CONTENTS

Introduction..................................................................................................................
Assessment..................................................................................................................
Aims...........................................................................................................................
Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................
Preface..................................................................................................................
(iii)(ii)

Unit
Unit
3Unit
2 1 Excretion..........................................................................................................
Growth Nutrition
Living ...................
Organisms...............................................................................................
Homeostasis.......................................... . . .. . ....
Responses.........................................................................................................
Respiration.........................................................
and Development.....................................................................
..............., . ......
...........................................................
...............................................
................. ...... ...... ...
Transport..........................................................................................................
.1 ............ .................

Unit 9 Locomotion.................................... ...................................................................

Unit 10 Reproduction.....................................................................................................
Unit l l Unit 12 Ecology...........................................................................................................
Genetics..........................................................................................................
Health. ............................................................................................................

1
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

to pay tribute to various people, committees, institutions and organizations such as the Ministry of
the Environmental Education Programme for Awareness (EEPA) for giving much valuable time and

TRY OF EDUCATION G.N. Si

Director,
 1.1 1.0

2. 1. Th AIMS This IN
e Some of syllabus is T
ai these designed R
sti 1.3 1.2 1.1 provide, aims are to have
through ms O
m reflecte greater
well ar D
ul d in the emphasis
become designed e U
ate assessm on the
confident studies of C
lea citizens in a ent understand
rn experimen objectiv ing and
changing tal and
ers technological es; applicatio
to practical others n of
world, able to biological
su take or develop are not scientific
science, a because concepts
sta an informed worthwhil they and
in interest in e
th matters of cannot principles.
educationa readily This
eir scientific l
int importance; be approach
experience translate has been
er r for all
e d into adopted in
est students,
c objectiv recognitio
an whether or n of the
o es that
d not they need for
g can be
1s th go on to assessed learners to
e n study
i . The develop
ap Biology aims are skills that
pr s beyond
e not will be of
eci this level listed in long term
ati ąnd, in order of value in a
t particular,
on h priority. changing
of to enable technologi
e them to
th cal world
acquire rather than
e u
Bi s focusing
ol e on large
og f quantities
u of factual
l material
n which
e may have
s only short
s term
relevance.
a
n
 3. develop abilities and skills that:
o the study and practice of Biological
3.23.1 Sciences; are useful in everyday life;

icient and safe practice; encourage effective communication.

4. develop attitudes relevant

4.1concern to Biological
for accuracy Sciences such as:
and precision;

objectivity; integrity;
4.34.2 safety;

5. 5.1the
assistskills
the development
of enquiry; of

5.2 the attitude of

(ii) (i) initiative
inventiveness

6. stimulate interest in and care for the local and global environment.

7. promote an awareness that

cial, economic, technological, ethical

7.1 and cultural influences and limitations;

7.2

7.3

V
1. B Ques 4. 1. Le A ASSES AS
tions ar SMEN SE
testin ne TS SS
Using oral, written, H g the scientific bi fa K OBJEC M
symbolic, graphical an objec instruments ol ctsrs no TIVES E
and numerical dli tives and apparatusog , sh wl
ou These N
materials learners ng abov used in icala ed
ld describe
should be able to: inf e will Biology, l ws ge
be the
locate, select, or often including vo , wi knowle
organise and present m begin techniques of ca de ab th dge,
information from a ati with operations bu finle un skills
variety of sources; on one and aspects lar iti to de
de and
t an of of safety; y, on rst abilities
r the scientific m
d ter s, an which
a follo quantities and on
so mi co learners
n wing their str are
s
lvi
word determinationno nc ate
ng lo ep expecte
l s: ; kn d to
a pr
defin biological and gy,ts o
demonst
t e, technological co an wl
rate at
e state, applications nv d ed
entth the end
name with their ge of the
i , social, io eo
an course.
n descr economic and ns rie
those
f ibe, environmenta(in s d
un aspects
o expla l clurel of the
r in or implications. di ati de
rst aims
m outli ng ng which
a an
ne. sy to will be
t di
m bi assessed
i ng
bo ol .
o ls,
n qu
ant
f iti
r

Th
ey
ref
lec
t
 In answering questions, learners are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply them in a logical
testing these objectives may begin with one calculate or determine. of the following words: discuss, predict, suggest,

C. Experimental skills and investigations

Learners should be able to:

1. follow a sequence of instructions;
and evaluate observations and experimental data; use techniques, apparatus and materials appropriately:

rovements. use experimental controls.

