ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 12, NO.

2 (2011)
PAGES 143-154

BEHAVIOUR OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED FLY

ASH CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS IN FLEXURE AND SHEAR

M.V. Krishna Rao*a, N.R. Dakhshina Murthyb and V. Santhosh Kumara

a
Department of Civil Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology,
Hyderabad-500075, India
b

D
Department of Civil Engineering, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science,
Warangal-506015, India

I
ABSTRACT

f S
The behaviour of deep beams is different from that of shallow beams in which the bending

o
stress distribution is linear across the depth and the shear failure is ductile. This paper
addresses the flexure and shear behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced fly ash concrete
(PFRFAC) deep beams. The shear span to depth ratio of the beams used in these

e
investigations was maintained as 2.0. The variables of study include the Characteristic

v
strength of concrete, fck (15.0 MPa, 20.0 MPa, and 25.0 MPa) and polypropylene fibre

i
(Recron 3s) content (0%, 0.5% and 1%). The polypropylene fibre and 20% of Fly ash as
cement replacement are incorporated in all the concrete mix proportions considered in this

h
study. The test results indicate that compressive strength of concrete increases with the
increasing percentage of fibre. There has been a significant increase in flexural and shear

r c
strengths of PFRFAC, in all the mix proportions, as fibre content increased from 0% to 1.0%.
However, the ultimate failure was observed to be gradual in all the beams.

Keywords: Deep beams; polypropylene fibres; fly ash; deflection; flexural strength; shear
strength

A 1. INTRODUCTION

Many a structural element like walls of bunkers, load-bearing walls in buildings, plate
elements in folded plates and pile caps behave as deep beams. The design of such structural
elements requires innovative procedures to serve the functionality coupled with durability in
an economical manner. Beams whose span (L) to depth (D) ratios is comparatively small
can be defined as deep beams. Beams with large depth, supported by individual columns,
often used as transfer girders in tall buildings, long span structures etc are commonly
referred to as deep beams [1]. A beam is considered deep, according to the Indian Standard
Code IS: 456-2000 [2], when the ratio of effective span to overall depth (L/D) is less than

*
E-mail address of the corresponding author: mvkrao18@yahoo.com (M.V. Krishna Rao)
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144 M.V. Krishna Rao, N.R. Dakhshina Murthy and V. Santhosh Kumar

2.0 for simply supported members and 2.5 for continuous members. In deep beams the
bending stress distribution across any transverse section deviates appreciably from the
straight line distribution assumed in the Simple beam theory based on Napier’s hypothesis.
Consequently, a transverse section that is plane before bending does not remain plane after
bending and the neutral axis does not usually lie at the mid depth. In deep beams, flexure
and shear modes are dominated by tensile cleavage failure. The ultimate failure due to shear is
generally brittle in nature, in contrast to the ductile behaviour and progressive failure with
large number of cracks observed in normal beams [3]. They typically have low reinforcement
ratios and may fail in tension, in compression or by splitting of the web as a result of
excessive bursting forces.

I D
S
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Early work on deep beams focused attention on calculating stresses based on the theory of

f
elasticity, and Discharger [4] carried out the pioneering work by investigating stresses in

o
continuous deep beams on infinite supports. De Pavia and Siess [5] investigated 19 small
scale deep beams with span to depth ratios between 3.43 and 1.85. It was observed that
increasing the concrete strength had negligible effect on beams failing as a result of yield in

e
the tension reinforcement and increased the load carrying capacity of beams failing in shear.
Shanmugam and Swaddiwudhipong [6] carried out an experimental investigation to study

v
the ultimate load behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete deep beams and found that the

i
addition of steel fibres results in increased failure loads and changes in failure modes.
Sachan and Kameswara Rao [3] studied the strength and behaviour of steel fibre reinforcd

h
conrete deep beams and also proposed a simple model to predict the load carrying capacity

c
of beams. Shah and Mishra [1] investigated the effect of steel fibres in concrete on crack
and deformation characteristics of deep beams for various span-to-depth ratios. The results

