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Power Systems
Classroom Practice Questions

Per unit System, Symmetrical Components j0.27 j0.62 j0.27

and Unsymmetrical at Fault Analysis (b)
j0.18 j0.18

01. For the power system shown in the figure ∼

G1 ∼ G2
below, the specifications of the components
are the following:
j0.27 j0.42 j0.27
(c)
G1: 25 kV, 100 MVA, X = 9 %
j0.21 j0.21
G2: 25 kV, 100 MVA, X = 9 %
T1: 25 kV/220 kV, 90 MVA, X = 12 % G1 ∼ ∼ G2
T2: 220 kV/25 kV, 90 MVA, X = 12 %
Line 1: 220 kV, X = 150 ohms
j0.3 j0.42 j0.3
T2 (d)
T1
Line 1 j0.21
j0.21

∼ ∼ G1 ∼ ∼ G2
Bus 1 Bus 2

G1 G2

Choose 25 kV as the base voltage at the 02. A generator is connected through a 20
generator G1, and 200 MVA as the MVA MVA, 13.8/138 kV step up transformer, to a
base. The impedance diagram is transmission line. At the receiving end of the
j0.27 j0.42 j0.27 line a load is supplied through a step down
(a)
transformer of 10 MVA, 138/69 kV rating.
j0.18 j0.18 A 0.72 p.u. load, evaluated, on load side
transformer ratings as base values of 10 MVA
G1 ∼ ∼ G2
and 69 kV in load circuit, the value of the load
(in per unit) in generator circuit will be
(a) 36 (b) 1.44
(c) 0.72 (d) 0.18

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 2 Power Systems

03. A 100 MVA, 33 kV, 3-phase generator has 05. A ∆ connected balanced resistive load is
a sub-transient reactance of 15%. The connected across an unbalanced 3-φ supply.
generator is connected to the motors Find the positive sequence symmetrical
through transmission line and transformers as components of line ‘a’

shown in figure given below. The motors have a

Ia 10 ∠ 30°
rated inputs of 30MVA, 20MVA and 50MVA
at 30 kV with 18% sub-transient reactance. R R

The three phase transformers are rated at

15 ∠ -300
c
100MVA, 33 kV (∆)/110 kV(Y) with leakage Ic R
reactance of 9%. The line has a reactance of b
Ib
50 ohms. Selecting the generator ratings as
base quantities. Obtain the p.u. reactance 06. A generator is connected to a transformer
diagram of the system. which feeds another transformer through a
M1 short feeder. The zero sequence impedance
G
50 Ω values are expressed in pu on a common
∼ M2
base and are indicated in figure. The Thevenin
∆Y Y∆ M3 equivalent zero sequence impedance at

04. A three-phase alternator generating point B is

unbalanced voltages is connected to

an unbalanced load through a 3-phase X0 = 0.03 X0 = 0.1 X0 = 0.05 X0 = 0.07
B
transmission line as shown in figure. The
∼
neutral of the alternator and the star point
of the load are solidly grounded. The phase 0.25 0.25
voltages of the alternator are
Ea = 10∠0°V, Eb = 10∠−90°V, Ec = 10∠120° V. (a) 0.8 + j0.6 (b) 0.75 + j0.22
The positive sequence component of the (c) 0.75 + j0.25 (d) 1.5 + j0.25
load current is
07. A 10 MVA, 13.8 kV alternators has positive,
Ea j1.0Ω j1.0Ω
negative and zero sequence reactance of
30%, 40%, and 5% respectively. How much
j1.0Ω j2.0Ω reactance must be put in the generator
Eb
neutral so that the fault current for a line to
ground fault will not exceed the rated current.
j1.0Ω j3.0Ω
Ec
(a) 10.28 ohms
(b) 14.28 ohms
(a) 1.310 ∠−107°A (b) 0.332 ∠−120° A
(c) 12.52 ohms
(c) 0.996 ∠−120° A (d) 3.510 ∠−81° A
(d) 20.92 ohms