WEIGHTING
Theory Papers
OF ASSESSMENT
(Papers 1 andOBJECTIVES
2)

_ AB Handling, Knowledge
applying andwith
evaluating
understanding,
information
approximately
approximately
40% 60%
of theofmarks.
the marks.

Practical Assessment (Papers 3 )

CD Handling, Knowledge
applying andwith
evaluating
understanding,
information
approximately
approximately
40% 60%
of theofmarks.
the marks.

vii
 Pa Paper 2 (lh Pa SCH
pe 45 pe EME

Paper
3

2
r min, r OF
Se 80 ASS
3 1
cti mark ESS
(l (5
on s) ME
h 0

Type of Paper
Theory

Multiple-choice
Practical Examination
B Secti NT
15 mi
(4 on A Can
mi n,
5 (1 h) didat
n, 40
mi es
40 m
m are
requ
ired
- - to
vii enter
i for
two three a series forty
of Pape
pract structured comp
free response compuls ulsor rs 1,
ical
questions out ory 2,
50 min

y
Duration

quest
lh 45 min
lh 15 min

ions of five short multi and

base questions. All answer ple- eithe
d questions will question choic r3
main be designed s based e
ly on to give the mainly items
Asse same on base
Marks
80

40
40

ssme weighing to Assessm d on

nt the ent Asse
Obje assessment Objecti ssme
ctive objectives ves B. nt
C based mainly Obje
on
 UNIT 1.0 LIVING ORGANISMS

OBJECTIVES
should be able(Learners
to)
1.1.1 Refer to feeding, respiration, excretion,
Refer to catabolism
growth, irritability,
and anabolism.
locomotion
Include
and
thereproduction.
role of enzymes.
the characteristics
ng Organisms.

uscle cells,
1.2.1 root
Include
Describe hair cells,
nucleus,
a typical phloem
cytoplasm,
cells and
membrane,
xylem cells.
organelles, (ribosome, golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum).
cell.
1.1 Characteristics of living Organisms 1.1.2 1.1.3
Distinguish between living Organisms and non-living
Describe things.
life processes of living Organisms.

1.2 Cells as the basic units of Living 1.2J Distinguish

1.2.3 Describe different
between types
a plantofand an inimal cell.
cells.
organisms
 CONTENT OBJECTIYES (Learners should be able to) NOTES
lJ Tissues 1.3.1 Define a tissue.
1.3.2 Identify tissues in a plant and Refer to epithelial and bone tissue as
animal. examples of animal tissue.
Refer to palisade layer and spongy mesophyll
including the epidermis as examples of plant
tissues.
1.4 Organs Ï.4.1 Define an organ.
1.4.2 Identify organs in plants and Relate organ system to an organism.
1.5 Diffusion and Osmosis animals.
1.5.1 Explain the terms: Conduct an experiment to demonstrate
a) Diffusion and diffusion and osmosis.
b) Osmosis.
1.6.1 Define an enzyme. Relate enzymes to proteins as biological
1.6 Enzymes catalysts.
1.6.2 Discuss characteristics of an enzyme. Refer to optimum temperature, pH,
specificity of enzymes, concentration of
substrate, activators and inhibitors
1.6.3 Explain the effects of:
(a)pH and
(b) Teinperature on enzyme
Action.
1.6.4 Discuss industrial application of Refer to Baking, Brewing, and Biological
enzymes. washing powders.

2
 OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to) NOTES
1.7.4 1.7.3 1.7.2 1.7.1
Use scientific and Refer
animals.
plantsamphibians,
names Refer
corniferous
birds,
ofto diversity,
diversity, plants
arthropods
locallytoknown algae,
and
mammals,
and mosses, ferns,
angiosperms.
reptiles,
protozoa.
Formulate a simple key
Identify
Use a simple classification key to for various types of Identify
animals. various types of plants.
Classification
identify plants andof plants and animals.
animals.

3
 CONTENT
1.7 Classification
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CONTENT OBJECTIVES (learners should be able to) NOTES

2.1 Nutrition in plants 2.1.1 Define nutrition. Refer to different types of nutrition.
2.1.2 Describe the nutritional Refer to mineral salts, water and co,
requirements of plants. Refer to dark and light reactions.
Refer to the need of chlorophyll and light
energy.
2.1.3 Explain the process of photosynthesis. Mention raw materials and products.
including role of enzymes and light energy.
(Names of enzymes are not required)
2.1.4 Demonstrate how to test a leaf Refer to morphology and anatomy of leaf.
for starch.
2.1.5 Explain how leaves are adapted Refer to carbon dioxide, light energy and
to carry out photosynthesis. chlorophyll.
2.1.6 Demonstrate the conditions
necessary for photosynthesis.
2.1.7 Investigate the functions of
nitrogen, magnesium and
phosphorus in plants.
2.1.8 State the importance of photosynthesis. Study the Rhizopus or Mucor
2.1.9 Identify the food storage organ of microscopically.
the plant. Refer to effect of sulphur dioxide.
2.1.10 Describe the structure of Rhizopus
or Mucor.
2.t.1 I Describe the effects of pollution on
plant nutrition.

