Planning Guide

PLANNING GUIDE
MARCH 27, 2014
Produced by:
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTIONPROGRAM

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION
PROGRAM
PLANNING GUIDE
IRG, USAID contractor for the Power Distribution Program

House 23, Street 19, F-6/2
Islamabad, Pakistan
Phone: +92 (0) 3009550699
Email: sarif@pdip.pk
Disclaimer:
This publication was made possible through support of the American people provided by the U.S.
Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed herein are those of
International Resources Group and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United
States Government.
Table of Contents
1. Distribution System 1
1.1. Distribution System Planning 1
1.1.1. Planning Criteria 2
1.2. Network Risk Assesment 3

1.3. Distribution System Rehabilitation 5
1.4. Distribution System Rehabilitation Programs 5
1.4.1. Energy Loss Reduction (ELR) 6
1.4.2. Distribution of Power (DOP) 6
1.5. Distribution System Rehabilitation Measures 7

1.5.1. By Reducing the Units Receipt 7
1.5.2. Increasing the Units Sold 8
1.6. Role of Emerging Technologies 8

2. NETWORK RISK ASSESSMENT 9
2.1. EXI-EXI Model15
2.2. EXI-PRO Model 20
2.3. PRO-PRO Model 25
3. HT REHABILITATION MEASURES 29
3.1. Selection Criteria 29
3.2. Area planning without augmentation: 30
3.3. Area Planning with Augmentation 32
3.4. Installation of Shunt Capacitors 32
3.4.1. Capacitor Location 32
3.5. Reconductoring of 11 KV Feeders 35

3.6. Bifurcation of 11 KV Feeders 38
3.7. Installation of 11 KV Sectionalizers 40
3.8. Replacement of Deteriorated 11 KV Cables 40
4. LT REHABILITATION MEASURES 41
4.1. Selection Criteria 41
4.2. Load Balancing of Distribution Transformers 41
4.3. Relocation of Distribution Transformers 43
4.4. Installation of LT Shunt Capacitors 43
4.5. Reconductoring of LT Lines 44
4.6. Replacement of Deteriorated PVC Cables 44
4.7. Replacement of Non-standard Fuses 45
4.8. Augmentation of Overloaded Distribution T/F 46
4.9. Addition of New Distribution Transformers 46
4.10. Addition of New LT Lines 46
4.11. Use of Connectors 46
4.12. Replacement of Earthlings 47
4.13. Elimination of Loose Joints 47
4.14. Replacement of Defective / Sluggish Metering Equipment 47
5. PROPOSAL GENERATION 49
5.1. HT Distribution Network Proposal 49
5.1.1. HT Proposal (Phase-I) 50
5.1.2. Approval of Proposal (Phase-II) 53
5.1.3. Execution of Proposal (Phase-III) 54
5.1.4. Completion Report (Phase-IV) 54
5.1.5. Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V) 54
5.2. LT Distribution Network Proposal 54

5.2.1. Development of LT Proposal (Phase-I) 55
5.2.2. Approval of Proposal (Phase-II) 58
5.2.3. Execution of Proposal (Phase-III) 59
5.2.4. Completion Report (Phase-VI) 59
5.2.5. Inspection / Completion Certificate (Phase-V) 59

APPENDICES
APPENDIX-A:Important Definitions
APPENDIX-B:Important Formulas
APPENDIX-C:Important Factors
APPENDIX-D:Steel Structure Foundation
APPENDIX-E:Distribution Transformers
APPENDIX-F:Conductors
APPENDIX-G:Capacitor Sizing Locatoin and Use
APPENDIX-H:HT Proposal Format
APPENDIX-I:LT Proposal Format
APPENDIX-J: Geographic Information
ACRONYMS
AC Alternating Current
AEL Annual Energy Loss
Amps Amperes
AMI Automated Metering Infrastructure
BOQ Bill of Quantity
B/C Benefit to cost
DISCO Government-Owned Power Distribution Company
DBMS Database Management System
DOP Distribution of Power
ELR Energy Loss Reduction
GIS Geographic Information System
G/S Grid Station
GSO Grid Station Operation
HT High Tension
IT Information Technology
KV Kilo Volt
KVA Kilo Volt Amperes
KVAR Kilo Volt Amperes Reactive
KW Kilowatt
KWh Kilowatt-hour
LT Low Tension
MVA Mega Volt Ampere
MVAR Mega Volt Ampere Reactive
MW Megawatt
P&E Planning & Engineering
PDC Power Distribution Center

PDP USAID Power Distribution Program
ACRONYMS
P&D Planning and Design
PF Power Factor
PQM Power Quality Monitoring
T/F Transformer
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
VAR Volt-Amps-Reactive
LIST OF TABELS
Table 1: Planning Criteria.............................................................................................3
Table 2: Sample Calculation of Different Factors (HT)..............................................30
Table 3: Economic Conductor Size for Replacement (HT)........................................36
Table 4: Economic Conductor Sizes for New HT line................................................39
Table 5: Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in LT......................................44
Table 6: Maximum Allowable Service Cable Length.................................................44
Table 7: Economic Conductor Size for New LT Line................................................46
Table 8: Permissible Limits........................................................................................49
Table 9: Prioritization of HT Proposals......................................................................49
Table 10: Growth Factors...........................................................................................53
Table 11: Prioritization of LT Proposals.....................................................................55
Table 12: Maximum Span Lengths for the New HT Line.............................................1
Table 13: Maximum Span Lengths for the New Composite Line.................................1
Table 14: Maximum Span Lengths for the New LT Line.............................................1
Table 15: Secondary Loading Number of Spans (60 m Each)......................................2
Table 16: Typical Core and Winding Losses in Distribution Transformers..................1
Table 17: Fuse Rating for Distribution Transformer.....................................................4
Table 18: Current Carrying Capacity (HT Cables).......................................................1
Table 19: Current Carrying Capacity (LT Cables)........................................................2
Table 20: Characteristics of Conductors (Aluminum and ASCR)................................3
Table 21: Characteristics of Conductors (Copper)........................................................4
Table 22: Capacitor Judgment Factors........................................................................14
Table 23: Corrected Power Factor Selection Table.....................................................20
Table 24: Fuse Rating for HT Capacitor.....................................................................27
Table 25: Fuse Rating for LT Capacitor.....................................................................27
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Components of Electricity Distribution System 1
Figure 2: Network Risk Assessment 4
Figure 3: Annual Feeder Load 15
Figure 4: Bifurcation of 11 KV Feeders 39
Figure 5: Maximum Allowable Service Cable Length 45
1. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users – the
distribution system carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to
consumers. Typically, in Pakistan the distribution network comprises of
mediumvoltage (mostly 11KV& rarely 33 KV)feeders commonly known as high
tension (HT), network distribution transformers, lowvoltage lines (0.415 KV) referred
to as low tension(LT) network,service drops and energy meters at the consumer’send.
Figure 1: Components of Electricity Distribution System
Distribution networks are typically of two types, radial and looped or interconnected.
A radial network originates from the grid station and passes through the network area
with no normal connection to any other power source. An interconnected network will
have multiple connections to other points of the power supply. These points of
connection are normally open, but allow various configurations by the operating
utility through closing and opening switches. Operation of these switches may be
performed automatically from a control center or manually by a lineman. The benefit
of the interconnected model is that in the event of a fault or required maintenance, a
small area of the network can be isolated while the remaining portion is kept
energized;however, the distribution networks constructed in Pakistan aremostly radial.
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 1

2. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING
The primary purpose of this Distribution System Planning is to provide the power
distribution company (DISCO) with a five-year plan to serve existing and projected
consumers and associated load during the planning period while enhancing system
reliability. The planning process should address the entire electric system in a
systematic manner so as to prioritize service extension projects according to
feasibility; enhance system maintenance planning; predict system improvement
projects as necessary and appropriate to improve system reliability and serve expected
load, and provide estimated construction costs for expanding and improving the
system. All planning activities should be governed by certain criteria.
3. PLANNING CRITERIA
These planning criteria are the principles and prescribed limits on the basis of which
the system is planned, designed, and operated. Fundamental or primary planning
criteria applicable to distribution network are voltage, power factor, capacity,
reliability, and technical losses, etc. In effect they define what should or should not be
considered a problem with respect to system loading, voltage profile, and reliability.
These are the parameters that define the threshold (limits) of acceptable distribution
performance. If the system is planned and designed to operate within prescribed
limits, normally the technical losses remain within acceptable limits. The planner of
the distribution system is guided by the following general principles:
 Under normal operating conditions, i.e. with no system component fault, all
equipment will operate within normal ratings and the system voltages will remain
within permissible limits when the system is operating anywhere from the
minimum load to forecasted maximum peak load.
 Under system emergency condition i.e. with the system or the equipment at
fault, the power equipment may be operated with overloaded and / or under
voltage for the limit and for a specific period. Planning is based on normal and
emergency power equipment ratings. Emergency ratings are those which the
equipment can safely withstand for a specified period.
There are many types of limits for electrical equipment; one of them is thermal
capability which is the demand-carrying ability of all the elements of an electrical
device. Various distribution items have nameplate ratings that denote maximum
loading they were designed to handle. For example, conductors have given current
carrying capabilities that vary greatly over different ambient temperatures/ loading
conditions.

Economic and recommended loadings are substantially less than the thermal rating.
In distribution system planning the ultimate criteria is the economical loading rather
than the rated capacity of electrical equipment. The system is planned and designed
following those technical limits with which the minimum possible / unavoidable and
technical / economic losses and maximum economic and financial benefits can accrue
from the system. That is why usually system equipment is not run on full-rated
capacity
The distribution network is planned in a manner where the characteristics of the
power provided to customers are kept standard to fulfill the agreement between the
supplier and customer. Table 1 depicts the criterions used for planning.
Criteria Limit
Nominal HT Voltage 11 KV+/- 5%
Minimum HT Voltage -5% or 10.45 KV
Annual Energy Loss (AEL) in HT 3%
Nominal LT Voltage (Phase – Neutral) 230V
Maximum LT Voltage 102% or 234.6
Volts
Minimum Allowable Voltage at Service Entrance 90% or 207.0 Volts
Voltage Drop Allowable on the Distribution 2.0% or 4.6 Volts
Transformer
Voltage Drop Allowable on the Secondary System: 2.5% or 5.8 Volts
Voltage Drop Reserved for Services: 0.5% or 1.1 Volts
Annual Energy Loss (AEL) in LT 8%
Power Factor 0.95 lagging
Recommended Feeder (11 KV) Loading 4.7MVA
Table 1: Planning Criteria
The operating limits as recommended above should be maintained. However,the

existing system should be compared with the proposed facility and if substantial
benefits in terms of reduction of energy loss and voltage drop are achieved, the
proposal may be carried out keeping in mind the geographical configuration of the
feeder particularly in certain areas like Baluchistan, etc. wherethebenefits and costs
(as benefit / cost analysis) should also be accommodated.
4. NETWORK RISK ASSESMENT

A distribution network is selected for rehabilitation on the basis of certain planning
criteria such as voltage drop, power loss, equipment loading, andBenefit to Cost ratio,

etc. For each selected network, a planning proposal for Energy Loss Reduction (ELR)
is prepared to achieve the desired benefits.
The overall process employs the evaluation of existing system with existing load and
subsequently the existing distribution system is analyzed with forecasted/projected
load. These two methods are sometimes referred to as EXI-EXI; and EXI-PRO
analysis. Based on the results of these two analyses a new distribution system is
proposed and evaluated against the projected load. It is called PRO-PRO analysis
model. In order to properly model and analyze the existing system and its load, it is
essential to have sufficient historical records. A typical work flow for analysis is as
shown in Figure 2:

Network historical load records

Network Geographical Layout
EXI-EXI
Network Risk Assessment
Load Allocation, Load Flow
Calculation of plant
ratings based on
predefined
Yes/No standards condition

Pass and load profiles
EXI-PRO
Load Forecasting
Calculation Medium to long range
of plant
ratings Network Risk Assessment
based on Load Allocation, Load Flow
predefined
standards
No
condition
and

Pass
Projected
Yes
load.
PRO-PRO
Network Rehabilitation
Calculation of proposed
No Capacitor installation (Fixed/Shunt) plant ratings based on
Reconductoring predefined standards
Action
condition and Projected
load.
Network Risk Assessment
Load Allocation, Load Flow
Yes

Pass
Network Rehabilitation with
Benefit to
Cost No Augmentation
analysis Area planning

Feeder Bifurcation
Transformer addition
Figure 2:Network Risk Assessment
The analysis mainly involved in network risk assessment is conducted through load
allocation and load flow studies. Load flow analysis studies are used to determine
expected circuit overloads and to evaluate alternatives for system reinforcements
based on the results of the load flows.These studies then determine whether the
network requires rehabilitation measures or not.

5. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM REHABILITATION
Generally, network rehabilitation or proposed changes are required when our system
is not economical on the existing / projected load and overall efficiency or voltage
drops are beyond acceptable limits. The following are some of the typical objectives
against which distribution system rehabilitation is required.
 Reduction of power losses
 Improvement of voltage conditions
 Improvement of power factor
 Accommodation of future load growth
 Shifting of the load from overloaded grid station/feeder to lightly loaded grid
station/feeder
 Improvement of the quality of energy supply and reliability
 Improvement of system stability and continuity of supply
 Improvement in safety
 Improvement of customer service
 Reduction in cost of operation and maintenance
 Improvement of equipment life
Normally when an existing system is extended it also undergoes such studies like
network risk assessment etc. However, to meet with the increasing demand, the power
distribution network is extended without proper analysis and augmentation. This
result in increased energy losses and a voltage drop beyond permissible limits. The
engineering economics and finance both indicate toward their reduction in the
existing as well as future extensions. For the reduction in energy losses and voltage
drops some means are adopted to augment and rehabilitate the existing distribution
system.
6. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM REHABILITATION

PROGRAMS
The network risk assessment performed with EXI-EXI and EXI-PRO models
normally dictate whether or not rehabilitation measures are required.However there
are programs where rehabilitation work is undertaken without network risk
assessment, for example onspecial instructions of the authority etc. All these cases do
not involve satisfactorybenefit to cost (B/C) ratios but are still essential in a DISCO’s
liability. Such rehabilitation/expansion works are done under the Distribution of

Power (DOP) program. Thus, there are two major scenarios in which rehabilitation is
required
7. ENERGY LOSS REDUCTION (ELR)
The ELR is an iterative process to reduce the annual energy loess incurred by the
distribution company. Major factors affecting energy losses are voltage drop in
distribution network are listed below.
 Impedance of line conductor
 Loading of line conductor
 Power factor
 Poor maintenance
 Defective/Sluggish meters
 Theft of electricity
Thus the distribution network must be constantly monitored to reduce these factors
and the cost of rehabilitation should be justified against the benefits. The major
activities that are performed under ELR are:
 Area planningwith or without network augmentation
 Capacitor installation (Fixed/Shunt)
 Reconductoring
 Transformer Relocation
 Replacement of Sluggish equipment
 Feeder Bifurcation
 Transformer Augmentation
8. DISTRIBUTION OF POWER (DOP)
These programs deal with projects where the distribution of power or continuity of
services is the main objective instead of feasibility. Major activities performed under
this program are:
 Construction of feeders due to addition of a 132 KV new transformer, new
132 KV grid station, conversion from 66 KV to 132 KV, and augmentation of
power transformer to relieve a nearby overloaded grid station.
 Rehabilitation of feeder by replacement of conductor, pole, structure or the
introduction of new ones by mid spanning (to reduce span length).
 Deteriorated conductor (with broken strands) or a conductor with more /
unacceptable number of joints may be replaced on top priority basis. This holds
for conductors of any size.

 Augmentation of distribution transformer (with higher capacity) due to the
addition of new general connections / increase of load by individual customers.
 Replacement of off-size conductor, etc. may be carried out under DOP.Off
size conductor (GSL, Gnat, Copper) may also be replaced on a high priority
basis.The copper conductor will be removed in the presence of a standing
committee comprising the following officers:
- Dy. Manager (CM&O) of the DISCO Convener

- Assistant Manager (Planning) of the DISCO Member
- Assistant Manager (Construction) of the DISCO Member
- Assistant Manager (Operation) of the Subdvision Member
8.1. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM REHABILITATION

MEASURES
The rehabilitation measures are different steps taken to improve the productivity of
the distribution network, which is normally determined by the loss incurred by a
DISCO. To assess the overall loss in monitory terms, the difference of the units
received and units sold is calculated. Thus, the rehabilitation measures can be broadly
classified into the following two methods.
9. BY REDUCING THE UNITS RECEIPT
The following techniques reduce the unit receipt and hence, reduce the energy losses
and voltage drops.
 Area planning without the addition of new feeders, i.e. shifting load from
heavily loaded feeders to the adjoining lightly loaded feeders in the vicinity.
 Installation of HT shunt capacitors (fixed/switched):
 Reconductoring, i.e. replacement of existing conductor with higher capacity
conductor.
 Bifurcation of feeder i.e. addition of new feeder to shift some of the load of
the existing feeder.
 Area planning with the addition of new feeders.
 Area planning at the grid station level is sometimes required to provide relief
to the overloaded grid stations by shifting its load to nearby under-loaded or
newly constructed grid stations. Area planning may or may not involve new
feeders.
 Load balancing of distribution transformers.
 Relocation of distribution transformer i.e. shifting of transformer to the load
center.

 Installation of LT shunt capacitors on tube wells and industrial loads.
 Reconducting of LT line.
 Augmentation of existing transformer (by replacing it with a higher capacity
one).
 Addition of new transformers.
 New LT lines.
10. INCREASING THE UNITS SOLD
The following measures can be taken to improve the units sold and reduce the overall
loss.
 Shifting of meters outside the customer’s premises.
 Proper vigilance by the officers/officials to avoid theft of electricity.
 Detection of units through checking/surveillance by officers.
 Combing of feeders.
 Installation of check meters.
 Replacement of old and defective/sluggish meters.
Note: Reduction in theft of electricity and its measures are not in the scope of this
guideline.
11. ROLE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

The intervention of PDP enabled the distribution companies to use state-of-the-art
solutions for network monitoring, network mapping and load flow analysis etc. The
software(s) involved are listed below:
 Power Quality Monitoring
- to manage historical load records using Automated Metering

Infrastructure (AMI)
 ESRI, ArcGIS for Desktop
- Mapping feeder layout.

- Provide subsequent input for load flow studies.
 GL, SynerGEE for
- Simulation of existing distribution network for load flow studies.

- Simulation of the proposed distribution network for load flow
studies on the basis of existing analysis results for future planning.

- Simulation of optimal capacitor placement.

12.NETWORK MAPPING
Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to map the electricity distribution
network. A GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing,
analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. The
geographic approach adopted allows user to view, query and understand data in many
ways. GIS provides an insight to spatial relationships, patterns and trends in the form
of easily shareable maps, reports and charts. Another edge of the GIS technologies is
that it can be easily integrated into any enterprise information system framework.
Complexity of electrical distribution network layoutsand their frequent expansion is
another reason for introducing new technologies such as GIS (Geographic
Information System) and GPS (Global positioning system). It enables the user to
easily update and carry out complex power system analyses for planninglike
optimization of networks, load forecasting etc.The distribution system planning
isnecessary to fulfill the growing demand of electricity in anoptimum and techno-
economically feasible way.
13. GIS FOR ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Power companies face an ongoing struggle to maintain safe, reliable and profitable
operations among increasing consumer demand and regulatory oversight. Power
system planning, protection and reliability are critical to utility survival. In order to
properly perform all these functions, power companies require a strong information
system that act as a tool to assist the planning engineers. A GIS can easily facilitate
the planning engineers because it provides not only the required statistics but also a
comprehensive view of the network layout. A mix of off the shelf and customized
software is used to develop the GIS for electric distribution. The software used for
power flow analysis is SynerGEE, which is capable of handling geographic data and
has the dominant role in defining the database which is the core foundations of any
information system. The software used to accelerate the development of spatial data is
ArcGIS, which provides enormous capability in data development and associated
attributes. The last thread is customized software that is used for automating data
processing and data conversion.
ArcGIS and SynerGEE both have their own unique way of storing and displaying
spatial data for electric networks. These requirements were merged into a

denormalized database and the customized application is used to enter data into the
system.
14. SYNERGEE SCHEMA
In case of SynerGEE, sections are the basic building blocks of the electricity
distribution system model. A section represents an electrical path between two end
points (nodes), and can use vertices primarily to form the geographic path of the line.
Thus a single data layer is used to represent a section and its vertices and a node or a
vertex cannot exist without a section. A data layer is a digital representation of real
world objects, into a series of data themes, which can be integrated using geographic
location. Each section, in SynerGEE, is composed of an overhead or underground
conductor segment and a group of devices and/or loads. All the elements in the
distribution model are inter-connected through conductor segments and thus have
their association with some particular Section. All the equipment/devices can only be
associated with existing section and cannot exist without a section.
Node
2 3
Vertex A
D
B C
1
Figure 3: Modelling Sections in GIS
The GIS created works on relational database model in which the storage objects are
tables which store data in rows and columns.A simplified E-R diagram of SynerGEE
model is as shown below.

Figure 4; SynerGEE data model
SynerGEE's data management engine is designed to facilitate enterprise data

concepts, with the variety of supported local and server file formats. The Database
Management System (DBMS) employed to develop GIS is Microsoft SQL Server.
15. ARCGIS SCHEMA
ESRI’s ArcGIS works with geographic information in numerous file formats, but it is
specially designed to work with and leverage the capabilities of the geodatabase. It is
the primary data format used for editing and performing other data management tasks.
An ArcGIS geodatabase is a collection of geographic and tabular datasets of various
types held in a common file system folder. It is a container of geographic and tabular
datasets which may reside as stand-alone or related to each other.The following figure
indicates the core elements of a typical geodatabase.

Figure 5: Typical contents of a geodatabase
There are three types of geodatabases namely File, personal and ArcSDE geodatabase.
The File geodatabase is used due to its improved versatility, optimized performance
and almost no size limitation.
16. FEATURE DATASETS
Feature datasets provides a way to group feature classes with the same spatial
reference.Feature datasets also have a natural organizational quality, much like a
folder on a file system. Since for many geographic information system (GIS)
applications the majority of the data for a particular database has the same spatial
reference, it is possible to use feature datasets as organizational containers. The grid
station names are used to group feeders as shown;
Figure 6: Feature Data Set Arrangement
17. FEATURE CLASS
A feature class is a collection of features that have the same spatial representation (for
example, point, line or polygon) and share a common set of descriptive attributes. The
GIS is mainly composed of three feature classes Substation, Pole and Lines.
The substation feature class contains one single point to represent the location of the
facility.
All the nodes, vertices and devices such as transformer, capacitor and fuses etc.
present in the distribution system are represented in one layer. Due to the fact that
largely nodes and vertices are formed at poles assemblies the layer is named as
“Pole”.
Line is the feature class used to store sections in ArcGIS environment. The layer is
named keeping in view the common nomenclature as sections are generally referred
to as electrical lines.

