E101: NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

E102: FRICTION
BALINGIT, Jannah Francine M.
jfmbalingit@mymail.mapua.edu.ph/2019101609/CE-1
PHYS101L-A10 Group Number

PROGRAM OUTCOME A. Ability to apply knowledge of

mathematics, science and engineering

Data Sheet / Computation (20)

PROGRAM OUTCOME G. Ability to communicate

effectively

Presentation / Graph, Figures and

Tables (20)

PROGRAM OUTCOME B. Ability to design and conduct

experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data

Results and Discussion (25)

Conclusion / Error Analysis (25)

PROGRAM OUTCOME K. Ability to use the techniques,

skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for

engineering practice

Application (10)

TOTAL

June 17, 2020

 E101: Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Jannah Francine M. Balingit
(School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering, Mapúa University, Philippines)

Results and Discussion

In Newton’s second law of motion, we will test the proportionality of acceleration and net force while the body is constant,
and the inverse of acceleration and mass while the net force is constant.
Completing the data report the equation of Newton’s second law of motion is used. Wherein it is in the equation form
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 (1)

In the second part of the experiment acceleration is needed to be filled. In order to answer it, there are two equations
that can be used.

𝑚2 𝑔
𝑎= (2)
𝑚1 +𝑚2

And the acceleration in the kinematics equation, where the acceleration is equal to the ratio between the twice of the
distance traveled by the cart and the square of the time of travel.

2𝑠
𝑎 = 𝑡2 (3)

For the first part of the experiment, the mass of the cart is 0.6161 kg, and the distance traveled is 0.5m. The accepted
values of acceleration (in m/s2) were calculated using equation 2 on three trials, with values of 0.373, 0.870, and 1.37,
respectively. By using equation 3, the acceleration (experimental value in m/s2) of the three trials are, 0.3904, 1.1905,
and 1.6407, respectively. The percent errors for each trial were 4.66%, 1.0247%, and 0.6742%, respectively. Based from
the data obtained in the experiment, as the net force of the hanging mass increases, the time of travel of the cart to pass
all the photogates decreases, leading to an increasing value of acceleration.

For the second part of the experiment, the constant net force is 0.98 N, and the distance traveled is 0.5m. The accepted
values of acceleration (in m/s2) were calculated using equation 2 on three trials, the values are: 0.6161, 0.7161, and
0.9171, respectively. By using equation 3, the acceleration (experimental value – in m/s2) of the three trials are: 0.3974,
1.1905, and 1.1018. The percent errors of trial 1, trial 2, and trial3 in part B are: 0.1095%, 0.1126%, and 0.1429%,
respectively. Based from the data obtained in the experiment, as the total mass of the cart is increased, the time traveled
by the cart to pass all the photogates increases, leading to a decreasing value of acceleration.

Table 1 Constant Mass, Changing Net Force

mass of cart, 𝑚1 = 0.6161 𝑘𝑔

distance travelled, s=0.5 m
TRIAL Total hanging Net force (N) Acceleration Time of travel Acceleration, % ERROR
mass (kg), 𝑚2 𝑔 (𝑚/𝑠 2 ), 𝑎 (s), 𝑡 𝑎
𝑚2
1 0.02 kg 0.237 N 0.373 𝑚/𝑠 2 1.6004 s 0.3904 𝑚/𝑠 2 4.66 %
2 0.06 kg 0.588 N 0.870 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.9165 s 1.1905 𝑚/𝑠 2 1.0247%
3 0.1 kg 0.980 N 1.37 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.7807 s 1.6407 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.6742 %
 1.37
1.5

ACCELERATION
0.87
1

0.373
0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
NET FORCE

Figure 1. Part A

Table 2 Changing Mass, Constant Net Force

Total hanging mass, 𝑚2 = 0.1 𝑘𝑔
Distance traveled, s=0.5 m
Net force, 𝑚2 𝑔 = 0.98 N
TRIAL Mass of cart + mass added Acceleration (𝑚/ Time of travel Acceleration, 𝑎 % ERROR
(kg), 𝑚1 𝑠 2 ),𝑎 (s), 𝑡
1 0.6161 kg 1.369 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.8114 s 1.5189 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.1095 %
2 0.7161 kg 1.201 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.8651 s 1.3362 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.1126 %
3 0.9171 kg 0.964 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.9527 s 1.1018 𝑚/𝑠 2 0.1429 %