4
hould
(Learners
be
VES
OBJECTI
Emphasize to sources.
Referextra cellular digestion.

2.2.1 Include vitamins A, B and C.

List
possible
proteins,
carbohydr
sources
fats and
ates,of
oils.

ns, 2.3.1
and storage
dehydration, loss sugars
of of mineral effects
andsalts, and excess
ofloss alcohol.
of fluids and inflammation of the alimentary canal. Refer to action ofcanal.
enzymes in the alimentary
Describe
holozoic
nutrition.
 able to)
2.1.12 Describe the digestion and absorption of Rhizopus or Mucor.

2.2.2 2.2.3
Describe the importance of proteins,
State fats, carbohydrates,
the composition roughage,
and proportion of elements vitamins
water,(carbon, and salts.
hydrogen and oxygen) in proteins, carbohydrates and f

2.3.6 2.3.5 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.2

Discuss
Describecommon
extraailments
cellular
theIdentify of
digestion
and illustrate the alimentary
the theinmain canal.
regions of the State
Describe
alimentary main
the digestion
thecanal functions
and and
of the
associatedassimilation
parts of of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
organs.
alimentary canal. the alimentary canal.
 2.2. Classes of nutrients

2.3.8
2.3 Animal nutrition 2.3.7
Discuss the effects of common ailments of the liver. Describe the functions of the liver.
 CONTENT OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to) NOTES
2.4.1 Dentition 2.4.1 Identify the incisors, canines,
premolars and molars of mammals.
2.4.2 Relate the structure of incisors, Refer to a longitudinal section in a herbivore.
Canines, premolars and molars
to their functions.
2.4.3 Describe the internal structure of Refer to causes and prevention of
the human tooth. tooth decay.
Refer to the causes of toothache.
2.4.4 State the dental formulae of a
(a) Rat and Refer to relation of dentition and diet in
(b) Human being. herbivore, carnivore and the omnivore.
2.4.5 Identify the differences in
dentitions of goat, lion and human
being.

6
UNIT 3.0 TRANSPORT

Refer to gutation,
Refer to phloem.
Demonstrate Refer
active transport
the xylem
thetouptake
inmovement and
ofof phloem.
salts.
water inReferRecap
roots herbaceous
toand stems dicot
on theofphysiology and anatomy
Refer
plants.and monocot of the
toanatomy.
xylem andleaf.
phloem.

7
 OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to)
3.1.1 Refer to plants structural
(d)(c) support.(b) Refer(a) Construct
to effects of: a simple potometer to illustrate this phenomenon.
e with the aid of diagrams the humidity;
speed
light of refer to effects of deforestation
wind.
intensityand temperature,
d external structure of roots and
stems.
 3.1.4 3.1.3 3.1.2
spiration. Describe
Describe the transport of carbohydrates from leaves to the stem the transport of mineral saltsDescribe
and leaves. from thethe
soiltransport
. of water in higher plants.
3.1 Transport in plants
 CONTENT OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to)
3.2 Blood 3.2.1 Describe the composition of blood.
3.2.2 Explain the functions of blood.
3.2.3 Distinguish between the red and the
white blood cells.
3.2.4 Name the sites where the blood
cells are made.
3.2.5 Explain the process of blood clotting.
3.2.6 Describe the blood groups of A B 0.
3.2.7 Explain the importance of
determining the blood groups
and Rhesus factor.
3.2.8 Explain the donor -
recipient compatibility of
blood types.
3.2.9 Explain the importance of screening
the blood for Rurposes of
3.3 Blood Disorders 3.3.1 Explain the significance of disorders
due to the condition of the blood.
8
NOTES
Refer to structural and functional
differences. Include bone marrow, lymph
nodes and
spleen.
Include substance changes, enzymes,
fibrinogen.
Include the antibody and antigen
composition, rh factor and Hepatitis A.
Include blood transfusion, transmission of
AIDS, hepatitis.
Include leukaemia, sickle cell anaemia
and
haemophilia.
9
m vehicles) Refer to pulse rate and relate to the heart beat (distole and systole). Refer to chambers, valves, vessels, including coronary arteries.