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 3 Objective Practice Questions
08. Two synchronous generators having identical
rating are connected to a common bus
bar. The rating of each generator is 50 MVA,
6.6 kV, 3-phase 50 Hz. Sequence reactance
are X1=X2 = 0.1 pu and X0 = 0.05 pu. A line to
ground fault taking place at the busbar.
(i) Voltage of neutral with respect to ground
in volts when both neutrals of generators
are grounded by reactance of 0.05 pu
(ii) Voltages of neutral with respect to
ground in volts when one of the neutral
is grounded by a reactance of 0.05 pu
and other neutral of generator is isolated
from ground.
09. Two 11 kV, 20 MVA, three phase, star
connected generators operates in parallel.
The +ve, –ve and zero sequence reactances
of each being respectively. 0.18 pu, 0.15
pu, 0.10 p.u. The star point of one of the
generators is isolated and that of the other is
earthed through a 0.5 ohm resistor. A single
line-to-ground fault occurs at the terminals of
one of the generators. Then the fault current
(in pu)is _______
10. A 20-MVA, 6.6-kV, 3-phase alternator is
connected to a 3-phase transmission line.
The per unit positive-sequence, negative-
sequence and zero-sequence impedance
of the alternator are j0.1 pu, j0.1 pu and j0.04
pu respectively. The neutral of the alternator
is connected to ground through an inductive
reactor of j0.05 p.u. The per unit positive-,
negative- and zero-sequence impedances
of the transmission line are j0.1 pu, j0.1 pu
and j0.3 pu, respectively. All per unit values
are based on the machine ratings. A solid
ground fault occurs at one phase of the far
end of the transmission line. The voltage of
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the alternator neutral with respect to ground
during the fault is
(a) 513.8 V (b) 889.9 V
(c) 1112.0 V (d) 642.2 V
11. Synchronous generator is rated as 20 MVA,
6.6 kV, 3-phase 50Hz. Sequence reactance
are X 1
=X2 = 0.1 pu, line to line fault taking
place at generator terminal with a fault
reactance is 0.05 pu. Positive sequence sub-
transient current in kA _____
12. A-3 phase generator is rated 25 MVA, 13.2
kV and xd’’ = 0.20 pu; X2 = 0.30 pu and X0 =
0.1 pu the neutral is solidly grounded. A line
to line fault occurs on phases B and C of the
generator calculate VAB is _______
13. 50 Hz, 13.2 kV, 15 MVA, alternator X1 = X2
=20%, Xgo = 8% and its neutral is grounded
through a reactance of a 0.05 p.u. Determine
symmetrical r.m.s current in the ground in kA
of a double line to ground fault occurring on
phase B & C. The generator is operating at
terminal voltage of 13.9 kV before the fault
taking place.
14. Two identical generators are connected to a
common bus bar. The rating each generators
is 20 MVA, 6.6 kV, 3-phase. The sequence
reactance are X1 =X2 = 0.12 pu and X0 = 0.05
pu. One of the generator neutral is grounded
by reactance of 0.05 pu and other neutral is
isolated from ground. Power is transmitted by
6.6 kV line. The sequence reactance of a line
are X1 = X2 = 0.1 pu and X0 = 0.3 pu. A double
line to ground fault is taking place at the end
of the line. Positive sequence sub-transient in
kA ________
 4 Power Systems

15. The following figure shows the single When a three phase fault occurs on the high
line diagram of a power system with all voltage side of the transformer, what are the
reactance marked in per unit (pu) on the values of sub transient current in generators
same base: G1and G2 respectively?
F (a) 5 kA, 3.33 kA (b) 3.94 kA, 2.62 kA
j 0.2pu (c) 2.27 kA, 1.51 kA (d) 0.47 kA, 0.31kA
G M
Z 'G' = j 0.1 pu T1 T2 Z 'm' = j 0.1 pu
j 0.08pu j 0.08pu 18. For the configuration shown in figure, the
breaker connecting a large system to bus 2 is

initially open. The system 3-phase fault level at
The system is on at-load when a 3-phase fault
bus 3 under this condition is not known. After
occurs at ‘F’ on the high voltage side of the
closing the system breaker, the 3-phase fault
transformer T2, the fault current will be
level at bus 1 was found to be 5.0 p.u. What
(a) –j 0.8187 pu (b) +j 0.8187 pu
will be the new 3-phase fault level at system
(c) –j 8.1871 pu (d) +j 8.1871 pu
bus 3 after the interconnection. All per unit
values are on common bases. Prefault load
16. Assuming base rating equal to that of G1. The
currents are neglected and Prefault voltages
short circuit capacity of a three phase fault
are assumed to be 1.0 p.u. at all buses.
taking place on the terminal of G1 is
G1 T1
CB 1000 MVA G2 Generator (4) (1) (2) (3)
X = 0.1
∼ 1000 MVA ∼
System
1000 MVA X = 0.1 800 MVA
X = 0.2 X = 0.16
=
Fault
Eg 1= .0 pu, X t 0.2 pu, X line = 0.3 pu
Xdm = 0.2 pu

(a) 2222 MVA (b) 8333 MVA

(c) 9000 MVA
17. Two generators G1and G2are connected
to a transformer T as shown in figure. The
specifications of components are as following
Generator G1:15MVA, 11kV, XmG1 =0.10 pu
Generator G2:10MVA, 11kV, XmG2 =0.10 pu
Transformer T: 15MVA, 11/66kV, XT = 0.06 pu
G1
G2
19. A 3-phase generator rated at 110 MVA,
(d) 9762 MVA
11 kV is connected through circuit breakers to
a transformer. The generator is having direct
axis sub-transient reactance = 19%, transient
reactance =26% and synchronous reactance
= 130%. The generator is operating at no load
and rated voltage when a three phase short
circuit fault occurs between the breakers
and the transformer. The magnitude of initial
symmetrical rms current in the breakers will
be
(a) 4.44 kA (b) 22.20 kA
T (c) 30.39 kA (d) 38.45 kA

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 5 Objective Practice Questions

20. A sustained three phase fault occurs in 22. Three phase to ground fault takes place at
the power system shown in the figure. The locations F1and F2 in the system shown in the
current and voltage phasors during the fault figure.
(on a common reference), after the natural IF1 IF2
transients have died down, are also shown. B
F1 A F2
Where is the fault located?
EA∠δ EB∠0
V s1 VF1 VF2
I1 I3 Vs2
Transmission line
P R If the fault takes place at location F1, then
S
Q Transmission line the voltage and the current at bus A are VF1
I2 I4
and IF1 respectively. If the fault takes place
V1 at location F2, then the voltage and the
V2 current at bus A are VF2 and IF2 respectively.
I2 The correct statement about voltages and
I3
I1
currents during at F1 and F2 is
I4
(a) VF1 leads IF1 and VF2 leads IF2
(a) Location P (b) Location Q (b) VF1 leads IF1 and VF2 lags IF2
(c) Location R (d) Location S (c) VF1 lags IF1 and VF2 leads IF2
(d) VF1 lags IF1 and VF2 lags IF2
21. The positive, negative and zero sequence
impedances of a three phase generator
Power System Dynamics & Stability
are Z1, Z2 and Z0 respectively. For a line-to-
line fault with fault impedance Zf, the fault
01. A, 50Hz, 4 pole turbo alternator 20 MVA, 13.2
current is If1 = kIf, where If is the
kV has a inertia constant of H equal to 9 kW
fault current with zero fault impedance. The
– sec/kVA. Find the K.E stored in the rotor at
relation between Zf and k is
synchronous speed. Find the accelerating