The details of attributesassociated with Pole and line layers is provided in Appendix-
J
18. TABLE
In the geodatabase, attributes that are not associated directly with geographical
element are managed in tables based on a series of simple relational data concepts.
Tables can be joined to a feature class based on an item or can reside as stand-alone.
The substation and feeder names are assigned three character unique text codes; so
that the feeder line and pole feature classes can be properly named. These codes along
with full names are stored separately in Substation and Feeder tables. A sample of
these tables is shown below.
Figure 7 : Geodatabase Tables
19. GIS WORK FLOW

The overall workflow implemented for the development of GIS is very simple and is
composed of three major phases namely field survey or data collection, data
processing and data conversion. The data collection phase is partially automated as
geographical coordinates are captured using a navigator class hand held GPS device
and the forms are filled in manually by the surveyor. The second and the third phase
are automated with the help of a customized application, which is used to create and
populate the denormalized database. The three phases are represented as under;

Figure 8: GIS workflow
20. FIELD SURVEY
The field survey is conducted with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS). The
GPS has changed the way GIS users collect and manage spatial data. The technology
is offering a very high accuracy even with a navigator class GPS device. The GPS
device particularly used is Garmin GPS 78s and was selected due to its ruggedness.
The device is quite simple in operation and is equipped to handle different projection
systems.
The projection system employed for GIS is “Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)”,
which is a conformal projection. The UTM system is not a single map projection. The

system divides the Earth into sixty zones, each having six-degree band of longitude,
and uses a secant transverse Mercator projection in each zone. The distribution of
UTM zones in Pakistan is as shown;
Figure 9 : UTM Zones of Pakistan
The DISCOs falling within multiple zones must develop and maintain independent
data for each zone. The coordinate system must be selected on the GPS device prior to
commencing the field survey. The settings are available under the Setup menu and
Position format Sub menu. Following indicate the system setting on the GPS.

Figure 10 : GPS Projection System Settings
Another important factor that must be considered during the field survey is the time
provided to GPS device to lock the satellite signals as the GPS technology works on
the basis of time. A GPS receiver listens to multiple satellites and solves equations to
determine its exact position. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the
receiverfor a reasonable amount of time so that the GPS can estimate the location
within accuracy of the location within ±5m. The Following indicate the system setting
and a representative coordinate marked after surveying.
Figure 11 : GPS Satellite View
Theattribute information is collected with the help of survey forms. The design of the
survey form is kept very simple and all the details regarding the electrical line such as
conductor type and regarding the equipment such as its capacity/size make and other
related information is collected from the site. The field surveyors also mark a unique
number on the poles. This number is generated by combining various fieldsas shown:
Device Date Of Survey GPS
Number Waypoint
d d m m y y
2 4 1 5 0 5 1 5 1 2 5
Table 2; Unique Survey Code Detail
The layout of survey formfor HT and LT line survey is provided in Appendix-J

21. SYNERGEE SCHEMA
SynerGEE Electric is a software product for modeling, simulating, and analyzing the
power distribution systems. It provides a modelling environment that facilitate user to
perform various analysis and simulate different network arrangement. The network
intelligence that has been built in SynerGEE Electric is managed mainly by two types
of datatypes.
Model Data
Model data is used to build the topology of a model. Model data includes information
on sections, nodes and equipment location. In other words Model data includes the
instance data associated with the spatial construction of electric distribution network.
Equipment Data
Equipment data can be thought of as a “virtual warehouse” of power system devices.
Equipment data refers to the nameplate equipment data that is mostly invisible in the
map display but plays a critical role during SynerGEE analysis. Most devices have
some sort of equipment data associated with them that describes the type of device
and related operational parameters. Equipment data also includes “zone” data, such as
the definitions of customer zones etc. The equipment data is stored in a warehouse.
22. CUSTOM APPLICATION
A customized application is developed to facilitate the data entry, quality assurance

and data conversion process. The application allows user to enter data in a database
through a user form with controls. Once the data has been entered quality assurance
process is employed to validate the data. The application contains a standard field
map between different schemas to produce both ArcGIS and SynerGEE formats.

ArcGIS Schema
Data Entry
Schema
SynerGEE Schema
Figure 12; Kindly update table of content figure and tables

23.NETWORK RISK ASSESSMENT
The physical layout of the electricity distribution network will be assessed for the
possible risk of overload and failure, to deliver the desired product to the customer.
The network assessment is performed by various steps and the output of each step
determines whether the next step of the analysis should be undertaken or not. It also
determines the type of rehabilitation measures that are required to meet the needs of
customers.
24. EXI-EXI MODEL

In order to check the distribution network for any risks or vulnerabilities the existing
geographic arrangement of the distribution network is tested with the existing peak
load. To perform this analysis, we need to accurately define the physical layout of the
distribution network along with its loading profile as shown.
Figure 13: Annual Feeder Load
The loading profile provides a better understanding of the system’s behavior under
different loading conditions. If one peak value of the load is used to calculate energy
loss for the entire year, it will result in an approximate value.This generalization,
however, is unavoidable in the absence of detailed data.
Analysis of EXI-EXI model is performed in SynerGEE to view a complete and
comprehensive detail of existing model and to observe whether any rehabilitation is
required in the existing model or whether a shift to the EXI-PRO model is
possible.The steps listed below are required to perform EXI-EXI analysis in
SynerGEE:

I. Load the model.
II. Make sure that the meter settings are according to the load profile. Amps
allocated here are feeder demand value on grid side.
III. In order to run the load flow analysis it is essential to allocate the loads.
IV. In the “Planning” ribbon group, select the arrow under load allocation.
V. A submenu will appear.
VI. Select “Settings”.

VII. A load allocation option window will appear.

VIII. Load allocation method gives us six options to allocate load in our feeder.
Select the appropriate option (“Connected KVA” in case of HT analysis).
IX. Run load allocation and the software will confirm allocation of loads to be
permanent or not. A comprehensive window will be displayed after running
load allocation.
The “Feeder/ Station Summary” contains information regarding the loading of the
feeder as shown below.

X. After load allocation,run the load flow analysis to get a comprehensive load
flow report. The analysis is performed by clicking the load flow icon in the
Analysis tab as shown below.
XI. The above window indicates the summary of the load flow analysis results:
The tab on the right contains various chapters of the report that will help us
analyze various aspects of distribution network. The relevant chapters are
discussed in detail below.
XII. The chapter “Feeder Summary” provides information regarding line loss,
transformation loss and total feeder KWloss. The transformation losses include
the no-load loss and the copper loss. Feeder losses include line loss and
transformation loss of distributed transformers.
XIII. The detailed losses both in KW and KVAR in each section/equipment are
available in the “Losses” chapter.

XIV. The chapter “Min/Max” indicates the sections that have minimum and
maximum limits on the network. The attributes like “Max Loading %”, “Max
KW Loss” and “Max Volts” will be displayed. This report describes the
extreme conditions of components. The remaining components must be within
these limits so it is easy to determine whether or not rehabilitation is required.
XV. In order to determine that the voltage received by the customer at each node is
within permissible limits, please see the “Balance Results” chapter. The
balance results will display voltage out values on each section. One can use the
filter on top of the column to identify all sections where the voltage does not
satisfy the conditions.

XVI. Percentage transformer loading is an important parameter to determine the load
on a distribution transformer. Heavily loaded transformers not only contribute
to feeder lossesbut also decrease system equipment life. If transformers are
heavily loaded in the EXI model then it would likely fail under the projected
load. The percentage loading of transformer can be observed in the
“Transformer” chapter of load flow analysis.

25. EXI-PRO MODEL
This EXI-PRO model will give us feeder conditions on the projected load. There are
two main reasons for forecasting loads at the distribution utility. First, the utility must
determine if it has the capacity to deliver the power and energy that customers will be
demanding in the future. Transmission infrastructure must be built to support future
demands. Contracts need to be put into place for future bulk load transfers. Finally,
regulating bodies need to be informed about the utilities plans to support its customers
in upcoming years. The most common method for projecting loads is to apply a yearly
growth rate in percentage. This growth rate may vary from 5% to 10% or more,
depending upon the area it serves. If the distribution network model is reliable for the
projected load, then no rehabilitation is required otherwise, changes have been
proposed in the model.
SynerGEE software enables the user to create and apply different load growth
settings. This growth rate can be saved in the form of different groups. These groups
can be defined for any desired interval i.e. 5years, 10 years and so on. Load flow can
be run alternatively by shifting between these groups to obtain the desired results.It
should be kept in mind that any load flow result will depend upon growth settings.
I. Load growthsettings can be accessed from the “Model” ribbon as shown
below:

II. The user can create groups for load growth settings by pressing the plus sign
button at the bottom. In the figure below, the settings required for five-year
growth are displayed. The growth option of applying yearly growth rate in
section records is the most appropriate.
III. After adding these groups, the percentage growth rate in section records must
be edited. The default settings are at 2% as shown.
IV. The software is flexible and can have different growth rates at different
sections. This procedure is very useful because it is not necessary to increase
growth on all sections of a feeder. It is more appropriate to assign different

growth rates to sections serving urban areas, due to an increase in population,
as compared to sections serving commercial load from the same feeder.
V. However to apply the same growth rate to all sections we can use the “Query”
command available in build tab as shown below.
VI. After selecting “Query”, draw a rectangle around the parameter of the feeder to
select all equipment as shown.
VII. Once the selection is complete and the right click is released, a small window
will appear along with the cursor for launching the “Multiple Editor”. Select
the load selection button as shown below.
VIII. A window will appear for the load setting. Select the growth option from the
menu on the left as shown (below) and apply the settings below.

IX. After the load growth settings are made we can run load flow analysis again to
evaluate the existing infrastructure on the projected load. The summary clearly
indicates that the growth has been applied as shown below.
X. The reports can be analyzed one by one as discussed in the EXI-EXI model or
the analyst can turn directly to the warning chapter under the reports section.
These warnings help to determine system reliability and loading status of
equipment. This analysis provides a guideline to decide what sort of
rehabilitation measure is required.
The SynerGEE software does not automatically store the report generated during
analysis. To retrieve reports at a later stage they must be saved manually. The process
for saving reports in Adobe Acrobat’s PDF format is explained below.
I. There is a command available for printing multiple chapters available in the
“Control” ribbon as shown.

II. The following window will appear after pressing the ‘Multiple Chapter’ button.
Select the report chapters that are required in the output file.
III. After selectingthe desired report chapters,click the “Finish” button at the
bottom of the screen and the “Print” window will appear.
IV. Select the Adobe printer and check the “Print to File” option to save the output
as a PDF.
The remaining settings regarding the page layout can be performed in the “Page
Setup” dialogue box. “Page Setup” can also be accessed by pressing the pole icon on
the extreme right and selecting page setup as shown.

Click onthe “Report” tab to set the title and format of the report. The image displayed
on top of the report can also be changed through the “Option” tab on the left.
26. PRO-PRO MODEL

All rehabilitation measures require that the proposed arrangement should be saved to
support future use. SynerGEE facilitates this need by creating versionsthat are stored
in a database in separate tables. In other words, all the proposed changes to a model
can be saved as versions.Hence version serves as a useful tool for tentative planning
and cost analysis. When it is required to load a version, the model is updated with any
applicable data that is found. Therefore, when loading a version, the existing model
should be in memory from which the version is saved. Otherwise the two datasets
may be incompatible.
I. The versions can be saved, loaded and managed by the “Versions” command in
the “Model” ribbon as shown.

II. After making the necessary changes to the model select “Save”under the
“Versions” dropdown button.The following window will appear:
III. Select the Data Source Alias(DSA) for the Model as the window above does
not require the location of where to save the version; rather it requires the DSA
of the base model. This will enable the software to compare Base Model to
Version for changes. Click Next.
IV. Another window will appear. The DSA for the version to be saved should be
selected. It is recommended that the same DSA as the model is selected to keep
the data of one feeder at one place. The button can be used to add the
source model DSA as shown.
V. After selection of the DSA click “Next”,the following window will appear. The
name and description of “Versions”are entered as shown below.

VI. Click “Finish” to save the version.
VII. To retrieve a saved version,load the current feeder in memory and then press
the “Version”button. Select “Load”. The following window pops up:
VIII. Select the DSA of the versioned data sources listed. Select “Next”.
IX. All the version regarding that feeder will be listed and can be loaded by using
the combo box. Click “Finish” to load the version. Similarly, various other
versions can be saved and loaded accordingy for analysis purposes.

27.HTREHABILITATION
MEASURES
28. SELECTION CRITERIA
Following are generalguidelines for theselection of a HT Network
I. The annual losses of a feeder include both technical and administrative losses.
It is possible that a feeder has more administrative losses but less technical
losses and similarly, there might be a feeder with less administrative loss but
more technical loss. Therefore,while selecting rehabilitation measures it should
be kept in mind that a true picture of losses that can be reduced by technical
measures is not available.
II. The feeders selected for rehabilitation/renovation should be based on their peak
load, length, technical/geographical aspects and keeping in view the particular
problems of the area to achieve the maximum benefits not only in terms of
reducing losses and improving voltage drops, but also in providing
stable/uninterrupted power supply to consumers. This means that a higher
priority should be given to those 11 KV feeders which are heavily loaded and
contribute high technical losses to the system and high voltage drop at the
customers’ end.
III. No doubt, the load and the loss on a particular feeder are the main criteria for
bifurcation of a feeder, but in some cases a lightly loaded but lengthy feeder
also requires bifurcation to reduce the line losses, improve the voltage drop and
reliability of supply.
IV. In some cases bifurcation of a feeder is required – where technical parameters
i.e. %AEL and % VD are almost within limits but the feeder is running
overloaded (e.g. near 400 A.), bifurcation is necessary in order to avoid
unnecessary tripping due to overloading.
V. Bifurcation of a feeder in some cases is also required at the time of creation of
a new subdivision to avoid the sharing of load between subdivisions or for
inter-adjustment of feeders of different divisions/subdivisions.

VI. Each and every feeder involved in the particular proposal should be evaluated
technically on the basis of the latest data collected from field formation, and
only those feeders should be selected which contribute high energy loss and
voltage drop. Thus as per the existing condition of the network, only the
proposals that give maximum technical as well as financial benefits should be
executed.
VII. In certain cases where a feeder needs to be rehabilitated/renovated due to any
problems but does not fulfill the above criteria of selection, a proposal may be
developed subject to the condition that benefit tocost ratio as given above is
achieved, and in those cases where benefit tocost ratio is not achieved, the
same may be carried out under DOP head, if at all considered essential or is an
inevitable requirement of the field.
The following table illustrates the use ofannual data to calculate different factors
NAME HT FEEDER = ABC CIRCUIT CONNECTED KVA = 5300
INPUT SECTION + OUTPUT SECTION
MONTH
PEAK BUS MAX UNITS UNITS LOSSES * ** ***

CURREN VOLT HOUR SENT SOLD DEMAND POWER LOAD
(KWH) (%)
T (AMPS) AT KWH (KWH) (KWH) FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR
PEAK READ (%) (%) (%)
(KV) (KWH)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Jul 250 11.0 2100 6000 3540 2460 41 90 44 40
Aug 210 11.0 1900 7000 3540 3460 49 75 47 51
Sep 230 11.0 2100 4500 3700 800 18 83 48 30
Oct 214 11.0 2200 6500 3700 2800 43 77 54 41
Nov 210 11.2 2000 4400 3700 700 16 77 49 31
Dec 213 11.2 1800 7700 3700 4000 52 78 44 59
Jan 230 11.2 2100 4400 3700 700 16 84 47 29
Feb 240 11.2 2000 6500 3300 3200 49 88 43 45
Mar 230 11.4 2100 4300 3300 1000 23 86 46 28
Apr 200 11.4 1600 8005 3300 4705 59 75 41 69
May 200 11.4 2100 4300 3800 500 12 75 53 28
Jun 210 11.4 1900 4300 3800 500 12 78 46 31
Averag
e 220 11.2 1992 - - - - 80 47 40
Total - - - 67910 43086 24825 37 - - -
Table 3: Sample Calculation of Different Factors(HT)

+ Information to be collected from gridstation feeder data & Revenueoffice.
* Demand Factor = (1.732 x Imax x Bus bar KV) / Circuit's connected KVA
** Power Factor = Max Hour KWh reading / (1.732 x Imax x Bus bar KV)
*** Load Factor (monthly) = KWh Units sent per month / (24 x 30 x Max Hour KWh reading)
29. AREA PLANNING WITHOUT AUGMENTATION:

In this case, a heavily loaded feeder is identified and its neighboring feeders are
included in the analysis so thatthe load is shifted to nearby lightly loaded feeders to
attain balance. The neighboring feeders may or may not belong to the same grid
station, a fact that must be kept in mind while area planning in addition to the overall
load on the power transformer being a limiting factor in shifting loads.
In some cases, due to the overloading of grid stations, area planning of feeders is
exercised for shifting of load from one grid station to another by creating links
between the grids. This will not only provide relief to the grid station equipment but
will also accommodate the future expected load growth. The background map and the
physical layout of the feeder provide a visual aid for performing area planning as
shown below:
I. In SynerGEE the “Reconnect Section” command is used to shift the sections

from one feeder to another. The command is available in the “Build” Ribbon as
shown below.

II. After pressing the “Reconnect Section” command, select a section from its
node and shift it to the desired location where it will be reconnected. This will
change the feeding source of that section and its subsequent sections as well.
Now the load flow analysis can be run to verify that the overall load is
balanced amongst all feeders.
30. AREA PLANNING WITH AUGMENTATION

This case is almost similar to the abovementioned Area Planning without
augmentation, except that in this case one or more new feeders are proposed to share
some of the load of the overloaded feeders.
31. INSTALLATION OF SHUNT CAPACITORS

Capacitors are used primarily to improve the system’s “Power Factor”. The
installation of capacitors on HT lines results in primary loss reduction in HT lines and
improvement in the voltage drop conditions. Losses in distribution transformers, LT
lines, and service cables are also reduced marginally.
Further detail regarding capacitors is available in Appendix-G
32. CAPACITOR LOCATION
 Maximum benefits are obtained by locating the capacitors as near the

inductive reactance KVAR loads as possible and by matching the magnitude of
the inductive reactance KVAR requirement. Practical considerations of
economics and availability of a limited number of standard KVAR sizes
necessitate that capacitors be clustered near load centers.
 Computer modeling or rigorous evaluation of considerable load metering data
is absolutely necessary to make the proper capacitor placement decision and keep
line losses as low as possible. The loss reduction benefits possible with capacitor
use can be significant enough to economically justify feeder metering or a large
share of SCADA system costs.

 A textbook solution assumes uniform distribution of consumers, and suggests
that as the distance from the substation increases, the number of consumers per
main line mile of feeder increases.
 To obtain maximum benefits in voltage improvement and reduction of loss on
such a line, a permanently connected (fixed) capacitor bank should be located at a
distance from the substation which is 1/2 to 2/3 of the total length of the line. This
location method is used strictly as a “Rule of Thumb” because few rural circuits
contain such uniformly distributed loads.
 For industrial loads, it is best to correct the power factor at the load.
Correcting lagging KVAR requirements at the point of use prevents the utility’s
primary line, transformer, and service lines, as well as the customer’s internal
wiring from unnecessary losses.
 Moreover, when corrected on the consumer side, the utility line never sees the
consumer's KVARs. Appropriate effort should be made to encourage (perhaps
through rate incentives) large consumers to correct their own power factor.
 As previously stated, optimum benefits are derived by locating capacitors at
industrial loads and at a feeder's consumer load density center for residential load.
The residential load center is normally 1/2 to 2/3 the distance from the substation
to the end of the line for uniformly loaded feeders. However, the installation of
capacitors on all systems within the range specified above is not always feasible
because of possible exposure of long lengths of the power line to
telecommunications circuits, which may cause excessive noise interference.
The process of capacitor placement in SynerGEE is outlined below

I. In order to place the capacitor in SynerGEE there is a command named
“Capacitor Placement” in the “Planning” ribbon as shown.
II. A window will appear listing all capacitors in one place.The capacitor
placement settings can be accessed by pressing the “Settings” button as shown.

III. Press the “Update Recommend List” button for the software to calculate
appropriate location(s) for capacitors.
IV. SynerGEE will also encircle the recommended location of capacitors on the
feeder map. Click the button in the SynerGEE placement tool. The
software also enables users to mark the selected capacitor on the map by a
circle as shown.

V. The effect of these capacitors can be evaluated one by one by placing themin
the network. There is a button available on the right hand side for placing the
capacitor. When we click on the “Place” tab, capacitor will move from the
“Recommendations” list to the“In Place”list. The benefits that can be achieved
by placing the capacitor are also indicated.
VI. The placed capacitor is temporary untilit is made permanent after reviewing its
impact through the “Report” button.
VII. The capacitor can be made permanent by pressing the “Permanent” buton and
similarly can be removed by pressing the “Remove” button.

33. RECONDUCTORING OF 11 KV FEEDERS
Studies of different conductor sizes have indicated that in many cases, it is more
economical to use conductors of a higher cross sectional area. Thereplacement of
existing line conductors by bigger sized conductors will result in the reduction of
technical losses in direct proportion to the ratio between the resistance of the new and
existing conductor. The cost of reconductoring must be compared with the savings
due to a reduction in losses, increase in revenues, and release of distribution system
capacity.
Evaluation of reconductoring must also take into account the improvement of power
factor, voltage regulation, and increase in demand over the life of the conductor. The
load flow analysis provides information regarding the loading of each section and
overloaded sections can be easily identified and replaced. In this case, only those
feeders are selected, where
a. The percentage loading of conductors exceeds economic loading,
b. Reconductoring due to the replacement of deteriorated/off-sized conductors
The following table presents the economic loading in Amp for replacing a conductor
with agreater size. This table should be used for all conductor replacement on existing
HT feeders for energy loss reduction and renovation. A conductor of higher than
economic size may only be used if the voltage drops of the feeder exceed the 5%
limits in the case of rural feeders and 3% in the case of urban feeders.
Existing New Loading level above which new
Conductor Conductor conductor is economical(Amps)
Gopher Rabbit 41
Gopher Dog 42
Gopher Panther 63
Gopher Osprey 77
Rabbit Dog 74
Rabbit Panther 96
Rabbit Osprey 106
Dog Panther 164
Dog Osprey 168
Table 4:Economic Conductor Size for Replacement (HT)

 Refer to the Technical Report T-2.
 Based on five-year growth rate.