A r
indicate that the inclusion of steel fibres significantly reduces the cracking and deforming
behaviour of plain concrete deep beams by resisting tensile stresses. Shanmugam, and
Swaddiwuuhipong [7] conducted experiments and proposed an empirical formula to predict
the ultimate strength.The effect of the position of openings and shear span to effective depth
ratio on the strength of simply supported fibre reinforced concrete deep beams, tested to
failure under two point loading, was investigated. The experimental failure loads were
compared with those obtained by using the proposed empirical formula. Zhang et al. [8]
investigated the effects of unsymmetrical loadings on the strength and behavior of simply
supported deep beams. Test results including crack patterns, load-deflection responses, steel
and concrete strains, and failure loads are presented and discussed with the effects of (LI)
and load asymmetry (LA). Conclusions were drawn on the effects of load inequality (LI) and
load asymmetry (LA) on deep beam behavior.
This paper addresses the flexure and shear behaviour of Polypropylene fibre reinforced fly
ash concrete (PFRFAC) deep beams. The variables considered in this study include the
characteristic strength, fck of concrete, and fibre content. The load-deflection response of the
beams, of three concrete mix proportions with varying the fibre content, is investigated. The
compressive strength of PFRFAC is yet another parameter considered in the investigations.

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 BEHAVIOUR OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED FLY... 145

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

3.1 Materials
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 53 MPa strength, fly ash, locally available river sand as
fine aggregate, crushed stone aggregate with a maximum particle size of 20 mm as coarse
aggregate, polypropylene fibres (Recron 3s) from Reliance Industries Limited and potable
water were used in this investigation. The details of various materials used in this
investigation are given in Tables 1 to 3. The details of the mix proportions are presented in
Table 4.
Table 1: Physical properties of cement and aggregates

I D Value
S.No. Characteristic Value Characteristic

f S Fine
aggregate
Coarse
aggregate

1.

2.

3.
Normal consistency

Specific gravity

Initial setting time (min)

36%

3.14

80.0
o
Specific gravity

Fineness modulus

e Void ratio
2.65

2.67

0.578
2.67

6.77

0.88

4. Final setting time (min)

i
415.0
v Porosity 0.366 0.47

5. Fineness (%)

c h 8.50
Unit weight
(kN/m3)
12.75 17.0

A r
Parameter
Table 2: Polypropylene fibre - Specifications

Specification

Cut length 6 mm or 12 mm

Shape of fibre Special for improved holding of cement aggregates

Tensile strength 4000-6000 kg/cm2

Melting point > 250°C

Concrete - Use 12 mm @ 909 gms per cubic metre

Dosage rate Plaster - Use 6 mm @ 125gms per cement bag in 1:
4 cement/sand ratio, optimize as per need.

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146 M.V. Krishna Rao, N.R. Dakhshina Murthy and V. Santhosh Kumar

Table 3: Composition of fly ash

Constituent % Constituent %

SiO2 58.86 MnO 0.08

Al2O3 29.21 MgO 1.0

Fe2O3 4.39 K 2O 1.33

CaO

NaO
2.8

0.4
Sulphate

Phosphorus
I D
0.74

0.4

SO3

Titanium oxide
0.23

0.12

f S
Loss on ignition 0.38

e o
Table 4: Design mix proportions [9]

Aggregate Polypropylene fibre

fck
(MPa)
% Fly
ash
Water
(lt/m3)
Fly ash
kg/m3

i v
Cement
kg/m3
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)

0.5% of 1% of

h
Fine Coarse
cement cement

15.0

20.0
20.0

20.0
158.81

r
162.25 c42.37

49.27
211.13

245.76
945.69

900.92
996.8

996.8
1.056

1.229
2.112

2.458

25.0 20.0

A 162.00 55.18 275.22

3.2 Role of polypropylene fibre (Recron 3s)

865.80 996.8 1.376 2.752

Addition of Polypropylene fibres to concrete enhances the longevity of the structure by

controlling micro cracks due to shrinkage during curing. Also, these fibres reduce water
permeability, rebound “splattering” of concrete and shotcrete. Incorporating fibres, in
concrete, increases flexure strength due to its higher modulus of elasticity compared to that
of concrete or mortar binder. Its post cracking behavior helps to continue to absorb energy
as fibres pull out.

