DIFFERENT TYPES OF SNOW
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
1.) ALPHINE SKIING
WHAT IS ALPINE SKIING?
Alpine skiing, skiing technique that evolved during the
late 19th and early 20th centuries in the mountainous terrain
of the Alps in central Europe. Modern Alpine competitive
skiing is divided into the so-called speed and technical
events, the former comprising downhill skiing and the
supergiant slalom, or super-G, and the latter including the
slalom and giant slalom. The speed events are contested in
single runs down long, steep, fast courses featuring few and
widely spaced turns.
The technical events challenge the skier’s ability to
maneuver over courses marked by closely spaced gates
through which both skis must pass; winners are determined
by the lowest combined time in two runs on two different
courses. The Alpine combined event consists of a downhill
and a slalom race, with the winner having the lowest
combined time.
The International Ski Federation (FIS), world
governing body of the sport, first recognized downhill
racing in 1930, and the first world championships for men’s
downhill and slalom events were held in 1931. Women’s
events were added in 1950. The first Alpine event to be
included in the Olympic Winter Games was the combined,
which made its debut in 1936 at Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
Germany.
Equipment’s:
Goggles- Ski goggles, which come in a variety of lens
colors, protect the eyes against weather, glare and the effects
of speed on the eyes.
Gloves- Keep the hands toasty and give the skier grip for the
pole.
Helmets- Helmets protect the head and ears. In slalom
events, a chin guard is attached to the helmet to protect
skiers from getting hit in the face by gates.
Poles- Poles are used for balance and steering. There are
different types of poles for the speed and technical events.
Suit- Suits are usually skintight to reduce air resistance.
Skiers are also allowed to wear padding for protection.
Wax- A substance applied to the base of skis to increase
control, glide and speed.
Wide Skis- The key to record breaking speed on the
mountain
Bindings- Bindings secure boots to the skis. They are
designed to release their hold in the event of a fall.
Shin Guards- Use to protect the skiers from injuries
2.) SNOW SHOEING
Types of Snowshoes
While snowshoe styles are pretty versatile,
manufacturers divide them into 3 activity categories to help
you get the best performance and value.
A. Flat terrain -Designed for easy walking on flat to rolling
terrain; ideal for families. Includes entry-level models that
offer good value.
B. Rolling terrain - Best for hiking on rolling to steep hills;
suitable for all but very steep or icy conditions. Good for
hiking off the beaten track.
C. Mountain terrain -Built for icy, steep terrain. Aimed at
those who blaze their own trails for hiking or backcountry
snowboarding.
Footwear
 You should match your snowshoeing style, whether
it's walking, backpacking, climbing or running
 Insulated, waterproof boots are best. They have
thick soles, rubber/leather uppers and insulation.
 Leather hiking boots work well, too, especially if
they are waterproof.
 Wool or synthetic socks with wicking liners
promote warm, dry feet.
 Gaiters keep snow out of your boots. For deep
powder, consider a knee-high style with
waterproof/breathable lowers.
Clothing
Layer your clothing so it can be adjusted to your
activity level and the weather. Avoid cotton.
Base layer- Synthetics and wool retain warmth even when
wet. Wear long underwear that wicks away moisture,
insulates well and dries quickly. Choose from micro light,
lightweight or midweight versions based on the temperature
and your activity level. A zippered top lets you adjust body
heat as you stop and go.
Insulating layer- Polyester fleece makes a good insulating
mid-layer since it retains heat when wet and breathes as you
exercise.
Outer layer- A waterproof, breathable shell jacket and pants
keep you dry and fend off wind.
Hat, Gloves and Accessories
Keep your head and hands covered to prevent loss of
body heat and to protect from sunburn. A wool or
synthetic hat, headband or balaclava retains heat; a wide-
brimmed hat or a ball cap can shade your eyes on sunny