Refer
Refer to lymph
to STD, TB, HIV
nodesorand their disease prevention.
injury.

Refer
Refer to transverse to their importance in the transport system.
sections.
 OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able t
3.4.4 3.4.3 3.4.2 3.4.1
Discuss the prevention of Explain
coronarythe
heart
causes
disease.
of coronary heart disease. Describe how the heart Describe
functions.the structure of the heart.

3.5.2 3.5.1
fluid, lymph
Describe the relationship between tissueDescribe and blood.
the structure of the lymphatic system in relation to blood circulatory system.

3.6.5 3.6.4 3.6.3 3.6.2

3.6.1
are the structure
Name theand functions
main of arteries,
blood vessels to andveins
fromand
thecapillaries.
heart, lungs, liver and kidney. Differentiate between the single and double
Describe
Describe
circulation.
thethe
double
circulatory
circulation.
system.
 3.4The Heart

3.5Lymphatic
3.5.4 System 3.5.3
Describe the function of Lymph nodes in disease prevention.
Describe the composition, flow and 'function of lymph.

3.6 Circulatory System

CONTENT OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to) NOTES
3.6.6 Desribe the structure of lymph Refer to transverse section.
capillaries, lymph vessels and lymph
nodes.
3.6.7 State the origin and functions of
tissue fluid.
3.6.8 State the functions of lymph.

10
 UNIT 4.0 RESPIRATION

Refer
Réfqrtotocigarette
lung cancerRefer
smoking.
as well.the structure
tocarcinogen, Refer
and functions
nicotin to surface
and organs. Refer
tar. ofarea/volume ratios,
to differences
rate of breathing.
in gaseous concentrations.

Refer to a chemical process that takes place to release energy.

11
hemical Refer to energy
and word releases, productionRefer
equations: of alcohol of the
to usesand energy
lactic acid.produced in an organism; e.g. cell division, transport of materials.
 OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able
4.1.4 4.1.3 4.1.2 4.1.1
Discuss
n experiment to show gaseous exchange in green plants.Explain the mechanism pollution
the effectsofofgaseous on
exchange in an insect, fish and human being. Describe the respiratory organs of an
gaseous exchange. insect, fish and human being.

4.2.4 4.2.3 4.2.2 4.2.1

State the production of A T P. Explain the importance of respiration.
Demonstrate respiration in green plants, germinating seeds and soil organisms. Define respiration.
 4.1.6
4.1 Gaseous Exchange 4.1.5
Describe the adverse effects of pollutants on health of human
Describe
beings. the composition of inspired and expired air.

4.2 Respiration in an 4.2.5

Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Organism
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CONTENT OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to) NOTES

5.1 Excretion 5.1.1 Define excretion.
5.1.2 Explain the importance of excretion.
5.2 The Kidneys 5.2.1 Describe the structure of the kidney.
5.2.2 Explain the mechanism of excretion
in the kidney.
5.2.3 Discuss the common problems and
diseases associated with the
kidney.
5.3 The Lungs 5.3.1 Describe the role of lungs in
excretion.
5.4.1 Describe the structure of the skin.
5.4 The Skin
5.4.2 Describe the role of the skin in
excretion.
Refer to removal of toxic metabolic waste
from lungs, kidneys, skin and liver (removal
of urea, C02).
Refer to excretion in plants.
Refer to toxic nature of products removed.
Refer to excretion in plants.
Refer to toxic nature of products removed.
Refer to the relative position of the organ in
the body.
Refer to cortex, medulla, pelvis, structure of
nephrone, inlet and outlet of blood vessels.
Refer to pressure filteration and selective
reabsorption, osmo regulation.
Refer to kidney failure and medication.
Refer to elimination of carbon dioxide.
Refer to the skin of a human being.
Refer to salts, urea and water as waste
products.

12
UNIT 6.0 HOMEOSTASIS

Refer to constant
Recap.Make reference
internal
Structure toenvironment
of skin. antidiuretic (blood
hormone
temperature, Refer
(ADH) contents of to the kidney,
tissue fluid, salts and the liver.
skinconcentration).

13
 OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to)
6.1.2 Emphasise
Refer the
6.1.1 tothe structures
blood sugar
feedback involved
mechanism
level. in the thermoregulation. Recap on skin structure Refer to
regulating
important organs in homeostasis. Describe homeostasis. vasodilation, vasoconstriction.
 6.1 Homeostasis 6.1.46.1.5 6.1.3
Discuss the mechanism
Discuss of
thethermoregulation
role of the liver inbythe
the skin. Describe the role of the kidney in
(b) (a)
regulation of the (b) (a)
body temperature.
blood sugar and the water
salt balance.
balance and
NI

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7.