^Z1  Z2h]1  kg Torque. If the shaft input less the rotational
(a) Z f  losses is 26800 metric HP & Electrical power
k
^Z1  Z2h]1  kg developed is 16000 kW. Angular acceleration
(b) Z f  in deg/sec2 is _______.
k
^Z1  Z2h k
(c) Z f 
1k 02. A two-pole, 50 Hz, 11 kV turbo-generators has
^ Z1  Z 2 h k a rating of 60 MW, power factor 0.85 lagging.
(d) Z f 
1k Its rotor has a moment of inertia of 8800
kgm2. The inertia constant in MJ per MVA
and its momentum in MJ-s/electrical degree
respectively are
(a) 8.5149, 0.1447 (b) 7.2376,0.04825
(c) 6.152, 0.04825 (d) 6.152, 0.1447

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03. A power station consists of two synchronous
generators A & B of ratings 250 MVA and
500 MVA with inertia constant 1.6 p.u. and
1.0 p.u., respectively on their own base MVA
ratings. The equivalent p.u. inertia constant
for the system on 100 MVA common base is
(a) 2.6 (b) 0.615
(c) 1.625 (d) 9.0
04. A 50 Hz synchronous generator is connected
to an infinite bus through a line. The p.u.
reactance’s of the generator and the line
are j 0.3 p.u. and j 0.2 p.u. respectively. The
generator no load voltage is 1.1 p.u. and
that of the infinite Bus is 1.0 p.u. The inertia
constant of the generator is 3 MW-sec/
MVA. If the generator is loaded to 60% of
its maximum power transfer capacity and a
small perturbation is given, calculate resulting
natural frequency of oscillations.
05. A 3-phase, 2-pole, 50 Hz, synchronous
generator has a rating of 250 MVA, 0.8 pf
lagging. The kinetic energy of the machine at
synchronous speed is 1000 MJ. The machine
is running steadily at synchronous speed and
delivering 60 MW power at a power angle of
10 electrical degrees. If the load is suddenly
removed, assuming the acceleration
constant for 10 cycles, the value of the power
angle after 5 cycles is _________electrical
degrees. clearing angle in electrical degree is _______
06. A synchronous generator, having a reactance
of 0.15 p.u., is connected to an infinite bus
through two identical parallel transmission
lines having reactance of 0.3 p.u. each. In
steady state, the generator is delivering 1
p.u. power to the infinite bus. For a three
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6 Power Systems
phase fault at the receiving end of one line,
calculate the rotor angle at the end of first
time step of 0.05 seconds. Assume the voltage
behind transient reactance for the generator
as 1.1 p.u. and infinite bus voltage as 1.0 p.u.
07. A synchronous generator is connected to an
infinite bus through a lossless double circuit
transmission line. The generator is delivering 1.0
per unit power at a load angle of 30°, when a
sudden fault occurs which reduces the peak
power that can be transmitted to 0.5 per unit.
After clearance of fault, the peak power that
can be transmitted becomes 1.5 per unit. the
critical clearing angle is __________
08. The power system network is characterized
by PS = 1.0pu, Pm1 = 1.8 pu X1eq = 0.72pu X2eq
= 3.0 p.u, X3eq = 1.0 p.u. The critical clearing
angle of the system will be _________
09. Synchronous generators is connected to an
infinite bus by a loss less double circuit line.
The generator is delivery 1.0 pu to an infinite
bus. The power transfer equation Pe = 2.2 sinδ.
A 3-phase fault is taking place in one of the
line at a double circuit near to busbar. The
is electrical output is zero. The fault is cleared
by CB so that faulty line the maximum power
transfer is 75% of before fault. The critical
10. Synchronous generator is connected to an
infinite bus by a loss less double circuit line.
The power delivery by generator to an infinite
bus is 1.0 pu. The power transfer equation is
Pe=2.2 sinδ. A 3-phase fault is taking place
at the bus-bar of synchronous generator so
 7 Objective Practice Questions

