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MELISSA KAYLA T.

MANIULIT
CBET-01-401A

1. Concerning the social picture of the 19 th century Philippines, what are the following
schools that were established during the Spanish Colonization? How would you describe
the quality of education during the past in connection with the quality of education that we
have today? State your answer briefly.
According to the history, it was March 16, 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan was searching
for the “Spice Island” and accidentally arrives in the Homonhon Island, Philippines. He and his
companions tried to befriend the locals and simply tried to spread Christianity but got rejected
and defeated. Magellan was then killed in the Battle of Mactan by Lapu-Lapu. The survivors
from the war reported the death of Magellan back to Spain. Upon hearing the news, Spain sent
many expeditions to the Philippines but sadly (or unfortunately?) for them, only one expedition
successfully arrived reached in the Philippines. It was the expedition led by Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi, which eventually started the Spanish Colonization. The Spain’s discovery of the
Philippines was propelled by the 3Gs or “God, Gold and Glory”. The first aim is to colonize the
Philippines which they used religion as a reason to Christianize the Philippines. The second goal
was to use Philippines as a good medium in trading with other neighbouring countries like Japan
and China and to spread the Christianity in other more developed civilizations. The third goal
refers to the competitions between monarchies and about having more territories and to colonize
the country.
Before the arrival of the Spaniards here in the Philippine Islands, the parents were
considered as the first teacher to the children. Same with the mindset we currently have today,
our parents are the one who provide basic information about life, principles, laws, customs,
norms and many more. The mothers are the one in charge of teaching how to do household
chores like how to cooking, cleaning the house, and taking care of the family. While the fathers,
along with their sons are tasked to do the hunting for food, building their homes and should to
learn self-defense to to be able to protect their family. When the Spaniards came to the
Philippines in year 1521, they found out that the Filipinos already had high literacy, which is,
they knew how to read and write having knowledge of reading and writing. Despite of having an
informal education system, the Filipinos utilized the 17-symbol alphabet called the Baybayin,
which is a writing system and other syllabaries used throughout the archipelago. Philippine
Education during pre-colonial period was mainly focused on practical knowledge, respect to the
laws and customs, and the like. Also, the native population especially the children, along with or
supervised by their parents and tribal tutors, were provided with vocational training.
During the Spanish Colonial Period which lasted over 333 years (1565-1898), most of the
archipelago underwent huge transformation in many aspects like cultural and religious practices.
Spanish education played a major role in that transformation. Across the islands at that time,
there are schools and churches that were built by the Spaniards. Formal education was brought to
the Philippines by the Spaniards, which was conducted mostly by religious orders and controlled
by the Roman Catholic. The priests are the first teachers, Spanish friars and missionaries
educated the natives through religion with the aim of converting the native population to the
Catholic faith. During the Spanish Period, the oldest universities, colleges, and vocational
schools founded in Asia were created by Catholic missionary/ or religious orders. Upon learning
the local languages and writing systems, the Spaniards began teaching Christianity, the Spanish
language, Spanish culture, spreading Christianity and many more.
The first established schools were exclusive for the boys. The Augustinians founded the
first school in the Philippines situated in Cebu in 1565. This was followed by the Franciscans in
1577, which wherein they immediately taught the people Filipinos how to read and write besides
aside from teaching the natives the important industrial and agricultural techniques. The Jesuits
who arrived in the year 1581, focused on teaching the young. The Dominicans arrived in the
Philippines in 1587 and did the same thing. The first college school for the boys was the
“Colegio de San Ignacio” which was established by the Jesuits in Manila in year 1589, initially
named as Colegio-Seminario de San Ignacio. In 1590, the Jesuits established “Colegio de
Manila”, which was later renamed as Universidad de San Ignacio in 1621. In year 1595, the
Jesuits also built the “Universidad de San Carlos” in Cebu which was initially named as
“Colegio de San Idelfonso”. It was in the year 1589 when the “Escuela Pia” was entrusted by the
government to the Jesuits. The Jesuits also founded the “Colegio de San Jose” in year 1601 and
took over the management of the school that became the Escuela Municipal in year 1859. It was
later renamed as “Ateneo Municipal de Manila” in year 1865 and now known as it is called the
“Ateneo de Manila University”. The oldest, existing university in the Philippines and in Asia, the
University of Santo Tomas, was founded by the Dominicans on April 28, 1611. It was initially
named as the “Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario” and was later renamed as
“Colegio de Santo Tomas”. The “San Juan de Letran” for the orphaned boys was established in
the year 1630. On the other hand, the “Colegio de Santa Potenciano” was the first school and
college for girls, which was opened in year 1589, while the “Colegio de Santa Isabel” was
opened in year 1632. Other schools and colleges for girls were “Santa Catalina”, “Santa Rosa”,
“La Concordia”, and many more. Several religious congregations also established schools for
orphaned girls who could not educate themselves.