 Off size (GSL, Copper, & Gopher) / deteriorated conductor, conductor with broken stands,
with more or unacceptable number of joints may be replaced on top priority basis. This holds for
conductors of any size.
 Copper conductor should be removed in the presence of a committee.
In SynerGEE, sections can be selected based on their loading and conductor can be
changed at the same time to see the impact.
I. The “Generator” wizard in the build tab is used for selection as shown.
II. A subsequent series of windows will appear for entering the selection criteria
which in this case, is based on the results shown below:
III. Check the selection criteria based on which the query will be built. Multiple
criteria can be selected simultaneously.
IV. The next screen contains details regarding the source of the query i.e. at what
data set the query should be applied.

V. The subsequent screen prompts users to select the destination of selected
objects, like generating a new query set based on the criteria selected,
appending or removing them from previously selected objects.
VI. A list of selected objects is displayed as shown and thus they can be edited one
by one or by clicking the “Launch Multiple Editor” button.
VII. The “Multiple Editor” contains an option to change conductors of a section as

shown. There is a button at the bottom that can be used to display detailed
information regarding this reconductoring activity.

VIII. Run the load flow analysis to observe the impact of reconductoring.
34. BIFURCATION OF 11 KV FEEDERS

In this case, overloaded or lengthy feeders are selected. Only one feeder is selected for
bifurcation and a new feeder is essentially involved in this case.
In many urban and rural areas, the existing HT lines/feeders are extremely overloaded
and lengthy. Replacement of these lines with new 11 KV lines can result in
considerable loss reduction.
In addition to the above, the introduction of new HT line/feeders can result in the
improvement of the quality of supply and reduction in losses. The following figure
represents creation of a new feeder by drawing a new proposed line and bifurcation of
three existing feeders

Figure 14: Bifurcation of 11 KV Feeders
This table presents lower and upper economic loading limits for distribution
conductor, in Amperes and should be used for planning of the new HT Feeders.
Lower Limit Upper Limit
Conductor
(Amps) (Amps)
Gopher Not to be used in the future
Rabbit 0 41
Dog 42 103
Panther 104 Above 104
Osprey 104 Above 104
Table 5: Economic Conductor Sizes for New HT line

 Refer to the technical report T-2
 Based on five year growth rate
 The Amps limits represents ‘0’ year loadings.
In some cases, bifurcation of a feeder is also required at the time of creation of a new
subdivision to avoid the sharing of load between subdivisions or for inter-adjustment
of feeders of different divisions/subdivisions.
No doubt, the load and the loss on a particular feeder are the main criteria for
bifurcation of a feeder but in some cases, a lightly loaded but lengthy feeder also

requires bifurcation to reduce line losses, improve the voltage drop and the reliability
of supply.
35. INSTALLATION OF 11 KV SECTIONALIZERS

In order to isolate the faulty portions of feeders under fault conditions, proper
sectionalization of 11 KV network should be carried out to minimize the number of
customers affected.
36. REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED 11 KV CABLES

For new 11 KV feeders, it is suggested using 500 MCM/240mm 2 cable at the grid end
and to replace the under-sized / deteriorated cable, where required.

37.LT REHABILITATION
MEASURES
38. SELECTION CRITERIA
The following are the general guidelines for the selection of the LT network to be
rehabilitated:
a. Distribution transformers are running beyond 80% loading.
b. LT line is lengthy, service to service connections exist, and consequently, the
technical parameters (i.e. % VD and % AEL) go beyond permissible limits.
39. LOAD BALANCING OF DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS
A large number of transformers are damaged due to the unbalancing of loadamongst
phases. Therefore, with proper attention paid to load balancing of the distribution
transformer not only can the transformer damage rate be reduced,both technical losses
and voltage drops are also reduced.
In order to perform load balancing in SynerGEE, it is essential to perform load
allocation using the “By Phase Allocation” method instead of “Balanced Allocation”.
The analysis will provide a recommended list of sections and parts of feeders where
load balancing is required. This list can be sorted out according to KW loss, KVA,
low voltage and voltage imbalance.
I. Select the “Planning”ribbon and then click on the “Load Balancing” button
asshown below.
II. Click on the “Settings” button to adjust various parameters.

III. Click the“Update Recommended List” button to populate the recommendation
list.This information can be sorted according to theparameters shown below to
analyze the different possibilities of load balancing.
IV. Select one of the recommended options and place it;the selected load balancing
option will be moved to second place.

V. After reviewing the benefits gained against the selected section, this can be
made permanent by clicking the “Permanent” button. Once it is permanent it
will be added into our system;typically load balancing is not consideredas
being a very useful technique today but in our system it is considered a
necessary measure to save energy losses and to make system equipment like
transformers and capacitors more reliable.
40. RELOCATION OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

In a large number of areas, particularly in villages, relocation (i.e. shifting and
placement of transformers to the load center of the area) can reduce the losses in LT
lines and cables. In common practice, it is observed in villages where load is located
on remote places and the LT length is increased to one or two kilometers. It is a better
option to relocate distribution transformer, not only to reduce LT length/losses but
also to minimize voltage drops.
I. In order to properly model the LT network in SynerGEE, a feeder is added
followed by a transformer and a meter as shown. The last section of this
arrangement is attached to the LT network drawn;the length of this section
must be kept as zero so that it does not have any impact on analysis. The
section is shown in orange color.

II. In order to relocate the transformer, use the “Reconnect Section” button in the
“Built” ribbon as shown.
III. The section can be connected anywhere without giving consideration to its
orientation because it has zero value for length. Thus multiple load flow
analysis can be executed to identify an optimal location.
41. INSTALLATION OF LT SHUNT CAPACITORS

Installation of LT capacitors can result in power factor improvement of loads, voltage
improvement and reduction in energy losses. It thus releases the LT lines’ capacity; its
effect is on both the source and remote ends.In the distribution system,LT shunt
capacitors are usually placed near spot-loads or on the low voltage distribution side
where a large spot-load or high KVAR loads are connected.The SynerGEE process
for capacitor placement is the same for both HT and LT.
42. RECONDUCTORING OF LT LINES

In certain cases, the replacement of an existing overloaded LT conductor with a larger
sized conductor is another option. The evaluation of LT line reconductoring should be
compared with other possible measures such as installation of a greater number of
transformers (including shifting load to another one) and upgrading LT lines to HT
lines. SynerGEE follows a similar procedure as described for HT reconductoring.
The following table represents economic conductor sizes for replacement.

Existing New Loading Level Above Which New
Conductor Conductor Conductor is Economical (Amps)
Gnat Ant 59
Ant wasp 85
Table 6: Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in LT

 LT conductor in narrow street and areas, where the use of bare conductor is dangerous,
insulated Ant and insulated Wasp conductors may be used.
 Off size (GSL, Copper, & Gnat) / deteriorated conductor, conductor with broken stands, with
more / unacceptable number of joint may be replaced on top priority basis. This holds for
conductors of any size.
43. REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PVC CABLES

Overloaded, aged and deteriorated service cables are another major cause of technical
losses. Existing overloaded service cables need to be replaced to reduce their
losses.The following table represents maximum allowable service cable length, based
upon voltage drop considerations, at different loads (1% voltage drop)
Size of Service Rated Max. V.D./Meter Max. Allowable Service Cable Length in
Cable Current at RatedCurrent Meters at 1% VD forLoad Demand of:
8 16 32 64 115
Volts %age Amps Amps Amps Amps Amps
2/Core, 10 mm2 32
0.237 0.108 40 20 10 - -
(7/0.052) Amps
4/Core, 10 mm2 32
0.137 0.042 96 48 24 - -
(7/0.052) Amps
4/Core, 65 mm2 115
0.113 0.027 518 260 130 64 36
(19/0.083) Amps
Table 7: Maximum Allowable Service Cable Length
The following chart must be read in conjunction with the above table.

Figure 15:Maximum Allowable Service Cable Length
 Read actual service length against load current.
 If point lies on a curve select the cable else choose the next higher size.
 For mechanical constraints refer to WAPDA’s Technical Instruction C-19.
44. REPLACEMENT OF NON-STANDARD FUSES

Protection of distribution transformers is improved through the replacement of non-
standard fuses with standard dropout fuses. It also results in reduction of distribution
transformer failures.

45. AUGMENTATION OF OVERLOADED DISTRIBUTION
T/F
Transformers are damaged due to overloading. Consequently, the voltage level
decreases and technical losses rise. This condition can be improved by replacing
overloaded transformers with higher capacity ones.
46. ADDITION OF NEW DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

Losses in overloaded and overextended LT circuits can also be reduced by bifurcating
them and by installing a new distribution transformer.
47. ADDITION OF NEW LT LINES

The conversion of existing overloaded extended, and deteriorated LT cables into
single/three phase LT lines can result in substantial reduction of losses and improve
system’s reliability. New LT lines arealso required in case of bifurcation
byinstallingnew transformers. In many residential areas, particularly in villages, vast
networks of LT lines and service cable chains (service-to-service connections) should
be rehabilitated.The following table represents economic conductor sizes for new LT
line.
Lower Limit Upper
Conductor
(Amps) Limit(Amps)
Ant 0 74
Wasp 74 Above 74
Table 8: Economic Conductor Size for New LT Line

 For 200 & 100 KVA transformer, thebus bar should be constructed with Wasp conductor.
 In posh urban areas, Wasp conductor(s) may be used for 200 & 100 KVA transformers.
 For 50 & 25 KVA transformers, the bus bar should be constructed with Ant conductor.
 In LT proposals for narrow streets and areas, where bare conductorsare not feasible, insulated
Ant and Wasp conductors and PVC 19/0.083 and 37/0.083 may be used for public safety.
 In posh urban areas, preferably AAC Wasp conductor be used for 100 & 200 KVA
transformers.

48. USE OF CONNECTORS
While replacing overloaded service cables, proper connectors must be used for all
joints. Connectors not only reduce losses in loose jumpers but also improve the
system reliability.
49. REPLACEMENT OF EARTHLINGS

A large number of fatal and non-fatal accidents of DISCO employees, the general
public and animals are partly a consequence of deteriorated earthing (which may be
due to chemical changes in the earth and poor workmanship). By replacing faulty
earthings or by installing new ones (where it does not exist), the number of accidents
can be reduced.
50. ELIMINATION OF LOOSE JOINTS

Considerable energy losses can be reduced in power distribution by introducing
aluminum connectors, especially of compression and bolted types. Infrared sensors
should be used to detect hot spots.
51. REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVE/SLUGGISH

METERING EQUIPMENT
Currently, a large number of single as well as three phase meters are defective in the
distribution system. Thereplacement of meters helps in reducing technical losses and
increasing revenues. At the same time, more accurate energy consumption data
becomes available for planning purposes.

52.PROPOSAL GENERATION
Generally the network exceeding the permissible limits provided in the table below is
considered for proposal generation, howeverwhere these parameters are hard to
maintain, the existing system should be compared with the proposed facility and if
substantial benefits in terms of reduction in energy loss & voltage drop are achieved,
the proposal generation may be carried out keeping in view the benefit /cost ratio
&geographical configuration of the feeder, particularly in certain areas like
Baluchistan, etc.The maximum permissible voltage drop & AEL (technical part) for
the distribution network are as under:
Distribution Urban / Rural

Network Voltage Drop(+/-) % Annual Energy Loss (AEL) %
HT Network 5 3
L.T Network 5 8
Table 9: Permissible Limits
53. HT DISTRIBUTION NETWORKPROPOSAL

The proposals generated provide an overall benefit to cost ratio that determines the
feasibility of the proposal for execution. The Benefit to Cost ratio for HT proposals
may be taken as under or as its amendment issued later:
a. For Reconductoring Proposals > = 1.5
b. For Bifurcation & Area Planning Proposals> = 2.0
The main criteria for proposal selection is the Benefit to Cost ratio, however, the
following table can be used where needed for the prioritization of proposals.
% AEL % VD B/C Ratio
Share: 50 % Share: 30 % Share: 20 %
Value Weight Value Weight Value Weight
3–4 1 5 – 10 1 1–2 1
4–5 2 10 – 15 2 2–3 2
5–6 3 15 – 20 3 3–4 3
6–7 4 20 – 25 4 4–5 4
7–8 5 25 – 30 5 5–6 5
8–9 6 30 – 35 6 6–7 6
9 – 10 7 35 – 40 7 7–8 7

> 10 10 > 40 10 >8 10
Table 10: Prioritization of HT Proposals
Overall weight of HT proposal = 50%(weight of % AEL)

+ 30%(weight of % VD)
+ 20% (weight of B/C Ratio)
Thus, the proposals getting larger overall weight should be given higher priority. In
this way, a list of proposals may be sorted out and prioritized.
54. HT PROPOSAL (PHASE-I)
Operation formation will develop the HT proposal and submit to Planning and Design
(P&D) directorate along with following information/documents for further
scrutiny/approval.
55. DATA/INFORMATION COLLECTION
a. Purpose for generating the proposal.

b. The geographical layout of the network is required. In case GIS Map of the feeder
has not been completed the following are required.
 Asingle line diagram (90) of existing and proposed network should be

generated as per Format-I, indicating conductor size, transformer rating, node to
node distance, capacitor size and disconnecting switch, etc.
 Survey of Pakistan (SOP) or geographical maps marked with single line
diagram indicating existing and proposed situations on separate sheets as per
Format-II.
 Pole-to-pole geographical map of existing and proposed situations of feeders
as per Format-III.
c. Input data sheet (stacking sheet) of existing and proposed feeders as per Format-IV.
d. Data by month of the max/min load of grid station power transformers involved in
the proposal for the last three years as per Format-V.
e. Monthly technical data of 11 KV feeders involved in the proposal for last three
years as per Format-VI.
f. Indicate the category of 11KV feeder i.e. according to the following:
Urban / Rural / Industrial / Dedicated.
g. Availability of 11KV outgoing panels at grid stations and the identification of right-
of-way problems.

h. Certificate regarding the authenticity of data, indicating the verification of site from
Assistant/Dy.Manager concerned and countersigned by Dy.Manager (Technical) of the
circle as per the sample available under Format-VII.
i. Single geographical maps marked with all the feeders, one map each for existing
and proposed situations, in case of the Area Planning proposal (where more than one
feeder is involved).
56. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND OTHER IMPORTANT PARAMETERS KEPT IN VIEW FOR
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
a. Load flow studies of existing and proposed situation of feeders (with and without
capacitor) should be carried at peak load (without growth) by using SynerGEE or PSS-
adept software (already available in each DISCO).
b. The results of existing and proposed conditions (with and without growth) at zero
year study should be compiled as per Formats-VIII (A&B) & IX (A&B)respectively.
c. Net benefits/savings in losses that would be achieved (with and without growth)
should be calculated as per Formats-X (A&B).
d. The average power factor of 11KV feeder may be calculated by taking the reading
of KWh and KVARh meters installed at grid stations or power factor meter, if available. If
power factor reading is not available, then assume the power factor as under:
0.80 For Rural feeder

0.85 For Urban feeder
0.95 For Under Ground System
e. The average load factor may be calculated by using the formula as given below:
Average Load Factor =Units Sent/8760 x PF x Peak KVA

OR
Average Load Factor = Average Load/Maximum Load
If the actual load factor is not available, then it should be assumed as under:
For Urban feeder 60%
For Urban/Rural 50%
For Rural 40%
For more than one feeder, having different load factors, the overall weighted average
load factor should be calculated as below:
Weighted Load Factor = (LF1 x PL1+LF2 x PL2+LF3 x PL3+…)
PL1+PL2+PL3+…

Where LF stands for Load Factor,
and PL stands for Peak Load and is taken in Amp.
Should the actual load factor not be found as being close to the above-mentioned
values, the case shall be discussed with Director (Distribution Planning). For
industrial feeders and continuous process industries, especially where independent
feeders are proposed, the actual load factors shall be computed.
57. COST ESTIMATION
a. Geographical (pole-to-pole) showing the complete scope of work involved in the

proposals as per Format-XI.
b. BOQ /Cost estimate of proposed work in coordination with construction formation
as per Work Order Format-XII.
c. Cost estimation is to be carried out according to the prevailing store issue rates of
each DISCO (i.e. 12% in built rates). Installation charges will be taken at 8%.
d. Dismantlement charges should be taken at 5% and reinstallation of dismantled
material should be taken as 10%. All dismantled but not reusable material will be taken as
per respective DISCO’s disposal rates. For all dismantled transformers carrying no name
plates, the cost will be taken as 50% of the current prices. Transformers with name plates
will have depreciated value, but not less than 50% of the current price.
58. BENEFIT TO COST ANALYSIS
Benefit to Cost calculation shall be carried out (as per Format-XIII) as follows:
Benefit to Cost Ratio = Annual Benefits (Rs) – 0.04 (NFC)
– (0.60 x 0.143) (RFC) with Growth/0.143 (NFC)
Where,
NFC stands for New Facility Cost (Rs)
RFC stands for Replaced Facility Cost (Rs)
0.04 O&M charges (4% per annum)
0.60 Depreciation Factor for Replaced Facility
0.143 Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) is the
calculated @ 14% opportunity cost of capital for
equipment life of 30 years
CRF = (1 - i)n x i/(1 + i)n – i
n is the period of study (here 30 years)

i is the interest rate (here 14 %)
Benefit with Growth (Rs) = Valuation Factor x Benefit with Growth
(KW)
Valuation Factor should be calculated as:
Valuation Factor = Loss Factor x 8760 x Unit Purchase Rate
Where,
Unit Purchase Rate is in Rs/KWh of the respective DISCO, and
8760 are number of hours in a year,
Loss Factor = 0.3 (Load Factor) + 0.7 (Load Factor) 2
Load Factor should be calculated as discussed above under 5.1.1.2 (d).
Benefit at growth should be calculated as:
Benefit with Growth (KW) = [((1/Loss Factor) x Savings with Fixed
capacitor at off peak load) + Savings with
Switched capacitor at peak load + (Growth
Factor x Savings with Reconductoring&
Bifurcation at peak load )] ------(A)
Where Growth Factor = 1.196 at 5% load growth for 5-year study period.
The following table contains sample growth factors by which Annual Benefits at no
Growth should be multiplied to derive Annual Benefits at Growth.
Average Growth Per Annum (%)
No. of
Years 3 5 7 9 10
3 1.057 1.097 1.138 1.182 1.205
5 1.112 1.196 1.289 1.390 1.444
7 1.166 1.298 1.450 1.626 1.724
10 1.243 1.453 1.715 2.040 2.231
12 1.291 1.558 1.904 2.358 2.636
15 1.358 1.713 2.208 2.907 3.360
20 1.456 1.964 2.760 4.035 4.946
30 1.597 2.412 4.002 7.288 10.151
Table 11: Growth Factors

It is suggested that the load flow studies of existing and proposed systems should be
carried out at 5% load growth for five years’ study, and the savings / benefits should
be added directly (in formula A) without multiplying by the growth factor.
Benefit with Growth (Rs) = Benefit with Growth (KW) x Valuation Factor
Note: As per prevailing practice, in case of reconductoring and bifurcation,
load flow studies of existing and proposed systems are carried out
without growth, and savings / benefits are calculated with growth by
multiplying with the growth factor (1.196) as mentioned above in
formula (A).
59. APPROVAL OF PROPOSAL (PHASE-II)
a. The proposal supplied by operation staff will be scrutinized/checked by P&D

section, and within 14 days of receipt of proposal, P&D will be bound to submit the
proposal/Bill Of Quantity (BOQ ) to Manager Project Construction for any right-of-way or
other problems.
b. Manager Project construction will return the proposal in the next one week.
c. After making necessary corrections pointed out by the Manager Project
Construction in the estimate, Sr. Manager P&D will get approval of CE or CEO in next
one week and convey the formal approval along with the Work Order to Manager Project
Construction, Manager Operation Circle, Manager Material Management and Finance
Director of the company.
60. EXECUTION OF PROPOSAL (PHASE-III)
Manager Project Construction will be bound to complete the whole work within 60
days of issue of Work Order and to intimate to all the concerned.
61. COMPLETION REPORT (PHASE-IV)
After completion of work, Manager Project Construction will energize/shift the load
as per the approved plan in coordination with Grid Station Operation
(GSO)/Operation formation within 10 days and hand over the work to Operations
formation. After energizing/shifting the load, Manager Project Construction will
submit the completion report to P&D Directorate for inspection as per Format-XIV.
62. INSPECTION/COMPLETION CERTIFICATE (PHASE-V)
All completed works will be finally checked/inspected 100% for all technical
parameters quality and quantity of ELR and DOP by Director (P&E).