that the electrical output is zero. The fault is system is 6.25 p.u. If one of the double-
cleared by CB. The CB is reclosed so that the circuit is tripped, then resulting steady state
original system is restored. The critical clearing stability power limit in p.u. will be
angle in electrical degrees is ________
① ② ③
11. Synchronous generator is connected to
an infinite bus by a double circuit line. The
power delivered is 1.0 p.u at an angle at 30°. (a) 12.5 p.u. (b) 3.125 p.u.
A 3-phase fault is taking place on one of the (c) 10.0 p.u. (d) 5.0 p.u.
double circuit line near to bus bar and the
14. A generator feeds power to an infinite bus
fault cleared by CB. The critical clearing angle
through a double circuit transmission line. A
is 68.5°. The Inertia constant is 5 MJ/MVA. The
3-phase fault occurs at the middle point
critical clearing time in sec is ___________.
of one of the lines. The infinite bus voltage
is 1 pu, the transient internal voltage of the
12. A three-phase power system consists of a generator is 1.1 pu and the equivalent
synchronous machine connected through a transfer admittance during fault is 0.8 pu. The
lossless double circuit transmission line to an 100 MVA generator has an inertia constant of
infinite bus-bar. During pre-fault condition and 5 MJ/MVA and it was delivering 1.0 pu power
immediately prior to the instant of the fault, prior of the fault with rotor power angle of
the power transfer is 2.5 p.u and the maximum 30°. The system frequency is 50 Hz. The initial
power transfer to this system is 5.0 p.u. A three accelerating power (in pu) will be
phase fault takes place in one of the double (a) 1.0 (b) 0.6
circuit line. The power angle curves during (c) 0.56 (d) 0.4
the fault and post-fault conditions have
peak values of 2 p.u. and 4 p.u. respectively.
Load Flow Analysis
Determine the permissible increase in the
angular displacement, between the voltages
at the two ends of the system beyond which 01. The bus admittance matrix of a power system
the circuit breakers could not clear the fault in is given as
SRS− j50 j10 V
j5 WWW
time for the system to remain in synchronism. SS
SS j10 − j30 j10 WWW
SS W
13. A generator with constant 1.0 p.u. terminal S j5 j10 − j25WW
T X
voltage supplies power through a step-up The impedance of line between bus 2 and 3
transformer of 0.12 p.u. reactance and a will be equal to
double circuit line to an infinite bus bar as (a) j 0.1 (b) -j 0.1
shown in the figure. The infinite bus voltage (c) j 0.2 (d) -j 0.2
is maintained at 1.0 p.u. Neglecting the
resistance and susceptances of the system,
the steady state stability power limit of the

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 8 Power Systems

02. A single line diagram of a power system 05. The YBus of a 3-Bus, 3- transmission line is
RS V
is shown in the given figure. The per unit SS− 14.4 10 5 WWW
S W
reactance are specified. The diagonal YBus = j SS 10 − 11.5 2.5 WW
SS W
elements of the YBUS matrix is S 5 2.5 − 6.3WW
T X
Each transmission line is represented by
1 2
π–network. The Shunt susceptance of the
j 0.5 transmission line between buses 1 and 3 is
________
j0.2 pu j0.25 pu
06. In a three bus system, series impedance of
3 transmission line is j0.001/km pu and shunt

admittance is j 0.0016/km pu bus admittance
(a) j 0.7, j 0.75, j 0.45 pu
matrix is___________ .
(b) -j 0.7, -j 0.75, - j 0.45 pu
(c) -j 7.0, -j 6.0, -j 9.0 pu
1 2
(d) j 7.0, -j 6.0, j 9.0 pu
100km

03. The equivalent Thevenin’s bus admittance

matrix of a two – bus system with identical
200km 250km
generators on both buses is > H
 j30  j10

 j10  j30
3
The generator impedance and

07. The bus admittance matrix of 3-bus and 3

interconnecting line impedance will be
lines is each transmission line is represented as
respectively RS V
(a) j 0.05 and j0.1 (b) – j0.05 and j 0.1
π network SS 14.76 10 5 WWW
S W
Ybus  j SS 10  13.72 4 WW
(c) – j0.05 and – j0.1 (d) j0.1 and j0.05 SS
S 5 4  8.64WWW
T X
The transmission line having 50% series
04. The bus admittance matrix of a three-bus
compensation. Modified bus admittance
three-line system is
RS V matrix is_________.
SS 13 10 5 WWW
S W
YBUS  j SS 10  18 10 WW
SS W 08. The bus admittance matrix of 3-bus and 3
S 5 10  13WW
T X lines is each transmission line is represented as
If each transmission line between the two RS V
π network SS 14.76 10 5 WWW
buses is represented by an equivalent S W
Ybus  j SS 10  13.72 4 WW
π - network, the magnitude of the shunt SS  8.64WWW
S 5 4
susceptance of the line connecting bus 1 T X

and 2 is The transmission line having 50% shunt

(a) 4 (b) 2 compensation. The modified bus admittance
(c) 1 (d) 0 matrix is_______.

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 9 Objective Practice Questions

09. A 1000 × 1000 bus admittance matrix for an (d) the number of unknown voltage angles
electric power system has 8000 non-zero remains unchanged and the number
elements. The minimum number of branches of unknown voltage magnitudes
(transmission lines and transformers) in this decreases by two
system are ________ (up to 2 decimal places).
12. A 183-bus power system has 150PQ buses and
10. A 10 bus power system consists of four 32 PV buses. In the general case, to obtain
generator buses indexed as G1, G2, G3, G4 the load flow solution using Newton-Raphson
and six load buses indexed as L1, L2, L3, L4, method in Polar coordinates, the minimum
L5, L6. The generator-bus G1 is considered as number of simultaneous equations to be
slack bus, and the load buses L3 and L4 are solved is _______.
voltage controlled buses. The generator at
bus G2 cannot supply the required reactive 13. The per-unit power output of salient-pole
power demand, and hence it is operating generator which is connected to an infinite
at its maximum reactive power limit. The bus, is given by the expression, P = 1.4 sinδ +
number of non-linear equations required for 0.15 sin 2δ, where δ is the load angle. Newton-
solving the load flow problem using Newton- Raphson method is used to calculate the
Raphson method in polar form is _____. value of δ for P = 0.8 pu. If the initial guess is
30°, then its value (in degree) at the end of
11. In a 100 bus power system, there are 10 the first iteration is
generators. In a particular iteration of
Newton Raphson load flow technique (in (a) 15° (b) 28.48°
polar coordinates), two of the PV buses are (c) 28.74° (d) 31.20°
converted to PQ type. In this iteration.

