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other materials; for example, the tensile strength of concrete is less than its shear strength,
which in turn is less than its compressive strength. Consequently, prototype concrete cannot
normally be replaced by any other material in ultimate strength models. The engineering
properties of the hardened cement-aggregate mass that comprises prototype and model
concretes are discussed extensively in specialized literature. These properties are dependent
on several factors, including:
Water-cement ratio. Cement-aggregate ratio. The nature of the aggregates (size, hardness,
gradation, porosity, Surface texture, etc. ), type of cement, time history of moisture available
for reaction with the cement and time history of the temperature during this curing period,
moisture content and temperature during testing, age at testing, type of stress caused by the
applied loading (tension, bending, uniaxial compression, biaxial compression, triaxle
compression, etc.), duration of loading and strain rate of loading.
When a concrete structure is loaded, the deformations continue to increase with time. Thus,
although the initial deformations may be nearly elastic, the strains continue to increase even
under constant stress. Such additional strains are referred to as creep strains. Some of the
major factors that influence the creep characteristics of concrete are age of concrete at the
time of loading and water-cement ratio.
Experiments at Cornell university showed that increasing the sand content in model concrete
mixes caused the compressive strength to decrease, but the modulus of elasticity increased
with an increase in the aggregate-cement ratio. This variation is due to the higher modulus of
elasticity of the aggregate than that of the paste. However, the ultimate strength decreases
with the increase of aggregate particles because they produce more stress concentrations and
hence a greater probability of starting cracks at a given load level.
The effect of sand concentration on the modulus of elasticity and flexural strength of mortar
beams has been studied by ishai. He found that critical volume concentration of sand exists
above which the material loses strength and stiffness very abruptly. A study of the effect of
sand concentration on the modulus of elasticity, the ultimate strength, and the strain at 95 on
ultimate strength using square prismatic compressive specimens by Ruiz confirms Ishai is
findings.
It has been observed by various investigators that when wet, cured concrete cylinders are
allowed to lose part of their moisture, their compressive strength increases. Increases of up to
25% have been observed when wet cured specimens were allowed to remain at room
conditions for a few days. In the case of model concrete structural elements, this partial drying
during instrumentation and testing can be a cause of variations in strength.
1. What is the main consequence of having big size aggregates in the concrete
properties?
The ultimate strength decreases
2. What special condition has to be guaranteed so that concrete can increase its strength
when loosing part of its moisture?
I has to be allowed to remain at room conditions for a few days.
3. According to the text, organize the different strength of concrete
The tensile strength, shear strength, compressive strength and ultimate strength
4. According to the text, concrete strength decreases when the water content is low
True
5. Why does including more aggregate in proportion to the cement paste increase elastic
modulus?
Due to the higher modulus of elasticity of the aggregate than that of the paste
6. Why does increasing aggregate particles reduce concrete strength?
Because they produce more stress concentrations and hence a greater probability of
starting cracks at a given load level.
7. According to the text, creep can exist without loading
No
8. Creep is composed of elastic deformation?
No
9. Both water content and age of concrete influence creep in the material?
Yes
10. An increase in sand content causes an increase in concrete strength?
No
Cuando se carga una estructura de hormigón, las deformaciones continúan aumentando con el tiempo. Por
lo tanto, aunque las deformaciones iniciales pueden ser casi elásticas, las deformaciones continúan
aumentando incluso bajo tensión constante. Tales cepas adicionales se denominan cepas de fluencia.
Algunos de los principales factores que influyen en las características de fluencia del concreto son la
antigüedad del concreto en el momento de la carga y la relación agua / cemento