to the piston and the gases during compression
stroke?
3. What is the function of the spark plug? What is it’s effect to the
mixture’s temperature?
4. Describe the piston and the gases during power stroke

80
 Performance Task 1
What do you think is the effect of the exhaust gas
to the environment?

SHOW YOUR CREATIVE SKILLS IN ARTS!

Make a poster slogaan about the effect of exhaust gas to the environment?
Think of other sources of gases
In the environment.

81
LEARNING EPISODE 3
THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the

percentage of heat energy that is
transformed into work. The efficiency of
even the best heat engines is low, usually
below 50 % and often far below.

In the conversion of energy into

work, we are always faced with the
problem of getting less out than what
we put in. The problem is that, in all
processes, there is some heat, Qc that
transfers energy to the environment—
and usually a very significant amount
at that. A way to quantify how
efficiently a machine runs is through a
quantity called thermal efficiency.

We define thermal efficiency, Eff, to be the ratio of useful

energy output to the energy input (or, in other words, the ratio of what we get to
what we spend). The efficiency of a heat engine is the output of net work, W,
divided by heat-transferred energy, Qh, into the engine; that is:

Efficiency = 1- QC x 100 or
QH

Maximum Efficiency = 1 - TC x 100

TH
Where
QC = energy removed by heat/energy in cold reservoir
QH = energy added by heat / energy in hot reservoir
Tc = absolute temperature in cold reservoir
TH = absolute temperature in hot reservoir
82
 NOTE: An efficiency of 1, or 100 percent, would be possible only if there
were no heat to the environment (Qc=0 ).We can only have a 100% efficiency if
there is no energy transferred away from the engine by heat. In reality there is no
100 % efficient engine. In addition, the equation tells us that by increasing the
amount of energy added to the system by heat or by reducing the amount of
energy given up by the system.

Sample Problem 1
What is the efficiency of a
gasoline engine that receives
192.75 J of energy from
combustion and lose 155.25 J b
heat to exhaust during one
cycle?
Given: Qc = 155.25J
QH = 192.75 J
Solution: Efficiency = 1 – Qc x 100
QH

= 1 - 155.25 x 100
195.75

= 0.195 or 19.5 % Suppose a steam engine receives steam

at 720K. The engine uses part of this
Sample Problem 2 thermal energy for work. It exhausts the
rest to a condenser at a temperature of
300K. What is the maximum efficiency of
Given: the engine?

Tc = 300 K T H = 720 K
Find : Efficiency
Solution : Efficiency = 1 – Tc x 100
TH
= 1 - 300K x 100
720 K

= 0.584 or 59 %

83

Activity 2
 “ YOU MAKE ME COMPLETE ”
PROCEDURE:
1. Study the table below.
2. Using the equation learned and with the aid the calculator, solve for
the unknown quantity.
3. Supply the table with the final answer obtained from the
computation to show the relationship existing among thermal efficiency,
temperature /energy in hot reservoir and temperature/ energy in cold reservoir.

Temperature/energy in Temperature/energy in Thermal efficiency

cold reservoir hot reservoir
260 K 510K
240 K 670 K
277.5 K 570 K
620 J 1004 J
279 J 607 J
40 0C 86 0C
50 0C 93 0C
40 0C 56 0C
75 0C 90 0C
60 0C 80 0C

Guide Question:
1. What are the factors of thermal efficiency? How does each factor
affect thermal efficiency?
2. Why can’t we not get 100 % efficiency?

84

Post test
DIRECTIONS: Read each statement carefully. Answer by encircling the letter of
the correct answer.
1. It is a process in which heat is transferred from one body to another as a result
of a temperature difference.
a. Boiling c. Cooling
b. Heating d. Evaporating
2. What is used as a temperature scale in expressing heat?
a. Kelvin c. Celsius
b. Fahrenheit d. Rankine
3. Efficiency has only achieved 100 % if there is _____.
a. no energy transferred away from the engine by heat
b. energy transferred away from the engine by heat.
c. no 100 % efficient energy.
d. none of these
4.When is the internale energy of a body increases?
a. when its temperature icreases c. when it changes from liquid to gas
b. when it changes from solid to liquid d. all of these
5. Which is the least practical method by which heat may be converted to work?
a. the bicycle c. burning gases
b. the steam engine d. atomic reactor
6. Of the four cycle stroke engine, select the correct sequence.
1. intake 2. Power 3. Exhaust 4. Compression
a. 1,2,3,4 b. 1,4,2,3 c. 2,3,4,1 d. 1,3,4,2
7. One of the following is a common refrigerant in a heat pump?
a. CFC’s b. Fluorine gas c. Hydrogen gas d. carbon gas
8. Which of the following is NOT an example of everyday heat engine.
a. thermal power station c. steam locomotive
b. heat pump d. combustion engine
9. It is computed as the percentage of heat energy that is transformed into work?
a. thermal efficiency c. thermal percentage
b. percentage quotient d. none of these
10. Some engines generates motive power by burning of gasoline, oil or other
fuel with air inside the engine, Which is it?
a. external combustion engine c. both a and b
b. internal combustion engine d. none of these