(a) the number of unknown voltage angles
increases by two and the number of
unknown voltage magnitudes increases
by two
(b) the number of unknown voltage angles
remains unchanged and the number of
unknown voltage magnitudes increases
by two
(c) the number of unknown voltage angles
increases by two and the number
of unknown voltage magnitudes
decreases by two

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 10 Power Systems

KEY for Per unit Quantites, Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical Fault analysis

03.
0.09pu 0.4132pu
0.09pu
01. (b) 02. (a) 0.15pu 04. (d) 05. (7.637∠-79.1° A)
0.4958pu 0.7438
0.297 pu
pu
∼ 1∠00
0.909 p.u. M1 M2 M3 0.909 p.u.
0.909 p.u.

06. (b) 07. (b) 08. (i) 1429 V (ii)1905 V 09. (8.268 ∠-46.92° A)

10. (d) 11. (7.0) 12. (13.71 kV) 13. (4.786 pu)

14. (6.22 kA) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (11.43 pu)

19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (c)

Basic Concepts & 03. The self –inductance of a long cylindrical

Line Constant in Transmission conductor due to its internal flux linkages is
& Transmission Line Parameters K H/m. If the diameter of the conductor is
doubled, then the self-inductance of the
01. For same power transfer and same efficiency, conductor due its internal flux linkages would
if the operating voltage of transmission line is be
increased by ‘n’ times then the area of cross (a) 0.5 K H/m (b) 1K H/m
section of conductor is reduced by_________ (c) 1.414 K H/m (d) 4 K H/m

02. If a fixed amount of power is to be transmitted
over certain length with fixed power loss, it
can be said that volume of conductor is
(a) Inversely proportional to magnitude of
the voltage and that of power factor of
the load
(b) Inversely proportional to square of the
voltage and square of power factor of
the load.
(c) Proportional to square of voltage and
that of power factor of the load.
(d) Proportional to magnitude
voltage only
04. A 1-φ, two wire system has inductance of
each wire as 1.10 mH/km. If the inductance
value was increased by 5%, by increasing
the spacing between conductors, where the
radius of conductors kept as constant. The
increment in distance is _______ %.
05. Two arrangements of conductors are
proposed for a 3-phase transmission line: one
with equilateral spacing of 4 m and the other,
a flat with 4m between the conductors as
of the shown in the given figure.

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 11 Objective Practice Questions

08. A 3-φ Horizontal spacing, transposed single

conductor system has each conductor
inductance as 1.2 mH/km when it is carrying

(i) (ii) balanced 3-φ currents. The diameter of each

conductor is 2 cm. Assume that the middle
The conductor diameter in each case is 2 cm. conductor is at equal distances from outer
assuming that the line is transposed in both conductors. The distance between any one
cases. Which one of the following statements outer conductor to middle conductor in
would be true? meters is __________
(Cn = capacitance in F/m line to neutral,
L = inductance in H/m per phase) 09. A 3-φ equilateral spacing conductor system
(a) Cn1 = Cn2 and L1 > L2 with 6m spacing between any conductors
(b) Cn1 > Cn2 and L1 < L2 operated at 132kV, 50Hz. The diameter of
(c) Cn1 < Cn2 and L1 > L2 each conductor is 0.04m. If the system is
(d) Cn1 > Cn2 and L1 = L2 operated for balanced voltages, the interline
capacitance of system is ________ nF/km.
06. The series impedance of a three-phase
transmission line is 0.05+ j0.35 Ω /phase/km. If 10. A composite conductor consists of three
the spacing of conductors and the radius of conductors of radius R each. The conductors
the conductor are doubled, then the series are arranged as shown below. The geometric
impedance per phase of the line will be mean radius (GMR) (in cm) of the composite
(a) 0.05 + j0.35 Ω/km conductor is kR. The value of k is ____.
(b) 0.0125 + j0.35 Ω/km
(c) 0.025 + j0.242 Ω/km 3R
R
(d) 0.0125 + j0.175 Ω/km 60°

60°
07. Evaluate Lx, inductance of conductor (x)
in H/m for the single phase two-conductor
line shown in the figure below. Where radius
of sub conductors 1,2 & 3 is rx = 0.03 m and
radius of sub conductors 1′& 2′ is ry = 0.04 m.
0.5 m 1.5 m 2m 0.3 m

1 2 3 1′ 2′
rx rx rx ry ry

Conductor (x) Conductor (y)

