19FTM26.

Sizing of Profile Modifications for Asymmetric Gears

Author: Ulrich Kissling
Today, the benefits of asymmetric gears are being extensively discussed. They have yet to be widely adopted, but
investigations are ongoing as to whether gear reducers can be improved with such techniques. The geometric
definition of asymmetric gears is shortly described. The strength calculation of such gears can be calculated
according to ISO standards, but the method for the bending stress must be adapted. This permits the power
capacity of asymmetric gears to be calculated and compared with symmetric gears. In specific cases, when using
asymmetric gears, the power capacity of a gear pair can be increased by up to 30%.
The power capacity of a gear pair is critical, but the noise and vibration behavior is also highly relevant. With
appropriate profile modifications, gears can be significantly improved. A modification of the gear profile will change
the load distribution during a meshing cycle, therefore changing transmission errors, contact pressure and power
losses. Additionally, with tip and/or root relief, the contact shock at the beginning and the end of the meshing can
be removed, substantially reducing the vibration and noise of the gear mesh.
The layout of profile modifications must be verified by a loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA), which permits the
analysis of the contact during a meshing cycle step by step. LTCA can be performed based on a finite element
method (FEM) or with semi-analytical method (usually based on the Weber-Banaschek approach [1]). To get an
optimum solution for a profile modification, it is very convenient to use a parameter variation technique. For
example, tip relief and tip modification length are varied to find the best solution. For such a task with some
hundreds of variants to check, the calculation time for an LTCA analysis becomes an issue, therefore, the use of
the Weber-Banaschek approach is preferred. This approach was recently adapted for asymmetric gears to allow
for efficient analysis.
The selection process of a steel gear with asymmetric teeth is discussed in detail. With a well selected profile
modification, the noise excitation and Hertzian pressure can be reduced. The behavior of the critical parameters
was verified for different torque levels and for helix and profile errors due to manufacturing tolerances.
ISBN: 978-1-64353-065-9
2018 PAPERS
18FTM01. Filling Some Gaps in Spline Design Guidelines: Centering, Friction, and Misalignment
Author: Stephen McKenny
International spline standards and other widely used published documents have detailed definitions of two-
dimensional spline geometry, and while they cover basic axial effects and stresses, more can be provided for
design engineers. Results from an analytical study of misalignment factors and an experimental study of centering
forces are discussed to provide information to help refine calculation methods. These include: how to calculate the
effective pressure angle of straight-sided splines that must be used to accurately determine normal and radial
loads; how to calculate the effective centering force of a spline pair; how to calculate the centering moment of a
spline with ‘topping’; an update to current publications; and an update to the calculation of the maximum axial
force that a spline can transmit via friction.
ISBN: 978-1-64353-004-8 Pages: 15

18FTM02. Methods to Determine Form Diameter on Hobbed External Involute Gears

Author: Shuo Zhang
Two mathematical methods have been developed to be used for the calculation of true involute form diameter
when specialized software or original gear designer information is not easily accessible. These methods are
designed for external involute gears produced by the hobbing process, possibly followed by a finishing operation.
Method A is a more precise match, but it requires special inputs that may be time consuming without special
software. Method B, although not as accurate, still has relative error of TIF diameter below 0.1% over wide ranges
of gear design parameters. Method B is also easy to apply and can be integrated into most existing gear design
programs.
ISBN: 978-1-64353-005-5 Pages: 16

18FTM03. Optimization of a Rack and Pinion Design for Offshore Jack-Up Applications
Author: Adrian Nowoisky

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AGMA Publications Catalog 42 April 2020