If I were to describe the quality of education we had in the past, I can say that it is unfair.
During the Spanish regime, the schools for boys and girls are separated which for me, promotes
discrimination in any way. Formal education was privileged only to the Spanish students, leaving
Filipinos behind. The education was religion-centered, Spanish language is mandatory, and
students were suppressed and controlled by the friars and missionaries. If I were to choose what
era I want prefer, I would choose today’s time the present because we have possess more
freedom when it comes to education. The schools today were co-educational wherein boys’ and
girls’ school are the same or boys and girls can enter enrol to whatever the school they want
without gender bias, although there are still other schools or universities that are exclusively for
girls or boys only. The education is accessible for everyone, not only to those who can afford the
expensive tuition fees and other expenses because today, education is free so everyone can enjoy
learning. Students have the more freedom to choose what course they want to take, and the
education is more knowledge-centered than religious-centered. Although, we know that the
quality of education we have now is still continuously growing, we can see a huge difference and
improvements compared to the quality of education we have had in the past. Today, we can
access to education in many different and easy ways because of the improved technology we
have, but we must not forget how things are in the past and treasure the education that we can
have now. We should continue to learning and exploring many things because it shows reflects
the quality of education we have now, and for the future as well and we will have.
2. Comparative Study: After studying Rizal’s “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo”,
which do you think is the superior novel or the magnum opus of Rizal? Discuss the issues
and controversies of Rizal as a person. Do you think Rizal is against the idea of Revolution
in order to attain freedom and to become the President of the Philippine Republic?
Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda also known as “Dr. Jose Rizal,” was
born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna. He was a Filipino nationalist and considered as the
national hero or “Pambansang Bayani” in of the Philippines. He expressed his love in for the
Inang Bayan through his works in different forms — articles, essays, novels, etc. (articles,
essays, novels, etc.). He is the author of the two most famous novels in the Philippines, known
by the title which are the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
Noli Me Tangere is a Latin word for which means “Touch Me Not” and it which is a
societal novel. Dr. Jose P. Rizal started writing it in Madrid, Spain on 1884, continued in Paris,
France and was finished in Berlin, Germany on February 1887. It was dedicated to his Inang
Bayan, the Philippines. This novel mirrors his persistence in attaining freedom from the
Spaniards. The national hero published created the Noli Me Tangere for the goal of redeeming
the country and its people by exposing the barbarity, greed, cruelty, and ignorance of the Spanish
colonizers. This novel depicts different aspects or traits of the Filipino people like the social
climbers (Capitan Tiago and Dona Victoria), abusive power (of civil guards, friars, and
government officials), family devotion (of Crisostomo Ibarra, Maria Clara and Sisa), self-
sacrifice (Sisa and Dr. Jose Rizal, himself), purity and faithfulness (Maria Clara and Crisostomo
Ibarra). The issues discussed above can still be seen nowadays.
On the other hand, El Filibusterismo is a political novel and a sequel of the Noli Me
Tangere it which comes from the word “filibustero”, which means a person who is against the
Roman Catholic. It is the sequel of the Noli Me Tangere. Dr. Jose P. Rizal started writing it in
London, England on 1890 and was finished it in Brussels, Belgium on 1891. This novel was
dedicated to the “Three Martyrs”, GomBurZa (Father Mariano Gomez, Father Jose Burgos, and
Father Jacinto Zamora). because Dr. Jose P. Rizal (pede ding Jose Rizal na lang) believed that