(a) 4.644 ×10-7

(b) 6.992 ×10-7
(c) 11.636 ×10-7
(d) 2.348 ×10-7

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Steady State Analysis of
Transmission Lines
01. The generalized circuit constants
3-phase, 220 kV rated voltage, medium
length transmission line are
A = D = 0.936 + j0.016 = 0.936∠0.98°,
B = 33.5 + j138 =142.0∠76.4°,
C = (–5.18 + j914) x 10–6.
If the load at the receiving end is 50 MW at
220 kV with a power factor of 0.9 lagging,
then magnitude of line to line receiving end
voltage when the load is suddenly thrown off
is _____
(a) 142.34 kV (b) 220.00 kV
(c) 246.56 kV (d) 230.78 kV
02. The A, B, C, D constant of a 220 kV line is:
A = D = 0.94 ∠ 1°, B = 130 ∠ 73°, C = 0.001
∠90°. If the sending end voltage of the line
for a given load delivered at nominal voltage
is 240 kV, the % voltage regulation of the line
is
(a) 5 (b) 9 impedance 2+j5 Ω/phase. Load draws a real
(c) 16 (d) 21
03. The ABCD constant of a nominal- π network
representing a 3 – phase transmission line are
A = D = 0.95 ∠1.27°,
B = 92.4 ∠76.87°, C = 0.0006 ∠90°.
Find the steady state power limit if the sending
and receiving end voltages are maintained
at 138kV and the series resistance and shunt
admittance are neglected.
(a) 188.63 MW (b) 201.3 MW
(c) 211.63 MW (d) 175.37 MW
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12 Power Systems
04. The generalized circuit of a 3-φ transmission
line are A = 0.977∠0.66° and B = 90.18∠64.12°
ohms respectively. If the excitation voltage at
of a no load condition is 132 kV then the power
loss under this state is ________ kW.
05. A single load is supplied by a single voltage
source. If the current flowing from the load to
the source is 10∠–150° A and if the voltage at
the load terminals is 100∠60°V, then the
(a) load absorbs real power of 866.6 W and
delivers reactive power of 500VAr.
(b) load absorbs real power of 866.6 W and
absorbs reactive power of of 500VAr.
(c) load delivers real power of 866.6 W and
delivers reactive power of 500VAr.
(d) load delivers real power of 866.6 W and
absorbs reactive power of 500VAr.
06. An ideal generator connected to a
combination of load and shunt capacitor
bank through a short transmission line having
power of 2MW and capacitor bank injects
2MVAR reactive power to load bus. If both
generator and load ends of line maintained
at 6kV voltage, the power factor of load
is_________.
07. A lossless long transmission line rated to
operate at 50Hz frequency of length 400km.
The surge impedance of line is 1 p.u. and
velocity of wave propagation is given as
3×105 km/s. If the line was represented as
equivalent-T model then the magnitudes of x
and y shown in the figure are
 13 Objective Practice Questions

x (a) 5.00, 12.68, 2.68

x
(b) 6.34, 10.00, 1.34
y Vr
Vs (c) 6.34, 11.34, 2.68
(d) 5.00, 11.34, 1.34

(a) x = 0.212, y = 0.407 Transient Analysis and

(b) x = 0.407, y = 0.212
(c) x = 0.913, y = 0.913
(d) x = 0.324, y = 0.648
08. For the system shown below, SD1 and SD2 are
complex power demands at bus 1 and bus
2 respectively. If |V2|=1pu the VAR rating of
the capacitor (QG2) connected at bus 2 is
Bus1 Bus2
V1 = 1∠0 pu V2
SG1
∼ Z = j 0.5 pu
SD1 = 1 pu SD2 = 1 pu
(a) 0.2 pu (b) 0.268 pu
(c) 0.312 pu (d) 0.4 pu
09. Consider the two bus power system network
with given loads as shown in the figure. All the
values shown in the figure are in per unit. The
reactive power supplied by generator G1 and
G2 are QG1 and QG2 respectively. The per unit
values of QG1, QG2 and line reactive power
loss (Qloss) respectively are
1.0∠δ 1.0∠0
j 0.1
G1
20+jQG1 Qloss
Wave Travelling
01. The total reactance and total susceptance
of a lossless overhead EHV line, operating
at 50Hz, are given by 0.045 pu and 1.2
pu respectively. If the velocity of wave
propagation is 3 ×105 km/s,
then the approximate length of line is
(a) 122 km (b) 172 km
(c) 222 km (d) 272 km
QG2
02. The reflection coefficient for the transmission
line shown in figure at P is
p
Transmission line
Z0=300Ω
Z0=surge Impedance Load
Resistor
300Ω
(a) +1 (b) −1
(c) 0 (d) 0.5
03. Consider a step voltage wave of magnitude
1pu traveling along a lossless transmission
line that terminates in a reactor. The voltage
magnitude across the reactor at the instant
G2 the travelling wave reaches the reactor is
15+jQG2

15+j5 20+j10

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 14 Power Systems

1. Velocity of propagation of voltage wave.

A
2. Steepness of voltage wave.
Reactor 3. Magnitude of voltage wave.
Select the correct answer using the codes
given below:
(a) −1 pu (b) 1 pu Codes:
(c) 2 pu (d) 3 pu (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 1 (d) 1, 2 and 3
04. An overhead line having a surge impedance
of 400 Ω is connected in series with an 07. The ends of two long transmission lines A and
underground cable having a surge C are connected by a cable B. the surge
impedance of 100Ω. If a surge of 50 kV travels impedances of A, B and C are 500, 70 and
from the line towards the cable junctions, the 600 ohms respectively. A rectangular voltage
value of the transmitted voltage wave at the wave of 20 kV magnitude of infinite length
junction is is initiated in A and of travels to ‘C’. The
(a) 30 kV (b) 20 kV reflected voltage into cable B, when the first
(c) 80 kV (d) −30 kV reflected voltage from junction of B and C
reaches to its former junction is _________ kV.
05. What is the voltage experienced by line if 110
kV surge voltage reaches to junction of cable 08. From the given data in the above question,
and line the second impressed voltage on ‘C’ is,
for cable: Lcable = 0.185 mH/km (a) 14.1 kV (b) 8.8 kV
Ccable = 0.285 µF/km (c) 3.5 kV (d) 5.25 kV
for line: Lline= 1.24 mH
Cline= 0.087µF/km
Voltage Control
110kV

01. The ABCD parameters of a 3 – phase

Line overhead transmission line are A = D = 0.9 ∠0°,
cable
B = 200 ∠90° Ω and C = 0.95 x 10–3 ∠90°. At no
(a) 110 kV (b) 181 kV – load condition, a shunt inductive reactor is
(c) 220 kV (d) 250 kV connected at the receiving end of the line to
limit the receiving end voltage to be equal to

06. A short length of cable is connected between the sending end voltage. The ohmic value of

dead-end tower and sub-station at the end the reactor is

of a transmission line. Which of the following (a) 2000 Ω (b) 200 Ω

will decrease, when voltage wave is entering (c) 1000 Ω (d) 500 Ω

from overhead line to cable? (IAS-08)