3.3 Testing
In this study, three different mix proportions yielding 15.0 MPa, 20.0 MPa, and 25.0 MPa
characteristic strengths, and three percentages of Polypropylene fibres (0%, 0.5% and 1.0%)
by weight of cement were considered. For each proportion of concrete, fibre content was

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 BEHAVIOUR OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED FLY... 147

varied from 0% to 1.0 % in steps of 0.5% and three beams were cast for each of the fibre
contents. For each of these mix proportions, three standard cubes of size
150mmx150mmx150mm were cast and tested as per IS: 516-1959 [10] to determine the
compressive strength of concrete. A total of 54 beams were cast to study flexure and shear
behaviour of PFRFAC deep beams. The specimens were tested to failure under static two-
point loading on 100.0 tons capacity Universal Testing Machine. The Figures 1and 2 show
the details of test specimen and test set up of specimens tested to understand flexure and
shear behaviour respectively. The reinforcement in the beams has been provided in such a
way that they should fail in the desired pattern. i.e. flexure mode and Shear mode. The

D
deflections were measured at the centre span and corresponding loads were recorded.

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S
133
100

f
2-6mmφ
300

o
2-6mmφ

175 400 175

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Figure 1. Details of test specimen and test setup for flexure mode of failure

200

h
100
i
(All dimensions are in mm)

300
r c
100 600A 100
2-6mmφ

Figure 2. Details of test specimen and test setup for shear mode of failure
(All dimensions are in mm)

3.4 Compressive strength test

The compressive strength of mixes is determined by 27 cubes of size 150mm x 150mm x
150mm as per IS 516-1959 [10] at the rate of 3 specimens for each mix. The cubes and the
deep beams are cast with designed mix proportions to yield characteristic strengths of 15.0
Mpa, 20.0Mpa and 25.0Mpa with fibre contents of 0%, 0.5% & 1% keeping the replacement
of cement by fly ash at 20%. All the cube specimens are compacted on a table vibrator for 2
Minutes. After 24 hours the cubes are removed from moulds and immersed in fresh water

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148 M.V. Krishna Rao, N.R. Dakhshina Murthy and V. Santhosh Kumar

for 28 days of curing before testing. The specimens are capped with a thin layer of plaster of
paris (POP) to get the uniform surface and tested under a digital compression testing
machine of 50.0 tons capacity.

3.5 Flexure test

Deep beams of sizes 100mm x 300mm x 750mm and 100mm x 300mm x 800mm, for flexure
and shear modes of failure respectively, were cast in a standard rectangular mould and water
cured for 28 days. The details of test specimen and test set up are shown in Figures 1and 2 for
flexure and shear modes of failure respectively. The specimens are subjected to flexure using
symmetrical two point loading until failure in required modes occurs.

Table 5: Test results

I D
fck
(MPa)
% of
Fibre
28-day
average comp.
strength
Load at 1st
crack in

f S
28-day average ultimate

o
Flexural Shear Shear
(MPa) Flexure Shear
strength force strength
(kN) (kN)
(MPa) (kN) (MPa)

15.0 0% 20.81 30.00

v e 22.66 1.54 14.33 0.48

15.0

15.0
0.5%

1%
21.73

h
22.42
i 32.0

36.0
24.00

25.35
1.60

1.82
14.67

16.33
0.49

0.54

20.0

20.0
0%

0.5%

r c
27.82

28.66
36.0

36.67
30.00

36.66
1.89

1.95
18.00

21.67
0.60

0.72

A
20.0 1.0% 28.94 38.67 38.66 2.10 22.00 0.73

25.0 0% 34.04 40.67 40.66 2.00 23.67 0.78

25.0 0.5% 35.03 43.33 43.33 2.28 25.67 0.86

25.0 1.0% 37.02 44.67 44.66 2.45 26.33 0.88

A dial gauge with a least count of 0.001mm is kept under the specimen at center of the
span to measure deflections at mid span. The deflections are measured at a regular interval
of 2.0KN and corresponding deflections are recorded. A record of development and
progress of the cracks was made for each beam. The test was continued till the load reaches
about 85% of the ultimate load on the descending portion. The load at first crack and
ultimate load were recorded for each of the specimen tested. The ultimate flexural and shear
strengths of the specimens were determined. The crack pattern in test specimens under

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 BEHAVIOUR OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED FLY... 149

flexural and shear modes of failures are shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. Table 5
presents the compressive strength, ultimate shear force, load at first crack and ultimate
strength, in flexure and shear, for varying concrete mixes and fibre contents.