He will check/inspect completed work within 30 days receipt of the completion report
from Manager Project Construction and an issue completion certificate as per Format-
XV, provided the work has been executed according to the approved plan and as per
WAPDA SDI. The check must be comprehensive and should not ignore something as
perceptibly small as a single missing bolt.
Representatives of Chief Engineer (ELR), WAPDA & Director (Distribution
Planning), WAPDA may also check/inspect any work.Total time will be restricted to
130 working days (i.e. from approval of proposal to inspection/completion
certificate); the officer mentioned above will share any delay beyond this.
63. LT DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PROPOSAL

Those LT proposals which give maximum technical as well as financial benefits
should be executed. Therequired benefit to cost ratio for LT proposals may be taken
as under or as its amendment issued later on:
Benefit to Cost Ratio >=1
The main criteria for proposal selection is the benefit to cost ratio, however, the
following method may be adapted where needed, for the prioritization of proposals.
The following table represents the prioritization for LT proposals.
% AEL % VD %age Loading of B/C Ratio
T/F
Share: 25 % Share: 15 % Share: 40 % Share: 20 %
Value Weight Value Weight Value Weight Value Weight
3–4 1 5 – 10 1 80 – 85 1 1–2 1
4–5 2 10 – 2 85 – 90 2 2–3 2
15
5–6 3 15 – 3 90 – 95 3 3–4 3
20
6–7 4 20 – 4 95 – 4 4–5 4
25 100
7–8 5 25 – 5 100– 5 5–6 5
30 105
8–9 6 30 – 6 105– 6 6–7 6
35 110
9 – 10 7 35 – 7 110– 7 7–8 7
40 115
> 10 10 > 40 10 > 115 10 >8 10
Table 12: Prioritization of LT Proposals

Overall weight of LT proposal = 25%(weight of % AEL)
+ 15%(weight of % VD)
+ 40%(weight of % Loading of T/F)
+ 20% (weight of B/C ratio)
Thus, the proposals getting larger overall weight should be given higher priority. In
this way, a list of proposals may be sorted out and prioritized.In certain cases where a
feeder needs to be rehabilitated/renovated due to some particular problems but does
not fulfill the above criteria of selection, then a proposal may be developed subject to
the condition that benefit to cost ratio as given above is achieved, and in those cases
where benefit to cost ratio is not achieved, the same may be carried out under DOP
head, if at all considered essential / inevitable requirement of the field.(See LT Format
XI. Sheet 3)
64. DEVELOPMENT OF LT PROPOSAL (PHASE-I)
Operation subdivision of each DISCO shall identify and intimate to Operationscircle

the highloss LT network that requires rehabilitation or bifurcation.The
Operationsdivision will develop the LT proposal and submit to P&D Directorate
along with the following information/documents for further approval.
65. DATA/INFORMATIONCOLLECTION
a. Purpose for generating the proposal.

b. Pole-to-pole geographical data of existing and proposed network as per Formats-I &
II respectively, indicating conductor size, transformer rating, node-to-node distance,
capacitor size, and disconnecting switch, number of single phase and three phase
connections on each pole.
c. Name of grid station and 11 KV feeder should be mentioned on the sketch.
d. Input data sheet (Stacking Sheet) of existing and proposed LT network as per
Format-III.
e. Peak loading data of distribution transformer as per Format-IV, broken down by
month.
f. Certificate regarding the authenticity of data, indicating the verification of site from
Assistant/Dy. Manager concerned and countersigned by Dy. Manager (Technical) of the
circle as per Format-V.
66. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND OTHER IMPORTANT PARAMETERS TO BE KEPT IN

VIEW FOR TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

a. Load flow studies of existing and proposed situations of the LT network should be
carried at peak load of transformer (with and without growth) by using SynerGEE software
(already available in each DISCO).
b. Average load per single-phase customer has also been revised as under:
67. URBAN AREAS
Single-phase customers falling in urban areas have been divided into the following
categories:
 Posh Localities: Load per S/Phase customers is considered as 4 KVA.
 Localities Apart fromPosh Areas: Load per S/Phase customers is

considered as 2 KVA.
Three-phase load should be taken as per sanctioned load.
68. RURAL AREAS
For rural areas, load per single-phase customers is considered as 1 KVA.

Three-phase load should be taken as per sanctioned load.
A committee comprising of the Dy. Manager Operation Division and Dy. Manager
(Technical) Operationscircle can recommend revising or enhancing the loads. If
needed, in particular areas, where the loads mentioned above are not applicable, it can
be revised with the approval of Chief Engineer/Technical Director.
c. Annual load growth should be taken as 5% for a five year study period. The results
of existing and proposed conditions at zero year study and five years study should be
compiled as per Formats-VI(A&B) and VII(A&B)respectively.
d. Net benefits/savings in losses that would be achieved should be indicated as per
Format-VIII(A&B).
 Assume the power factor as under for load flow studies:
0.80 For Rural feeder

0.85 For Urban feeder
0.95 For Under Ground system
 Load factor should be assumed as under:
For Urban feeder 60%

For Urban/Rural 50%

For Rural 40%
69. COST ESTIMATION
a. Geographical (pole-to-pole) showing the complete scope of work involved in the

proposals-Format-II.
b. BOQ /Cost Estimate of proposed work in coordination with construction staff as per
Work Order Format-IX.
c. Cost estimation is to be carried out according to the prevailing store issue rates of
each DISCO (i.e. 12% built-in rates). Installation charges will be taken @ 8%.
d. Dismantlement charges should be taken @ 5% and reinstallation of dismantled
material should be taken as 10%. All dismantled but not reusable material will be taken as
per respective DISCO’s disposal rates. For all dismantled transformers carrying no name
plates, the cost will be taken as 50% of the current prices. Transformers with name plates
will have depreciated value, but not less than 50% of the current price.
e. A transformer removed (if in passable condition) should be returned to the store @
5% less than present value.
70. BENEFIT TO COST ANALYSIS
Benefit to Cost Ratio may be calculated (as per Format-X) by using the following
sheet:
I. Annual Energy Loss after 5 years
a) Existing system = _______________KWh
b) Proposed System = _______________KWh
c) Annual Energy (A.E.) = _______________KWh

Saving
d) Annual Benefit (Rs) = A. E. Saving (KWh) x EPR
Where EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs / KWh) of the DISCO.
II.
a. Loading of existing ____KVA
transformer at present = __________% KVA
b. Loading of existing ____KVA

transformerafter 5 years = __________% KVA
c. Loading of above the rated capacity
of transformer after 5 years = __________% KVA
d. Peak KW Saving (PKWS) = Loading above the x PF
rated capacity (KVA)
= _____________ KW
e. Annual KWh savings @ VF for
transformer = PKWS x 8760 x VF x L.F.
= Rs _______________
Where 8,760 are number of hours in a year,
VF stands for Valuation Factor for T/F, and
VF = (ESR – EPR) – ((ESR – EPR) x (O&M charges))
– ((ESR – EPR) x (% Annual Losses of the company))
ESR is for average Electricity Sale Rate (Rs /KWh) of the DISCO
EPR is for average Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs/KWh) of the DISCO.
III.
a. Benefit of I + II = Rs _______________
b. Total Cost of proposal = Rs _______________
c. Benefit to Cost
= (a/b) x 5 (years) = _________________
71. APPROVAL OF PROPOSAL (PHASE-II)
The proposal supplied by operation staff will be scrutinized/checked by P&D section

and within seven days of receipt of proposal, Sr. Manager P&D will get approval of
CE or CEO and convey formal approval along with the Work Order to Manager
Project Construction, Manager Operation Circle, Manager Material Management, and
the Finance Director of the company.

72. EXECUTION OF PROPOSAL (PHASE-III)
Manager Project Construction will be bound to complete the whole work within 30
days of issuance of the Work Order, and to intimate to all the concerned.
73. COMPLETION REPORT (PHASE-VI)
After completion of the work, Manager Project Construction will energize/shift the
load as per the approved plan in coordination with operation formation within 10 days
and hand over the work to the Operations formation. After energizing/shifting the
load, Manager Project Construction will submit the completion report to P&D
Directorate for inspection as per Format-XI.
74. INSPECTION/COMPLETION CERTIFICATE (PHASE-V)
All completed works will be finally checked/inspected 100% for all technical
parameters quality and quantity of ELR and DOP by Director (P&E).
He will check/inspect the completed work within 15 days of receipt of completion
report from Manager Project Construction and issue completion certificate as per
Format-XII, if the work has been executed according to the approved plan and as per
WAPDA SDI. The check should not ignore even a single missing bolt.
Representatives of Chief Engineer (ELR), WAPDA & Director (Distribution
Planning), WAPDA may also check/inspect any work.
Total time will be restricted to 62 working days (i.e. from approval of proposal to
inspection/completion certificate); the officer mentioned above, will share any delay
beyond this.

Appendix-A
Important Definitions
DEMAND
The demand of an installation or system is the load at receiving terminals averaged
over a specified interval of time.
MAXIMUM DEMAND
The maximum demand of an installation or system is the largest of all the demands,
occurringover a specified period of time (most severe condition imposed on system
either in terms of thermal loading or voltage drop).This is the sum total of all demands
of all circuits that occur simultaneously during that period.
DIVERSIFIED OR COINCIDENT DEMAND

This is the demand of a composite group of loads imposed on the system over a
specified interval of time.
COINCIDENT FACTOR
It is a ratio of maximum coincident demand of a composite group of customers
(occurring in the same time interval), to the sum of the maximum demands of
individual customers comprising the group (occurring at different time intervals). It is
reciprocal of diversity factor.
NON-COINCIDENT DEMAND
It is sum of the demands of a group of loads irrespective of the time interval to which
each demand is applicable. The maximum non-coincident demand is indicative of
(sum total of) average individual maximum demands.
DEMAND FACTOR
This is the ratio of maximum demand to the connected load of the system.It indicates
the degree to which the total connected load is served simultaneously.
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-A 1

UTILIZATION FACTOR
This is the ratio of maximum demand of the system to the rated capacity of the
system.It indicates the degree to which a system is being loaded during peak load with
respect to its capacity.
LOAD FACTOR
It is the ratio of average load over a specified period of time to peak load occurring in
that period. In fact, load factor indicates the degree to which the peak load is sustained
during the period.
LOAD DIVERSITY
It is the difference between the sum of peaks of two or more individual loads
(occurring in different time intervals) and the peak of the combined load (occurring in
the same time interval).
DIVERSITY FACTOR
It is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of various subdivisions
of a system (occurring at any/ different time intervals) to the actual maximum demand
(occurring at the same time interval) of the whole system (it is greater than 1). It is
reciprocal of coincident demand.
OR
It is the ratio of the sum total of all maximum demands of the various circuits to the
actual maximum demand of the system.It is, generally, of the order of 1.25.
LOSS FACTOR
It is the ratio of the average power loss to the peak power loss during a specified
period of time.
POWER FACTOR
It is the ratio of the active power to the apparent power.

VOLTAGE DROP
It is the difference between the voltage at the transmitting end and that at the receiving
end of a feeder.
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE
It is the largest five-minute average or mean voltage.
MINIMUM VOLTAGE
It is the least five-minute average or mean voltage.
VOLTAGE LIMIT
The permissible voltage values which define the extremities of a range, generally
expressed as plus and minus percentage variations from the nominal value.
VOLTAGE SPREAD OR RANGE

It is the difference between maximum and minimum voltage.
NOMINAL VOLTAGE
Nominal voltage of a circuit or system is the nominal value assigned for the purpose
of convenient designation. (Its value lies a little above the midpoint of the band of
voltage that falls within the same general class).
RATED VOLTAGE
It is the voltage at which the operating and performance characteristics of equipment
are referred (or the nameplate voltage).
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
It consists of all electrical power equipment and facilities used to transfer electrical
energy from the grid station to the customer.

SERVICE VOLTAGE
It is the voltage measured at the terminals of the service entrance equipment.
UTILIZATION VOLTAGE
It is the voltage measured at the terminals of the machine or device.
BASE VOLTAGE
It is the reference value which is a common denominator to the nominal voltage
ratings of transmission and distribution lines, equipment, and utilizing equipment.
VOLTAGE REGULATION
It is the percentage of the voltage drop of a line with reference to the receiving end
voltage.
CONSUMER INTERFACE
It is thepoint at which the customer’s load is connected to the utility’s power system.
This is normally the point of metering installation.
CONNECTED LOAD
This is the sum total of the entire nameplate-rated loads of electrical equipment
installed by a customer.

Appendix-B
Important Formulas
MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT
With growth = I x (1+r)n (amp)
Where, I = max load current,
r = growth rate,
n = number of years
TOTAL FEEDER DEMAND

Without growth = √3 x I x V,
With growth = √3 x I x (1+r)n x V,
Where, V = Bus voltage = 11 kV
DEMAND FACTOR
Where, power equipment means a dist. feeder, T/F, or G/S etc.
LOAD FACTOR
AVERAGE LOAD FACTOR
AVERAGE LOAD FACTOR (YEARLY)
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-B 1

MONTHLY LOAD FACTOR AT GRID STATION LEVEL
MONTHLY LOAD FACTOR AT TRANSFORMER LEVEL

= Load factor at G/S level x Coincidence
Factor between demand at G/S and demand at distribution T/F
level
Therefore, energy can be used as a means of checking peak load data. By using
historical monthly load factor, a comparison of demand and energy consumption will
indicate if any major metering discrepancy exists.
SECTION CURRENT (AMP)
PERCENTAGE LOADING OF CONDUCTORAT EACH NODE
SECTION PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE DROP
Where, 1 km = 0.621371 mile
SECTION LINE LOSSES (KW)
TOTAL POWER LOSSES (KW)

= line losses + transformation losses

PERCENTAGE POWER LOSSES(%)
LOSS FACTOR
= a (load factor) + (1-a) (load factor )2
= 0.3 (load factor) + 0.7 (load factor )2
Where, a = 0.3 for distribution system
Another empirical approximation is:
Loss factor = (load factor )3
ANNUAL ENERGY LOSS (KWH)

= loss factor x total power loss x 8760
TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY (KWH)

= Total feeder demand x Load factor x 8760
PERCENTAGE ANNUAL ENERGY LOSS (%)
COINCIDENCE FACTOR BETWEENDEMAND AT G/S AND

DIST. T/F LEVEL

COINCIDENCE FACTOR BETWEENDEMAND AT
DISTRIBUTION T/F ANDCUSTOMER LEVEL
VOLTAGE DROP (ΔV)

= 2 I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф)
for single phase AC lines,
= √3 I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф)
for three phase AC lines,(voltage drop between phases)
= I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф)
for three phase AC lines,(voltage drop between phase & neutral)
Where, V = rms voltage drop = Max voltage / 2,
ΔV = rms voltage drop, (volt per km of line),
Max voltage = system voltage
= 11000 V in HT of Dist. T/F,
I = rms current in each conductor (amp),
= Max current / 2,
r = resistance of each conductor, (ohm per km),
x = ωL =reactance of each conductor, (ohm per km),
cos Ф = power factor at the receiving end.
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE DROP (%)
Where, I = current in each phase (amp),

Es = sending end voltage (volt),
r = resistance per phase,
x = reactance per phase,
If ‘r’ and ‘x’ are expressed in ohm per mile or per 1000 feet, the formula is:
I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф) d
Where, d = distance in miles or in thousands of feet.

In a balanced three phase system,
KVA
Hence the Percentage Voltage Drop expression can be re-written as:
Where, Es = 11000 / 3 V,
= 11000 / 1.732 V is the line to neutral (or phase
voltage whereas 11000 V is line to line voltage.
TOTAL DEMAND AT CUSTOMER LEVEL
ULTIMATE DEMAND OFHOUSING SCHEMES

LOSSES OF A TRANSFORMER
Losses of Transformer “A”
This formula is applicable for calculation of iron as well as copper losses if losses of a
T/F of any capacity are known.
VALUATION FACTOR
= Loss Factor x 8760 x EPR
Where, EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate is
in Rs/KWh of the respective DISCO, and
8760 are number of hours in a year,

Appendix-C
Important Factors
TYPICAL POWER FACTORS OF DIFFERENT
EQUIPMENT/INSTALLATIONS
Equipment/ Installation Typical Power Factor

Automatic Lathe 0.6
Chemicals Industry 0.72 to 0.87
Cold Storage 0.76 to 0.80
Confectionary 0.6
Cement Industry 0.80 to 0.85
Ceiling Fan Industry 0.50 to 0.70
Cinemas 0.78 to 0.80
Cigarette Manufacturing 0.8
Clock Manufacturing 0.9
Coffee Grinder 0.75
Cabin Fan 0.50 to 0.60
Electronic Equipment 0.40 to 0.95
Exhaust Fan 0.60 to 0.70
Freezer 0.7
Film Studios 0.65 to 0.74
Flour Mills 0.61
Foundries 0.59
Gas Works 0.87
Hair Dryers 0.70 to 0.80
Heavy Engineering Works 0.48 to 0.75
Heat Treatment Shops 0.65 to 0.80
Industrial Induction Motor:
- No Load 0.18
- 25% of Full Load 0.56
Irrigation Pumps 0.62 to 0.80
Laundries 0.92
Liquidizer 0.8
Mixer 0.8
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-C 1

TYPICAL POWER FACTORS OF DIFFERENT
EQUIPMENT/INSTALLATIONS
Equipment/ Installation Typical Power Factor

Mercury Vapor Lamp 0.40 to 0.60
Metal Pressing 0.57 to 0.72
Municipal Pumping Stations 0.65 to 0.75
Neon Signs 0.50 to 0.55
Oil and Paint Manufacturing 0.51 to 0.69
Oil Mills 0.51 to 0.59
Oil Terminals 0.64 to 0.83
Office Buildings 0.80 to 0.85
Plastic Molding 0.57 to 0.73
Pharmaceuticals 0.75 to 0.86
Potteries 0.61
Refrigerators 0.65
Radio Manufacturing 0.9
Rubber Extrusion and Molding 0.48
Rolling Mills 0.60 to 0.72
Repair Shops 0.6
Shaver 0.6
Sewing Machine 0.70 to 0.80
Structural Engineering 0.53 to 0.68
Spinning Mills 0.6
Steel Works 0.65 to 0.80
Table Fan 0.50 to 0.60
Tube Light 0.50 to 0.90
Textile Industry 0.65 to 0.75
Vacuum Cleaner 0.7
Window Type A/C 0.62 to 0.85
Woolen Mills 0.7
Weaving Mills 0.6
Welding Shops 0.50 to 0.60
Workshops 0.6
Washing Machines 0.60 to 0.70

TYPICAL LOAD FACTORS OF DIFFERENT
EQUIPMENTS/INSTALLATIONS
Equipment/ Installation Typical Load Factor
Chemicals Industry 0.5
Cold Storage 0.34
Confectionary 0.21
Cotton Ginning 0.25
Cement Industry 0.78
Ceramics Industry 0.24
Electric Furnace 0.35
Engineering Works 0.27
Fertilizer Industry 0.77
Flour Mills 0.4
Ghee and Oil Mills 0.44
Glass Manufacturing 0.4
Ice Factory 0.3
Jute Factory 0.39
Paper Industry 0.44
Rice Husking Mills 0.19
Rubber Industry 0.24
Shoe Manufacturing 0.46
Steel Mills 0.31
Sugar Industry 0.31
Tobacco Industry 0.4
Tanneries 0.3
Textile Industry 0.66
Small Industry 0.2
Tube well (Private)/ Tubewell (Public) 0.25/0.64
Domestic Connection 0.20 to 0.40
Commercial Connection 0.4

TYPICAL COINCIDENCE FACTORS BETWEEN DIFFERENT
ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM
Elements of
System between Typical Values of Coincidence Factors
which CF are Residential Commercial General
stated Lighting Lighting Power Large Users
Between
distribution
transformers 0.77 0.77 0.74 0.95
Between feeders 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.95

Between
substations 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
From user to
distribution
transformer 0.50 0.68 0.69 -
From user to feeder 0.38 0.53 0.51 0.87

From user to
substation 0.33 0.46 0.45 0.76
From user to
generating station 0.30 0.42 0.41 0.69

Appendix-D
Feeder Construction
Feeders are the major building block of power distribution systems. They are
composed of line segments and distribution transformers which must be selected with
care from a well-designed set of available components, in order to assure that the
feeders are economical but have the capacity. In some situations in urban and rural
areas, conditions will heavily constrain the distribution planners with respect to
configuration and usage of feeders, but for a wide variety of situations, the feeder
layout includes considerable flexibility. This gives the designer freedom to meet other
requirements besides just economy while achieving low cost and high reliability. 1A
few considerations like span length, steel structures and multiple circuits are discussed
below.
SPAN LENGTH
The following are the broad guidelines for maintaining span lengths in different
scenarios.
HT Line (11 kV)
Conductor Single Circuit Double Circuit Triple Circuit
36 Ft Lattice Steel 40 Ft Lattice Steel 45 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC Pole Structure, & PC Structure, & PC Pole
Pole
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Osprey
200 Ft 300 Ft 200 Ft 300 Ft 200 Ft 300 Ft
Panther
Dog
200 Ft 400 Ft 200 Ft 400 Ft 200 Ft 400 Ft
Rabbit
Table 13:Maximum SpanLengths for the New HT Line
COMPOSITE LINE (11 KV / 0.4 kV)
Conductor Single Circuit Double Circuit Tripple Circuit

HT LT 36 Ft Lattice Steel 40 Ft Lattice Steel 45 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC Pole Structure, & PC Structure, & PC Pole
Pole
Osprey
Panther Wasp 200 Ft 200 Ft 200 Ft
Dog Ant
Rabbit
Table 14: Maximum SpanLengths for the New Composite Line
LT LINE (0.4 kV)
1
Power Distribution Planning Reference Book, Second Edition By H. Lee Willis
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-D 1

Conductor 31 Ft Lattice Steel Structure, & PC Pole
Wasp and Ant 200 Ft
Table 15: Maximum SpanLengths for the New LT Line
This table presents the number of LT spans possible for each conductor for different
loadings. The table is not intended to be a replacement for circuit analysis and is only
to be used to determine the LT circuits which require renovation. This table is not a
replacement of voltage measurement at different points on the system to check losses.
This table is only an indicator of areas requiring renovation.
Transformer
Size 630 KVA 400 KVA 200 KVA 100 KVA 50 KVA 25 KVA
Conductor Size
Gnat - - 2 4 10 20
Ant - - 4 9 19 40
Wasp 2 4 8 17 34 68
Table 16:Secondary Loading Number of Spans (60 m Each)

Assumptions:
 Transformer is fully loaded.
 Secondary is uniformly loaded, a secondary span is taken to be 60 m.
 Allowable secondary voltage drop is taken as 3%.
 System power factor is taken to be 0.8.
 Thermal loading limits of conductor are not exceeded in any section for a uniformly
distributed load.
CONSTRUCTION OF 11 KV MULTIPLE CIRCUITS

The double circuit lines shall only be constructed using 40 feet steel structures. 36
feet steel structures / PC poles shall not be used for this purpose.
The construction of new double circuit 11 KV feeders in congested areas is
recommended / preferred on 40 feet steel structures. However, in the case of their
non-availability, double circuit may be strung on 36 feet steel structures / PC poles by
using second LT hole from the top and not by extending the height. In this way
requisite clearances between the two 11 KV circuits and the ground will be attained.
This will only be applicable where composite lines are not to be run. For composite
lines, the only solution is the use of 40 feet steel structures for 11 KV double circuit
feeders.
Similarly, the triple circuit may be run preferably on 45 feet steel structures / PC poles
but in case of their non-availability, 40 feet steel structures / PC poles may be used by
omitting the LT circuit. The second LT hole from the top may be used for the third 11

KV circuit. It may, however, be pertinent to note that the purchasing agencies may be
requested for timely procurement of 40 feet and 45 feet steel structures as per
requirements to avoid the use of low height steel structures / PC poles to become a
regular practice.

VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
HT (45 FEET) STEEL STRUCTURE FOUNDATION
Size of Foundation = 2’ 10” x 2’ 10” x 8’ 4” = 66.71 cft
Wet mixture required = 66.71 cftx 1.5 = 100.65 cft
CEMENT SAND CRUSH
Ratio of mixture: 1 : 2 : 4 = 7
Quantity of Material Required
Cement = 100.65 cft x 1/7 = 14.38 (cft) ÷ 1.25 (cft per bag) = 11.50 bags
Sand = 100.65 cft x 2/7 = 28.76 cft
Crush = 100.65 cft x 4/7 = 57.51 cft
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
Size of Foundation = 2 ½’ x 2 ½’ x 7 ½’ = 46.875 cft
Wet mixture required = 46.875 cft x1.5 = 70.31 cft
CEMENTSAND CRUSH
Ratio of mixture: 1 : 2 4 = 7

Cement =70.31 cft x 1/7 = 10.04 (cft) ÷ 1.25 (cft per bag) = 8 bags
Sand = 70.31 cft x 2/7 =20.10 cft
Crush = 70.31 cft x 4/7 = 40.17 cft

VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
Size of Foundation = 2’ x 2’ x 6.5’ = 26 cft
Wet mixture required = 26 cft x 1.5 = 39cft
CEMENT SAND CRUSH

Cement = 39 cft x 1/7 = 5.57 (cft) ÷ 1.25 (cft per bag) = 4.45 bags
Sand = 39 cft x 2/7 = 11.14 cft
Crush = 39 cft x 4/7 = 22.29 cft
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
LT (31 FEET) STEEL STRUCTURE FOUNDATION
Size of Foundation = 1’ 8” x 1’ 8” x 6.0’ 16.73 cft
Wet mixture required = 16.73 cftx 1.5 = 25.10 cft
CEMENTSANDCRUSH

Cement = 25.10 cft x 1/7 = 3.58 (cft) ÷ 1.25 (cft per bag) = 2.86 bags
Sand = 25.10 cft x 2/7 = 7.17 cft
Crush = 25.10 cft x 4/7 = 14.34 cft

Appendix-E
Distribution Transformer
A transformer is primarily an apparatus for transferring electrical energy by means of
an electromagnetic alternating field from a system of given voltage to a system of
desired voltage. The typical efficiency of transformers for conversion is almost 97%
which means that 3% of all electrical power generated is wasted in transformer losses.
Transformer losses can be divided into two main components: no-load losses and
load losses. These types of losses are common to all types of transformers, regardless
transformer application or power rating
 Core losses in transformers which account for the majority of distribution
losses at low power, can be reduced by improving core materials and by reducing
harmonics.
 Copper losses, which become more important at high power levels, can be
reduced by several methods, including increasing the voltage of the distribution
lines, shunt compensation, reduction of harmonics, load balance, and demand-side
management.
The following table represents typical core and winding losses in distribution
transformers.
TRANSFORMER SIZE CORE LOSS*/IRON WINDING LOSS**/
(KVA) LOSSES(KW) COPPER LOSSES(KW)
Three Phase
10 0.065 0.320
15 0.085 0.435
25 0.123 0.640
50 0.175 1.170
100 0.311 2.020
200 0.495 3.410
400 0.925 5.600
630 1.350 8.150
Single Phase
63 0.205 1.280
Table 17: Typical Core and Winding Losses in Distribution Transformers
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-E 1

* Rated core loss = No Load Loss
** Rated winding loss = Full Load Loss - No Load Loss
Formula:
Losses of a Transformer "A" =KVA rating of transformer "A" x 0.75 x Losses of transformer "B"
KVA rating of transformer "B"
whose losses are known
DETERMINATION OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMER SIZE

Step-I
Loading Determine the customer summer peak loading (three hours equivalent)
or winter peak loading (eight hours equivalent) in KVA. The following
are the recommended values:
Recommended
Summer Peak
Load Type
Loading Value per
Customer (KVA)
Domestic (Rural) 1
Domestic (Urban Low Income) 2
Domestic (Urban High Income) 4
Small commercial 1
Large commercial 4
Step-II
Growth Rate Determine the annual load growth rate. The following are the
recommended values for per customer growth:
Recommended Per
Load Type Customer Growth
Rate of Demand of
Existing Customers
(%)
Rural 3
Urban Low Income 5
Urban High Income 9
Step-III

The procedure for selecting an economic distribution transformer size is
explained through an example:
Example The number of customers in a high-income urban area by category:

i) Domestic customers = 20
ii) Big shops =7
Solution a) Peak loading on transformer due to different categories of

customers is calculated as under:
i) Domestic customers = 20 x 4= 80 KVA
ii) Big shops = 7 x 4 = 28 KVA
Total = 108 KVA
b) Projected growth rate = 9% (being a high income
area)
Consult transformer’s economic loading curves (Fig 7 and Fig 8) and locate the point
where the coordinate of 108 KVApeak loading would meet the coordinate of 9%
growth rate as shown in Fig 9. The most economic transformer in this case is a 200
KVA. This transformer will remain in service for seven years after which it should be
replaced with the next higher size of 400 KVA.
The number of years for which this transformer will remain in service can be
calculated as below:
Transformer Installed (KVA) = (1 + r)n x Peak Loading of Transformer (KVA)
Where r = Load Growth Rate
n = No. of Years
By putting the values in the above formula,

200 = (1 + .09)n x 108
(200/108) = (1.09)n
ln (200/108) = ln (1.09)n
ln (1.852) = n x ln (1.09)

n = ln (1.852)/ln(1.09) = 7.15  7 years

11 KV TRANSFORMERS LOADING
For Planning: Loading of distribution transformer under normal conditions should not
exceed 80 % of its KVA rating; this limit is an indicator to create a plan
for its replacement.
For Operation: Loading of distribution transformer under normal conditions should not
exceed 100 % of its KVA rating.
The loading of distribution transformer under emergency conditions

should not exceed 110 % of its KVA rating for three (3) hours if ambient
temperature is less than 40°C, and prior and post emergency loading of
transformer is 64 % or as recommended by the transformer manufacturer.
The following table represents the fuse rating against the transformer rating.
Fuse
Rating T/F Rating KVA Color
1K 10 & 15 Black
3K 25 & 50 Green
6K 75 Brown
10K 100 & 150 Blue
15K 200 & 250 Orange
20K 300 Yellow
30K 400 White
40K 630 Gray
Table 18: Fuse Rating for Distribution Transformer

Appendix-F
CONDUCTOR
The conductors carrying high current sustain more heating and therefore endure more
energy loss because of the Joule effect. Essentially, electrical current passing through
a conductor raises its temperature and this heat bleeds away as lost energy. The loss in
a cable is proportional to the square of the current and the resistance of the cable. A
higher transmission voltage would reduce the copper size to transmit a given quantity
of power.The conductors for distribution may be carried on overhead pole lines – or
in densely populated areas – buried underground. The conductors used on overhead
poles are normally bare and the conductor used underground has some sort of
shielding material as well referred to as “cables”. There are a number of conductors
available to transmit HT distribution network.
The following table represents HT cables current carrying capacity used in Pakistan,
based on WAPDA Specification P-29:81.
Current Carrying Capacity (A)
Resistance Per Reactance Per
Cable Size km per Phase km Per Phase Three Six Nine
Single
(Ohm/km) (Ohm/km) Circuit Circuit Circuit
Circuit
s s s
2/0 AWG Al 0.887 0.271 181 141 121 112
4/0 AWG Al 0.293 0.247 345 260 221 204
500 MCM Al 0.14 0.232 540 394 333 307
1000 MCM Al 0.09 0.222 744 529 446 412
Table 19: Current Carrying Capacity (HT Cables)
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-F 1

Similarly the current carrying capacities of LT cables are as under:
Resistance Per km Reactance Per km Current Carrying

Cable Size per Phase Per Phase Capacity
(Ohm/km) (Ohm/km) (A)
PVC 7/0.052 (10 mm) 2.795 0.4 32
PVC 19/0.052 (25 mm) 1.031 0.41 77
PVC 19/0.083 (70 mm) 0.452 0.23 115
PVC 37/0.083 (120 mm) 0.232 0.24 175
Table 20: Current Carrying Capacity (LT Cables)
In case of bare conductors the technical data provided in the following table is based
on conductor temperature of 75 degrees C and 40 degrees C ambient, 35 degree rise,
air at 0.61 m/s (2FPS). The conductor data complies with British Standards (BS 215 :
1970 &. BS 3242 : 1970.

Total
Total Reactance Per
Stranding & Nominal Sectional Approx. Calculated Resistance
Conductor Sectional km Per Phase Capacity
Conductor Wire Aluminu Area of Weight Breaking Per km per
Diameter Area GMD (Thermal)
Type Diameter m Area Aluminu per km Load Phase
(mm) Al + St. 1342/384 mm Amps
No./mm (mm)2 m (Kg) (kN) (Ohms/km)
(mm)2 (Ohms/km)
(mm)2
Aluminum Conductor
Gnat 7/2.21 25 26.85 6.63 73 4.66 26.85 1.386 0.393/0.314 147
Ant 7/3.10 50 52.83 9.3 145 8.28 52.83 0.662 0.372/0.293 211
Wasp 7/4.39 100 106 13.17 290 16 106 0.33 0.350/0.271 323
Chafer 19/3.78 200 213.2 18.9 587 32.4 213.2 0.165 0.327/0.248 529
ACSR Conductor
GSL 9.498 0.742 5

Al: 6/2.36
Gopher 25 26.24 7.09 106 9.61 30.62 1.43 0.446/0.367 169
St: 1/2.36
Al: 6/3.35
Rabbit 50 52.88 10.05 214 18.35 61.7 0.729 0.441/0.332 202
St: 1/3.35
Al: 6/4.72
Dog 100 105 14.15 394 32.7 118.5 0.391 0.381/0.302 307
St: 7/1.57
Al: 30/2.79
Lynx 175 183.4 19.63 842 79.8 226.2 0.193 0.325/0.246 486
St: 7/2.79
Al: 30/3.00
Panther 200 212.1 21 974 92.25 261.5 0.167 0.321/0.241 520
St: 7/3.00
Al:
Pelican 18/4.135 225 241.7 20.68 771 52.46 225.13 0.144 0.322/0.243 592
St: 1/4.135
Al:
Osprey 18/4.465 275 281.9 22.23 898.8 60.99 297.56 0.123 0.317/0.238 660
St: 1/4.465
Table 21: Characteristics of Conductors (Aluminum and ASCR)

Similarly, the following table summarizes the characteristics of copper
conductorbased on aconductor temperature of 75 degrees C and 40 degree C ambient,
35 degrees rise, air at 0.61 m/s (2FPS).
Resistance
Sectional Approximat Reactance Capacity
Conductor Area Per km
Conductor Area e Weight per Per km Per (Thermal
Diameter (MCM per Phase
Type Copper km Phase )
(in) ) (Ohms/km
(Sq. in.) (Kg) (Ohms/km) Amps
)
8 SWG 0.16 0.02 25.6 115 1.647 0.429 60
5 SWG 0.212 0.035 44.9 202 0.938 0.410 90
3 SWG 0.25 0.05 63.5 296 0.665 0.398 120
3/0.104 0.224 0.025 32.5 146 1.317 0.416 75
3/0.147 0.317 0.05 64.8 302 0.665 0.391 125
7/0.116 0.348 0.075 94.2 358 0.460 0.385 160
7/0.136 0.408 0.1 129.4 492 0.329 0.373 200
7/0.166 0.498 0.15 192.9 733 0.224 0.360 270
7/0.193 0.579 0.2 260.7 990 0.162 0.348 340
Table 22:Characteristics of Conductors (Copper)

Appendix-G
CAPACITOR SIZING, LOCATION, AND USE
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
The power factor may be defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power and is
always a number between 0 and 1. Where the currents and voltages have non-
sinusoidal forms, power factor is generalized to include the effects of distortion.For an
ideal power distribution system, the power factor should be close to (less than but not
greater than) unity. Usually, the power factor of the distribution system is lagging
which is due to inductive behavior of the load. Leading power factor causes increasein
energy loss of the system. Therefore, the power factor should be maintained close to
unity. However if power factor is low i.e. less than unity, it means total power is not
being consumed.
In electrical systems using Alternating Current (AC), circuit elements can experience
reversals in the directional flow of energy. (AC reverses current direction many times
a second.) These result in less power delivered to the circuits than would be indicated
by the apparent power (input voltage and current). The apparent power is measured in
the unit ofVolt-Amps(VA). The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a
circuit is calledtrue power, and it is measured in watts. While the power returned to
the generating system is called reactive powerand it is measured in a unit calledVolt-
Amps-Reactive(VAR), rather than watts.
The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be
expressed by representing the quantities as vectors. Real power (P) is represented as a
horizontal vector and reactive power (Q) is represented as a vertical vector. The
apparent power (S) vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by connecting
the real and reactive power vectors. This representation is often called the power
triangle.
Using thePythagorean Theorem, the relationship among real, reactive and apparent
power is:
(apparent power)2 = (real power)2 + (reactive power)2
S =(P² + Q²)
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-G 1

For three phase system:
P
ø
P= 3 VI Cos Ø
Q= 3 VI Sin Ø
S = 3 VI
In transmission/distribution lines, only the active component of the current is useful.
When power factor is low, the phase (active) component is small but the reactive
component is large. Therefore,the large supply (of apparent) current is required for the
same amount of active (load) current. Large reactive component means a large voltage
drop, resulting in greater copper losses requiring voltage regulation equipment, and
decreasing the power equipment efficiency.
If the voltage and current are both sinusoidal then
Power Factor =KW/KVAor
KVA = KW/ Cos Ø
Where, Ø is phase (angle) difference between voltage and current.
In case of three phase system
KVA = 3 VI or
I = KVA/3 V
Therefore, I KVA
The above reveals that KVA is directly proportional to current. Hence, the major
disadvantage of low power factor is that current required for a given useful (KW)
power will be high.
Suppose a three phase balanced system is supplying a load W at voltage V and power
factor Cos Ø, then the current flowing through the conductor is

I = W
3 V Cos Ø
A low power factor obviously means a higher current and this fact leads to the
following undesirable results.
 Increase in line losses
Line losses are proportional to I², which means proportional to 1/(Cos

Ø)². Thus losses at Cos Ø = 0.8 are 1/(0.8)² = 1.56 times those at unity
power factor.
 Large KVA Supply Required for a Given Amount of KW Load
Rating of generators and transformers are proportional to current “I”,

and
hence, to 1/Cos Ø.
Thus KVA at Cos Ø = 0.8 is 1/0.8 = 1.25 times that at unity power
factor.
Therefore, large generators and transformers are required for the same amount of
active power at low power factor
 Poor Voltage Regulation
Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop.

VD = {(R x W) + (XL x VAR)}/V
Low power factor means more VAR in the system; hence, increase in voltage drop.
Therefore, additional equipment for regulation is required to keep the voltage drop
within the prescribed limits.
Electricity utilities are usually bound to maintain the voltage at customer’s terminals
within prescribed limits. They have to incur an additional capital cost of tap changing
gear on transformers. The electricity authorities resultantly penalize the industrial
customers for their low power factor by charging increased tariff for maximum KVA
demand in addition to the KW charges. Obviously, it is advantageous for the customer
to improve his own (i.e. load) power factor.
Power factor improvement is an important distribution rehabilitation measure,
which gives a high rate of return on investments. Power factor can be improved by

supplying KVAR to the inductive load. The losses in a distribution system are
reduced with respect to the power factor as follows:
Reduction in losses  (1/(Cos Ø2)2 - 1/(Cos Ø1)2)
Where  stands for ‘directly proportional to’,
Cos Ø2 is the power factorafter installing the capacitor, and
Cos Ø1 is the power factor before installing the capacitor.
For example, if the power factor is improved from 0.7 (power factor square = 0.49) to
0.95 (power factor square =0.90), the new losses will be about 54% of the original
losses and the savings will be about 46%.
LEADING POWER FACTOR
If the inductive KVAR load on the distribution system becomes less than the KVAR
rating of the installed capacitors, a leading power factor will occur. Leading system
power factor at the transmission system level can, in severe instances, cause
generators to become unstable. This is typically only a concern in the case of small,
isolated generating units. A leading power factor will cause the same losses as a
lagging power factor of the same magnitude. If the power factor does go excessively
leading, a system ends up spending money unnecessarily for capacitors (to reduce
system losses) because it still incurs losses anyway. The solution is to either reduce
the capacitors installed or switch them off when not needed. This can become a very
serious problem if motor loads are disconnected due to a feeder recloser operation.
Fixed capacitors may drive voltage beyond reasonable limits and cause equipment
damage.
Because substation power transformers have predominately inductive (lagging)
reactance, a slight distribution system leading power factor translates into a power
factor closer to unity on the transmission system. In this case, the leading power factor
helps the transmission system.
POWER FACTOR PENALTY
Most distribution utilities have power factor clauses in their commercial and industrial
retail rates that strongly encourage the customer to maintain a 90-95% power factor;
otherwise the customer has to pay a penalty charge. Traditionally, these power factor
penalty clauses were added into retail rates because the utility’s purchased power rates
included similar penalties.
Lower power factors usually cause an increased billing demand by the ratio of the
target power factor divided by the meteredpower factor usually on peak.

A traditional method of applying a power factor penalty adjusts (raises) the billing
demand in proportion to the metered power factor deviation from the desired power
factor. This billing demand adjustment is expressed as:
Billing Demand = (Metered Demand) • (Target PF / Measured PF)
For example, customers that have monthly bills with a metered PF of 0.83 and a target
PF of 0.95 (minimum allowed by the utility in this example), the metered demand
would be multiplied by 0.95 / 0.83 = 1.145. This 14.5 percent increase in billing
demand would alert customers and encourage them to improve their power factors.
We may help persuade consumers to correct their own power factor by pointing out to
them that capacitors will help their system in the following ways:
 Reduce their power factor penalties, if applicable.
 Improve their in-plant voltage levels.
 Reduce their in-plant line and transformer losses.
 Release (reclaim) substation, transformer, switchboard, and conductor
capacity on their system.
A few utilities offer reduced billing demand if the actual power factor exceeds the
desired power factor.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT WITH CAPACITORS

The techniques mainly used to improve the power factor, by supplying KVAR,
include the use of synchronous motors or capacitors. Synchronous motors are not
commonly used in distribution network for power factor improvement because they
require regular maintenance and also are expensive.

This method can be used to raise power factor of a system with large induction motor
loads. Capacitors on the other hand are the most common method for power factor
improvement being the least expensive and almost maintenance free. Benefits from
capacitor applications are substantial if the capacitor is installed close to the load. For
instance, the installation of capacitors on individual motors will result in offsetting the
Ø2
Ø1
S2 (
KVA
) Q2 (KVAR)
S1 Q1
(K
VA
)
QC (KVAR)
low motor power factor and efficiency, as well as in the reduction of losses in service
cables, LT lines, transformers and HT lines as explained by the figure above.After
capacitor installation,KVAR is reduced from Q 1 to Q2, due to leading KVAR (Qc)
supplied by capacitor, to partially neutralize the lagging KVAR of the system.
Qc = Q1 – Q2
Qc = P (tan Ø1 – tan Ø2)
The capacitor is a static source of reactive power (i.e. leading to reactive current). It
compensates the lagging current of load, but care must be taken while estimating the
maximum capacity of distribution capacitors that can be installed without resulting in
leading power factor.
CAPACITOR TYPES
There are two types of capacitors according to their mode of installation:
 Series Capacitors have some drawbacks. First, all load current has to flow
through capacitors, so, when the load increases, larger capacitors are needed.
Second, it boosts the voltage up at the point of installation only.

 Shunt Capacitors are more suitable for installation on the distribution feeder
as it produces a uniform voltage boost per unit of length of line, out of its point of
application towards the remote end. Therefore, it should be installed as far out on
the distribution system as possible, close to the load requiring the KVAR. Shunt
capacitors have two advantages: adding capacitors releases circuit capacity to
accommodate more load, and relieving overloaded circuits.
EFFECT OF SERIES CAPACITOR ON FEEDER VOLTAGE PROFILE
The effect of series capacitor application on voltage profile of a feeder with uniformly
distributed load is illustrated in the figure below:
Uniformly distributed Load

Sub Station
Series Capacitor
Rise produced
by Series Cap
Volts
Reference Feeder Profile
with series
Cap
Feeder Profile
without series
Capacitor
Distance
The series capacitor produces no voltage effect between the supply source and the
capacitor location and its entire boost effect is between the capacitor location and the
remote end of the feeder.
EFFECT OF SHUNT CAPACITORS ON FEEDER VOLTAGE PROFILE
The effect of shunt capacitor application on voltage profile of feeder with uniformly
distributed load is illustrated in the figure below:
 Capacitors produce a voltage rise as it supplies leading current that
compensates the inductive reactance of the feeder.
 As is seen in the above figure, this “voltage rise” increases linearly from zero
at substation to its maximum value at the capacitor location.
 Between the capacitor location and the remote end (i.e. load end) of the
feeder, the voltage rise due to capacitor is at its maximum value.

Uniformly Distributed Load
Sub Station
Capacitor
Rise produced by
Capacitor
Volts
Reference Feeder Profile with
Capacitor
Feeder Profile without

Sub Station Distance Capacitor
 When the capacitor voltage-rise profile is combined with the original feeder
voltage profile, the resulting net voltage profile is obtained.
 The capacitor increases the voltage level all along the feeder, resulting also in
improved voltage spread.
 Proposed permanently connected capacitor application should be checked to
make sure that voltage to some customers near the capacitor location should not
exceed the permissible limits during light load periods.
 Switched capacitor application should be checked to minimize the voltage
flicker caused by the switching of the capacitor bank.
BENEFITS OF SHUNT CAPACITORS ON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
There are numerous benefits to be gained through Power Factor correction. These
benefits range from reduced demand on power system to increased load carrying
capabilities in existing circuits and overall reduced power system losses.The benefits
of power factor correction aren’t just limited to the balance sheet; there are also huge
environmental benefits associated with power factor correction, which means
reducing thecarbon footprint and helping the environment.
DEMAND REDUCTION
We cannot change the load requirement but can serve load VAR requirement through
an inexpensive source (capacitor) and relieve the power plant system from supplying
unnecessary reactive power, which de-rates the active power production capability of
the generator.