days. Waterproof ski gloves or mittens are a must to keep
your hands dry and warm. On cold days, combine shells
with fleece mittens or gloves. In milder conditions, glove
liners may be all you need. Sunglasses and sunscreen will
protect you from burning UV rays which are especially
intense when reflected off of snow.
3.) SKIING
History of Skiing
It started over 5000years ago. Pre-historic Nordic
people invented skiing to assist hunting, and as a snow
transport for themselves. The skis were like to two piece of
wood, and were tied into the foot with a rope. The word ski
comes from the Old Norse (Nordic people language) word
"ski" that means "split piece of wood".
SKIING EQUIPMENT
Nodaway’s the skis have developed their perfect shape.
There are also inventions for skier's safety like established
gloves, head protection (helmet), back protection etc.
Types of skiing
The two primary types of skiing techniques are
Telemark Skiing and Alpine Skiing.
A. Telemark Skiing- This a type of skiing not used as often
nowadays. It was popular in 80's. The back side of the boot
detaches from the ski allowing the skier to have more
mobility.
B. Alpine Skiing
Race discipline of alpine skiing are:
- Slalom
-Giant Slalom
- Downhill
- Super G
4.) Snowboarding
American born sport that is getting worldwide attention,
snowboarding was developed in the 1960’s and became part
of the Olympics in 1998. Like any other extreme sport,
snowboarding does present risks of injury (especially for
new participants), in fact, you are twice as likely to get
injured while snowboarding as Alpine skiing.
History of the snowboarding
In 1964 a young surf freak called Sherman Poppen
was dreaming about surfing the magic winter landscape of
the Rockies. As a consequence, he built a surfboard for the
snow.
There are many types of snowboarding there is half pipe,
slope style, boarder cross and slalom.
 Half Pipe- is a u shaped bowl that allows the
snowboarder to go from one wall to another,
performing snowboarding tricks, and transitions.
Half pipe originated in skateboarding but later in
the half pipe made its name to snowboarding.
 How it is played?
A snowboarder drops onto the half pipe and
goes from one to wall to another going tricks
which will earn him/her points by the 3-5
judges, who give points based on: (1) Flow, (2)
Creativity of line, (3) Technical difficulty and
(4) Style.
 Slope Style - is a competitive event for freestyle
snowboarders that involves an athlete performing
tricks in the air as well as on rails and boxes
 How it is played?
1. A snowboarder rides around the slope style
arena, performing tricks.
2. These tricks are performed to errant points.
3. Many tricks can be done in slope style
depending on the props around you.
 Boarder Cross - is a race from the top of a
mountain going down.
The boarder cross is an extreme obstacle course
with nasty turns.
But there is a time that the snowboarders have to
beat, otherwise they do not quality to the next
round.
 How it is played?
1. 4-6 snowboarders line up at the start gate.
And a gunshot will appear and they will race.
2. The first one down the mountain wins.
3. The snowboarders have to be really careful
with their speed on the track because a hasty
turn can appear anywhere.
 Slalom - snowboarding is when a snowboarder
earns points by riding as near as possible to the
flags.
 How it is played?
1. Slalom is played by a snowboarder riding on
a venue with flags.
2. The closer you ride to the flags the more
points you will warn.
3. The side that the flag pints is the side you
are supposed to ride past that falg
4. Of you snowboard on the wrong side, your
points will be deducted.
Snowboarding Gear
Base layer
1) Thermal Body Shirt- This will keep your body
temperature normal depending on the temperature outside.
2) Thermal Underwear- It is the best clothing for the first
level of clothing
3) Snowboarding socks- The most important layer and the
key to a good boot fit are socks. This keeps your feet warm,
dry, comfortable and padded against hard impacts when
snowboarding.
Second layer
4) Fleece jackets or sweater - You might need a fleece or
will sweater, the fleece is light weight and is able to
"breathe". Generally it does not protect from rain or wind.
