UNIT – I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW

Steady Flow Energy Equation

1.0 Derive the steady flow energy equation and reduce it for a turbine, pump, nozzle and a heat exchanger.
2.0 Ina gas turbine installation, the gases enter the turbine at the rate of 5kg/s with a velocity of 50m/s and enthalpy of 900kJ/kg
and leave the turbine with 150m/s and enthalpy of 400kJ/kg. The loss of heat from the gases to the surrounding is
25kJ/kg. Assume R= 0.285kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.004kJ/kgK and inlet conditions to be 100kPa and 27°C. Determine the work
done and diameter.
3.0 Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7m/s, 100kpa & 0.95m3/kg and leaving at
5m/s, 700kpa & 0.19m3/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. The
absorbs by cooling water is 58kW, Calculate (a) rate of shaft work input in kW (b) ratio of inlet pipe diameter to outlet
pipe diameter.
4.0 Air at a temperature of 15°C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30m/s the temperature is raised to 800°C. It
then enters a turbine with the same velocity of 30m/s and expands until the temperature falls to 650°C. On leaving the
turbine, the air is taken at a velocity of 60m/s to a nozzle and temperature fallen to 500°C. If the air flow rate is 2kg/s ,
calculate (a) rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger (b) Power output from the turbine (c) Velocity at exit from the nozzle.
5.0 A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At the inlet to a certain nozzle, the
enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kJ/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762
kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it

 Find the velocity at exit from the nozzle.

 If the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and the specific volume at the inlet is 0.187 m3/kg, find the mass flow rate.
 If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m3/kg, find the exit area of the nozzle.

First Law of Thermodynamics

6.0 A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete cycle of four processes. During the
cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is 170KJ. The system completes 100 cycles per minute. Complete the following table
showing the method for each item, and compute the net rate of work output in KW.

Process Q KJ/min W KJ/min ∆E KJ/min

a-b 0 2170 -
b-c 21000 0 -
c-d -2100 - -36600
d-a - - -

7.0 A gas mass 1.5kg undergoes a quasi static expansion which follows a relation p=a+bV, The initial and final pressure are
1000kpa and 200kpa and volumes are 0.2m3 and 1.2m3. The specific internal energy of the gas is given by the relation u
= 1.5pV – 85 kj/kg. where p is pressure and V is volume. Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum internal energy
of the gas.

Non-Flow process
8.0 A mass of air is initially at 260°C and 700kpa and occupies 0.028m3. The air is expanded at constant pressure to 0.084m3.
A polytropic process with n = 1.5 is then carried out, followed by a constant temperature process. All the processes are
reversible.
 Sketch the cycle in the p-v and T-s planes
 Find the heat received and heat rejection in the cycle
 Find the efficiency of the cycle

9.0 5 kg of air at 40°C and 1 bar is heated in a constant pressure until the volume is doubled Find (a) change in volume (b) work
done (c) change in internal energy (d) change in enthalpy (e) heat transfer
10.0 2kg of gas at a pressure of 1.5 bar. Occupies a volume of 2.5 m3. If this gas compresses isothermally to 1/3 times the initial
volume. Find initial and Final temperature, work done, heat transfer.
11.0 10 kg of gas 10 bar and 400°C expands reversibly and adiabatically to 1 bar. Find the work done and change in internal
energy.
12.0 A cylinder contains 1m3 of gas at 100kpa and 100°C, the gas is polytropically compressed to a volume of 0.25m3. The final
pressure is 600kpa. Determine (a) mass of the gas (b) the value of index ‘n’ (c) change in internal energy (d) heat
transferred.
13.0 A perfect gas for which ratio of specific heats is 1.4 occupies a volume of 0.3 m3 at100kpa and 27°C. The gas undergoes
compression of 0.06m3. Find the heat transfer (a) pV= C (b) Isentropic (c) pV1.1 = C
Two Marks – 2, 7, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 38, 40, 41, 47
 UNIT-II SECOND LAW AND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Carnot Cycle