H
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CONTENT OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to) NOTES

7.1 Growth 7.1.1 Explain the meaning of growth.
7.1.2 Identify the regions of growth in
stems and roots.
7.1.3 Describe the process of elongation
in plants.
7.1.4 Explain the differentiation of
primary and secondary tissues in
plants.
7.2 Germination and 7.2.1 Describe the structure of
Development a dicotyledonous and
monocotyledonous seed.
7.2.2 Demonstrate conditions necessary
for germination.
7.2.3 Discuss types of germination.
Refer to increase in number of cells, dry
mass, complexity and size.
Investigating meristematic regions.
Refer to vacuolation of cells.
Refer to meristematic region differentiating
into collenchyma, parenchyma, cambium,
Sclerenchyma, phloem, xylem.
Refer to dormancy and viability of seeds
and structure of the two types of seeds.
Set up demonstration experiments.
Refer to epigeal and hypogeal.
Set up demonstration experiments.

14
 to nutrition
fly may
sise the spread of dysentery, cholera, typhoid and malaria. The fruitRefer be used of
in the organisms.
place Indicate various stages, differences
of housefly. Refer toand
thediets.
habits of each organism.

15
 OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to)
7.3.3 7.3.2 7.3.1 Refer Refer
to useto biological and chemical control.
ofsanitation.
Describe
rmine the rate of population increase in Describe
the life history
houseflies. the life history of a housefly.
of a mosquito.
7.3 The life history of the housefly and
the mosquito
 ES

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CONTENT OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to) NOTES

8.1 Responses 8.1.1 Define tropic response.
8.1.2 Demonstrate responses exhibited by
plants.
8.1.3 Explain the effects of light
energy and gravity on the growth
of plants.
8.2 Taxic Responses 8.2.1 Define taxis.
8.2.2 Demonstrate responses exhibited by
invertebrates.
8.3 The Endocrine System 8.3.1 Define a hormone.
8.3.2 Locate the position of the
endocrine glands in a human
being.
Refer to growth responses in plants to
water, light, chemicals and gravity.
Refer only to phototropism and geotropism of
shoots. Hydrotropism, geotropism and
chemotropism of roots.
Refer to the Auxin theory.
Refer to earthworms, woodlice and
cockroaches.
Refer to responses to light, chemicals and
moisture.
Refer to a chemical substance produced by
the glands carried by the blood and alters the
activity of one or more specific target organs.

16
 OBJECTIVES
should be able(Learners
to)
8.3.3 secretion
feedback mechanism
Refer in the hormones.
theeffects
toofsecretion of of Include
over
insulin and the
under
and glucagon.
ame the hormones
produced by the
ancreas, adrenal,
yroid and pituitary

efer 8.4.1
ronestoin
therelaying
brain, spinal
information.
cord and
Refer
nerves.
Illustrate to structure
with Use illustrations and
of motor to
examples. sensory
identify structure of the nervous system (picture, models).
escribe
ns, the nervous
dendrone, dendrite and cell body.
ystem in the human
being.

17
 8.3.4
Describe the functions of thyroxine,
glands.
insulin and adrenaline.

8.4 The Nervous System 8.4.38.4.2

Outline the path
Illustrate the taken an impulse
motor,bysensory and the
multipolar neurones.
through a spinal reflex arc.
 CONTENT OBJECTIVkS (Learners should be able to) NOTES
8.4.4 Describe the spinal, cranial and Refer to Pavlovian experiment.
the conditioned reflex.
8.4.5 Identify the cerebral Identifying from photographs, diagrams and
hemispheres, cerebellum and the preserved or fresh specimen of a small
medulla oblongata in the brain mammal as well. General reference to major
of a human being. functions of each region is expected.
8.4.6 State the functions of the
forebrain and the hind brain.
8.4.7 Describe the effects of excessive
.use/abuse of drugs.
8.4.8 EKblain the consequence of
tetanus infection.
8.5 Sense Ctrgans 8.5.1 Describe the structure of the eye. Refer to mammalian eye. Use of models and
charts is expected.
8.5.2 Explain the functions of the parts of
the eye.
8.5.3 Define accommodation of the eye. Refer to the process of producing a focused
image of near and distant objects on the
retina