the three martyrs were only victims of cruelty and loss of justice. The El Filibusterismo depicts
the system of governing the Philippines through corrupt and self-seeking officials influenced by
the friars.
These two novels that have displayed broad topics about are the novels that deal with
revolution. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo have similarities in terms of aim and purpose.
Both artworks have the same purpose which is to enlighten the Filipinos about what is happening
in the country. Both aim to encourage and persuade the people of the Philippines to fight for their
country and to have the total freedom that the country deserves. If I were to choose which was
the superior novel or the magnum opus between Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterimo, I think it
is the latter. El Filibusterismo displayed a strong idea of rebellion and a strong desire to achieve
the freedom that the country deserves. Yes, Noli Me Tangere awakens the sleeping Filipino
awareness and established the grounds for aspiring to call for independence, it was more delicate
and did not induce rebellion. Although, I personally like Noli Me Tangere over El Filibusterismo
because there is of the aspiration, romance, beauty, mercy and other positive things in the story
entails besides putting aside from the negative traits of the Spaniards, unlike what is portrayed in
El Filibusterismo, feelings of where the only thing you can see is bitterness, hatred and revenge.
These events displayed what Dr. Jose P. Rizal truly felt feel. I chose El Filibusterismo as the
magnum opus because this novel brings out more the eagerness, aggressiveness, and strong
desires of every Filipino to free our country from the Spaniards.
As you dig deeper in learning the life and works (Parang mas okay pag As you try to dig
deep in the life and works) of Dr. Jose P. Rizal, you will encounter many issues and
controversies that are still being debated by many scholars and still proving whether it is true and
valid or not. One of the major controversies regarding Rizal is about the Retraction Document.
Retraction means a withdrawal of a statement, accusation, or undertaking. It means that Rizal is
taking back everything that he said against the Catholic Church in the Philippines and the friars.
However, the said retraction documents have some sorts of copy issues (the content of the
retraction documents differ from the other copies). All we can say is that Up to now, the question
of whether Dr. Jose P. Rizal has retracted or not, is still not proven.
Another controversy with Rizal is whether he is married to Josephine Bracken or not.
According to what I have researched, there were no written accounts of the marriage between
Rizal and Josephine, but she claims that Rizal married him the day before his execution. Some
even says that Josephine Bracken was a spy of the Spanish government. This issue is still being
debated debating by the scholars, but one thing is for sure, Dr. Jose P. Rizal truly loved
Josephine Bracken because he even wrote poems about her and his love for her. Another
controversy related to this issue is that did if Rizal had a child with Josephine Bracken?
According to my research, Josephine gave birth prematurely to an eight-month baby boy.
Unfortunately, the baby was very weak and was gasping for breath. Rizal immediately baptized
and named the baby, Francisco in honor of his father. Then the child died three hours after birth.
Another controversy about Rizal is that whether he deserves the title as the national hero
of the Philippines or not. Some people say that Andres Bonifacio is much more suited to be the
national hero of the Philippines but in my opinion, the title deserves to be in Rizal’s possession
(pede ding Rizal is much more deserving of the title). Dr. Jose P. Rizal became the rightful
Philippine national hero because he fought for the freedom of our country in a unique way —
(silent but very powerful). He expressed his love for the country through his articles, essays, and
novels rather than using force. He used a method for achieving freedom or independence in more
peaceful way rather than bring the aggressive way.

