CHAPTER 4

JOSE RIZAL'S FORMATIVE YEARS

An Ignatian Legacy

"The beliefs of my childhood have given way to the convictions of youth, which I hope in time
will take root in me. Any essential belief that does not stand review and the test of time must
pass on to the realm of memory and leave the heart."1

Tragedies in Rizal's Young Life

It was with a sad heart that Francisco Rizal finally sent Jose off to a school in
Manila. The boy was now eleven years of age. His brother Paciano was studying in the
College of San Jose under its famous teacher Fr. Jose Burgos, a noble and courageous
Filipino priest. Here Jose Rizal came face to face with another tragedy in his young life.
He found Paciano distracted over the execution of the beloved Fr. Jose Burgos, who was
convicted of inciting mutiny, an insurrection or uprising against civil, legal, or political
authority.

The early education of Jose Rizal was an important aspect of his political
thought. Like many children of the well-to-do, he received his early education at home.
He had private tutors, but it quickly became obvious that he was advanced beyond his
years. Although he attended school in Calamba, young Jose primarily educated himself
in the family library and through conversation with family and friends. Finally it was
decided that he would attend the prestigious Ateneo Municipal de Manila in
Intramuros, which means "within walls." The Rizal family now determined that Jose
should continue his education in Manila. He was making preparations to depart when
an injustice occurred and threw a shadow across his happy young life. His mother was
thrown into prison, accused of a crime of which she was so wholly incapable of doing
that everybody knew it was a pure fabrication. She was charged with conspiracy with
her brother, Alberto Realonda, to kill his wife, who had separated from him.
1
Jose Rizal's letter to his mother, 1885.
The Execution of Gomburza

On the night of January 20, 1872, some 200 Filipino and Spanish mestizo workers
and soldiers rose in mutiny in Cavite because of the abolition of their usual privileges
including exemption from tribute and polo y servicio (forced labor) by the Governor
General Rafael de Izquierdo. Three priests were implicated in the mutiny, tried and
sentenced to die on February 17, 1872. They were Fr. Mariano Gomez, Fr. Jose Burgos,
and Fr. Jacinto Zamora. They were known as Gomburza.

Fr. Gomez was a native of Cavite, a parish priest of Bacoor, and more than 70
years old at the time of execution. Fr. Burgos was described by the Spanish newspaper
La Nacion as a "Spaniard born in the Philippines and a parish priest of the Manila
Cathedral." Fr. Zamora was also a Spaniard born in the Philippines and a parish priest
of Marikina. He had given serious offense to the Spanish authorities, specifically
Brigadier Oran, the governor of Manila in 1867. Fr. Zamora denied him the honors due
to' provincial governor when he made a trip to Marikina.

The Imprisonment and Release of Dona Teodora

During Jose's two-year stay in Ateneo, his mother was imprisoned in Santa Cruz.
Dona Teodora allegedly conspired with her brother Jose Alberto to poison his wife.
Then she was released for a reason that revealed more plainly than ever how little
justice existed during that period. The Governor General, Rafael Izquierdo, 2 happened
be visiting Calamba. Some little girls danced for his entertainment. One of them was so
pretty and did her steps so charmingly that the Governor General called her to his side
and said:

“What present can I give you, charming little dancer?”

“Oh, please, Governor,” she answered, “release my mother from prison.”

“Who is this little girl's mother? Set her free!”3 cried the Governor General.

The pretty girl was Jose's sister, Soledad. Her mother was at once released and
the case dismissed without a trial.
2
He was the Governor General from April 1871 to January 8, 18734
3
Craig.

The execution of Gomburza and the imprisonment of Doña Teodora were fearful
shocks for an idealistic young scholar to endure at one time, and they burned
ineradicably into his soul. "Under the sense of an intolerable wrong, all the rest of his
life, he seemed a lonely and rather melancholy figure. A feeling grew upon him that the
misfortunes of his people were to be the business of his life."4

Rizal's Formative Years In Ateneo

Prior to Ateneo, Rizal took and passed the entrance exam at Colegio de San Juan
de Letran, but his father Francisco opted for Ateneo. On June 10, 1872, Paciano
accompanied Jose to matriculate at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Fr. Magin
Ferrando, the registrar of Ateneo at first refused to admit Jose for two reasons: (1) he
was late for registration and (2) he appeared sickly and undersized for his age. Upon
the intercession of Manuel Xerez-Burgos, nephew of Fr. Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly
admitted to Ateneo.

The role of the Jesuits in Philippine education is very important. After they were
expelled from the Philippine archipelago in 1768, the order remained dormant until its
members returned in 1859. When the Jesuits re-emerged to convert the Mindanao
population, they were also asked to take charge of Ateneo. By 1865 Ateneo was a
secondary school that offered rigorous courses almost equivalent to college academics.
Ateneo was considered the finest school in the Philippines because of the rigorous
intellectual standards of the Jesuits.

Following the rigid methodical habits which he had learned from his father and
his Jesuit teachers, Jose prepared a schedule so that he would not lose an hour: study
and reading until four pm, exercise from four to five pm, and social and miscellaneous
obligations from five to six pm. This careful management of his time yielded results
almost at once.

He began at the bottom of the school, but within a month he became "Emperor of
Carthaginian." Ateneo had divided the students into two "empires," Roman and
Carthaginian, to fight for academic supremacy. It was this war that soon brought young
Rizal triumph and prizes. At the end of the first quarter, he received the grade
"excellent."

4
Charles Russell and Eulogio Rodriguez, The Hero of the Filipinos, New York: Century Co., 1923, P. 39.

The schedule he followed gave him extra time for reading. The first foreign book
he read,5 The Count of Monte Crtsto by Alexander Dumas reminded him of the sufferings
of his mother in prison and of his motherland. Conditions worse than those which
Dumas had described in his book were present all over the Philippines during that
time.

But the book which intrigued him was Dr. Feodor Jagor’s Travels in the
Philippines. Jagor was a German naturalist had visited the Philippines fifteen years
before and had made very wise and even prophetic comments. His book severely
criticized the Spanish regime: "Government monopolies, insolent disregard, and neglect
were the chief reasons for the downfall of Spain’s possessions. The same causes threaten
ruin to the Philippines…”

It was in this environment that Jose Rizal began the education that would
solidify his political thoughts.

Rizal's Early Writings on Education

While at Ateneo, Rizal won a special prize in poetry for "A La Juventud Filipina"
("To the Philippine Youth") and he cultivated the intellectual direction which led to his
nationalistic writings.6

TO THE PHILIPPINE YOUTH

(A Translation from the Spanish by Nick Joaquin)

Hold high the brow serene,

O youth, where now you stand;
Let the bright sheen
Of your grace be seen, Fair hope of my fatherland!

Come now, thou genius grand,

And bring down inspiration;
With thy mighty hand,
Swifter than the wind's violation,
Raise the eager mind to higher station.

Comedown with pleasing light

Of art and science to the fight,
5
Craig, p.57.
6
Guerrero, p. 102.

O youth, and there untie

The chains that heavy tie,
Your spirit free to blight.
 See how in flaming zone
Amid the shadows thrown,
The Spaniard'a holy hand
A crown's resplendent band
Proffers to this Indian land.

Thou, who now wouldst rise

On wings of rich emprise,
Seeking from Olympian skies
Songs of sweetest strain,
Softer than ambrosial rain;

Thou, whose voice divine

Rivals Philomel's refrain
And with varied line
Through the night benign
Frees mortality from pain;

Thou, who by sharp strife

Wakest thy mind to life;
And the memory bright
Of thy genius' light
Makest immortal in its strength;

And thou, in accents clear

Of Phoebus, to Apelles dear;
Or by the brush's magic art
Takest from nature's store a part,
To fig it on the simple canvas' length;

Go forth, and then the sacred fire

Of thy genius to the laurel may aspire;
To spread around the fame, And in victory acclaim,
Through wider spheres the human name.

Day, O happy day,

Fair Filipinas, for thy land!

So bless the Power to-day

That places in thy way
This favor and this fortune grand!
While attending Ateneo, Rizal developed into a first-rate student. He was
remembered as an original thinker, a creative scholar, and a natural leader. The Ateneo
years were a coming-out period for Rizal. He not only became the leader of his fellow
students, he also took up fencing and gymnastics,7 The most noticeable change in
Rizal’s education was his mastery of Spanish.
When Rizal began schools, he was only moderately successful in speaking and
writing Spanish. But Rizal work hard and read constantly until finally Fr. Francisco de
Paula Sanchez remarked that he was becoming proficient in the language. At this point
Rizal began writing in Spanish. Most of his famous works were written in that
language. 8
It was Fr. Sanchez who recognized Rizal’s talent as a poet and encouraged him
to practice this craft. Rizal’s student poems were impressionistic and amateurish, but
they contained the seeds of his future nationalism. As a member of the Society of
Muses, Rizal enjoyed himself but increasingly found his poems expressing a national
theme. He could see a sense of Philippine nationalism in writing about flowers; even his
early poems suggested a critical voice that castigated the Spanish for their foibles and
follies.
Fr. Jose Villaclara, who instructed Rizal in the sciences and philosophy, played
an equally important role in Rizal’s writing. He was a young man who believed that
Rizal was wasting his time with poetry. He developed a scientific curiosity in young
Rizal that lasted until his death. It was Fr. Villaclara who convinced Rizal to take a
"scientific attitude" about life. His classes encouraged Rizal to express his earliest
national ideas. He was determined to serve his people. That service would define the
key elements of Philippine nationalism.
A poem that Rizal wrote during his Ateneo years "Por Is Educacion Recibe
Lustre la Patria" ("Through Education Ours Motherland Receives Light"), suggested
that education is an integral art of the national character.

7
De Witt, p,82.
8
Ibid.

THROUGH EDUCATION OUR MOTHERLAND RECEIVES LIGHT

The vital breath of prudent Education

Instills a virtue of enchanting power;
 She lifts the motherland to highest station
And endless dazzling glories on her shower.
And as the zephyr's gentle exhalation
Revives the matrix of the fragrant flower,
So education multiplies her gifts of grace;
With prudent hand imparts them to the human race.

For her a mortal-man will gladly part

With all he has; will give his calm repose;
For her are born all science and all art,
That brows of men with laurel fair enclose.
As from the towering mountain's lofty heart
The purest current of the streamlet flows,
So education without stint or measure gives
Security and peace to lands in which she lives.

Where Education reigns on lofty seat

Youth blossoms forth with vigor and agility;
He error subjugates with solid feet,
And is exalted by conceptions of nobility.
She breaks the neck of vice and its deceit;
Black crime turns pale at Her hostility;
The barbarous nations She knows how to tame,
From savages creates heroic fame.

And as the spring doth sustenance bestow

On all the plants, on bushes in the mead,
Its placid plenty goes to overflow
And endlessly with lavish love to feed
The banks by which it wanders, gliding slow,
Supplying beauteous nature's every need;
So he whop rudent Education doth procure
The towering heights of honor will secure.

From out his lips the water, crystal pure,

Of perfect virtue shall not cease to go.
With careful doctrines of his faith made sure,
The powers of evil he will overthrow,
Like foaming waves that never long endure
But perish on the shore at every blow,
And from his good example other men shall learn
Their upward steps toward the heavenly paths to turn.

Within the breast of wretched humankind

She lights the living flame of goodness bright;
The hands of fiercest criminal cloth bind;
And in those breasts will surely pour delight
 Which seek her mystic benefits to find,
Those souls She sets aflame with love of right
It is a noble fully-rounded Education
That gives to life its surest consolation.

And as the mighty rock aloft may tower

Above the center of the stormy deep
In scorn of storm, or fierce Sou'wester's power
Or fury of the waves that raging seep,
Until, their first mad hatred spent, they cower,
And tired at last, subside and fall asleep,
So he that takes wise Education by the hand,
Invincible shall guide the reigns of motherland.

On sapphires shall his service be engraved,

A thousand honors to him by his land be granted:
For in their bosoms will his noble sons have saved
Luxuriant flowers his virtue had transplanted:
And by the love of goodness ever lived,
The lords and governors will see implanted
To endless days, the Christian Education,
Within their noble, faith-enrapture nation.

And as in early morning we behold

The ruby sun pour forth resplendent rays;
And lovely dawn her scarlet and her gold.
Her brilliant colors all about her sprays;
So skillful noble Teaching doth unfold
To living minds the joy of virtuous ways.
She offers our door motherland the light
That leads as to immortal glory's height.

Again, while in Ateneo, in 1876 composed a poem entitled “Alianza intima la

religion y la educacion” (“The Intimate Alliance between Religion and Education”) in
which Rizal expressed importance of religion in education and to him; education
without God is not true education.
THE INTIMATE ALLIANCE BETWEEN RELIGION AND EDUCATION

As the climbing ivy over lofty elm

Creeps tortuously, together the, adornment
Of the verdant plain, embellishing
Each other and together growing,
But should the kindly elm refuse its aid
The ivy would impotent and friendless wither;
So is Education to Religion
By spiritual alliance bound.
Through Religion, Education gains renown, and
Woe to the impious mind that blindly spurning
The sapient teachings of Religion, this
Unpolluted fountainhead forsakes.

As the sprout, growing from the pompous vine,

Proudly offers us its honeyed clusters
While the generous and fresh’ning waters
Of celestial virtue give new life
To Education true, shedding
On it warmth and light; because of them
The vine smells sweet and gives delicious fruit.

Without Religion, Human Education

Is like unto a vessel struck by winds
Which, sore beset, is of its helm deprived
By the roaring blows and buffets of the dread
Tempestuous Boreas, who fiercely wields
His power until he proudly sends her down
Into the deep abysses of the angered sea.

As heaven's dew the meadow feeds and strengthens

So that blooming flowers all the earth
Embroider in the days of spring; so also
If Religion holy nourishes

Education with its doctrines, she

Shall walk in joy and generosity
Toward the Good, and everywhere bestrew,
The fragrant and luxuriant fruits of Virtue.
 The Jesuits did not envision Rizal as an intellectual radical. With his good
manners, understated way of speaking and writing, and his well-dressed, often
deferential character, he appeared like most other students. In fact, when Fr. Sanchez
read his poems, he failed to see the beginnings of an enthusiastic leader. An
examination of Rizal's student memoirs, as well as his diaries, suggested that his Ateneo
years were formative ones. He not only developed scientific skills but a critical sense of
writing in the Spanish language as well. Eventually Rizal would excel as a scientist, a
fiction writer, a nationalist, and a medical doctor. All these would have been impossible
without his early education.

Rizal's Early Religious Writings

Rizal's devotion to the Mother and Son was further manifested when he wrote
during his Ateneo days two separate religious poem One was titled "A la Virgen Maria"
("To the Virgin Mary"), and other was "Al Nilio Jesus" ("To the Child Jesus") . One night
as Rizal was visiting his parents in Calamba, he stepped out into the dark street as a
man was passing. He failed to see that the passerby was one of the civil guards, and so
he did not salute. Suddenly a sword struck him across the back. When he recovered
from the sword wound, which fortunately was not serious, he complained to the
authorities. He was informed that the civil guard had done his duty and that, instead of
complaining, the victim ought to be thankful that he was alive. It could have been while
he was convalescing that he wrote his lonely sonnet to the Virgin Mary, the first sad
poem he had written.

TO THE VIRGIN MARY

Dear Mary, giving comfort and sweet peace

To all afflicted mortals; thou the spring
Whence flows a current of relief, to bring
Our soil fertility that does not cease;
Upon thy throne, where thou dost reign on high,
Oh, list with pity as I woeful grieve
And spread thy radiant mantle to receive
My voice which rises swiftly to the sky.
Placid Mary, thou my mother clear,
My sustenance, my fortitude must be,
And in this fearsome sea my way must steer.
If deprivation comes to buffet me,
And if grim death in agony draws near,
Oh, succor me. from anguish set me free.
 This poem addressed to the Virgin Mary appears to be a sonnet. Its last three
lines remind one of the hymn "Mother of Christ" in the Baclaran church novena.9
The other poem, an ode to Jesus which was written in 1875, was short and
consisted of eight verses only. Based on Spanish poetry standard, which must have
influenced Rizal, it could be classified as octava real.

TO THE CHILD JESUS

How, God-child, hast Thou come

To earth in cave forlorn?
Does fortune now deride Thee
When Thou art scarcely born?

Ah, woe! Celestial king

Who mortal form dost keep
Woulds't rather than be Sovereign
Be shepherd of Thy Sheep?

Rizal’s Other Early writings

Rizal wrote the poem "In Memory of My Village" as he recalled the joyous days
of his childhood in Calamba.

IN MEMORY OF MY VILLAGE

When early childhood’s happy days

In memory I see once more
Along the lovely verdant shore
That meets a gently murmuring sea;
9
Tallo

When I recall the whisper br soft

Of zephyrs dancing on my brow
With cooling sweetness, even now
New luscious life is born in me.

When I behold the lily white

That sways to do the wind's command
 While gently sleeping on the sand
The stormy water rests awhile;
When from the flowers there softly breathes
A bouquet ravishingly sweet,
Outpoured the newborn dawn to meet,
As on us she begins to smile.

With sadness I recall. . . . recall

Thy face, in precious infancy,
Oh mother, friend most dear to me,
Who gave to life a wondrous charm.
I yet recall a village plain,
My joy, my family, my boon,
Beside the freshly cool lagoon, --
The spot for which my heart beats warm.

Ah, yes! My footsteps insecure

In your dark forests deeply sank;
And there by every river's bank
I found refreshment and delight;
Within that rustic temple prayed
With childhood's simple faith unfeigned
While cooling breezes, pure unstained,
Would send my heart on rapturous flight.

I saw the Maker in the grandeur

Of your ancient hoary wood,
Ah, never in your refuge could
A mortal by regret be smitten;
And while upon your sky of blue
I gazed, no love nor tenderness
Could fail, for here on nature's dress
My happiness itself was written.

Ah, tender childhood, lovely town,

Rich fount of my felicities,
Of those harmonious melodies
Which put to flight all dismal hours,
Come back to my heart once more

Come hack gentle hours, I yearn!

Come back as the birds return,
At the budding of the flowers!

Alas, farewell! Eternal vigil I keep

For Thy peace, Thy bliss, and tranquility,
O Genius of good, so kind!
 Give me these gifts, with charity.
To Thee are my fervent vows,
To Thee I cease not to sigh
These to learn, and I call to the sky To have thy sincerity.

Rizal also wrote "A Farewell Dialogue of the Students" just before he graduated
from Ateneo. On March 23, 1877, not yet sixteen years old, he received the degree of
Bachelor of Arts with highest honors. Five years later he composed a tribute for the very
reverend Fr. Pablo Ramon, rector of Ateneo, on the occasion of his birthday.

Rizal’s Scholastic Records

Jose Rizal's four years in Ateneo were a continuous pageant of brilliant scholastic
triumphs, which made him the pride of the Jesuits. According to historian Gregorio
Zaide, Rizal obtained the following scholastic ratings:
1872
SUBJECTS RATINGS
Arithmetic Excellent
1872-73
Latin 1 Excellent
Spanish Excellent
Greek Excellent
1873-74
Latin 2 Excellent
Spanish Excellent
1874-75
Greek Excellent
Latin 3 Excellent
Geography Excellent
Spanish Excellent
Greek Excellent
General History Excellent
History of Spain and Excellent
the Philippines
Arithmetic and Excellent
Algebra
1875-76
Rhetoric and Poetry Excellent
French Excellent
Geometry and Trignometry Excellent
1876-77
Philosophy 1 Excellent
Mineralogy & Chemistry Excellent
Philosophy 2 Excellent
Physics Excellent
Botany and Zoology Excellent
 Nonetheless Ambeth Ocampo, Filipino revisionist historian, suggests: “WE must
never assume that Rizal graduated valedictorian or at the top of his class.” 10 Rizal stood
out as a student leader and a national spokesperson, because he had the ability to talk to
the average Filipino.

CHAPTER 5
THE ENLIGHTENED TOMASIAN
The Challenging Years at UST

"My mother said that I knew enough already, and that I should not go back to Manila. Did my
mother perhaps have a foreboding of what was to happen to me? floes a mother's heart really
have a second sight?"1

The Courses
After Ateneo, Rizal enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas (UST), 2 a
Dominican school founded in 1611 which was the only university in the Philippines
during that period. It was at UST that Rizal continued to create his vision of Philippine
nationalism.
 He thought that his mother's foreboding concerned nothing more than an
unfortunate infatuation, which was serious and painful enough for him at the time. But
his mother's "second sight" was clearer and more penetrating than he could have
imagined. What she foresaw when her Jose was still a schoolboy with no idea of the
fatal mission he was to undertake for his people was nothing less than they would cut
off his head.3
"I still remember and will never forget that when I was sixteen my mother told
my father: "Don't send him to Manila any longer. He knows enough; if he gets to know
more, they will cut off his head." My father did not reply, but my brother took me to
Manila despite my mother's tears?” 4 = blumentritt
In April 1877 Rizal, then nearly sixteen, matriculated in UST as a philosophy and
medical student. The following year Rizal matriculated at the faculty of medicine. He
was led to that profession because of his desire to cure the cataracts that caused his
mother's blindness.

1
Jose Rizal's journal.
2
The name of UST is The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas The Catholic University of the
Philippines.
3
Guerrero, p. 47.
4
Jose Rizal's Letter to Blumentritt, November 8, 1888.

But at the same time his nature craved for art and natural sciences so he continued to
carry some subjects in Ateneo.
Rizal also finished a course in surveying at Ateneo during his first year in UST.
Some historians claim that Rizal took the licensure examination and successfully passed
it. However he was not granted the license or title "surveyor" because he was only
seventeen (underage) at that time. It was on November 25 1881 when the title was
issued. He was already twenty then.
The Dominican school was an important change for young Rizal. It was here that
he improved on the academic lessons he learned in Ateneo and placed them at a
broader historical perspective. In fact Rizal’s thinking quickly became so sophisticated
that his mother warned him for intellectual arrogance.

Laurel in Literature
In 1879 he submitted a poem for the poetry contest which had been organized for
Filipinos by the Manila Lyceum of Art and Literature; and though he was but eighteen
years of age (1879), he won the first prize, a silver pen, for the poem "A la Juventud
Filipina” (“To the Filipino Youth"). This poem, one of his most famous, was dedicated
to the Filipino youth.
It happened that a society called El Juventud Escolar (The Youthful Scholar) had
been suppressed in 1872 when Fr. Burgos was garroted. The Spanish Governor General
who handed young Jose the prize had never heard of El Juventud Escolar, but the
Filipinos of much delight that Rizal's poem had been dedicated to that suppressed
organization. 5
The Lyceum held another literary contest for Filipinos, mestizos and Spaniards.
The competitors entered with assumed names. The first prize was awarded to a
beautiful allegory called "The Council of the Gods." It was written by Rizal. But when
the Spanish judges learned that its author was a Filipino, they reversed the decision. A
Spaniard received the prize instead. It was an experience which cut very deep into
Jose's soul.
Rizal also wrote a drama called "Beside the Pasig." On December 8, 1880 some of
the students of Ateneo presented it as a play. One of the characters was the devil who
denounced Spain for her policies. The Philippines — so the devil declared — "Now
without comfort, Sadly groans in the power of a foreign people, And slowly dies In the
impious clutch of Spain”

5
Sinpcarinaig, Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal: Philippine patriort Chapter 3.

Passing Marks
At UST Rizal received passing marks but found that the heavy emphasis on
science was not to his liking. He remained a poet at heart and his educational goal was
toward the liberal arts. Quietly on his own, his continued to work on his political ideas.
Despite his reluctance toward science, Rizal selected medicine as his major
subject. During his second year, he decided to become a doctor. He made this choice to
defuse and minimize his growing political interests. He found medicine tedious but
reasoned out that it would provide a good living and a level of prestige. 6
Rizal's interest in literature, science, and philosophy grew even more while he
was in UST. His mind opened to new ideas. With characteristic humility. Rizal
suggested that UST helped him develop patriotic sentiment.7
Rizal, the brilliant Atenean, did not shine at UST. He failed to obtain high
academic records. Although his grades during his first year at the faculty of philosophy
were all excellent, his academic records in the four Nears of medicine were not at all
impressive as shown below:
 FACULTY OF MEDICINE
SUBJECTS RATINGS
FIRST YEAR (1878-79)
Physics Fair
Chemistry Excellent
Natural History Fair
Anatomy 1 Good
Dissection 1 Good
SECOND YEAR (1879-80)
Anatomy 2 Good
Dissection 2 Good
Physiology Good
Private Hygiene Good
Public Hygiene THIRD YEARGood
(1880-81)
General Pathology Fair
Therapeutics Excellent
Operation (Surgery) Good
6
De Witt, FOURTH YEAR (1881-82) p.85.
7
Jose Rizal, Medical Pathology Very Good Memoirs and
Surgical Pathology Very Good
Diaries, pp. Obstetrics Very Good 16-17