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 15
02. In small industrial plant there exists three
induction motors each operates at 0.8 lagging
power factor and draws 1000kW individually.
One among the induction motors is replaced
with synchronous motor which draws same
real power but operates at 0.707 leading
power factor. The overall power factor of the
plant is __________
(a) 0.95 lead (b) 0.768 lag
(c) 0.923 lag (d) 0.986 lag
03. A 3 - φ induction motor rated at 400V 50 Hz
coupled to a pump is running at a lower
power factor of 0.6 lag. The input is 4.5 kVA.
It is proposed to improve the p.f. to 0.8 lag
by connecting a delta connected capacitor
bank. Find the value of capacitance per
phase.
(a) 10.45 µF (b) 20.45 µF
(c) 15.45 µF (d) 21.45 µF
04. A 275 kV transmission line has the following
line constants.
A = 0.85 ∠5°, B = 200∠75°
The transmission line is loaded by a 150 MW
UPF load, the voltage profile at each end
is maintained at 275 kV by placing shunt
compensation at receiving side. The rating
of the compensation equipment is
(a) 17.85 MVAR (b) 22.30 MVAR
(c) 27.40 MVAR (d) 13.76 MVAR
05. The Thevenin’s equivalent impedance of a
busbar in a three phase 220 kV system is 0.25
p.u. at a base of 250 MVA. Calculate the
reactive power that need to be injected in
MVAR to boost the voltage by 4 kV and also
to reduce the voltage by 2 kV.
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Objective Practice Questions
(a) –18.18 MVAR, 9.09 MVAR
(b) –18.18 MVAR, –9.09 MVAR
(c) 18.18 MVAR, 9.09 MVAR
(d) 18.18 MVAR, –9.09 MVAR
06. A shunt reactor of 100 MVAR is operated at
an increased voltage by 10% of its rated
value and at a reduced frequency by 10% of
its rated value, the reactive power absorbed
by
the reactor is _________ (approximately)
(a) 73.6 MVAr (b) 89.1 MVAr
(c) 110 MVAr (d) 134.4 MVAr
07. A lossless transmission line is having Surge
Impedance Loading (SIL) of 2280 MW. A Series
capacitive compensation of 30% is placed.
Then SIL of the compensated transmission line
will be
(a) 1835 MW (b) 2280 MW
(c) 2725 MW (d) 3257 MW
08. A 3-phase, 11 kV, 50 Hz, 200 kW load has a
power factor of 0.8 lag. A delta connected
3-phase capacitor is used to improve the
power factor to unity. The capacitance per-
phase of the capacitor in micro-farads is
(GATE-99)
(a) 3.948 (b) 1.316
(c) 0.439 (d) 11.844
09. At an industrial sub-station with a 4 MW
load, a capacitor of 2 MVAR is installed to
maintain the load factor at 0.97 lagging. If
the capacitor goes out of service, the load
power factor becomes
(a) 0.85 lag (b) 1.00
(c) 0.80 lag (d) 0.90 lag

10. Which of the following apparatus will inject
leading VArs into the system?
1. Induction generator
2. Under excited synchronous generator
3. Under excited synchronous motor
4. Over excited synchronous generator
5. Induction motor
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (b) 1, 3, 4
(c) 1, 2, 4 (d) 1, 2, 3, 5
Under Ground Cables
01. A 1-φ concentric cable 5 km long has a
capacitance of 0.2 µF / km, The relative
permittivity of insulating material is 3.5. The
diameter of inner conductor is 1.5. The cable
is operated at 66kV, 50Hz.
(a) Calculate the inner diameter of outer
conductor.
(b) Find the r.m.s voltage gradient at the
surface of the inner conductor.
(c) Find r.m.s value of the charging current.
02. A one kilometer long 11 kV 3-core three-phase
metal sheathed cable gave the following test
results: B
(i) Connect any 2 cores to sheath and
measured capacitance between the
remaining 3rd core to the sheath is 0.6 µF.
(ii) Capacitance between all the three
conductors bunched together
sheath: 0.96 µF
The effective capacitance of each core to
neutral is (c) 2.7 A (d) 3.5 A
(a) 0.12µF
(b) 0.74 µF
(c) 0.16 µF
(d) 0.32 µF
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16 Power Systems
03. In a 3-core cable capacitance between any
two cores is 0.5 µF and capacitance between
any one of the core to sheath is 0.3 µF. What
is capacitance measured between any two
cores connected together and third core
(a) 1.3 µF (b) 1.2 µF
(c) 1.1 µF (d) none
04. The per phase charging kVAr of a 40 km 3 –
core ground cable is 12.77 kVAr/km and the
power factor of cable dielectric material is
0.025 lead at a frequency of 50 Hz. The total
dielectric power loss is _________ kW.
05. Consider a three-core, three phase, 50 Hz,
11 kV cable whose conductors are denoted
as R, Y and B in the figure. The inter-phase
capacitance (C1) between each pair of
conductors is 0.2 µF and the capacitance
between each line conductor and the sheath
is 0.4 . The per-phase charging current is
C2
R
C1 C1
Y
C2
C1
C2
Outer sheath
and
(a) 2.0 A (b) 2.4 A
 17 Objective Practice Questions

porcelain insulators. The self capacitance of

Insulators
the insulator is 5 times the shunt capacitance
between the link and the ground, as shown
01. There are 20 discs in the string of insulators
in the figure. The voltages across the two
of a 3-phase, 400kV transmission line. String
insulators are
efficiency is 80%.What is the value of the
maximum voltage across any disc? 5C e2
(a) 16kV (b) 25kV
5C e1
25 C
(c) 3 # 25 kV (d) kV
3
(a) e1 = 3.74kV, e2 = 2.61 kV
02. The equivalent capacitor arrangement of (b) e1 = 3.46 kV, e2 = 2.89 kV
a two-string insulator is shown in the below (c) e1 = 6.0 kV, e2 = 4.23 kV
figure. The maximum voltage that each unit (d) e1 = 5.5 kV, e2 = 5.5 kV
can withstand should not exceed 17.5 kV. The
line-voltage of the complete string is
Distribution System