1.6 1.369
1.4 1.201
1.2
ACCELERATION

0.964
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
MASS

Figure 1. Part B

Conclusion
Looking at the data that I have computed in the first part of the experiment, I say that the total hanging weight and
the acceleration of the cart are indeed direct proportional, which proves the objective. The relationship of the total hanging
weight to the cart is, it is the net force applied to the object with a mass that will make it speed up or move.
In the last part of the experiment, adding or increasing the mass with a constant net force will make the object
slowdown, which happened in part B. In the data, we add weight to the object, with a constant net force. A body with
greater mass needs a higher amount of net force to accelerate, as stated on Newton's second law of motion.
The objectives of the experiment were able to fulfill which to verify the direct proportionality of acceleration and
net force if the mass of the body is constant and to verify the inverse proportionality of acceleration and mass if the net
force is constant. There are instances that a possible error may occur, for example, miscalculations and vaguely trials.
A sample of practical application in everyday life, is whenever you clean your house. You tend to move your couch,
your bed or your table. With the same couch/bed/table, the older person can push it in much greater force than you. Thus,
if you will push the couch/bed/table, you cannot push it with the same amount as the latter. This satisfied the Newton's
second law of motion that acceleration is directly proportional to the net force.

References
Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs, 2012. College Physics: 4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System.”.
Retrieved from https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/4-3-newtons-second-law-of-motion-concept-of-a-
system.
 E102: Friction

Results and Discussion

In this experiment, the acting force is the one that holds back the movement of a sliding object, called as friction.
Friction is everywhere. Whenever an object contacts with another object, there are friction. Friction can as well, occur in
people. There are four types of friction, rolling friction, sliding friction, static friction and fluid friction, however, in this
experiment we will be using the sliding friction.
Frictional force is directly proportional to the normal force (N) in which expressed as
𝑓=𝑘𝑁 (1)

The coefficient of friction (𝜇) takes place of k, which is the constant of proportionality,

𝑓=𝜇 𝑁 (2)

Thus, the coefficient of friction is equal to the tangent of the angle of repose

f 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑊𝑝
𝜇 = N = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑊 , 𝜇 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (3)
𝑏

For the first part, calculate the coefficient of friction, and determine its average. Adding smaller weights on top of the
block and adjusting the mass of the pan will bring you to the uniform sliding motion of the object. It also shows the
coefficient of friction is independent of the surface area of two surfaces in contact.
For the last part of the experiment, with values shown in the second table of the datasheet, wherein the angle of
repose is to be determined, the vertical height of the end of the dynamics track is 39 cm. While the horizontal base is
measured to be 116 cm. Using equation 2, the value of the coefficient of friction is equal to the vertical height divided
by the horizontal distance which obtained to be 0.35, and the corresponding angle of repose is obtained to be 18°.
Indicating the angle of repose is dependent on the horizontal distance and the vertical height of the object. Since the
coefficient of friction is dependent on the angle of repose or critical angle, it states it is also dependent on the horizontal
distance and height of the object.

Table 1 Determination of the Coefficient of Friction

Table 1a (large side of the block) Table 1b (narrow side of the block)
Total weight of Total weight of Coefficient of Total weight of Total weight of Coefficient of
the block (Wb) the pan (Wp) friction (u) the block (Wb) the pan (Wp) friction (u)
141.5 g 45 g 0.3180 141.5 g 35 g 0.2473
161.5 g 50 g 0.3096 161.5 g 40 g 0.2477
181.5 g 55 g 0.3030 181.5 g 45 g 0.2479
201.5 g 60 g 0.2978 201.5 g 50 g 0.2481
221.5 g 65 g 0.2935 221.5 g 55 g 0.2483
Average Coefficient of Friction= 0.30438 Average Coefficient of Friction= 0.24786
 70

TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE PAN

60
50
40

(WP)
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE BLOCK (WB)

Figure 1. Table 1a

60
TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE PAN

50
40
(WP)

30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE BLOCK (WB)

Figure 2. Table 1b

Table 2 Determination of the Angle of Response

Vertical height Horizontal distance
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝜃
h b
39 cm 116 cm 0.35 18°

Conclusion
Analyzing the data that I have come up; the objectives of the experiment is proven which is to determine the
coefficient of friction (𝜇) between different surfaces in contact as one body moves against the other with uniform motion,
and to establish the relationship between the angle of repose (𝜃) and (𝜇).
The area of contact does not affect the coefficient of friction because the product of coefficient friction is equaled to
frictional force, no surface is mentioned, and it varies on the materials that will be using. Observing uniform in motion
is important because, whenever an object moves in a constant speed or motion, kinetic friction is present. Determining
the coefficient friction is easily knew which moves in uniform motion.
Friction is easily observed in our daily lives. The best example is while doing a house chore, while cooking the
contacts that your knife and the chopping board does, while you are writing, your pen contacts with the paper. There are
also instances in people. Whenever they sit to each other, their body contacts when you rub your palm together on cold
weather and more. Without friction, many things will be unable to do easily and hard to move.

References
Sang-Hoon L., Saul H., Hong W., Vikram K., 2003-2005. SMART: Science Mechatronics Aided Research for Teachers.
Retrieved from http://engineering.nyu.edu/mechatronics/smart/pdf/experiments/Project3.pdf