1.0 Derive the expression for Carnot and reversed carnot cycle
2.0 In a Carnot cycle the maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 18bar and 410°C. The volume ratio of
isentropic compression is 6 and isothermal expansion is 1.5. Assume the volume of the air at the beginning of
isothermal expansion as 0.18m3. Show the cycle on p-V and T-s diagram and determine a) pressure and temperature at
main points b) thermal efficiency.
3.0 Determine whether the following cases represent the reversible, irreversible or impossible heat engine i) 900kW heat
are rejected ii) 560kW of heat rejected iii) 108kW of heat rejected. In each case the engine is supplied with 1120kJ/sec
of heat. The source and sink temperature are maintained at 560K and 280K.

Heat Engine, heat pump, refrigerator

4.0 Two reversible engines A & B are arranged in series. A rejecting heat directly to B engine, receives 200 kJ at a
temperature of 421deg C from a hot source, while engine B is in communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4
degC. If the work output of A is twice that of B, find : i) temperature between A and B ii) The efficiency of each
engine, and iii) The heat rejected to the cold sink.
5.0 A reversible engine is supplied with heat from two constant temperature sources at 900K and 600K and rejects heat
to a constant temperature sink at 300K. If the engine executes a numbers of complete cycles while developing 100 kW,
and rejecting 360kJ of heat per minute. Determine the heat supplied by each source per minute and efficiency of the
engine.
6.0 A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 1000K and 300K is used to drive heat pump which extracts heat
from the reservoir at a rate twice that at which engine rejects heat to it. If the efficiency engine is 40% of the maximum
possible and the coefficient of performance of the heat pump is 50% of the maximum possible, make calculations for
the temperature of the reservoir to which the heat pump rejects heat. Also work out the rate of heat rejection from the
heat pump if the rate of supply of heat to the engine is 50kW.

Entropy

7.0 5m3 of air at 2 bar, 27°C is compressed upto 6 bar pressure following pv1.3 = constant. It is subsequently expanded
adiabatically to 2 bar. Considering the two processes to be reversible, determine the network, net heat transfer, change
in entropy. Also plot TS and PV diagram.

Change in Entropy
8.0 One kg of ice at -5°C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20°C. The ice melts and comes into thermal
equilibrium with the atmosphere i) determine the entropy increase of the turbine ii) What is the minimum amount of
work necessary to convert the water back to ice at -5°C. Assume Cp for ice as 2.093kJ/kg K and latent heat of fusion of
ice as 333.3kJ/kg.
9.0 Ten grammes of water at 20°C is converted into at -10°C at constant atmospheric pressure. Assuming the specific
heat of liquid water to remain constant at 4.2 J/gK and that of ice to be half of this value and taking the latent heat of
fusion of ice at 0°C as 335J/g, calculate the entropy change of the system.

Availability, II law efficiency

10.0 A single stage air turbine is to operate with air inlet pressure and temperature of 1 bar and 600K. During expansion
the turbine losses are 20kJ/kg to the surrounding which is at 1 bar and 300K. For 1 kg of mass flow rate. Determine i)
decrease in availability ii) Maximum work iii) Irreversibility iv) Second law efficiency.
11.0 Steam flows in a pipeline at1.5Mpa. After expanding to 0.1Mpa in a throttling calorimeter, the temperature is found
to be 120°C. Find the quality of steam in the pipeline and also calculate availabilities, irreversibility and second law of
efficiency. Assume To = 25°C.