5) Thermal Pants- Pit on your snowboarding pants on top
of the base layer this is very roomy and not pinching at all
6) Snowboard Boot- These keep your boots attached to the
board firmly
Last layer
7) Beanie, Hat or Helmet- It is important to wear it,
because if your head is exposed to low temperatures.
Remember, you can lose 90% of your body heat by your
head.
8) Snowboarding goggles- Protects your eyes from UV
rays, snow, wins, ice and trees branches.
9) Snowboarding Jacket- This is a water repellant and
windproof jacket.
10) Snowboard
a) These are 3 types of snowboards-
i. Freestyle
ii. Free ride (All mountains)
iii. Alphine (Carving) boards
11) Snowboarding bindings
a) Attach your boots to your snowboard using sturdy
bindings. These are 3 sizes (Small, medium, large)
12) Snowboarding Gloves
a) To protect your hands from snow, ice and impacts
with padded gloves.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
1.) CLIMBING
What is climbing?
These two activities are like two sides of a coin. When
your aspiration is a high as the Mount Everest itself. It is
difficult to resist the temptation to climb. It is true that
mountaineering is one of the oldest recreational activities.
Major types of Climbing:
A. Mountaineering (Alpine Climbing)
Mountaineering is the oldest and most adventurous
type of climbing. The first recorded mountain ascent in the
Common Era is Roman Emperor Hadrian’s ascent of Etna
(3,350 m) to see the sun rise in 121AD. Mountaineering is
also the most dangerous type of climbing and requires a lot
of skills in order to safely climb up a mountain and get back
down. A mountaineer must be a good at climbing on rock,
snow and ice. He has to be aware of all natural hazards: rock
fall, avalanche, lightning etc.
B. Trad Climbing
Traditional climbing, or Trad climbing, is a type of
rock climbing in which a climber or group of climbers
places all gear required to protect against falls (pitons, etc.),
and removes it when a passage is complete. Before the
advent of Climbing traditional climbing or Trad climbing in
the United States in 1980’s, and perhaps somewhat earlier in
the parts of Europe, the usual style of unaided rock climbing
was what is now referred to as “traditional”
C. Sports Climbing
Sport climbing is a form of rock climbing that relies on
permanent anchors fixed to the rock, and possibly bolts, for
protection(in contrast with traditional climbing, where the
rock is typically devoid of fixed anchors and bolts, and
where climbers must place removable protection as they
climb). Since the need to pace protection is virtually
eliminated, sport climbing places an emphasis on
gymnastic- like ability strength and endurance-as opposed to
the adventure, risk and self- sufficiency which characterize
traditional climbing
D. Bouldering
Bouldering is a style of rock climbing undertaken
without a rope and normally limited to very short climb over
a crash pad (called a bouldering mat) so that a fall will not
result in serious injury. It is typically practiced on large
natural boulders or artificial boulders in gyms and outdoor
urban areas. However, it may also be practiced at the base of
large rock faces.
E. Top Rope Climbing
Top-rope climbing (or top-roping) is a style in
climbing in which a rope, used for the climber’s safety, runs
from a bilayer at the foot of a route through one or more
carabineers connected to an anchor system at the top of the
route and back down to the climber, [1] usually attaching to
the climbers by means of a harness.
2.) ADVENTURE RACING
What is Adventure Racing?
Simply put, Adventure Racing is the best-kept secret in
the world, or at least we at Rootstock Racing think so!
Unlike most other events in which participants follow a
marked course on set roads or trails, adventure racing is a
journey in which racers travel an unknown landscape. It is
an exploration, an expedition, a scavenger hunt. It has its
rules, of course, but this is a sport that rewards creativity,
mental ability, teamwork, and experience. It’s not about who
is fastest or who is strongest. Adventure Racing is about
community and family. Rather than being one among tens of
thousands, adventure racers start and finish each races with
tens, or hundreds.