18
lude the methods of cleaning the ears.Refer noise and
RefertotoVitamin A deficiency
diseases .and river
Refer charts
blindness is expected.
to mammalian
and physical
ear. injury. removing
Include
Use of models Refer
Diagrammatic
theparticles
and methods expected.
to loss
from
abnormal of elasticity
eyes.
representation
eye ballof
of cleaning and
andcorrections
ofage.
the lensisand

19
 OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to)
8.5.7 8.5.6 8.5.4
8.5.5
Illustrate by cross section of the skin showing heat, pain, touch
Describe
and
s and the methods of preventing blindness. Explain the correction of shortState causesthe
long sight.
of short and the
longlong
sight.
andsight.
pressure receptors.
 8.5.11 8.5.10 8.5.9 8.5.8
the causes
Describe the role of the skin in co- ordination. DescribeExplain and methods
the functions Describe
of the
of parts structure of the ear.
theof
the ear.
preventing deafness.
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CONTENT OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to) NOTES

9.1 Skeletons 9.1.1 List various types of skeletons. Refer to endoskeleton, exoskeleton,
hydrostatic.
9.1.2 Describe the functions of
the skeleton.
9.2 The Skeleton of an Insect 9.2.1 Describe the exoskeleton. Refer to position and composition.
9.2.2 Identify joints in the limbs of
a Grasshopper.
9.2.3 Illustrate the way muscles are
attached at a joint in a limb of
an insect.
9.3 The Mammalian 9.3.1 Identify the bones of the axial The use of diagrams and the actual specimens
Skeleton and the appendicular skeletons.

cte
pe
ex

9.3.2 State the reasons why a bone
is regarded as a living tissue.
d.
is
Refer to living cells in bones production, red
blood cells. Use of slides where possible of
bone tissue is expected. — refer to bone
marrow cancer and TB.

20
21
efer to role of cartilage, synovial fluid and capsule. Include the structure of synovial joints. Also refer to joint disorders e.g. gout. Refer to limb muscles.
 OBJECTIVES (Learners should be able to)
9.4.4 9.4.3 9.4.2 9.4.1
Explain the
Compare andfunctions
contrast of
theparts of the
ball and synovial
socket jointjoint.
and the
Explain
hingethe
Describe
joint.
actionthe
of antagonistic
structure of amuscles.
skeletal muscle.
9.4 Muscles and Joints 9.4.5
Compare and contrast the joints, muscle attachment and movement in an endoskeleton with
those of an exoskeleton.
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CONTENT OBJECTIVE (Learners should be able to) NOTES

10.1 Reproduction in fungi, amoeba
and bacteria
10.2 Reproduction in plants.
10.1.1 Define reproduction.
10.1.2 State the different types Refer to asexual and sexual reproduction.
of reproduction.
10.1.3 Illustrate asexual reproduction Refer to budding in yeast cells and bacteria,
in unicellular organisms. binary fission in amoeba.
10.1.4 Describe the asexual and Refer to sporangium
sexual reproduction in fungus. Refer to Zygospore
10.1.5 Explain the characteristics of spores Include dispersal, unfavourable
of fungus. environmental conditions for germination.
10.1.6 Explain the importance of fungi and Refer to the decomposition of organic
bacteria. matter and nutrient recyling.
Refer to their disease causing effects e.g.
Ringworm and Bacillary dysentery
Refer to production of alcohol.
10.2.1 Describe the structure of a typical
flower.
10.2.2 State the functions of various parts of
a flower.
10.2.3 Describe pollination.
10.2.4 Distinguish between self and
cross pollination.
10.2.5 Distinguish between wind and
insect pollination.
10.2.6 Describe fertilisation.
10.2.7 Outline the process leading
to fertilisation.
10.2.8 Explain formation of seeds and fruits.
10.2.9 Define dispersal.

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 NOTES
agation, budding,
Refer grafting, corms,
to structural bulbs, rhizomes
differences including
andother
runners. Use of local
characteristics examples
(scent, should
shape,
Refer beofemphasised.
colour) various
to water, wind,parts.
animals and self mechanism.