Another controversy that questions the authenticity of being a national hero of Rizal is
whether if Rizal was in favor of the revolution during that time. Was he a reformist or
revolutionist? Do you think Rizal is against in the idea of revolution to attain freedom and to
become the President of the Philippine Republic? According to what I have researched, it is
scholars are still debating whether Rizal is a reformist or revolutionist. It is possible that Rizal
disproved the revolution due to his belief that violence should not prevail. Rizal, during that time
believed that the country was not yet ready to launch a revolution against the Spanish rule.
According to a study, he refused to accept the revolution because he thought that reforms, to be
successful should come from above. On the other hand, I think that Rizal is not against in the
idea of revolution because his two novels, (Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo) are enough
proof enough that he wants change and freedom for the country. Although he expressed his
strong desire to fight for the country in more silent and peaceful way, he did what he can do to
awaken the sleeping awareness of the people in the Philippines which eventually succeeded a
couple of years after his death, when the country gained its independence from the Spanish
colonization.

3. Why do we need to study the Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal? What events or
circumstances could have contributed to Rizal’s ideologies and principles that led to the
enlightenment of the Filipino people? Considering Rizal’s personal circumstances, does he
really deserve the title of “National Hero” of the Philippines compare to his other
counterparts such as Andres Bonifacio, Lapu-Lapu and Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino,
Jr.? If there be a replacement, who should it be and why? State your answers briefly.
The Rizal Bill was also a controversy related to Dr. Jose P. Rizal. It therefore eventually
became the Republic Act No. 1425, known as the “Rizal Law”. This bill mandates educational
institutions to offer a course on the national hero’s life, works, and writings, especially the “Noli
Me Tangere” and El Filibusterismo”. Passing this bill to become a Republic Act, it faced a lot of
had hindrances because there are intense opposition from the side of Catholic Church., since
there are The opposition is all about the part of the story of the two novels (Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo) that attacked the Roman Catholic Church focused upon the hatred from
church. The full name of the law (di ko gets yung the full name of the law) is “An act to include
in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and universities courses on the Life,
Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes.”
There are many reasons why we should include the Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
into the subject that we need to learn. One of the reasons is that because it teaches foster
nationalism and patriotism to the Filipino youth. Nationalism involves the desire to attain
freedom and political independence while patriotism denotes proud devotion and loyalty to one’s
nation.

The Republic Act No. 1425 is not signed into law just for nothing. The law did not
mandate this Republic Act No. 1425 just for nothing. They taught and knew that mandating this
law would give different benefits to students. Upon passing the bill to the congress, Senator
Claro M. recto knew for sure that mandating it to universities would greatly help the students in
understanding what nationalism and patriotism is all about. In my own opinion, students need to
study the Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal because of various reasons; first, Rizal is a model
and inspiration for every Filipino. His philosophies, principles, thoughts, ideas, and dreams are a
good influence to everyone on anyone. I truly admire his bravery, academic excellence, respect
and love for his parents, siblings, and friends, and his love for the country as a whole. I believe
that if there is someone I should look up to, when talking about it becomes to love for the
country and for the Filipino people, it would be is Dr. Jose Rizal. I want to have the trait of him
that is brave and ready to fight for everyone and his with a strong sense of moral uprightness.
When it comes to his works and writings, I personally enjoy reading and learning its his
two famous novels (Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo). There is a saying that suited for
this situation, which is the “He who controls the past, controls the future”. The past helps us
understand who we are. His works and writings help us better understand ourselves as Filipinos.
Upon having knowledge of learning through showing to us the happenings and events from the
past, it helped in knowing us to know our identity as Filipinos. The two novels also displayed
some scenarios that are still happening nowadays and offered us possible solutions to different
problems. These two novels offered us possible solutions concerning the problems that are
similar to the past but continuously take place in the present. Therefore, those scenarios can may
influence the kind of solutions we will provide perform to the existing problems the current
issues of today.
According to what I have researched, the ideas and principles of Dr. Rizal were the result
of many influences. These reasons are: his uncles and ancestors that were interested in education
and politics; his studies and travels around Asia, American, and Europe; himself, being excellent
in four languages (English, Spanish, French and German); his rich studies and researches in the
libraries of London, Leipzig, Paris and Madrid; his famous professors and tutors with which one
of them is the famous Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt being the most famous; his him being a sharp
observer; and his strong desire to help in the betterment of his countrymen and the advancement
of the country’s civilization. Also, according to the history, Rizal wrote the Noli Me Tangere
because he saw its the similarity to the “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” of Hariet Beecher Stowe which that
depicts the sufferings of Negro slaves under the cruelty of the American, same as the sufferings
experienced by the Filipinos under the Spanish rule. On the other hand, he dedicated the El
Filibusterismo to the “Three Martyrs”, GomBurZa (Father Mariano Gomez, Father Jose Burgos,
and Father Jacinto Zamora) because Rizal believed that the three martyrs were only victims of
cruelty and loss of justice. I think the event happening which that greatly influenced Rizal was
the abusive actions and violence of the Spaniards towards his fellow Filipinos. His strong desire
to expose their wrongdoings and fight for the peace of the country molded Rizal to what he
became is, and that led to the enlightenment of the Filipino people.
I personally believe that the true meaning of a “Hero” is someone who do good and when
we talked about ‘goodness’, Dr. Jose Rizal is the first person who comes to my mind. Rizal gave
the freedom that the country deserves using goodness. He used his intelligence, talent, and skills
in fighting through his writings rather than in aggressive way. The Americans proclaimed Rizal
as the national hero so people would see and follow what he did during the Spanish colonial
period,. which is to use their talents and skills to fight and should not be aggressive towards the
Americans who are invading the Philippines that time. He used his talent and skills to fight for
freedom rather than being aggressive towards the Americans who are invading the Philippines
that time — the reason why Rizal was chosen by the Americans as the national hero of the
Philippines instead of Bonifacio. The Americans preferred Rizal to be the national hero because
he fought in silent way rather than Aguinaldo who is aggressive.
Although we know that the Americans are the ones who proclaimed Rizal as the national
hero, I still believe that Rizal was more deserving than his counterparts such as Andres
Bonifacio, Lapu-Lapu and Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. Also, although we know that
Rizal is against to violence and aggressive act like the of revolutionizing, the Philippine
Revolution led by Andres Bonifacio was promoted by Rizal through Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo. it was him who promoted the Philippine Revolution through his works, Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