Power is not INJECTED by the generator rather it is drawn, based on the load.
 Combination of active power (MW) &reactive power (MVAR) determines the
Generator Loading.
There are different combinations of MW & MVAR that can be employed to have the
same utilization of generator capacity.
Generator is fully loaded with a load having 70% power factor. Note that the MW
supplied are less than 50 MW, rated output, but 100% of the generation capacity
(MVA) has been utilized. Meaning, the MW component of the Generator has been de-
rated with low power factor.
In another scenario, if a capacitor is added in the system.it can be seen that the system
is released from 42 MVAR to 25.5 MVAR so the system capacity released due to
demand reduction can now be used to serve the additional loads thus increasing
revenue.
In the above example, the same load which earlier loaded the generator to 100% is
now being served through thegenerator in addition to a capacitor. This relieved the
capacity of the power plant and hence the generator observed a demand reduction on
its terminals.By supplying VARs right at the load, the capacitors relieve the system
burden of carrying extra VARs. The generator is now loaded up to 82.5% and can still

serve almost 8.8 MW (50-41.2) additional load without any generation capacity
addition.
The above charts show the savings due to the application of capacitors on the feeder.
RELEASE OF SYSTEM CAPACITY
 Capacitors relieve overloaded generating and substation equipment and thus

release sufficient KVA demand to accommodate Growing Loads.
 The released KVA postpone or eliminate the need for expensive upgrade &
augmentation of feeder lines, substation equipment, transformers, transmission
lines, power station equipment and generators deferringimpending investments.
REDUCTION OF POWER SYSTEM LOSSES
 Although the financial return from conductor loss reduction alone is seldom
sufficient to justify the installation of capacitors, it is sometimes an attractive
additional benefit; especially for overloaded andlong rural feeders with
predominant pumping load.
 System Transformation & Conductor Losses are proportional to the current
squared and, since the current is reduced with the power factor improvement, the
losses are reduced considerably.
REDUCED CARBON FOOTPRINT
 By reducing the power system’s demand through power factor

improvementwhich causes less strain on the electricity grid, therefore reducing its
carbon footprint.
 Over time, this lowered demand on the electricity grid can account for
hundreds of tons of reduced carbon production, directly attributable to the
improvement of power system’s electrical efficiency via power factor
improvement

IMPROVED VOLTAGE
 A lower power factor causes a higher current flow for a given load. As the line
current increases, the voltage drop in the conductor increases, which result in a
lower voltage.
 With an improved power factor, the voltage drop in the conductor is reduced,
improving the voltage at the equipment and on the feeder. The overall voltage
improvement has perpetual effect on the performance of other connected loads
SHUNT CAPACITOR TYPES
There are two types of shunt capacitors:
i. Fixed capacitors designed at light load.
ii. Switched capacitors designed at peak load.

SHUNT CAPACITORS - FIXED
Fixed capacitors are quite cheap as compared to switched capacitors. Therefore, more
often, these are used (in the distribution network) than switched capacitors.
 Fixed capacitor banks are usually applied (if economical) to improve the power factor
to bring it close to (or less than but not greater than) unity at light load, and are
permanently connected to the system through fuses.
 Proposed permanently connected capacitor application should be checked to make
sure that the voltage to some customers should not rise too high during light load
periods.
The amount of capacitor KVARs needed at minimum load should be permanently

connected fixed (un-switched) to the power system. Fixed capacitor banks should be
installed on the system in amounts not exceeding the minimum KVAR demand,
without causing leading power factor under light conditions on the respective feeders.
Experience shows that the minimum load is wholly dependent on the type of loads
being served. Industrial loads may be fairly uniform all day and all year. However,
most loads are cyclical in nature and most peaks are weather-driven (either extreme
hot or cold). Minimum loads for residential and small commercial loads may vary
from 25% to 50% of peak.
The demand shown on a bill for an off-peak month is the maximum demand for that
month. Selecting capacitor locations for the lightest load requires determining the
expected minimum load from the lowest peak month's historical load data. Capacitor
or KVAR needs may also be determined by tracking minimum-maximum load
readings from a feeder's loading data. The preferred methods would be in the
following order of priority:

 Load Management System with archived load and KW/KVAR data
 Permanently-connected meter readings of Amps, kilowatts, and KVARs/
power factor.
OR
 Temporarily-connected metering at buses during light-load periods to measure
Amps and power factor.
SHUNT CAPACITORS - SWITCHED
The capacitor selection discussed so far has dealt only with applying capacitors to
correct power factor at minimum load. In order to correct power factor during heavier
loading periods, it is necessary to use switched capacitors. Switching of capacitors
may be done manually or automatically. Automatic controls can become cost
effective due to the cost incurred by personnel sent to manually switch them, and
because of the additional line losses incurred if not done in a timely manner.
Automatic controls can track various parameters and switch the capacitor banks as
needed to optimize the system power factor. The additional capacitors should be
switched either as an entire bank or in steps in order to keep the power factor from
becoming significantly leading at any time. In addition, proper switching prevents
overvoltage, undesirable voltage flicker and helps the capacitors perform the task they
were installed to do.
Capacitor bank size and location should be selected and designed in a manner that
limits voltage change to 3 volts (on a 120-volt base) to eliminate customer complaints.
For situations where limited switching is expected, customers on long, lightly loaded
feeders may accept up to a 6 volt change.
Since switched capacitors are generally installed to supplement un-switched
capacitors, they are located in the same manner as unstitched units. Results of
computer load flow studies should be used to determine the optimum sizes and
locations for capacitors. Fixed capacitor installations should be designed to
appropriately accommodate the system's inductive reactance expected during
expected minimum loading. The augmenting switched capacitor installations need to
be designed such that they appropriately accommodate the system's inductive
reactance expected during peak loading periods.
In lieu of load flow studies and computer calculated placement schemes, meter
readings should be taken at load centers in the same manner as un-switched units, but
now peak conditions should be investigated instead of minimum load conditions.
Readings should be taken so that peak KVA and KW loading can be determined.
Since Power Factor = KW/KVA,

Peak load power factor can be determined along with peak KVAR load. Since KVAR 2
= KVA2 - KW2, we can calculate KVAR = √(KVA2 - KW2).
Therefore, the magnitude of switched capacitor KVAR necessary to correct the peak
load power factor to unity is the difference between the KVAR of the un-switched
units and peak load KVAR.
When selecting capacitors for switched units, there are certain limiting factors that
have to be considered. The desired level of correction should be determined through
economics. The cost of the switched capacitor installation (total annual cost) should
be less than the savings derived from the installation (total annual savings). Switching
devices are expensive but the installed cost per KVAR of a capacitor installation
generally decreases as the size of the installation increases.
On rural lines especially, the standard sizes of capacitors may be somewhat large for
effective switching. The smallest standard unit for primary use is now 50 KVAR, and
some manufacturers do not make a unit smaller than 100 KVAR. Since switched steps
of capacitors have to be multiples of standard capacitor sizes, it is impossible to
correct exactly to unity or to whatever value is desired. Besides, system load is
dynamic and ever changing.
Choice of manual or automatic switching depends upon the benefits expected, the size
of the capacitor bank, the amount of variation of kilowatt and kilovar load over a
typical load period and fluctuation of voltage with load. Manual switching requires an
attendant to make the necessary observations of voltage, power factor and kilovar
demand. Therefore, automatic switching would almost always be chosen, in
preference to manual switching.
 Switched capacitor banks are programmable capacitors and can be switched
on/off during load cycles by different program settings. Time clocks, temperature,
voltage, current, and reactive power controls are common actuators for capacitor
switching.
 Switched capacitors are usually applied (if economical) to improve the power
factor to make it equal to 0.97 at peak load.
EFFECT OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR ON FEEDER VOLTAGE PROFILE
The effect of feeder voltage regulator on voltage profile of a feeder with uniformly
distributed load is shown in the figure below:

Uniformly distributed Load
Sub Station
Voltage Regulator
Rise produced by
regulator
Volts
Reference Feeder Profile with
regulator
Feeder Profile without

regulator
Sub Station Distance
Like series capacitor, voltage regulator also produces no voltage effect between the
supply source and the regulator location and its entire boost effect is between the
regulator location and the remote end of the feeder.
COMMON METHODS OF CONNECTING CAPACITORS
Most common methods of connecting capacitors are as under:
 3-Phase Grounded Wye
 3-Phase Ungrounded Wye
 3-Phase Delta
 Single Phase
HT LT
Fuse
Gnd
S/P Ground to
Grounded wye Ungrounded wye Delta Neutral
 Grounded wye and ungrounded wye connections are usually made on high
voltage (HT) circuits; whereas delta and single-phase connections are usually
made on low voltage (LT) circuits.

 Majority of capacitor equipment installed on distribution feeders is connected
in grounded wye.
ADVANTAGES OF GROUNDED WYE CONNECTION OVER UNGROUNDED WYE CONNECTION
 With grounded wye connection, capacitor tanks/frames are at ground

potential. This provides increased personnel safety.
 A grounded wye connection provides faster operation of the series fuse in case
of a capacitor failure.
 Grounded capacitors can bypass some line surges to the ground and, thus, to
some degree provide a self-protection from transient voltages and lightning
surges.
 Grounded wye connection also provides a low impedance path for harmonic
currents.
 If capacitors are electrically connected in ungrounded wye configuration, the
maximum fault current would be limited to three times line current. In case of
large fault current, generally 5000 A, current limiting fuses must be employed.
CAPACITOR SELECTION IN HT CIRCUITS

The following are the judgment factors in terms of KW saving accrued from the
application of capacitors which indicate their feasibility.
Capacitors Rural Urban
Fixed Capacitors (Saving at off peak)
450 KVAR 1.2 1.2
900 KVAR 1.6 1.6
Switched Capacitors (Saving at peak)
450 KVAR 8.7 4.9
900 KVAR 10.4 to 11 5.6 to 6.0
Table 23: Capacitor Judgment Factors

 Reference: Inter Office Memorandum No. PTAT/WAPDA/P&E-3 dated 06.01.1986
regarding “Economic Justification for ELR Improvements” under the WAPDA-USAID Power
Distribution Program
Notes:
 Size of the fixed capacitor, to be installed on a feeder, should be estimated at off-peak
load.
If off-peak load of the feeder is not available, then 1/3 rd of the peak load may be
taken for calculation purposes.
 Size of the switched capacitor to be installed on a feeder should be estimated at peak
load of the feeder.

CAPACITOR SELECTION IN LT CIRCUITS
Use of shunt capacitors to raise the power factor and subsequently lowering the KVA
demand in LT circuits too, is also recommended. The procedure to select shunt
capacitors for LT circuits is explained through following example:
GIVEN: The existing LT circuit is shown in the figure below. Four
customers, with varying off-peak loading and power factors,
are situated at locations 5, 6, 7, and 8.
DESIRED: Calculate the optimum number and sizes of fixed capacitors
to raise the power factor to 0.95. Find also the capacity
released in KVA demand.
6
10 KVA
at 0.80 PF
5 KVA
at 0.95 PF 6 KVAR
5
capacitor
50 m
0 3 4
150 m 150 m 150 m 150 m
1 2 75 m 50 m
200 KVA
substation 40 KVA
at 0.70 PF
5 KVA 20 KVAR 8
at 0.95 PF 7 capacitor
Original Condition Fixed Improved Conditions

(Off-Peak) Capacitors (Off-Peak)
Section Section Sectio Section Section Applied New New Section
off Peak n KW KVAR = (KVAR) Sectional Sectional KVA
KVA PF = KVA*PF KVA*Sin ǿ KVAR PF *
1-5 5 0.95 4.75 1.56 0.00 1.56 0.95 5.00
2-6 10 0.80 8.00 6.00 6.00 0.00 1.00 8.00
3-7 5 0.95 4.75 1.56 0.00 1.56 0.95 5.00
4-8 40 0.70 28.00 28.57 20.00 8.57 0.96 29.28
Total 60 47.28
*Cos ǿ = Cos(tan (KVAR/KW))
-1
SOLUTION Refer to the figure and the table.

STEP 1: Measure sectional off-peak KVA demand (or consider it as
40% of the peak value.)
STEP 2: Calculate off-peak KW, power factor, and KVAR for each
section (Table).
STEP 3: Determine the KVAR demand of the sections exhibiting low
power factors.
(Sections 2-6, and 4-8 exhibit low power factor. The KVAR
demand in these sections is 6 KVAR and 28 KVAR
respectively.)
STEP 4: Select fixed capacitor banks of the appropriate size to
compensate the KVAR demand in the troubled sections.
(A 6 KVAR fixed capacitor bank is selected for section 2 - 6
and, 20 KVAR capacitor bank for section 4 - 8)
STEP 5: Calculate the new power factor in the affected sections and
compare it with the actual measurements.
(Power factor is improved from 0.80 to 1.0 in the section 2-6
and from 0.70 to 0.96 in the section 4-8.)
STEP 6: Calculate the new KVA demand in section 2-6 and 4-8 based
on improved power factors.
(This is 6 KVA and 29.5 KVA respectively.)
STEP 7: Calculate the value of released KVA by subtracting new
KVA demand from the existing KVA demand.
(Existing KVA demand = 60.0 KVA
New KVA demand = 47.28 KVA
Net capacity released = 12.72 KVA)

CAPACITOR QUANTITY
The number of capacitors to install to raise the power factor from one value to another
can be computed by using the following table. For example if the current system is
running at 77% power factor with a load of 200 KW and it is desired to raise the
power factor to 95.
1. Select the row for 77 from current power factor percentage column.
2. Select 0.5 under 95 corrected power factor column.
3. Now the KVAR required are 200 KW x 0.5 = 100.
Present Corrected Power Factor

Power 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Factor
50 0.982 1.008 1.034 1.060 1.086 1.112 1.139 1.165 1.192 1.220 1.248
51 .937 .962 .989 1.015 1.041 1.067 1.094 1.120 1.147 1.175 1.203
52 .893 .919 .945 .971 .997 1.023 1.050 1.076 1.103 1.131 1.159
53 .850 .876 .902 .928 .954 .980 1.007 1.033 1.060 1.088 1.116
54 .809 .835 .861 .887 .913 .939 .966 .992 1.019 1.047 1.075
55 .769 .795 .821 .847 .873 .899 .926 .952 .979 1.007 1.035
56 .730 .756 .782 .808 .834 .860 .887 .913 .940 .968 .996
57 .692 .718 .744 .770 .796 .822 .849 .875 .902 .930 .958
58 .655 .681 .707 .733 .759 .785 .812 .838 .865 .893 .921
59 .618 .644 .670 .696 .722 .748 .775 .801 .828 .856 .884
60 .584 .610 .636 .662 .688 .714 .741 .767 .794 .822 .850
61 .549 .575 .601 .627 .653 .679 .706 .732 .759 .787 .815
62 .515 .541 .567 .593 .619 .645 .672 .698 .725 .753 .781
63 .483 .509 .535 .561 .587 .613 .640 .666 .693 .721 .749
64 .450 .476 .502 .528 .554 .580 .607 .633 .660 .688 .716
65 .419 .445 .471 .497 .523 .549 .576 .602 .629 .657 .685
66 .388 .414 .440 .466 .492 .518 .545 .571 .598 .626 .554
67 .358 .384 .410 .436 .462 .488 .515 .541 .568 .596 .624
68 .329 .355 .381 .407 .433 .459 .486 .512 .539 .567 .595
69 .299 .325 .351 .377 .403 .429 .456 .482 .509 .537 .565
Power 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Factor
70 .270 .296 .322 .348 .374 .400 .427 .453 .480 .508 .536

71 .242 .268 .294 .320 .346 .372 .399 .425 .452 .480 .508
72 .213 .239 .265 .291 .317 .343 .370 .396 .423 .451 .479
73 .186 .212 .238 .264 .290 .316 .343 .369 .396 .424 .452
74 .159 .185 .211 .237 .263 .289 .316 .342 .369 .397 .425
75 .132 .158 .184 .210 .236 .262 .289 .315 .342 .370 .398
76 .105 .131 .157 .183 .209 .235 .262 .288 .315 .343 .371
77 .079 .105 .131 .157 .183 .209 .236 .262 .289 .317 .345
78 .053 .079 .105 .131 .157 .183 .210 .236 .263 .291 .319
79 .026 .052 .078 .104 .130 .156 .183 .209 .236 .264 .292
80 .000 .026 .052 .078 .104 .130 .157 .183 .210 .238 .266
81 .000 .026 .052 .078 .104 .131 .157 .184 .212 .240
82 .000 .026 .052 .078 .105 .131 .158 .186 .214
83 .000 .026 .052 .079 .105 .132 .160 .188
84 .000 .026 .053 .079 .106 .134 .162
85 .000 .027 .053 .080 .108 .136
86 .026 .026 .053 .081 .109
87 .027 .055 .082
88 .028 .056
89 .028
90
91
92
Table continued for power factors 90 and above…….

Power 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Factor
50 1.248 1.276 1.306 1.337 1.369 1.403 1.442 1.481 1.529 1.590 1.732
51 1.203 1.231 1.261 1.292 1.324 1.358 1.395 1.436 1.484 1.544 1.687
52 1.159 1.187 1.217 1.248 1.280 1.314 1.351 1.392 1.440 1.500 1.643
53 1.116 1.144 1.174 1.205 1.237 1.271 1.308 1.349 1.397 1.457 1.600
54 1.075 1.103 1.133 1.164 1.196 1.230 1.267 1.308 1.356 1.416 1.559
55 1.035 1.063 1.090 1.124 1.156 1.190 1.228 1.268 1.316 1.377 1.519
56 .996 1.024 1.051 1.085 1.117 1.151 1.189 1.229 1.277 1.338 1.480
57 .958 .986 1.013 1.047 1.079 1.113 1.151 1.191 1.239 1.300 1.442
58 .921 .949 .976 1.010 1.042 1.076 1.114 1.154 1.202 1.263 1.405
59 .884 .912 .939 .973 1.005 1.039 1.077 1.117 1.165 1.226 1.368
60 .850 .878 .905 .939 .971 1.005 1.043 1.083 1.131 1.192 1.334
61 .815 .843 .870 .904 .936 .970 1.008 1.048 1.096 1.157 1.299
62 .781 .809 .836 .870 .902 .936 .974 1.014 1.062 1.123 1.265
63 .749 .777 .804 .838 .870 .904 .942 .982 1.030 1.091 1.233
64 .716 .744 .771 .805 .837 .871 .909 .949 .997 1.058 1.200
65 .685 .713 .740 .774 .806 .840 .878 .918 .966 1.027 1.169
66 .554 .682 .709 .743 .775 .809 .847 .887 .935 .996 1.138
67 .624 .652 .679 .713 .745 .779 .817 .857 .905 .966 1.108
68 .595 .623 .650 .684 .716 .750 .788 .828 .876 .937 1.079
69 .565 .593 .620 .654 .866 .720 .758 .798 .840 .907 1.049
70 .536 .564 .591 .625 .657 .691 .729 .769 .811 .878 1.020
71 .508 .536 .563 .597 .629 .663 .701 .741 .783 .850 .992
72 .479 .507 .534 .568 .600 .634 .672 .712 .754 .821 .963
73 .452 .480 .507 .541 .573 .607 .645 .685 .727 .794 .936
74 .425 .453 .480 .514 .546 .580 .618 .658 .700 .767 .909
75 .398 .426 .453 .487 .519 .553 .591 .631 .673 .740 .882
76 .371 .399 .426 .460 .492 .526 .564 .604 .652 .713 .855
77 .345 .373 .400 .434 .466 .500 .538 .578 .620 .687 .829
Power 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Factor
78 .319 .347 .374 .408 .440 .474 .512 .552 .594 .661 .803
79 .292 .320 .347 .381 .413 .447 .485 .525 .567 .634 .776
80 .266 .294 .321 .355 .387 .421 .459 .499 .541 .608 .750
81 .240 .268 .295 .329 .361 .395 .433 .473 .515 .582 .724
82 .214 .242 .269 .303 .335 .369 .407 .447 .489 .556 .698

83 .188 .216 .243 .277 .309 .343 .381 .421 .463 .530 .672
84 .162 .190 .217 .251 .283 .317 .355 .395 .437 .504 .645
85 .136 .164 .191 .225 .257 .291 .329 .369 .417 .478 .620
86 .109 .137 .167 .198 .230 .265 .301 .343 .390 .451 .593
87 .082 .111 .141 .172 .204 .238 .275 .317 .364 .425 .567
88 .056 .084 .114 .145 .177 .211 .248 .290 .337 .398 .540
89 .028 .056 .086 .117 .149 .183 .220 .262 .309 .370 .512
90 .028 .058 .089 .121 .155 .192 .234 .281 .342 .484
91 .030 .061 .093 .127 .164 .206 .253 .314 .456
92 .031 .063 .097 .134 .176 .223 .284 .426
93 .032 .066 .103 .145 .192 .253 .395
94 .034 .071 .113 .160 .221 .363
95 .037 .079 .126 .187 .328
96 .042 .089 .150 .292
97 .047 .108 .251
98 .061 .203
99 .142
Table 24: Corrected Power Factor Selection Table

CAPACITOR LOCATION
The application of shunt capacitor to a distribution feeder produces a uniform voltage
boost per unit length of line, out of its point of application towards the remote end.
Therefore, it should be installed as far out on the distribution system as possible, close
to the load requiring the KVAR.
Many factors influence the location of capacitors such as the number of circuits, the
length of the circuits, variation in load, load factor, type of motors, distribution of
loads, and the load distribution (uniform or otherwise).
 A textbook solution assumes uniform distribution of consumers, and suggests
that as the distance from the substation increases, the number of consumers per
main line mile of feeder increases. To obtain maximum benefits in voltage
improvement and reduction of loss on such a line, a permanently connected
(fixed) capacitor bank should be located at a distance from the substation which is
1/2 to 2/3 of the total length of the line. Or when capacitor kilovars of the bank
are equal to two thirds of kilovars load on the feeder. This location method is
used strictly as a "Rule of Thumb" because few rural circuits contain such
uniformly distributed loads.
 Maximum loss reduction on a feeder with distributed load is obtained by
installing capacitor banks on the feeder where the capacitor kilovars is equal to
twice the load kilovars. This rule holds whether one or more than one capacitor
bank is applied to a feeder.
 For industrial loads, it is best to correct the power factor at the load.
Correcting lagging KVAR requirements at the point of use prevents the utility’s
primary line, transformer and service lines, as well as the customer’s internal
wiring from unnecessary losses.
 To and fro shifting of the capacitor bank location, by as much as 10% of the
total feeder length, from the point of maximum loss reduction, does not
appreciably affect the losses.
 Therefore, in order to make the most out of the capacitor’s loss reduction and
voltage benefits, it is a practice in view of future growth, to apply the capacitor
bank just beyond the optimum loss reduction location.
 Computer software (mentioned in the chapter ‘Introduction’) is used to
perform capacitor placement optimization, to indicate the location where
maximum reduction in losses and voltage drops is achieved.