1 C 01. A dc distribution system is shown in figure with

C' = C
8
load currents as marked. The two ends of the
feeder are fed by voltage sources such that
C VP – VQ= 3 V. The value of the voltage VP for a

Line minimum voltage of 220 V at any point along

the feeder is
VP VQ
(a) 17.5 kV (b) 33 kV
(c) 35 kV (d) 37.3 kV 0.1 Ω R 0.15 Ω S 0.2 Ω

03. Two insulator discs of identical capacitance P Q

value C make up a string for a 22 k V, 50 Hz

single-phase overhead line insulation system.
If the pin to earth capacitance is also C, then 10 A 20 A 30 A 15 A
the string efficiency is
(a) 50 % (b) 75 % (a) 225.70 V (b) 222.89 V
(c) 90 % (d) 86 % (c) 220.00 V (d) 228.58 V

04. Consider a three-phase, 50 Hz, 11kV 02. A distribution feeder of 1 km length having
distribution system. Each of the conductors is resistance, but negligible reactance, is fed
suspended by an insulator string having two from both the ends by 400 V, 50 Hz balanced
identical sources. Both voltage sources S1 and S2 are

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 18 Power Systems

in phase. The feeder supplies concentrated (a) 72.95 mH in phase C & 139.02 µF in Phase
loads of unity power factor as shown in B
figure. (b) 72.95 mH in Phase B & 139.02 µF in Phase C
(c) 42.12 mH in Phase C & 240.79 µF in Phase B
S1 S2
400m 200m200m 200m (d) 42.12 mH in Phase b & 240.79 µF in Phase
∼ P
∼
400V C
400V
50Hz 200A 100A 200A 50Hz

HVDC Transmission
The contributions of S1 and S2 in 100 A current
supplied at location P respectively, are
(a) 75 A and 25A (b) 50A and 50A 01. Which one of the following is the correct
(c) 25 A to 75 A (d) 0A and 100A statement?
In HVDC systems the converter station and
03. A single-phase distributor has loop resistance inverter stations are under
of 0.3Ω and a reactance of 0.4Ω. The far end (a) constant current control individually
of the distributor has a load current of 80A and (b) constant extinction angle control
power factor of 0.8 lagging at 220V. The mid- individually
point M of the distributor has a load current (c) constant extinction angle control and
of 50A at power factor of 0.707 lagging constant current control respectively
with reference to voltage M. Calculate the (d) constant current control and constant
sending end voltage and power factor. extinction angle control respectively

S ISM M IMF F 02. The given figure shows the schematic diagram
ZS ZM of a dc switch (oscillatory) discharge type)
M
IM
F I
for interrupting current (Id) in HVDC lines M, A
F
and B are contactors, C, a capacitor, L an
50A 80A inductor and; R, a high value resistor.
0.707 lag 0.8 lag
M and B are normally closed contacts, while
A is normally open. For interruption of Id
04. 230 V (Phase) 50 Hz, three-phase, 4-wire, first B opens and A closes and immediately
system has a sequence ABC. A unity power- thereafter contact M opens. (IAS-96)
factor load of 4 kW is connected between M
phase A and neutral N. It is desired to achieve Id
A C L
zero neutral current through the use of a pure
inductor and pure capacitor in the other two
B
phases. The Value of inductor and capacitor
is R

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 19 Objective Practice Questions

The current Id is interrupted when the resultant

current through M
(a) is positive maximum
(b) is negative maximum
(c) passes through zero
(d) is without the oscillatory component

03. The power transmission capability of bipolar

lines is approximately (IAS-97)
(a) half that of 3-phase single circuit line
(b) the same as that of 3-phase single circuit
line
(c) twice that of 3-phase single circuit line
(d) thrice that of 3-phase single circuit line

KEY
Basic Concepts & Transmission Line Constants

01. n2 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. 31.6% 05. (b) 06. (b) 07. (a) 08. 2.49 09. 3.251 10. 1.85 to 1.95
Steady State Performance of Transmission Lines

01. (c) 02. (c) 03. (c) 04. 79kW, 82kW 05. (b) 06. 0.936 lag 07. (a) 08. (b) 09.(c)
Transient Analysis & Wave Travelling

01. (c) 02. (c) 03. (c) 04. (b) 05. (b) 06. (d) 07.(2.8kV-3.0kV) 08. (d)
Voltage Control

01.(a) 02. (d) 03. (a) 04. (c) 05. (d) 06. (d) 07. (c) 08. (b) 09. (c) 10.(d)
Underground Cables
01. D = 3.971 cm, Er = 90.4 kV/cm (rms), IC = 20.735A 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. 37.5kW-39.kW 05. (a)
Insulators

01. (d) 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. (b)

Distribution System
01. (a) 02.(d) 03. Vs = 271.04 ∠2.78 and PF = 0.74 (lag) 04.(b)

HVDC Transmission
01. (d) 02. (c) 03. (b)

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 20 Power Systems

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