Two Marks – 1, 2,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 23, 27, 29, 35, 43, 44, 45,46
 UNIT-III PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER CYCLE

Rankine Cycle

1.0 A steam boiler generates steam at 30bar, 300°C at the rate of 2 kg/s. This steam is expanded isentropically in a
turbine to a condenser pressure of 0.05 bar, condensed at constant pressure and pumped back to boiler. (3.135)
 Draw the schematic arrangement on the above plant and T-s diagram of rankine cycle
 Find the heat supplied in the boiler per hour
 Determine the quality of steam after expansion
 What is the power generated by the turbine?
2.0 In a rankine cycle, the steam at inlet to turbine is saturated at a pressure of 35bar and the exhaust pressure is 0.2bar.
The flow rate of steam 9.5kg/s. Determine a) pump work b) turbine work c) rankine efficiency d) condenser heat e)
work ratio f) specific steam consumption. (3.142)

Reheat Rankine Cycle

3.0 A steam power plant uses steam at boiler pressure of 150bar and temperature 550°C with reheat at 40 bar and 550°C
at condenser pressure of 0.1bar. Determine i) Draw the schematic arrangement on the above plant and T-s diagram of
rankine cycle ii) quality of steam at turbine exhaust, iii) cycle efficiency and the steam rate. (3.149)
4.0 A reheat cycle operating between 30 and 0.04bar has a superheat and reheat temperature of 450ºC. The first
expansion takes place till the steam is dry saturated and then reheated is given. Determine the cycle efficiency and draw
the schematic arrangement on the above plant and T-s diagram of rankine cycle. (3.147)

Regenerative Rankine Cycle

5.0 In a regenerative cycle, the steam pressure at turbine inlet is 30bar and exhaust is at 0.04bar. The steam initially
saturated. Enough steam is bled off at the optimum pressure of 3bar to heat the feed water. i) Draw the schematic
arrangement on the above plant and T-s diagram of rankine. (3.157)
6.0 In a regenerative steam cycle employing two open feed water heaters, the steam is supplied to the turbine at 30 bar
and 500°C and is exhausted to the condenser 0.04bar. The extraction points for two heaters are at 3.5bar and 0.75bar.
Determine i) Draw the schematic arrangement on the above plant and T-S diagram of rankine cycle ii) calculate the
thermal efficiency. cycle ii) calculate the thermal efficiency. (3.94)

Process
7.0 10kg of water of 45°C is heated at a constant pressure of 10bar until it becomes superheated vapour at 300°C. Find
the changes in volume, enthalpy, internal energy and entropy. (3.124)
8.0 Steam at 30bar and 350°C is expanded in a non flow isothermal process to a pressure of 1bar. The temperature and
pressure of the surroundings are 25°C and 100Kpa. Determine the maximum work that can be obtained from this
process per kg of steam. Also find the maximum useful work. (3.125)
9.0 1kg of steam initially dry saturated at 1.1Mpa expands in a cylinder following PV 1.13 = C. The pressure at the end of
expansion is 0.1Mpa. Determine a) final volume b) final dryness fraction c) workdone d) change in internal energy e)
heat transfer. (3.127)
10.0 Steam initially at 0.3MPa, 250°C is cooled at constant volume. At what temperature will the steam become
saturated vapour? What is the steam quality at 80°C. Also find what is the heat transferred per kg of steam in cooling
from 250°C to 80°C. (3.123)
11.0 In a steam generator compressed water at 10MPa, 30°C enters a 30mm diameter tube at the rate of 3litres/sec. Steam
at 9MPa and 400°C exit the tube. Find the rate of heat transfer. (3.130)
12.0 Two streams of steam, one at 2MPa 300°C and the other at 2MPa 400°C mix in a steady flow adiabatic process. The
rates of flow of the two streams are 3kg/min and 2kg/min. Evaluate the final temperature of the emerging steam, if there
is no pressure drop due to the mixing process. What would be the rate of increase in the entropy of the universe? This
steam with negligible velocity now expands adiabatically in a nozzle to a pressure of 1kPa. Determine the exit velocity
of the stream and exit area of the nozzle.
13.0 Explain with neat sketch
(i) Mercury – water binary vapour cycle
(ii) Steam and gas turbine combined cycle
 UNIT-IV IDEAL AND REAL DASES, THERMODYNAMICS RELATION