I D
Figure 3. Crack pattern in flexure mode for
PFRFAC deep beams

f S
Figure 4. Crack pattern in shear mode for
PFRFAC deep beams

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

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v
4.1 Compressive strength

i
Figure 5 shows the variation of compressive strength with percentage of polypropylene
fibre. The values are normalized with the results of 0% fibre mix. The 28 day compressive

h
strength of fibre reinforced fly ash concrete and normal fly ash concrete are found to match
very closely. The 28-day compressive strength of fibre concrete, with fibre contents of 0.5%

c
and 1.0%, increased by 4.42% and 7.74% for concrete of 15.0 MPa characteristic strength,

r
by 3.02% and 4.03% for concrete of 20.0 MPa characteristic strength, and by 2.91% and
8.78% for the concrete of 25.0 MPa characteristic strength respectively, in comparison to
the values obtained for normal concrete.

A CompressiveStrength Vs%PolypropyleneFibre

40
35
30 27.82
34.04 35.03
28.66 28.94
37.02

22.42
Compressive Strength

25 20.81 21.73
Mix A, fck=15 Mpa
(MPa)

20
Mix B, fck=20 Mpa
15
10 Mix C, fck=25 Mpa
5
0
0% 0.50% 1%
Polypropylene Fibre

Figure 5. Variation of compressive strength with percentage of polypropylene fibre

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150 M.V. Krishna Rao, N.R. Dakhshina Murthy and V. Santhosh Kumar

4.2 Load at first crack in flexure

The variation in load at first crack with percentage of polypropylene fibre is shown in Figure
6. The load at first crack of concrete beams is observed to increase with the increased
percentage of fibre. With fibre contents of 0.5% and 1%, the increase has been 6.67% and
20% for beams of concrete with 15.0 MPa characteristic strength, 1.85% and 7.01% for
beams of concrete with 20.0 MPa characteristic strength and 6.56% and 9.84% for beams
with concrete of 25.0MPa characteristic strength respectively, in comparison to the values
obtained for normal concretes.

50
Flexural Load Vs % Polypropylene Fibre

40.67
43.33 44.67

I D
S
38.67
40 36 36.67 36
32
Load at First Crack (KN)

30
30 Mix A, fck = 15 Mpa

f
Mix B, fck = 20 Mpa
20 Mix C, fck = 25 Mpa

o
10

0
0% 0.50% 1%
Polypropylene Fibre

v e
4.3 Ultimate flexural strength

h i
Figure 6. Variation of load @ first crack in flexure with percentage of polypropylene fibre

c
Figure 7 depicts the variation of ultimate flexural strength with percentage of polypropylene
fibre. With the increase of fibre content to 0.5% and 1%, the ultimate flexural strength

A r
increased by 3.90% and 18.20% for beams of 15.0 MPa characteristic strength concrete, by
3.20 % and 11.10 % for beams of 20.0 MPa characteristic strength concrete, and by 14.0 %
and 22.5 % for beams of concrete with 25.0 MPa characteristic strength respectively, in
comparison to the values of normal concrete.

Ultimate Flexural Strength Vs % Polypropylene Fibre

3
2.45
2.5 2.28
Ultimate Flexural Strength

2.1
1.89 2 1.95 1.89
2 1.6 Mix A, fck = 15 Mpa
1.54
(MPa)

1.5 Mix B, fck = 20 Mpa

1 Mix C, fck = 25 Mpa
0.5
0
0% 0.50% 1%
Polypropylene Fibre

Figure 7. Variation of ultimate flexural strength with percentage of polypropylene fibre

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 BEHAVIOUR OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED FLY... 151

4.4 Load-deflection behaviour in flexure

Figures 11-13 depicts the variation of deflection with load in flexure of PFRFAC deep
beams. Fibre content is varied in the range 0% -1.0%, in steps of 0.5% for three different
mix proportions considered in the study. The load-deflection curve is observed to be almost
linear up to the first crack and non-linear beyond that. An increase in ultimate deflection is
noticed for fibre reinforced concrete beams as compared to those of plain concrete,
indicating the post-cracking ductility imparted.

Load Vs % Polypropylene Fibre (in shear)

50

40
40.67
43.33
36.67
44.67
38.67

I D
Load at First Crack (KN)

30

S
30 24 25.35
22.67
20

f
10

o
0% 0.50% 1% Mix A, fck = 15 Mpa
Mix B, fck = 20 Mpa
Polypropylene Fibre
Mix C, fck = 25 Mpa

Figure 8. Variation of load @ first crack in shear with percentage of polypropylene fibre

v e
4.5 Load at first crack in shear

h i
Figure 8 shows the variation in load at first crack with % polypropylene fibre. The load at
first crack of in concrete beams is observed to increase with the increased percentage of
fibre. It increased by 5.88% and 11.85% for beams of 15.0 MPa characteristic strength

r c
concrete, by 22.2% and 28.9% for beams of 20.0 MPa characteristic strength concrete and
by 6.52% and 8.94% for beams of 25.0 MPa characteristic strength concrete respectively,
for fibre contents of 0.5% and 1%, in comparison to normal (plain) concrete.

A 30
Ultimate Shear Force Vs % Polypropylene Fibre

23.67
25.67 26.33
Ultimte Shear Force (KN)

25 21.67 22
20 18
16.33 Mix A, fck = 15 Mpa
14.33 14.67
15 Mix B, fck = 20 Mpa

10 Mix C, fck = 25 Mpa

0
0% 0.50% 1%
Polypropylene Fibre

Figure 9. Variation of ultimate shear force with percentage of polypropylene fibre

4.6 Ultimate shear force

Figure 9 depicts the variation of ultimate shear force with percentage of polypropylene fibre.

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 152 M.V. Krishna Rao, N.R. Dakhshina Murthy and V. Santhosh Kumar

With the increase in fibre content to 0.5% and 1%, the ultimate shear force increased by
2.33% and 13.95% for beams made of 15.0 MPa characteristic strength concrete, by 16.67
% and 22.22 % for beams of 20.0 MPa characteristic strength concrete, and by 8.45 %
and11.27 % for beams of concrete possessing 25.0 MPa characteristic strength respectively,
in comparison to the values of normal concrete.

4.7 Ultimate shear strength

Figure 10 depicts the variation of ultimate shear strength with percentage of polypropylene
fibre. With the increase in fibre content to 0.5% and 1%, the ultimate shear force increased
by 2.08% and 12.5% for beams made of 15.0 MPa characteristic strength concrete, by 20.0
% and 21.67 % for beams of 20.0 MPa characteristic strength concrete, and by 10.26 %
and12.82% for beams of concrete possessing 25.0 MPa characteristic strength respectively,

I D
S
in comparison to the values of normal concrete.

f
Ultimate Shear Strength Vs % Polypropylene
Fibre

1 0.86

o 0.88
Ultimate Shear Strength

0.78
0.8 0.72 0.73
0.6
0.54 Mix A, fck = 15 Mpa

e
0.6 0.48 0.49
(MPa)

Mix B, fck = 20 Mpa

0.4
Mix C, fck = 25 Mpa

v
0.2

i
0
0% 0.50% 1%
Polypropylene Fibre

c h
Figure 10. Variation of ultimate shear strength with percentage of polypropylene fibre

45

40

35
r
Load-Deflection Curve in Flexure for
Beam of Mix A, fck = 15 MPa

A
Load-Deflection Curve in Flexure for Beam of

50
45
40
Mix B, fck = 20 MPa

35
30
Load (KN)

30
Load (KN)

25 0% Polypropylene
Fibre 25
0% Polypropylene
20
0.5% Polypropylene 20 Fibre
15 Fibre 0.5% Polyopropylene
15
10 Fibre
1.0% Polypropylene 10
Fibre 1.0% Polypropylene
5 5 Fibre
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

Figure 11. Load – deflection behaviour in shear Figure 12. Load – deflection behaviour in shear
for beam of Mix A for beam of Mix B
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 BEHAVIOUR OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED FLY... 153

4.8 Load-deflection behaviour in shear

Figures 14-16 show the variation of deflection with load for PFRFAC deep beams. Fibre
content in the beams is varied in the range 0%-1.0%, in steps of 0.5% for three different mix
proportions considered in the investigation. The load-deflection curve is observed to be
almost linear up to the first crack and becoming non-linear beyond that. An increase in
ultimate deflection was noticed in reinforced concrete beams containing polypropylene fibre
when compared against plain concrete beams which is an indicative of the post-cracking
ductility imparted.

55
50
45
Loa d-De fle ction Curve in Fle x ure for Be a m of
M ix C, fck = 25 M P a

45
40 D
Load-Deflection Curve in shear for

I
Beam of Mix A, fck = 15 MPa

S
40 35
35
Load (KN)

30
Load (KN)

f
30 25
25 0 % P oly propy lene
20 0% Polypropylene
Fibre
20 Fibre
0.5% P oly propy lene

o
15 0.5% Polypropylene
15 Fibre
1.0% P oly propy lene 10 Fibre
10 1.0% Polypropylene
Fibre 5
5 Fibre

e
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
De fle ction (m m ) Deflection (m m )

Figure 13. Load – deflection behaviour in shear

for beam of Mix C
i v Figure 14. Load – deflection behaviour in shear
for beam of Mix A

50
Be am of M ix B, fck = 20 M Pa

h
Load-De fle ction Curve in s he ar for

c
55
50
L o a d -D e fl e c ti o n C u rv e i n sh e a r fo r B e a m o f
M i x C , fc k = 2 5 M P a

r
45
45
40
40
35
L o a d (K N )

35

A
Load (KN)

30
30
25 0% Polypropylene 0 % P o ly p ro p y le n e
25
20 Fibre F ib re
20 0 . 5 % P o ly p ro p y le n e
15 0.5% Polyopropylene
15 F ib re
10
Fibre 1 . 0 % P o ly p ro p y le n e
10
5 1.0% Polypropylene F ib re
Fibre 5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
De fle ction (m m ) D e fl e c ti o n (m m )

Figure 15. Load – deflection behaviour in shear Figure 16. Load – deflection behaviour in shear
for beam of Mix B for beam of Mix C

5. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of experimental investigations conducted on PFRFAC cubes and deep
beams, the following conclusions are drawn:
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154 M.V. Krishna Rao, N.R. Dakhshina Murthy and V. Santhosh Kumar

1. There has been marginal increase in the compressive strength and flexural strength at
first crack of fibre reinforced flyash concrete cubes and deep beams respectively as the
fibre content increased from 0% to 0.5% and 1% in all grades of concrete considered
for investigations.
2. The flexural strength of fly ash concrete deep beams increased significantly with the
addition of fibres, the increase being 15% & 18%, 16% &18% and 16% & 20% for
concretes of characteristic strengths 15.0 MPa, 20.0 MPa and 25.0 MPa respectively,
with the increase of fibre content from 0% to 0.5% and 1%.
3. The ultimate flexural strength of fly ash concrete deep beams is found to increase with

I D
the addition of fibre in all grades of concrete tested and the increase is by more than 5%
for all grades of concretes with in the scope of this study as the fibre content increased
from 0.5% to 1%.

S
4. The load at first crack of fly ash concrete deep beams increased marginally with the
addition of fibres.
5. The ultimate shear strength of fibre reinforced fly ash concrete deep beams increased by

6.
f
more than 5% for all grades of concrete with the increase of fibre content from 0.5% to 1%.

o
The failure of the fibrous fly ash concrete deep beams was observed to be more ductile
and gradual in comparison to plain concrete deep beams.

e
REFERENCES

v
1.

i
Shah RH, Mishra SV. Crack and deformation characteristics of SFRC dep beams.
Institution of Engineers (India) Journal of Civil Engineering, 85(2004) 44-8.

h
2. IS 456-2000 Code of practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. Bureau of Indian

c
Standards, New Delhi, India.
3. Sachan AK, Kameswara Rao CVS. Behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete deep beams.

93.
A r
Cement & Concrete Composites, 12(1990) 211-8.
4. Dischienger F. Beitrang zur Theorie der Halbscheibe und des Wandrtigen Balkens.
Publications International Association for Bridge and Standard Engineering, (1932), pp. 69-

5. De Pavia HAR, Siess CP. Strength and behaviour of deep beams in shear. Journal of
the Structural Division, ASCE, ST5 91(1965) 19-41.
6. Shanmugam NE, Swaddiwuuhipong S. The ultimate load behaviour of fibre reinforced
concrete deep beams. Indian Concrete Journal, No. 8, 58(1984) 207-11.
7. Shanmugam NE, Swaddiwuuhipong S. Strength of fibre reinforced concrete deep
beams containing openings. International Journal of Cement Composites and
Lightweight Concrete, No. 1, 10(1988) 53-60.
8. Zhang N, Tan KH, and Leong CL. Single-span deep beams subjected to unsymmetrical
loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, No. 3, 135(2009) 239-52.
9. Ghosh, R.S. Proportioning concrete mixes incorporating fly ash. Canadian Journal of
Civil Engineering, No. 1, 3(1976) 68-82.
10. IS 516-1959 Method of test for strength of concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, India.

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