Computer modeling or rigorous evaluations of considerable load metering data are
absolutely necessary to make the proper capacitor placement decision and keep line
losses as low as possible. The loss reduction benefits possible with capacitor use can
be significant enough to economically justify feeder metering or a large share of
SCADA system costs.
As previously stated, optimum benefits are derived by locating capacitors at industrial
loads and at a feeder's consumer load density center for residential load. The
residential load center is normally 1/2 to 2/3 the distance from the substation to the
end of the line for uniformly loaded feeders. However, the installation of capacitors
on all systems within the range specified above is not always feasible because of
possible exposure of long lengths of the power line to telecommunications circuits,
which may cause excessive noise interference.
Thus, the following methods are recommended for locating capacitors:
USING A COMPUTER MODEL
Use a computer model SynerGEE Electric and allow the computer program to place
the capacitors on the system in blocks of the largest size that can be used to limit the
voltage changes to 3 volts per switched bank. Studies should be performed in concert
with the Construction Work Plan.
Computer models calculate proper capacitor placement by trying the smallest size
capacitor a system uses in each line section of every feeder and calculating total
circuit losses. In this way, the computer selects the line section with the lowest net
losses and then places subsequent additional capacitors in the same manner. The
individual effect on feeder losses is tabulated for each capacitor placed, with each
subsequent unit providing less benefit. At some point at less than unity power factor,
an additional capacitor offers little additional benefit, and adding more actually
increases losses. Capacitors should be located so as to reduce feeder losses as much as
economically practical. The first capacitor placed provides the most improvement per
unit cost because it is usually a fixed capacitor and it increases power factor the most.
Each subsequent unit is less economically practical.
METERING INFORMATION
Feeder metering at the substation or point of delivery can provide the KW/KVAR
information that is needed for both KVAR correction and engineering analysis.
Additional KVAR information is available using new KVAR technology or power
factor meters attached to hot sticks. No electrical connections to the line are
necessary. Placing the meter in contact with the primary wires will allow the

necessary measurements to be recorded. Power factor and phase current data can be
used to calculate KVA, KW, and KVAR flow.
The case study that follows assumes that the system operator is using the “Rule of
Thumb” method for locating an acceptable site for a capacitor bank. This means that
the system operator travels 1/2 to 2/3 of the way out the line from the substation and
conducts the sequence of measurements and determinations suggested in case study.
Case Study: At a given point on 11/6.3 KV feeder, the following is measured:
Currents: 29.1, 15.4 and 43.4 Amps (R, Y, and B Phases, respectively)
Average Power Factor: 0.85
CALCULATIONS:
Average Current = (29.1 + 15.4 + 43.4) / 3 = 29.3 Amperes
Circuit Balance: RPhase- Good Balance;
Y Phase- 13.9 Amps low;
B Phase- 14.1 Amps high
KVA =[(3) • (Average Current) • (Voltage (line-to-neutral))] / 1,000
= [(3) • (29.3) • (6300)] / 1,000= 554 KVA
Phase angle = Arccosine (power factor)
Phase angle = Arccosine (0 .85) = 31.8 degrees
KW = (KVA) • (power factor) = (554) • (0.85) = 471 KW
KVAR = (KVA) • Sine (phase angle)
= (KVA) • Sine [(Arccosine (power factor)]
= (554) • Sine (31.8 degrees)= 292 KVAR
So with a few field measurements and an inexpensive scientific calculator, we know
that almost 300 KVAR flows past this point. If capacitors were to be placed here, then
300 KVAR (three 100 KVAR, units) of capacitors located here (or beyond) would
eliminate all lagging 471 KW V
KVAR flow under these
Ø =PHASE ANGLE = 31.8
load conditions. P.F = 85%
The addition of 300 CURRENT 292 KVAR
KVAR of capacitors 554 KVA
POWER TRIANGLE

would change the KVAR flow from (292) - (300) = -8 KVAR. The new phase angle
is:
New Phase Angle = ARC TAN (KVAR/KW)
= ARC TAN (-8/471)
= -0.973 degrees (current leading)
New KVA = (KW) • COS (New Phase angle)
= (471) • (0.999)
= 471 KVA
New Average current = (KVA/3) / (kV)
= (471/3) / (6.3)
= 24.92 Amps
If system impedance is known at this point (or near this point) was 14.5 + j 15.3
ohms, the voltage rise here from the 300KVAR, three-phase, capacitor bank would
be:
Voltage Rise = (Primary Capacitor Current) • (Inductive Reactance)
= [(100 KVAR/Phase) / (6.3 kV)] • (15.3 ohms Reactive)
= 242.9 volts at 6,300 volts or,
= (242.9) / (6,300/120)
= 4.63 volts on 120 volt base
So by relieving the electric system of 292 lagging KVAR's at this point, you have
lowered the load from 554 to 471 KVA, reduced the average current from 29.3 to
24.92 Amps, and gained 4.63-volts at this point and beyond.
THREE-PHASE CAPACITOR BANKS

Capacitors to be installed on three-phase circuits should be installed in equal KVAR
amounts per phase and not in proportion to the total connected transformer capacity
on each phase. System loads should already be balanced within 20% (at peak load). In
general, capacitors should not be installed on single-phase extensions of the main
three-phase feeder. However, if it is absolutely necessary to install single-phase
capacitor banks on a three-phase line, they should still be equally sized per phase and

located close to each other so as to appear to be a Y-connected bank of capacitors.
This balance needs to be maintained to:
 Minimize power factor phase unbalance, which translates into unbalanced
voltages and unbalanced phase angles for three phase loads; and
 Minimize the effect of certain harmonic currents that would otherwise be
produced and flow in the neutral conductor where it could cause interference in
nearby telecommunications circuits. Power factor unbalance causes more
aggravating noise induction problems than does load unbalance, and these noise
problems occur at higher and more troublesome frequencies.
This means that when one phase of a capacitor bank is out of service; take the entire
bank out of service. Capacitors should be inspected regularly, at least before and after
peak seasons.
CAPACITOR INSTALLATION DRAWINGS
An installation drawing for shunt capacitors on three-phase lines is given below.
AUTOMATIC CAPACITOR SWITCHING

Additional material and equipment will be required when automatic capacitor
switching is to be installed. In addition to capacitors and protective equipment, a
switched capacitor bank requires a switching device, control equipment and a control
power source.
The control equipment for automatic switching consists of a master element, a time
delay device, and auxiliary devices such as an auto-manual switch and a close-trip

switch. Some controls provide dual controls for summer or winter conditions or for
dual conditions such as thermal/ voltage. The master element is selected to suit the
conditions of the system on which the control unit is to be used. Such stimuli as
voltage, current, temperature, kilovar, power factor or timing, or a combination
thereof may be used to actuate master elements. It is common to switch all three
phases using one current sensor, so the designer should verify that all three phases
have similar amount and types of load. The various types of master element control
are as follows:
VOLTAGE MASTER ELEMENT CONTROL
Automatic switching capacitors respond to objectionable voltage changes that occur

with varying loads. One type of master element voltage control is essentially a
contact-making voltmeter, which has a range of adjustment from 90% to 110% and a
bandwidth adjustable from 3% to 7.5%. Another type of master element voltage
control incorporates a resistor inserted in series with a voltage-regulating relay, which
enables the master element to sense a lower voltage during high load periods. (This
type of master element sensing has to be coordinated with regulators for proper
operation.) Many new controls are electronic. Some controls allow dual sensing
actuation or biasing, to allow control by temperature with voltage override so
capacitors can be switched in during either high temperature or low voltage times
CURRENT MASTER ELEMENT CONTROL
This type responds to changes in load current by means of a current-sensitive relay.

This means of control may be used on systems where the voltage is well-regulated
and the power factor of the load remains substantially constant with variation in
kilowatt loading, or on systems where the power factor of the circuit varies in a
predictable manner with variation in kilowatt loading. Useful for recreational,
seasonal, irrigation or oil well pump-type loads when such loads constitute the bulk of
the feeder load and are not dependent on time or temperature.
TEMPERATURE MASTER ELEMENT CONTROL
This type responds to local air temperature for tracking such temperature-sensitive
loads as air conditioning and electric heat. Controls include both wide range and
narrow range settings.
Wide range controls can be set to switch capacitors “ON” and “OFF” for various
temperature ranges, for example, “ON” between 85 and 90 degrees F and “OFF” for
temperatures between 75 and 80 degrees F. This feature allows a second tier of
capacitors to act as fixed units during a long spell of hot or cold weather. Other
capacitor banks can be controlled with narrow-range controls and be set to turn ”ON”

for temperatures between 90 and 92 degrees F and to turn “OFF” for temperatures
between 85 and 88 degrees F, to handle system peak loads.
KILOVAR MASTER ELEMENT CONTROL
This type responds to inductive loading and is used where load voltage is regulated
and load power factor varies in an unpredictable manner with variation in kilowatt
loading. KVAR type controls use an induction-directional or solid state relay for
single-phase indication. KVAR control presents a better approach to capacitor
switching control but it has been rarely used in the past, due to its high cost. In recent
years, electronic control costs have lowered making KVAR control now a
consideration. KVAR control has been useful for improving system power factor in
situations where one large industrial customer is served and the customer does not
provide its own power factor correction.
POWER FACTOR MASTER ELEMENT CONTROL
This type responds to changes in power factor and is similar to KVAR control where
that it uses an induction-directional or solid state relay with a desensitizing adjustment
to prevent hunting at light loads. The desensitizing adjustment is needed to account
for the possible occurrence of the power factor bandwidth being less than the change
in sensing caused by switching the capacitor. Like kilovar control, power factor
control has been rarely used because of its high cost. However, costs have been
declining in recent years and several manufacturers offer good power factor controls,
making this type of control also a consideration.
TIME SWITCHING MASTER ELEMENT CONTROL
This type responds by using a simple clock device to switch capacitors at some
predetermined time. It is primarily used where the load characteristics are predictable
and reasonably constant, as with industrial loads. Desirable added features are
weekend and holiday blocking. This can be a low cost method. It is also
recommended that the clock be capable of remaining accurate in case of a power
outage.
CAPACITOR FUSING
Capacitor fuse protection has to be coordinated with any line sectionalizing devices
that will be operated on the feeder. Fuses should be designed to blow before the
capacitor case ruptures, in order to prevent personal injury, damage to adjacent
equipment, or capacitor dielectric fluid leaks.
Fuse Rating 11 KV Capacitor Color

Rating (KVAR)
20K 300 Yellow
40K 450 Grey
80K 900 Violet
Table 25: Fuse Rating for HT Capacitor
Capacitor current protection devices should have a nominal rating of 135% to 140%
of the capacitor line current. Capacitor jumpers and switches need to have adequate
capacity to handle capacitive currents at full rating of capacitors on a continuous
basis.
Fuse Rating LT Capacitor Fuse Type
Rating (KVAR)
5A 2 NH 00
10 A 5 NH 00
20 A 10 NH 00
40 A 20 NH 00
75 A 40 NH 00
150 A 80 NH 00
Table 26: Fuse Rating for LT Capacitor
Properly designed fuse protection is necessary for each shunt capacitor installation,
mainly to disconnect a faulted capacitor from the line before the capacitor causes
other current protective devices to operate. Capacitor units are not normally fused
individually, but by phase in a bank of one or more capacitors per phase. Banks
should always contain the same amount of KVARs in each phase. Capacitor fusing is
normally designed to operate at 120 to 135 percent of the capacitor's nameplate
current rating, though such fusing is occasionally de-rated to no less than 108% for
multiple units per phase.
In high lightning areas, fuses should be larger but no greater than 140% of the
capacitor's nameplate current rating. The choice of fuse rating for a capacitor
installation should always be based on a particular fuse's time-current characteristics.
This individual design attention is needed because of the wide variation in fuse time-
current characteristics and the different types and brands of fuses available.
If lightning causes excessive fuse blowing but there is no capacitor damage, fuses
should be replaced with the next larger size.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Capacitors require special precautions when they are taken out of service for repair or
maintenance. Like a battery, a capacitor may retain a charge for an indefinite time
after being disconnected; the capacitor charge can be quite hazardous to an
unsuspecting individual who encounters the charge. Generally, discharge resistors are
manufactured into each capacitor unit to help dissipate charge when the unit is out of
service. The discharging resistors should reduce the terminal voltage of a capacitor
unit to 50 volts or less in one minute for units rated at 600 volts or less, and in five
minutes for units rated higher than 600 volts.
SERVICE MAINTENANCE
Added precautions should be taken when working with delta and non-grounded, wye-
connected, capacitors. A hazardous voltage may be present on a capacitor even when
the phase conductor to which the capacitor is connected is open-circuited for work.
Line voltage can feed back through the capacitor via the capacitor's common
connection with capacitors connected to other phase conductors that are still
energized. That is why, it is important for line crews to always check phase
conductors for the presence of voltage. Before working on any part of a capacitor
bank, completely de-energize the bank, and disconnect all line conductors from all
terminals. It is not good practice to rely on a capacitor's internal discharging resistors
to reduce the terminal voltage to a safe value after being disconnected from a power
line. After disconnecting a capacitor and waiting for the discharging resistors to bleed
voltage down, short-circuit the capacitor terminals and connect the shorted terminals
and the cases to ground. Leave the capacitor shorted until all work is completed.
OUT OF SERVICE REPAIR/STORAGE
Prior to capacitors being removed from their racks, and waiting several minutes,
during which the discharging resistors should have reduced the capacitor terminal
voltage practically to zero, the terminals should be simultaneously short-circuited and
solidly connected to their cases. Permanent shorting connections should then be
installed because capacitors tend to accumulate a residual charge, even when not
connected to a power source, if not short-circuited. Copper wire can be used to make
the capacitor terminal-to-terminal-to-case shorting connections. The connection
should not be removed until the unit is re-installed.

Appendix-H
HT Proposal Formats
HT Format – I
Single Line Diagram
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-H 1

HT Format – II (A)
Existing Situation of 11 KV Feeder

HT Format – II (B)
Proposed Situation after Bifurcation / Re conductoring

HT Format -III
Existing Pole to Pole Geographical Sketch

HT Format – IV
Input Data Form of Existing & Proposed Situations
Operation Circle______________ Division__________________ Sub Division________________

Grid Station__________________ Power T/F Capcity ________ Power T/F # ________________
Feeder Type (R, U,D)__________ Feeder Name_____________ Feeder Code_______________
Peak Load_________ Month____________ Off Peak Load____________ Month_______________
Node Distance Conductor Transformer CAPS/ Node Distance Conductor Transformer CAPS/
From To (km) Size (kVA) Switches From To (km) Size (kVA) Switches
Note: For PSS/Adept Software, columns for X & Y Coordinates should be incorportaed in the format.
Line Superintendent Signature Assistant Manager Signature

Name____________________ Name____________________
Sub Division_______________ Sub Division_______________
_______________ _______________
Deputy Manager Signature

Name____________________
Division___________________

HT Format -V
Month-Wise Maximum & Minimum Load of Grid Station Power T/F s Involved in the Proposal
Name of Grid Station_____________________
Month Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
N
ote*Any Unusual/abnormal maximum/minimum loading of Power T/Fs should also be explained with reasons behind.

HT Format-VI

Month-Wise Technical Data of 11 KV Feeder Involved in the Proposal
Name of Grid Station_____________________

Name of 11 kV Feeder_____________________Feeder Code_____________ Feeder Connected kVA____________
* ** ***
Month off Peak Load (Amps) Peak Load (Amps) Max Hour KWH Units Sent Units Sold Losses Demand Power Load
Reading in Year-3 in Year-3 in Year-3 Factor Factor Factor
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 (kWH) (kWH) (kWH) kWH %age (%age) (%age) (%age)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average
Total
Note: Any Unusual/abnormal maximum/minimum loading of 11 KV Feeder should also be explained with reasons behind.
* Demand Factor = (1.732 x I max x 11kV) / Circuit's connected kVA
** Power Factor = Max Hour kWh reading / (1.732 x I max x 11 kV)
*** Load Factor (monthly) = kWh Units sent per month / (24 x 30 x Max Hour kWh reading)
Note: Refer to Annexure-III, for calculation of Demand, Power, and Load Factors

HT Format-VII
DATA AUTHENTICITY CERTIFICATE

Name of HT Proposal ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Certified that I have personally checked the site and found that the Node to Node
Length, Conductor size & Capacity of Transformers shown on the site sketch and all
other data related to proposal are correct. The proposal has been checked at site and
found as per actual requirement of the area. It has not been prepared to benefit to any
individual, especially industrial consumer and is in the interest of maximum Nos. of
consumers of the area. After execution it will definitely reduce energy loss. The
proposal has not been prepared in any Private Housing Scheme/Colonies where the
sponsors are required to deposit full amount for its electrification.
Assistant Manager Operation Sub Deputy Manager Operation Division

Division
_________________
_____________________
Deputy Director (Technical) Circle
__________________

HT Format-VIII (A)
Name of HT Proposal: __________________________________________________
Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Existing Position without Growth)
Nodes Where Nodes Where %VD is not Within
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Connected Peak off Peak Max kW % Annual Kwh %
Length of Total %VD is Within Permissible Limit Power Load
Line (km) Nodes Permissible Factor Factor
No. kVA Load (A) Load (A) Limit 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% % VD Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
1 Feeder-1
2 Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3
4 Feeder-4
5 Feeder-5
10
Total

HT Format-VIII (B)
Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Existing Position with Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Connected Peak off Peak Nodes Where Nodes Where %VD is not Within Permissible Limit Max kW % Annual kWh %
Length of Total %VD is Within Power Load
Line (km) Nodes Permissible Factor Factor
No. kVA Load (A) Load (A) Limit 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% % VD Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
1 Feeder-1
2 Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3
T otal

HT Format-IX (A)
Sheet-1
Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Proposed Position without Growth)

1. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at Peak Load)
Nodes
Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Nodes Where %VD is not within prescribed Limit Max kW % Annual kWh %
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Where %VD
Total Power Load
is within
Length of Connected Peak Off Peak Nodes Factor Factor
Feeder prescribed 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% % VD Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A)
No. Limit
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
1 Feeder-1 (EM) Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3 (EM)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
4 Feeder-4 (P)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format- IX (A)
Sheet-2

2. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off Peak Load)
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Nodes Where %VD is not within prescribed Limit Max kW % Annual kWh %
Nodes Where
Total %VD is within Power Load
Length of Connected Peak Off Peak Nodes prescribed Factor Factor
No. Feeder Limit 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% % VD Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
4 Feeder-4 (P) Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format –IX(A)
Sheet-3

3. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at off peak load
Nodes Nodes Where %VD is not within
Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Where %VD kW % Annual kWh %
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Total prescribed Limit Max Power Load
is within
Feeder prescribed 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
No. Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A) % VD
Limit
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format- IX (A)
Sheet-4

4. After Bifurcation/Shifting of load/ Rerouting, Re location of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Crap at peak load.
4. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at peak load

Where %VD kW % Annual kWh %
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From prescribed Limit Max Power Load
is within
Length of Connected Peak Off Peak Total Factor Factor
prescribed Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
No. Feeder Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A) Nodes Limit 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% % VD
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3 (EM)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
4 Feeder-4 (P)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format- IX (A)
Sheet-5

5. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed&Switched Cap at peak load

Nodes Where %VD is not within kW % Annual kWh %
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Nodes prescribed Limit Max
Total Power Load
Where %VD
Nodes Factor Factor
Length of Connected Peak Off Peak is within
Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A) prescribed
No. Feeder Limit 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% % VD
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
1 Feeder-1 (EM)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-2 (EM)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format- IX (A)
Sheet-6
6. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed & Switched Cap &
Reconductoring at peak load

Nodes
Where %VD kW % Annual kWh
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Total Nodes Where %VD is not within prescribed Limit Max Power Load
is within
Length of Connected Peak Off Peak Nodes prescribed 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25%
Factor Factor
Loss KW Loss Loss
No. Feeder Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A) Limit % VD
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3 (EM)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
4 Feeder-4 (P)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format -IX (B)
Sheet-1
Name of HT Proposal:__________________________________________________
Summary of Technical Analysis Report(Proposed Position with Growth at @ 5% for 5 Years)

1. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at Peak Load)
Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From kW % Annual kWh %
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Nodes Where %VD is not within prescribed Limit Max
Power Load
Nodes Where Factor Factor
Length of Connected Peak Off Peak %VD is within
Feeder Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A) Total prescribed
No. Nodes Limit 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% % VD
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3 (EM)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
4 Feeder-4 (P)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format - IX (B)
Sheet-2

2. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc (Results at off Peak Load)
Nodes Nodes Where %VD is not within prescribed
Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From kW % Annual kWh
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Where %VD Limit Max
Total Power Load
is within
Peak Nodes Factor Factor
Length of Connected Off Peak prescribed 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% Loss KW Loss Loss
Load (A)
No. Feeder Line (km) kVA Load (A) Limit % VD
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
4 Feeder-4 (P)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format - IX (B)
Sheet-3

3. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at off peak load.
Nodes
Where %VD Nodes Where %VD is not within prescribed Limit kW % Annual kWh %
Sr. Feeder Grid Station Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Total Max Power Load
is within
Feeder prescribed Loss KW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
No. Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A) 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% % VD
Limit
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format - XI (B)
Sheet-4

4. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at peak load.
Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Where %VD kW % Annual kWh
is within
prescribed 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% >25% Loss KW Loss Loss
No. Feeder Line (km) kVA Load (A) Load (A) % VD
Limit
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format -IX (B)
Sheet-5

5. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap at peak load.
is within
Limit
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format -IX (B)
Sheet-6
6. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap and
Reconductoring at peak load.

is within
Limit
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-2 (EM)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3 (EM)
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
New Line
Sub Total
Total

HT Format-X (A)
Benefits to be achieved(Without Growth)
Sr. Power Loss %age Annual Energy Loss %Age
No. Description (kW) Power Loss (kWh) Annual Energy Remarks
a Existing System (Results at Peak Load)
1 b Proposed System After Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc (Results at

Peak Load)
c Saving in Losses = S1 = 1(a) - 1(b)
a Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc (Results at

off Peak Load)
2 b Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting Relocation of
Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at off Peak Load)
c Saving in Losses = S2 = [2(a) - 2(b)] x (1 / Loss Factor)
a Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting Relocation of

Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at Peak Load)
Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap (Results at Peak Load)

Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting Relocation of
4 b Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap and Rconductoring (Results
at Peak Load)
Overall Technical Losses of Existing System 1(a)
Overall Technical Losses of Proposed System, 4(b)
A- Overall Savings in Losses due to Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed

Fixed Capacitors = S2 = [2(c) x 1/Loss Factor]
B- Overall Savings in Losses due to Bifurcation/Shifting of
load/Rerouting, Switched Cap and Rconductoring
1(c) + 3(c) + 4(c)
Total Savings (A + B)

HT Format-X (B)
Benefits to be achieved (With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)

Power Loss %age Annual Energy Loss %Age
Sr. Annual Energy
No. Description (KW) Power Loss (KWH) Loss Remarks
a Existing System (Results at Peak Load)
1 b Proposed System After Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc (Results at

Peak Load)
a Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc (Results at

off Peak Load)
Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at off Peak Load)
c Saving in Losses = S2 = [2(a) - 2(b)] x (1 / Loss Factor)

Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at Peak Load)

Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting Relocation of
4 b Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap and Rconductoring (Results
at Peak Load)
Overall Technical Losses of Existing System 1(a)
Overall Technical Losses of Proposed System, 4(b)

A- Overall Savings in Losses due to Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed
Fixed Capacitors = S2 = [2(c) x 1/Loss Factor]
B- Overall Savings in Losses due to Bifurcation/Shifting of
load/Rerouting, Switched Cap and Rconductoring
1(c) + 3(c) + 4(c)
Total Savings (A + B)

HT Format - XI
Sketch/Map Showing Scope of Work

HT Format-XII
Sheet-1
HT Distribution Work Order
COMPANY:________________________________________
FUNDING AGENCY: _____________________
Work Order No. - - Date ___ / ____ /_____
Work Order Title:

OPERATION CIRCLE/DIVISION/SUB DIVSION CONSTRUCTION DIVISION/SUB DIVSION
____________ /____________ /_____________ _______________ /_______________
Proposed Facilities:
450 KVAR 900 KVAR
No. Node Nos. No. Node Nos.
Fixed Capacitors (Relocation From ____ From ____
____ ____
of Existing Cap) to_____ to_____
Fixed Capacitors (New) ____ ____ ____ ____
Line Length Line Length Line Length Line Length

Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor
(KM) (KM) (KM) (KM)
UG5 LNX DOG RAB
New Line
PAN
RAB to DOG -----to----- -----to----- -----to-----

Reconductoring
-----to----- -----to----- -----to----- -----to-----
Work Order Prepared By: Work Order Checked By:
Assistant Manager (Planning) Deputy Manager (Planning)
AMOUNT TO BE AUTHORIZED BY THIS WORK ORDER

Subject to the availibility of Funds:
RS. _____________
1. Before taking work in hand, it must be ensured that the approved work order does not in any Govt./Private Housing Scheme.
2. This Work Order is not for new Electrification of the area.
Work Order Recommended By: Work Order Approved By:
Sr. Manager (P&D) Chief Executive/Tech: Dir.