23
 OBJECTIVE (Learners should be able to)
10.2.12
10.2.11 10.2.10 Refer to the significance of vegetative propagation in Agriculture —
ribe different
portance methods
of fruit and seed dispersal.
ofExplain the adaptation of fruits and seed dispersal. Cultivation of sugarcane, pineapples and bananas.
d artificial propagation.
 CONTENT
10.2.13
State the advantages and disadvantäges of
vegetative propagation.
 CONTENT
10.3 Reproduction in animals
OBJECTIVE(Learners should be able to) .NOTES
10.3.1 Describe the process of Emphasize significance of
reproduction in a frog. - number of eggs laid
- nature of fertilisation
care of young
(metamorphosis not required).
10.3.2 Describe the structure of
reproductive systems in a
human being.
10.3.3 State the functions of the
different parts of the human
reproductive system.
10.3.4 Describe the biological changes Refer to the primary and secondary
associated to sexual development characteristics. Include menopause and
in human beings. formation of gametes.
10.3.5 Describe menstrual cycle.
10.3.6 Outline the process of fertilisation
in human beings.
10.3.7 Describe the development of the Refer to nourishment, protection of the
embryos in the uterus. embryo and excretion.
Refer to labour period and parturition.
10.3.8 Describe the function of placenta Refer to effects of harmful substances in
of an embryo and excretion. the
mother’s blood.
10.3.9 Describe the special dietary
needs of a pregnant woman.
10.3.10 Discuss some methods of
birth control.
10.3.11 Compare and contrast the
reproductive method in a frog
and human being.
”
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 UNIT 11.0 HEALTH

'
er
ia toCholera.
ndand mental
nutritional
Refer
Bilharzia
nvironmental (schistosomiasis)
well
deficiency
loss
toRefer
andpollutants. being,
such
of as,dependent
to healthmarasmus,
resulting
inherited receiving
onfrom
kwashiorkor
diseases
anaemia. balanced
disturbances
— sickle diet
and rickets.
acell, of the normal appropriate
and anprocesses physical
of the body. and mental activity. Refer to good health as a state of physical

Refer to diet, repeated invasions by pathogens and development of resistant strains of the pathogens. Include
Refer active, passive
to control artificial and natural
of diseases.
immunity.

25
 OBJECTIVE (Learners should be able to
l 1.1.4 Discuss causative agent, signs and symptoms, methods of transmission and 11.1.3
control. 11.1.2 11.1.1
Discuss various types of diseases. Define disease. Define good health.

11.2.4 11.2.3 11.2.2 l 1.2.1 Explain the term immunity t

Discuss the importance of immunization.
Discuss the factors that reduce immunity to pathogens. Explain the importance of the immune system.
disease.
11.1 Diseases

11.2 Immunity
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CONTENT OBJECTIVE (Learners should be able to) NOTES

12.1 Variations in plant and 12.1.1 Describe the study of genetics.
-

animal species
12.2 Mitosis and Meiosis
12.1.2 Describe the variations in
human beings.
12.1.3 Describe the variations in
flowering plants.
12.1.4 Distinguish between continuous
and discontinuous variations
12.1.5 Describe the factors that causes
variations among plant and
animals of the same species.
12 2.1 Describe the stages of
cell division.
12.2.2 Describe a chromosome and
a gene.
12.2.3 Explain the importance of mitosis
and meiosis.
12.2.4 Explain the cause of cancer.
Include the eye colour, skin colour, finger
print, tongue rolling, height.
Fruit structure and scent, (taste).
Refer to height (tall, dwarf) . Include
leaf size, shape, weight.
Refer to climatic factors, nutrition, soils
(give examples of each).
Refer to chromosome and double strand of
DNA, on which genes are carried.
Refer to mitosis and meiosis.
Refer to growth and reproduction
Refer to uncontrolled cell division

26
Refer to the work
Include of Mendel
simple problem of Morgan.
andsolving Emphasise simple crossings homozygous, heterozygous
questions.
recessive, dominant, FI, Fz generation, offspring, ratio, gene, chromosomes, alleles, phenotype and
genotype, gamete.

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 (PSBA
OBJE
rtween
to12.3.2
AOB 12.3.1
red and white
blood Refer
flowered
groups, Roan red, green
to, plants.
cattle, a colour blindness and haemophilia. Refer to height,
Refer to X and Y chromosomes . eye colour, albinism, sickle cell.
Explain a
Define
inherita
nce.
 12.3.5 12.3.4 12.3.3
Explain the inheritance of sex linked to characteristics. factors that
Explain theExplain the inheritance
determine of human
characteristics.
the sex of human being. os cr br y h o n o m
s. id
12.3 Inheritance
12.3.7 12.3.6
Explain the meaningExplain
ofco- the mechanism of AOB inheritance.