The History
Generally, adventure racing enthusiasts cite the 1980
Coast to Coast race in New Zealand as the Mother of
Adventure Racing. New Zealand is the crucible of outdoor
adventure and has a long history with adventure sports, and
the Coast to Coast and later Southern Traverse races
introduced the elements of adventure racing to the
world. Others contend that the Alaska Wilderness Classic,
founded in 1982 and perhaps a wilder race than the first
races across New Zealand, was more in the spirit of what
adventure racing would become. Either way, these and other
events set the stage for the real emergence of adventure
racing in the 1990s.
The Skills
Adventure is meant to be shared, and adventure racing,
first and foremost, requires teamwork. At its core, adventure
racing is a team sport in which all teammates typically travel
together for the duration of the event. Originally, teams had
to be co-ed, and the sport remains co-ed in its premier
division, but many regional races now allow solos and
single-gender teams to compete in their own divisions.
An adventure racing is generally composed of four core
disciplines
Foot travel: running, trekking, off-trail travel. It all depends
on terrain and ability.
Biking: mountain bikes, but teams might be on pavement,
dirt roads or single track trails.
Paddling: canoes, kayaks, rafts, pack rafts, Whitewater, flat
water, ocean-paddling.
Navigation: one of the most unique features about the sport.
Teams must navigate the course using map and compass
skills, meaning that no teams follow exactly the same
course. Strategy is one of the most important aspects of the
sport.
3.) BIRD WATCHING
-The hobby of studying wild bird in their natural
environment.
-Observing or identifying wild birds in their natural
environment
Why Bird Watching is important?
Wildlife watching is an industry that supports
conservation, local business, government, and general well-
being. Land managers must understand the demand for bird
watching to help better plan recreation areas in places where
people are more likely to participate.
Time spent outdoors recreating can improve health and
help connect people with the environment and the
ecosystem services that it provides. It’s believed that bird
watching is an expression of the male hunting instinct while
others links it with the male tendency for “systemizing”.
Either way, bird watching is a great, safe way to enjoy
nature.
Bird Watching Equipment
Binoculars
Binoculars enable you to get a close up look at a bird
from a distance, limiting the chance that you will disturb the
bird and so making sure you can get a long look at them.
However selecting and then learning to use binoculars can
be a scary prospect so here are some tips on choosing and
using binoculars.
Binoculars
Your enjoyment of birds depends hugely on how great
they look through your binoculars, so make sure you’re
getting a big, bright, crisp picture through yours. 
Field Guide
Once you start seeing birds, you’ll start wondering
what they are.
Bird Feeders
With binoculars for viewing and a guide to help you
figure out what’s what, the next step is to bring the birds
into your backyard, where you can get a good look at them.
Spotting Scope
By this point in our list, you’ve got pretty much all the
gear you need to be a birder… until you start looking at
those ducks on the far side of the pond, or shorebirds in
mudflats, or that Golden Eagle perched on a tree limb a
quarter-mile away.
Camera
With the proliferation of digital gadgetry, you can take
photos anywhere, anytime. Snapping even a blurry photo of
a bird can help you or others clinch its ID. And birds are
innately artistic creatures—more and more amateur
photographers are connecting with birds through taking
gorgeous pictures.
4.) BACKPACKING
What is Backpacking?
Backpacking involves hiking to a camping location
while carrying a pack which contains food and gear for
the hikers. Backpacking usually involves at least one night
of outdoor camping, but can last for months if hikers
replenish their supplies along the way
 Turks-would pull the string with a ring around their thumbs