1.0 A vessel of volume 0.28m3 contains 10kg of air at 320K. Take Tc =132.8K and Pc = 37.7 bar. Determine the
pressure of air (a) Perfect gas equation (b)Vander waals equation (c) compressibility chart.
2.0 Derive the expression for joule-Thomson coefficient.
3.0 Derive the Clapeyron equation for liquid – vapour region.
4.0 Deduce the Maxwell relations from thermodynamic property relations
5.0 Derive First and second TDS (Entropy) Equations.
6.0 Derive Vander waals equation.
7.0 Derive enthalpy equation
8.0 Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities Cp – Cv = Kβ2V / T

UNIT-V GAS MIXTURE AND PSYCHROMETRY

Gas Mixture

9.0 A mixture of ideal gases consists of 3kg of nitrogen and 5kg of carbon dioxide at a pressure of 300kPa and 20°C,
Find i) The mole fraction ii) Equivalent molecular weight of mixture iii) Equivalent gas constant of mixture iv) Partial
pressure and partial volume v) Specific heat of mixture.
10.0 A mixture of perfect gases at 23°C contains 60% N2, 15% O2 and 25% CH4 by volume. If the partial of CH4 is
60kpa, determine (a) partial pressure of N2 and O2 (b) mass proportion (c) gas constant (d) volume per mole of mixture
(e) Heat transfer.
11.0 A vessel is divided into three compartments a,b and c by two partitions. Part a contain oxygen and has a volume of
0.1m3, b contains nitrogen and has a volume of 0.2m3 and c contains CO2 and has a volume of 0.05m3. All three parts
are at a pressure of 2bar and a temperature of 13°C. When the partitions are removed and the gases mix, determine the
change in entropy of each part, the final pressure in the vessel and the partial pressure of each gas.

Psychrometric

12.0 A sliding psychrometric reads 40°C DBT and 36°CWBT. Find the Vapour pressure, humidity ratio, relative
humidity, dew point temperature, Degree of saturation, specific volume of air density, density of water vapour and
enthalpy.
13.0 The moist air at 45°C DBT and 30°C WBT. Find the Vapour pressure, humidity ratio, relative humidity, dew point
temperature, Degree of saturation, specific volume of air density, density of water vapour and enthalpy.
14.0 Air at a pressure of 1.013 bar and 20°C has a relative humidity of 65%.Find Partial pressure of the water vapour,
Specific volume, Dew point temperature, Specific Humidity, Degree of saturation, Density of mixture and Water
vapour condensed per kg of dry air when the mixture is cooled a constant pressure to a temperature of 10°C.
15.0 Atmospheric air at 760mm of Hg has 30°C DBT and 50%RH using psychrometric chart, calculate a) Relative
humidity b) Humidity ratio c) Dew point temperature d) Enthalpy e) Specific volume.
16.0 One kg of air at 24°C, 70% RH is mixed adiabatically with2kg of air at 16°C, 10% RH. Determine final condition of
the mixture. And also explain Adiabatic mixing of air streams.
17.0 An air conditioning system is designed under the following condition
Outdoor condition - 15°C DBT and 10°C WBT
Required Indoor condition - 20°C DBT and 50% RH
Amount of fee air circulated - 0.25m3 /min person
Seating capacity - 50 person
The required condition is achieved by first heating and then by humidifying. Calculate the following
 Capacity of heating coil in kW
 Capacity of humidifier in kg/s
18.0 An air conditioning system is designed under the following condition
Outdoor condition - 32°C DBT and 75% RH
Required Indoor condition - 22°C DBT and 70% RH
Amount of fee air circulated - 200m3 /min
Coil dew point temperature - 14°C
The required condition is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating. Calculate the
following
 Capacity of cooling coil in tonne
 Capacity of heating coil in Kw
 Mass of water vapour removed in kg/s