Rizal truly inspired many Filipinos at that time. According to what I have read, Rizal is
the one who said that Antonio Luna should lead the revolutionaries because Luna studies
military science, which is a good idea to reduce the sacrifice of the lives of the military. He also
said that only the armies that is ready and has sufficient knowledge to use weapons can ensure
victory. Also, Rizal is the one who founded La Liga Filipina, a civil society organization that led
to the creation of Katipunan which was led by Andres Bonifacio. Therefore, Rizal is more
deserving to be the national hero rather than Andres Bonifacio, Lapu-Lapu and Senator Benigno
“Ninoy” Aquino, Jr for so many reasons, but I think fot the very reason is that everything started
with Rizal.
If there is no Rizal, I think Andres Bonifacio is suited the title of being to be the national
hero of the Philippines. Andres Bonifacio was the leader of the Philippine Revolution and he is a
great help contributor of how to the Philippines to break free from the Spanish colonial rule. I
admire his determination and love for the country and fellow Filipinos. I think Andres Bonifacio
is deserves it suited to be the national hero because of his bravery and unbreakable support for
the armed revolution. and he also awaken the patriotism in every Filipino. He also had his own
way of fostering patriotism in every Filipino.

Sources:

https://www.slideshare.net/ijennaMel/education-in-spanish-era

https://www.slideshare.net/mshell09/education-during-the-spanish-regime-and-its-colonial-
effects-group-4#:~:text=The%20oldest%20universities%2C%20colleges%2C
%20vocational,created%20during%20the%20colonial%20period.&text=During%20the%20early
%20years%20of,by%20the%20Roman%20Catholic%20Church

http://mariadennisedavid.blogspot.com/2013/08/godgold-and-glory.html#:~:text=The%203Gs
%20of%20Colonial%20History,the%20peak%20of%20this%20business.

https://yapchristian24.wixsite.com/business-strategy-bl/single-post/2016/02/04/COMPARISON-
BETWEEN-NOLI-ME-TANGERE-and-EL-FILIBUSTERISMO-1

https://www.brighthubeducation.com/homework-help-literature/122053-themes-and-historical-
value-in-the-book-noli-me-tangere/

http://carlojoe5.tripod.com/elfilibusterismo.html

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Noli_Me_Tangere/Introduction

https://www.slideshare.net/marjoriejalea/rizals-controversy
https://ar-ar.facebook.com/joserizphiloquo/posts/538873012807445/

http://nhcp.gov.ph/jose-rizal-and-the-revolution/

https://ourhappyschool.com/history/importance-jose-rizal-subject

https://medium.com/@ellajanevergara/philosopher-influenced-dr-jose-rizal-23cf756730f1

https://dimasalanglaonglaan.wordpress.com/who-made-rizal-our-foremost-national-hero/

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