“Background” Norsemen-brought bow to England

Travellers have camped and used packs for centuries.
In 1914, the word “backpack” in reference to a travel pack
first appeared in America. Overnight camping expeditions
became a common recreation during the First World War
because backpacking was inexpensive and pleasurable.
After the war, backpacking continued to be a popular way to
experience nature.
What is in a Backpack?
CLOTHES, TENTS, TISSUE, EXTRA BAGS,
FOODS, CAPS, WATER, AND OTHER IMPORTANT
THINGS
Robin Hood-legend in 1300 American Indians
ARCHERY CLUBS AND ASSOCIATIONS
 1828:the United Bowman of Philadelphia
-THE FIRST ARCHERY CLUB FOUNDED
 1879:the National archer Association was started in
Chicago
BOWS AND THEIR PARTS:
 Most shoot arrows more than 200 yards

Training Overview  Most at speed more than 200 feet per second(135 miles
per hour)
Backpacking involves a combination of training
for specific fitness qualities, doing sport specific  Lethal shots to penetrate an animal are usually limited
outings and practicing sport required skill elements. to 40 yards or less
There are five major fitness qualities your general
training should focus on for Backpacking. FOUR CLASSES OF BOWS

Those qualities are: 1. Long bow

Aerobic Endurance, Anaerobic Endurance, Upper 2. Recurve

Body Strength, Lower Body Strength, Flexibility
3. Compound
Backpacking in Schools
4. Crossbow
Some schools use backpacking trips as a way to orient
LONG BOW -Straight limbs that form an arc when strung.
and bond with new students. Backpacking usually involves
a high level of cooperation and interdependence, as all RECURVE BOW -Much like the longbow but the limbs
members of the group rely on each other for support. curve back away from the belly of the bow.
Backpackers must be aware of all members of the group,
making sure that no one is lagging behind or feeling unwell. DRAW WEIGHT -Force it takes to pull the bowstring back
completely
Once a campsite is reached, backpackers usually break
up necessary tasks such as pitching tents and cooking. MODERN BOW MATERIALS

-Wood

5.) BOWHUNTING -Fiberglass

HISTORY OF BOWHUNTING -Metal

Egyptians may have been the first famous archers -Graphite

-bows shorter than a man -Combination of all the above

-arrows two feet or more

-Arrowheads -early bows were made of composites of horn, ARROWS AND THEIR PARTS
wood, and sinew
NOCK- Snaps onto string and holds the arrow in position
OTHER FAMOUS ARCHERS:
FLETCHING- Made of feathers or plastic vanes - help it fly
Attila and Hun straight

Genghis khan ARROW POINTS

 - Field (Target): used for target practice Rigorous training may add to unwanted injury, for that you
need properly planned training regime with correct hours of
- Blunt: plinking practice.

- Broad heads: only for big game- kill by cutting blood Understand your body and according lyrics workout your
vessels schedule.

BOW ACCESORIES: Remember

-Finger tabs: protect three draw fingers Working hard is important but working smart is more
important
MORE ACCESSORIES
You also need to have the right gears for you successful and
Armguard- protect the inner part of the bow arm when
efficient triathlon practice sessions.
it is being released
Advantages of training for triathlon
Quiver- covers entire broad head and securely holds
the arrows until needed. Great health

Mechanical Release- snaps on the string and is pulled Eternal stamina

back with shooting hand; a trigger is pushed or pulled to
release the string. Mental stability

Bowstring- a strong cord with a loop or pocket at each Sharpness

end that fits the limb tip or recurve and some long bow
Firm, sane, strong, decision making capability
- Allows the bowstring to be safely slipped into place.
You make your body and mind injury proof
6.) TRIATHLON
Rock solid gain in your confidence levels
Is a mixed phase championship including 3different types
of sports which are swimming, cycling and running. It is a
perfect sport to test endurance for the sport junkies.

Triathlon as a sport is believed to be originated in

France in 1920-1930 formerly known as "Les trois sports".
Officially the first to its kind triathlon was held at Mission
Bay, San Diego, California on September 25,197

Facts

Triathlon for the first time was officially launched as an

Olympic sport in 2000 at Sydney Games. It included 1,500
m Swim, 24.9 miles Bike, 6.2 mile Run.

Key points to remember while training

If you are newbie then first consult some physician and then
start training by taking small steps. Don't practice till fatigue
levels are reached.

Give your body some time to adjust and get comfortable to

the practice and exercise and once comfort level is achieved
you can increase the training periods and quantity.

You can ever consult for professional triathlon training

coach.

To master the sport you need high level of stamina, don't

worry stamina increases with time and by proper training.

Proper/correct diet will add your hard work and prove to be

very beneficial for your stamina.