85

11. One of the following is NOT an example of internal combustion engine?

 a. steam engine c. diesel engine
b. human body d. gasoline engine
12. Some examples of this are steam, piston engine, and the atmosphere.
a. external combustion engine c. internal combustion engine
b. heat engine d. heat pump by heat engine
13. One of the harmful effects on the environment of the heat exhausted by heat
engines is _____.
a. air pollution c. thermal pollution
b. water pollution d. none of these
14. Which is a cause of thermal pollution?
a. exhaust of different vehicles c. degradation of water
b. exhaust from different industries d. all of them
15. In reality, there is no 100 % efficient engine, why is this so?
a. because all mixture of gases is converted to work.
b. because engine needs to be cooled down
c. all of the gases are used up by the engine.
d. some of the gases are taken up in the piston
16. Which among the following is the SI unit of energy?
a. watts b. Joule c. Newton d. calories
17. Internal energy of heat engines is expressed in ____.
a. Kelvin b. Joule c. watts d. kwh
18. A device that changes thermal energy to mechanical work.
a. heat pump c. heat engine
b. generator d. gasoline engine
19. From the concept of the Law of conservation of energy, it states that energy
cannot be ____________.
a. created b. removed c. lessened d. increased
20. The common device that is used by all in measuring temperature is ____.
a. heat engine c. thermometer
b. piston d. all of these

86

Answer Key
 PRE TEST
1. c 6. c 11. b 16. b
2. a 7. d 12. a 17. a
3. c 8. c 13. a 18. a
4. b 9. a 14. d 19. a
5. b 10. b 15. b 20. b

POST TEST
1. b 6. b 11. b 16. b
2. a 7. a 12. a 17. b
3. a 8. a 13. c 18. c
4. d 9. a 14. d 19. a
5. b 10. b 15. c 20. c

87
RATING SCALE

You want to know your

rating scale? Look down
and look for equivalent of
your score.

Scores Descriptive rating

10 excellent
8-9 Very satisfactory
6-7 satisfactory
4-5 fair
2-3 poor
0-1 Needs improvement

88
 Reference

Books:
Science 9 Learners’ Module
Science 9 Teachers’ Guide
Science and Technology (Physics) IV TX
Internet:
www. wikipedia.org
www. pinterest.com
Texasgateway.org/resource
www. toppr.com
www. shutterstock.com

89

Congratulations!
Keep on DISCOVERING !

See you again on the next

module.
GOOD DAY AND GOD BLESS!

90
CONTEXTUALIZED SCIENCE MODULE

GRADE 9 – QUARTER 4 –
PHYSICS

TOPIC: HEAT

DIVISION OF PANGASINAN II

WRITER’S PROFILE
 A. PERSONAL DATA

Name: MARIA ELENA B. CACHERO

Address: LAGASIT, SAN QUINTIN, PANGASINAN
Birthday: MAY 30, 1969
Civil Status: MARRIED
Name of Husband: ALEJANDRO P. CACHERO, JR
Name of Children: KHRYSALEN MARIE B. CACHERO
KRISNAIAH MAJIREL B. CACHERO
Position : TEACHER III
School: LAGASIT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: CABA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Secondary: DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College: DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
Degree : Bachelor of Science in Biology
With education units
Post Graduate School: LUNA COLLEGES, INC
45 Academic Requirements leading to Educational Management

C. TEACHING EXPERIENCES

1996 – 2008 – CLASSROOM TEACHER

LA UNION STANDARD ACADEMY
CABA, LA UNION
2008 – 2010 – LSB TEACHER
LAGASIT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
2012 – 2018 – TEACHER 1
LAGASIT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
2018 – present - TEACHER III
LAGASIT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL