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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER TITLE
1 ANTENNA OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Historical Background of Log Periodic Antenna 3
1.3. Problem statements 3
1.4. Aim and Objective 4
1.5. Scope of Thesis 4
1.6. Outline of the Study 4
2 ANTENA FUNDAMENTALS 5
2.1. Introduction 5
2.2. Types of Antennas 6
2.2.1. Wire Antennas 6
2.2.2. Aperture Antennas 6
2.2.3. Reflector Antennas 7
2.2.4. Lens Antennas 8
2.2.5. Micro-strip Antennas 8
2.2.6. Array Antennas 9
2.3. Antenna Radiation Pattern 9
2.3.1. Field Regions 10
2.4. Bandwidth 11
2.5. Gain 12
2.6. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR) 13
2.7. Return loss, and Beamwidth 13
2.8. Front-to-Back Ratio 15
2.9. Polarization 15
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2.9.1. Linear polarization 15

2.9.2 Circular polarization 15
2.10. Base station of GSM 16
2.10.1. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 17
2.11 Node B 17

2.11.1. Differences between a Node B and a GSM base

Station 18
3 LOG PERIODIC DIPOLE ANTENNA,ANTENNA ARRAY AND

REPEATER CONCEPT 19
3.1. Overview of log periodic dipole array antenna 20
3.2. Antenna Elements 20
3.3. Types of Log-Periodic Array Antennas 21
3.3.1. Log Periodic Dipole Array Antenna 22
3.3.2. Slot Log Periodic 22
3.3.3. Zig Zag Log Periodic 23
3.3.4. Trapezoidal or Tooth Log Periodic 24
3.3.5. V Log Periodic 25
3.5. Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) 25
3.6. Antenna array 27
3.6.1. Type of array 27
3.3.2. Repeater Gain Controllability 32
3.4. Electromagnetic Spectrum 34
3.5. Wave Propagation 35
3.6. Advantage and Disadvantage of array antenna 28
3.7. Antenna array theorem 29
3.7.1. Radiation pattern and array factor 29
3.7.2. Defining array factor 30
3.7.3. Influence of the no; of elements on the array factor 30
3.8. Broadside Vs end fire arrays 31
3.8.1. Broadside array 31
3.8.2. End fire array 31
3.9. Repeater overview 32
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3.9.1. Basic repeater design 32

3.9.2. Type of repeater 33
3.9.3. Analog repeater 33
3.9.4. Digital repeater 33
3.9.5. Antenna isolation 34
4 DESIGN CALCULATION, SIMULATION OF LPDA ANTENNA 36
4.1. Overview of the CST microwave studio 36
4.2. Design calculation of Log Periodic Dipole Antenna 36
4.3. Calculation forσ , α and τ for Log Periodic Antenna 37
4.4. Calculation for Antenna Element Length and number of
Elements 39
4.5. Calculation for Distance between Two Elements 40
4.6. Design Structure for single antenna and Simulation Results42
4.6.1. Simulation Results for 900MHz Band 43
4.6.2. Simulation Results for 900MHz Band 44
4.6.3. Simulation Results for 900MHz Band 45
4.6.4. Simulation Results for 900MHz Band 46
4.7. Design Structure for Array Antenna(four antenna array and
Simulation Results 47
4.7.1. Simulation Results for 900-2600MHz Band 47
5. IMPLEMENTATION AND PRACTICAL RESULTS 50
5.1. Implementation of LPDA Antenna Array 50
5.2. Experimental Results for single antenna 50
5.3. Experimental Results for array antenna(four antenna array)52
5.4. Comparisons of experimental results for single antenna and
array antenna 55
5.5. Discussion 55
5.6. Conclusion 57
5.7. Recommendation 58
REFERENCES 59