(* 26. Juli 1855 bei Oldenswort; † 9.

April 1936 in Kiel) war ein deutscher Sozio-

loge, Nationalökonom und Philosoph. Mit seinem 1887 erschienenen Hauptwerk Gemein-
schaft und Gesellschaft wurde er zum Begründer der Soziologie in
ycv<yv<vsaagagagafafgagagafafafafaagagafggadfubjected to a fresh formulation in
relation to the new suprematist ideals. Through his Prouns, utopian models for a
new and better world were developed. This approach, in which the artist creates art
with socially defined purpose, could aptly be summarized with his edict "das
zielbewußte Schaffen" – "task oriented creation."[2]

Jewish themes and symbols also sometimes made appearances in his Prounen, usually
with Lissitzky using Hebrew letters as part of the typography or visual code. For
the cover of the 1922 book Arba'ah Teyashim (Four Billy Goats; cover), he shows an
arrangement of Hebrew letters as architectural elements in a d

eat the Whites with the Red Wedge ("Клином красным бей белых!" Klinom krasnym bey
belykh!) is a 1919[1] lithographic Soviet propaganda poster by artist Lazar
Markovich Lissitzky, better known as El Lissitzky, "the man through whose exertions
the new Russian ideas became generally understood in Western Europe".[2] In the
poster, the intrusive red wedge symbolizes the Bolsheviks, who are penetrating and
defeating their opponents, the White movement, during the Russian Civil War. It is
an example of Constructivism.

The image became popular in the West when Lissitzky moved to Germany in 1921. It is
considered symbolic of the Russian Civil War in Western publications.
Modern use

A simplified version lacking the smaller details is used by the Peacekeepers in the
television series Farscape.

The Slabinja Monument to the fallen fighters and victims of WWII fascism from
Slabinja, Croatia, seems to be directly inspired by this poster.[3]

English doom metal band Witchfinder General employ the red wedge motif in the
artwork accompanying their 1982 EP Soviet Invasion, and The Wake used the artwork
for their twelve-inch single "Something Outside" in 1983.[4] A similar simplified
version (rotated 1/4 turn cl

his stay. In his remaining years he brought significant innovation and change to
typography, exhibition design, photomontage, and book design, producing critically
respected works and winning international acclaim for his exhibition design. This
continued until his deathbed, where in 1941 he produced one of his last works – a
Soviet propaganda poster rallying the people to construct more tanks for the fight
against Nazi Germany. In 2014, the heirs of the artist, in collaboration with Van
Abbemuseum and leading worldwide scholars on the subject, established the Lissitzky
Foundation in order to preserve the artist's legacy and to prepare a catalogue
raisonné of the artist's oeuvre.
Contents

1 Early years
2 Avant-garde

price for the PlayStation: Olaf Olafsson, the head of Sony Computer Entertainment
America (SCEA), summoned Steve Race to the stage, who said "$299", and then walked
away to applause.[24][54][55][56][57] The Saturn's release in Europe also came
before the previously announced North American date, on July 8, 1995, at a price of
£399.99.[14] European retailers and press did not have time to promote the system
or its games, harming sales.[58] The PlayStation launched in Europe on September
29, 1995; by November, it had already outsold the Saturn by a factor of three in
the United Kingdom, where Sony had allocated £20 million of marketing during the
holiday season compared to Sega's £4 million.[59][60]

The Saturn's U.S. launch was accompanied by a reported $50 million advertising
campaign that included coverage in publications such as Wired and Playboy.[43][61]
[62] Early advertising for the system was targeted at a more mature, adult audience
than the Sega Genesis ads.[63][64] Because of the early launch, the Saturn had only
six games (all published by Sega) available to start as most third-party games were
slated to be released around the original launch date.[50][65][66] Virtua Fighter's
relative lack of popularity in the West, combined with a release schedule of only
two games between the surprise launch and September 1995, prevented Sega from
capitalizing on the Saturn's early timing.[22][37][67] Within two days of its
September 9, 1995 launch in North America, the PlayStation (backed by a large
marketing campaign[45][68]) sold more units than the Saturn had in the five months
following its surprise launch, with almost all of the initial shipment of 100,000
units being sold in advance, and the rest selling out across the U.S.[44][69]

A high-quality port of the Namco arcade game Ridge Racer contributed to the
PlayStation's early success,[39][70] and garnered favorable media in comparison to
the Saturn version of Sega's Daytona USA, which was considered inferior to its
arcade counterpart.[71][72] Namco, a longtime arcade competitor with Sega,[9][73]
also unveiled the Namco System 11 arcade board, based on raw PlayStation hardware.
[74] Although the System 11 was technically inferior to Sega's Model 2 arcade
board, its lower price made it attractive to smaller arcades.[74][75] Following a
1994 acquisition of Sega developers, Namco released Tekken for the System 11 and
PlayStation. Directed by former Virtua Fighter designer Seiichi Ishii, Tekken was
intended to be fundamentally similar, with the addition of detailed textures and
twice the frame rate.[76][77][78] Tekken surpassed Virtua Fighter in popularity due
to its superior graphics and nearly arcade-perfect console port, becoming the first
million-selling PlayStation game.[75][79][80]

On October 2, 1995, Sega announced a Saturn price reduction to $299.[81] High-

quality Saturn ports of the Sega Model 2 arcade hits Sega Rally Championship,[82]
Virtua Cop,[83] and Virtua Fighter 2 (running at 60 frames per second at a high
resolution)[84][85][86] were available by the end of the year, and were generally
regarded as superior to competitors on the PlayStation.[14][87] Notwithstanding a
subsequent increase in Saturn sales during the 1995 holiday season, the games were
not enough to reverse the PlayStation's decisive lead.[87][88] By 1996, the
PlayStation had a considerably larger library than the Saturn, although Sega hoped
to generate interest with upcoming exclusives such as Nights into Dreams.[67] An
informal survey of retailers showed that the Saturn and PlayStation sold in roughly
equal numbers during the first quarter of 1996.[89] Within its first year, the
PlayStation secured over 20% of the entire U.S. video game market.[62] On the first
day of the May 1996 E3 show, Sony announced a PlayStation price reduction to $199,
[44] a reaction to the release of the Model 2 Saturn in Japan at a price roughly
equivalent to $199.[90] On the second day, Sega announced it would match this
price, though Saturn hardware was more expensive to manufacture.[91][92]
Changes at Sega
"I thought the world of [Hayao] Nakayama because of his love of software. We spoke
about building a new hardware platform that I would be very, very involved with,
shape the direction of this platform, and hire a new team of people and restructure
Sega. That, to me, was a great opportunity."

—Bernie Stolar, on his joining Sega of America.[37]

Despite the launch of the PlayStation and Saturn, sales of 16-bit games and
consoles continued to account for 64% of the video game market in 1995.[93][94]
Sega underestimated the continued popularity of the Genesis, and did not have the
inventory to meet demand.[88][93] Sega was able to capture 43% of the dollar share
of the U.S. video game market and sell more than 2 million Genesis units in 1995,
but Kalinske estimated that "we could have sold another 300,000 Genesis systems in
the November/December timeframe."[88] Nakayama's decision to focus on the Saturn
over the Genesis, based on the systems' relative performance in Japan, has been
cited as the major contributing factor in this miscalculation.[95]

Due to long-standing disagreements with Sega of Japan,[24][37] Kalinske lost most

of his interest in his work as CEO of Sega of America.[96] By the spring of 1996,
rumors were circulating th