dominance.
 CONTENT OBJECTIVE (Learner should be able to)
12.4 Mutation 12.4.1 Define mutation.
12.4.2 State causes of mutation.
12.4.3 Describe the mechanisms of
mutation.
12.4.4 Explain effects of mutation.
12.4.5 Discuss the uses of mutation.
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NOTES
Refer to natural radiation (nuclear emission,
and x-rays, ultra-violent light).
Refer to change in gene structure
leading to sickle cell anaemia and
changes in chromosome number leading
to Downs Syndrome)
Refer to variations, Down’s Syndrome,
haemophilia, and sickle cell anaemia.
Refer to the application of induced mutation
in agriculture.
Refer to chromosome mutation leading to
polyploid plants.
Refer to economic importance of polyploid
plants.
 UNIT 13.0 ECOLOGY

Refer to trophic levels

Refer
in atofood
illustration
chain. of food chains using Refer
local toRefer to specialisation
examples.
producer, consumer and anddecomposer. Refer to interaction
adaptation to a specific habitant. of organisms with their
environment.

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 (Learners
be able
OBJECTIVE
to)should
nature of energy13.1.1
flow. Refer to diagrammatic representation. Relate
Refer to ultim.ate source of energy as being the food chain to development of a food web.
sunlight.
Explain the
term ecology.
 13.1.5 13.1.4 13.1.3 13.1.2
flows along food chains and food webs. ‘ Explain the term food web. Explain
Explainthe
theterms
termhabitat, niche, population, community.
food chain.
13.1 Relationships of organisms with one
another and with their environment
CONTENT OBJECTIVE (Learners should be able to) NOTES
13.1.6 Discuss the efficiency of Refer to energy loss at each level.
energy transfer between tropic
levels.
Refer to diagrammatic representation.
13.1.7 Explain pyramids of energy and
bio- mass.
Include the roles of micro organisms.
13.1.8 Describe how carbon and Refer to the importance of carbon and
nitrogen are cycled within an nitrogen cycles.
ecosystem.
Relate to human and environmental
13.1.9 Describe the water cycle. factors. Use a pond as an example.
13.1.10 Discuss an ecosystem.

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-
31
 Refer to
Refer
and
Refer to sand, loam, clay of different acidity, alkalinity, importance
inorganic
themoisture of air,
particles.
to pH asorwell.
water andhumus, water
plant population.

Refer to sewer inorganic waste (including oil) Sulphur dioxide (acid rain) carbon monoxide.
waste management. Refer to use of filters in chimney.
 OBJECTIVE (Learners should be able to
13.2.5 13.2.4 13.2.3 13.2.2 13.2.1
Explain
mine the importance
the distribution of living
of earth organisms
Describe the importance
in soil. of each of the
Describe components
physicalthe of soil.
consequences of deforestation on soil stability and climate. Explain the effect of Agriculture on
s in different types of soil. an ecosystem.

13.3.2 13.3.1
Determine measures to prevent the pollution of water,
Describe
soil andthe
air.undesirable effects of water, air and land pollution.
13.2 Effects of human activities on th

ecosystem

13.3Pollution

CONTENT OBJECTIYE tLearners should be able to)
13.4 Conservation 13.4.1 Explain the term conservation.
13.4.2 Discuss the importance of
conserving plant and
animal species.
13.4.3 State reasons for recycling
of materials.
13.4.4 Discuss the importance of
sustainable use of
resources.
13.5 Bio-diversity 13.5.1 Define the term Bio-diveristy.
13.5.2 Discuss the range of organisms
in a given locality.
13.5.3 Discuss the importance of
biological diversity.
13.5.4 List the main characteristics of
the following groups: viruses,
bacteria, fungi, insects, fish,
amphibians, reptiles, mammals,
flowering and non flowering.
13.5.5 Explain how some organisms
are adapted to their
environment.
13.5.6 Discuss the impact of human
activity on organisms.
13.5.7 Discuss the economic reasons,
for maintaining bio-diversity.
32
'"..“
NOTES
Refer to endangered species.
Refer to water and paper.
Refer to over fishing and over
hunting. Include bee keeping and game
cropping.
Refer to school grounds, a pond or near
by wetland or game reserves.
Refer to equilibrium of organisms in the
ecosystem.
Refer to fish, an insect, a mammal
and a plant
Refer to hunting, fishing, charcoal
production, leading to reduction in bio-
diversity.
Also refer to the threatened extinction of
African elephant.
Refer to tourism, medicinal plants and
animal, source of food.
 OBJECTIYE (Learners should be able to)
13.6.2 histograms,
13.6.1
Refer to graphs,Refer tables
to natural and pie-
disasters, charts.
disease, immigration, emigration and wars.
Explain the factors that cause change in Explain the term population.
population size.

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13.6 Population 13.6.3
Interpret population data.