Name:_____________________ Name:____________________________
Attachments:
Planning Proposals Estimate Summary/BOQ
Cost Benefit Analysis Single Line Diagrams
Others: Sketch Showing Scope of Work

HT Format-XII
Sheet-2
Summary of Scope
New Line/Re-Routing Reconductoring / Mid Spanning
H.T Structures/ L.T H.T Structures/ L.T Existing
New 450
Sr. PC Poles Str/ Line Length (KM) PC Poles Str/ Line Length (KM) 450 KVAR
Feeder Name KVAr
No. P.C P.C Capacitor
Poles Poles Dog- Dog- Rab- CU5 - GFR- RAB- GFR- CU5- GFR- GSL- Relocated Capacitor
36' 40' 45' UG5 UG4 LNX DOG RAB 36' 40' 45'
(31') (31') Osp LNX LNX LNX LNX DOG DOG DOG RAB RAB
Total

HT Format-XII
Sheet -1A
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
Name of HT Proposal:________________________________________
A- Cost of New Material
Sr. Unit Price Total Price
Description of Material Unit Quantity
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Steel Structure 45' EA
3 H.T STR 36' EA
4 H.T P.C.C Poles 40' EA
6 L.T STR 31' EA
7 L.T P.C Pole 31' EA
8 Danger Plate EA
9 Anti Climbing Device EA
10 X - Arms 11 kV Wood EA
11 X - Arms 11 kV Steel EA
12 Knee Braces EA
13 Step Braces EA
14 Pin Insulators EA
15 Disc Insulators EA
16 Spool Insulator EA
17 Insulator Pins EA
18 D-Strap EA
19 Dead End Clamp for Osp, Pan, Lynx EA
20 Dead End Clamp for Dog, Rab EA
21 Loop Dead End Clamp EA
22 Eye Nut EA
23 Double Arming Bolt EA
24 Anchor Shackles EA
25 P.G Connectors for Osp, Pan, Lynx EA
26 P.G Connectors for Dog, Rab EA
27 P.G Connector for Wasp EA
28 P.G Connector for Ant EA
29 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
30 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
31 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
32 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
33 Round Warshers EA
34 Square Warshers EA
35 Stay Assembly EA
36 STAY Wire KG
37 MS Clamps EA
38 Tie Wire KG
39 Earthing Unit Complete EA
40 ACSR Osprey MR
41 ACSR Lynx MR
42 ACSR Dog MR
43 ACSR Rabbit MR
44 AAC Wasp MR
45 AAC Ant MR
46 S/C 500 MCM Cable MR
47 3/Core 4-AWG Cable MR
48 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
49 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
50 Drop Out Cut Out Set
51 Plateform Double Structure EA
52 Fixed Capacitor (450 KVAR) Set
Total Cost of New Material
Installation Charges @ 8% Excluding the Cost of HT/LT PC Poles
Total Cost of New Material (A)

HT Format-XII
Sheet -1B
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.

B- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTLED & RETURNED TO STORE

Discription of Material Unit Quantity
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
3 H.T STR 36' EA
6 L.T STR 31' EA
8 Danger Plate EA
12 Knee Braces EA
13 Step Braces EA
18 D-Strap EA
22 Eye Nut EA
29 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
30 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
31 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
32 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
35 Stay Assembly EA
36 STAY Wire KG
37 MS Clamps EA
38 Tie Wire KG
40 ACSR Osprey MR
41 ACSR Lynx MR
42 ACSR Dog MR
43 ACSR Rabbit MR
44 AAC Wasp MR
45 AAC Ant MR
48 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
49 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
Dismentalment Charges @ 5%
Total Cost of Dismentaled Material Returned to Store (B)

HT Format-XII
Sheet -1C
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
C- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTALLED & REUSED

No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
3 H.T STR 36' EA
6 L.T STR 31' EA
8 Danger Plate EA
12 Knee Braces EA
13 Step Braces EA
18 D-Strap EA
22 Eye Nut EA
29 MS Clamps EA
30 ACSR Osprey MR
31 ACSR Lynx MR
32 ACSR Dog MR
33 ACSR Rabbit MR
34 AAC Wasp MR
35 AAC Ant MR
38 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
39 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
40 Shifting of --------KVA Transformer EA
43 Fixed Capacitor (450 KVAR) Set
Cost of Material to be Dismentled & Reused
Reinstallation Charges of Dismentalled Material @ 15%
Total Cost of Dismentaled Material to be Reused (C)

HT Format-XII
Sheet -1D
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
D- Cost of Material at Grid End
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 CABLE S/Core 500 MCM Cable MR
2 I/D Termination Kit SET
3 O/D Termination Kit SET
Cost of Material
Installation Charges @ 8%
Cost of approval of drawing of Pannel & inspection
4 EA
charges by Design T & G Department
5 Civil Work at Grid End EA
6 Installation/Testing/Labour Charges EA
7 11 KV Grid End Pannel EA
Total Cost Of Material at Grid End (D)
E- CONTRACT WORK COST

Unit Price Total Price
Sr. No Discription of Material Unit Quantity
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Foundation of 45' Steel Strs EA
4 Erection of H.T PCC Poles (36') EA
5 Erection of H.T PCC Poles (40') EA
6 Erection of L.T PCC Poles EA
Total Cost of Contract Work (E)
COST SUMMARY
A Cost of New Material (Rs.) +

B Cost of Dismentaled Material Returned to Store (Rs.) -
C Reinstallation Charges of Dismentalled Material (Rs.) +
D Cost of Material at Grid End (Rs.) +
E Cost of Contract Work (Rs.) +
Total Cost of Work Order (Rs.)

HT Format-XII
Sheet -2
Name of HT Proposal:______________________________________
Detail of Material Required for New Line with ________Conductor(Section-Wise)
Sr. Feeder Name Section* Section Poles (Nos.) Structures (Nos.) Conductor/ Assemblies For P.C Poles (Nos.) Assemblies For Structures (Nos.)
No. Length (km) 55' 45' 40' 36' 45' 40' 36' Cable 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
20
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
Total

HT Format-XII
Sheet -3
Detail of Material Required for Reconductoring /Mid Spanning from ____ to ____ Conductor(Section-
Wise)

Sr. Feeder Name Section Se ction Poles (Nos.) Structures (Nos.) Conductor/ Assemblie s For P.C Poles (Nos.) Assemblies For Structures (Nos.) Additional Material, if a ny
No. Length (km) 55' 45' 40' 36' 45' 40' 36' Cable 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
Sub Total
Sub Total
Total

HT Format-XII
Sheet -4
Detail of Material to be dismantled(Section-Wise)
Sr. Section Conductor Length (km) H.T L.T Assemblies Misc. Material
No. Feeder Name Str P.C Pole Str P.C 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 15-L 23-L
UG4 UG2 OSP PAN LNX DOG RAB GFR GSL 36' 40' 36' Pole
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
Total

HT Format-XII
Sheet -5
Consolidated Assemblies for New Line/Reconductoring/Mid Spanning/Replacement/Shifting Of Line
Pin Disc D/E Eye Double Anch PG 3/8x6" 1/2x6" 2x1/2" 5/8x2" 5/8x10" 5/8x14" Rnd Sqr Stay Stay M.S Clamp
Asmbly Unit No of Asmb X-Arm Pin Brace
Ins Ins Clmp Nut Arm Blt Shckl Conn Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Wshr Wshr Rod W ire Asse mbly
P.C Pole Structure
1-LD,R
2-LD,R
7-LD,R
10-LD,R
23-LD,R
15-L D,R
16-L D, R
Sub Total
1-LO, P, L
2-LO, P, L
7-LO, P, L
10-LO, P, L
23-LO, P, L
15-L O,P, L
16-L O,P, L
Sub Total
TOTAL

HT Format-XII
Sheet -6
DISMENTLLED ASSEMBLIES

Pin Disc D/E Eye Double Anch PG 3/8x6" 1/2x6" 2x1/2" 5/8x2" 5/8x10" 5/8x14" Rnd Sqr Stay Stay M.S Clamp
Asmbly Unit No of Asmb X-Arm Pin Brace
Ins Ins Clmp Nut Arm Blt Shckl Conn Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Wshr Wshr Rod Wire Assembly
P.C Pole Structure
1-LD,R
2-LD,R
7-LD,R
10-LD,R
23-LD,R
15-L D,R
16-L D, R
Sub Total
1-LO, P, L
2-LO, P, L
7-LO, P, L
10-LO, P, L
23-LO, P, L
15-L O,P, L
16-L O,P, L
Sub Total
TOTAL

HT Format-XIII
Benefit to Cost Calculation
Without Growth
Saving in Losses due to Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. S1 = _______ kW

Saving in Losses due to Fixed Capacitor Banks S2 = _______ kW
Saving in Losses due to Switched Capacitor Banks S3 = _______ kW
Saving in Losses due to Reconductoring S4 = _______ kW
Total Saving in Losses without Growth (S1 +S2 +S3 + S4) S5 = _______ kW
With Growth
Total Saving in Losses with Growth [((S1+S4) x F) +(S2 + S3)] S6 = _______ kW

Where, F = Growth Factor = 1.196 @ 5% growth for 5 years
Value of Benefits with Growth = VF x S6 S7 = Rs.________
Where, VF = Valuation Factor = Loss Factor x 8760 x Electricity Purchase Rate * = Rs. _________ / kW / Annum
New Facility Cost NFC = Rs.________
Replaced Facility Cost RFC = Rs.________
Benefit Cost Ratio
S7 – 0.04 (NFC) – 0.0858 (RFC)

B/C Ratio = =
0.143 (NFC)
BENEFIT COST RATIO = ___________
The proposal is technical & ecnomical Feasible Yes No
* The valuation Factor is to be revised regularly (say annually)

HT Format-XIV
Sheet-1
COMPLETION REPORT

Name of HT Proposal_______________________________
Work Order No. & Date________________
Operation Circle______________ Operation Division______________Operation S/Div_________
Construction Division______________ Construction S/Div_________ Date of Completion_______
Quantity
Sr.
MATERIAL UNIT As per Actual Variation From
No. Issued
W/O Installed W/O Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
A. NEW WORK
1 PC/SPUN POLES
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
40 FEET NO.
45 FEET NO.
55 FEET NO.
2 LATICE STEEL STRUCTURES
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
40 FEET NO.
45 FEET NO.
55 FEET NO.
3 WOODEN/STEEL CROSS ARM
11 KV WOODEN NO.
11 KV STEEL NO.
4 INSULATORS
11 KV PIN TYPE NO.
11 KV DISC TYPE NO.
L.T. SPOOL TYPE NO.
5 PINS
11 KV INSULATOR PINS NO.
6 CROSS ARM BRACES
11 KV KNEE BRACE NO.
11 KV STEP BRACE NO.
7 NEW HT LINE
GOPHER KM.
RABBIT KM.
DOG KM.
LYNX KM.
PANTHER KM.
OSPREY KM.
8 RECONDUCTORING OF HT LINE WITH
GOPHER KM.
RABBIT KM.
DOG KM.
LYNX KM.
PANTHER KM.
OSPREY KM.
9 AAC CONDUCTOR
GNAT KM.
ANT KM.
WASP KM.
10 ALUMINIUM TIE WIRE M
STAY RODS COMPLETE SET WITH
11
ANCHOR ASSEMBLY NO.
12 STAY WIRE (10MM, 7/3,22) KG
13 EYE NUT NO.
14 EARTHING SETS COMPLETE NO.
15 DANGER PLATES NO.
16 BARBED WIRE KG

HT Format –XIV
Sheet-2

17 BOLT AND NUTS
3/8 " X 2" NO.
3/8 " X 6" NO.
3/8 " X 14" NO.
1/2 " X 2" NO.
1/2 " X 6" NO.
5/8 " X 1-1/2 " NO.
5/8 X 2 " NO.
5/8 X 8" NO.
5/8 X 9 " NO.
5/8 X 10" NO.
5/8 X 6 " NO.
5/8 X 12" NO.
5/8 X 14 " NO.
5/8 X 18 " NO.
5/8 X 16 " NO.
18 DOUBLE ARMING BOLTS
5/8 X 12" NO.
5/8 X 14" NO.
5/8 X 18" NO.
5/8 X 20" NO.
5/8 X 22" NO.
5/8 X 16" NO.
19 WASHERS
7/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1-1/4 " (ROUND)
11/16 " X 2-1/4 " 2-1/4 (SQUARE)
20 PG CONNECTORS
T-116 NO.
T-117 NO.
T-150 NO.
S-157 NO.
T-155 NO.
21 CLAMPS
0.4 KV LOOP DEADEND FOR LT STR & PC NO.
11 KV DEAD END NO.
GROUNDING CONDUCTOR CLAMPS NO.
SUSPENSION ANGLE CLAMPS NO.
22 D-SHACKLE + COTTER PINS NO.
23 ANCHOR SHACKLE NO.
24 RELOCATION OF EXISTING T/F (11/0.415KV)
200 KVA NO.
100 KVA NO.
50 KVA NO.
25 KVA NO.
25 PLATFORMS FOR T/F
DOUBLE POLE NO.
SINGLE POLE NO.
26 DROPOUT CUTOUT (SET OF 3)
11 KV NO.
27 11 KV ANGLE IRON BRACKETS NO.
28 HT CAPACITOR (FIXED)
RELOCATION OF EXISTING CAP
NEW CAP

HT Format –XIV
Sheet-3

29 FOUNDATION OF LATTICE STEEL STRUCTURE
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
40 FEET NO.
45 FEET NO.
55 FEET NO.
30 LIGHTENING ARRESTORES (SET OF 3)
11 KV NO.
Sr. Material Quantity

Description Unit As per
No. As per B.O.Q Variations
MRN
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
B MATERIAL DISMANTLED & RETURNED TO STORE
3 H.T STR 36' EA
6 L.T STR 31' EA
8 Danger Plate EA
12 Knee Braces EA
13 Step Braces EA
18 D-Strap EA
22 Eye Nut EA
29 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
30 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
31 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
32 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
35 Stay Assembly EA
36 STAY Wire KG
37 MS Clamps EA
38 Tie Wire KG
39 Earthing Unit EA
40 ACSR Osprey MR
41 ACSR Lynx MR
42 ACSR Dog MR
43 ACSR Rabbit MR

HT Format – XIV
Sheet-4
Material Quantity
Sr.
MRN
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
44 AAC Wasp MR
45 AAC Ant MR
48 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
49 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
C S.Rs Nos. & Date

a) b) c)
d) e) f)
D MRNs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
E Estimated Cost of the ProposalRs.__________________
F Actual Expenditure Rs.___________________
G Attachments:
Copies of S.Rs Copies of M.R.Ns
Handing/Taking Over Papers A-90
As Built Drawing/Sketch

HT Format-XV
Sheet-1
Inspection Certificate
Operation Operation Operation

Circle:- _____________ Division ______________ S/Division:- __________
Construction Construction
Division:- _____________ S/Division:- ________________
Name of H.T Proposal:- __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
Work Order No. & Date:- __________________________________________________________
Material Quantity
Sr. As per Actual at Site Variations
Description Unit
No. As per B.O.Q C/ Report (Checked by
From B.O.Q From C/Report
Submitted by Committee)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5- 6
A NEW WORK
1 -H.T Structures
36' No.
40' No.
45' No.
2 -H.T P.C/Spun Poles
36' No.
40' No.
3 New H.T Line
ACSR Osprey Conductor Meter
ACSR Panther Conductor Meter
ACSR Dog Conductor Meter
ACSR Rabbit Conductor Meter
ASCR Gopher Conductor Meter
4 Reconductoring of H.T Line
5 H.T Capacitors (Fixed)
- Relocation of Existing Cap No.
- Installation of New Cap No.
6 Cross Arms No.
7 Disc Insulators No.
8 Pin Insulators No.
9 Dead End Clamp No.
10 P.G Connectors No.
11 Earthing of H.T Structures No.
12 Foundation of H.T Structures No.
13

HT Format –XV
Sheet-2

Circle:- _____________ Division ______________ S/Division:- __________
Construction Construction
Division:- _____________ S/Division:- ________________
Name of H.T Proposal:- __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
Work Order No. & Date:- __________________________________________________________
Material Quantity
Sr.
MRN Provided by M.P Const:
1 2 3 4 5 6=4- 5
1 -H.T Structures
36' No.
40' No.
45' No.
2 L.T Structures (31') No.
3 H.T Conductor
Copper Conductor Meter
4 Cross Arms No.
7
C S.Rs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
D MRNs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
E Observations/Recommendations
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
F Attac hme nts :

G Conclusion:
Conditionally
Cleared Rejected
Accepted

Appendix-I
LT Proposal Formats
LT Format-I
Name/Location of LT Proposal:______________________________
LT Proposal No.______________________________
EXISTING POSITION
Grid Station__________________ Feeder Name_____________ Feeder Code_____________
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-I 1

LT Format-II
Name/Location of LT Proposal:____________________________________
LT Proposal No.______________
PROPOSED POSITION

LT Format-III
INPUT DATA FORM

OF EXISTING & PROPOSED SITUATIONS
T/F Location___________________________________________________________ T/F Capacity____________kVA
Area Type : Urban (Posh____ /Other___)/Rural____ (Tick one) Avg. Load/SP Consumer______kVA
Peak Load (A): R____ Y____ B_____ Month____________

Off Peak Load (A): R____ Y____ B_____ Month_______________
Node Distance Conductor No. of Connections Node Distance Conductor No. of Connections
(m) Size (km) Size
From To 3-P 1-P From To 3-P 1-P
Note: For PSS/Adept Software, columns for X & Y Coordinates should be incorportaed in the format.

LT Format-IV
Month-Wise Loading Data of 11/0.4 KV Distribution Transformer Involved in the Proposal
Name of Grid Station_____________________ Name of 11 KV Feeder_____________________ Feeder Code_____________
Location of Transformer_______________________ Capacity of Transformer________________ No. of Consumers (S/P)_______(3/P)________
Area Type : Urban (Posh____ /Other___)/Rural____ (Tick one)
Off Peak Load (Amps) Peak Load (Amps)
Month Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3
R Y B R Y B R Y B R Y B R Y B R Y B
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

LT Format-V
DATA AUTHENTICITY CERTIFICATE

Name of LT Proposal ________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Certified that I have personally checked the site and found that the Node to
Node Length, Conductor size & Capacity of Transformers shown on the site sketch
and all other data related to proposal are correct. The proposal has been checked at
site and found as per actual requirement of the area. It has not been prepared to benefit
to any individual, especially industrial consumer and is in the interest of maximum
Nos. of consumers of the area. After execution it will definitely reduce energy loss.
The proposal has not been prepared in any Private Housing Scheme/Colonies where
the sponsors are required to deposit full amount for its electrification.
Assistant Manager Operation Sub Deputy Manager Operation Division

Division
_________________
_____________________
Deputy Director (Technical) Circle
__________________

LT Format-VI (A)
Sheet-1
Name/Location of LT Proposal:________________________ LT Proposal No.______________

Summary of Technical Analysis Report
(Existing Position Without Growth)
Peak Load of T/F off Peak Load of Average Total

Sr. Load per Connected kVA % Max kW % Annual kWh %
Transformer Feeder (A) T/F (A) Power Load
Grid
S/P Loading
Capacity Name Station Factor Factor
Consumer of T/F
No. R Y B R Y B S/P 3/P % VD Loss kW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
(kVA)
1 T/F-A
2 T/F-B
3 T/F-C
Total

LT Format-VI (B)
Sheet-2
Name/Location of LT Proposal:___________________________ LT Proposal No._______________

(Proposed Position With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Transformer Feeder Grid (A) T/F (A) Power Load
S/P loading
No. R Y B R Y B Consumer S/P 3/P of T/F % VD Loss kW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
(kVA)
1 T/F-A
2 T/F-B
3 T/F-C
Total

LT Format-VII (A)
Sheet-1
Name/Location of LT Proposal:_______________________________ LT Proposal No.__________

(Proposed Position Without Growth)
Transformer Feeder Grid (A) T/F (A) Power Load
S/P loading
No. R Y B R Y B Consumer S/P 3/P of T/F % VD Loss kW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
(kVA)
1 T/F-A (E/A)
2 T/F-B (E/A)
3 T/F-C (E/A)
4 T/F-D (P)
Total
Note:
E/A stands for Existing or Augmented
P stands for Proposed

LT Format-VII (B)
Sheet-2
Name/Location of L.T Proposal:_________________________________ LT Proposal No._____________

(Proposed Position With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Feeder Grid (A) T/F (A) Power Load
Transformer Capacity S/P loading
Name Station Factor Factor
Consumer of T/F
No. R Y B R Y B S/P 3/P % VD Loss kW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
(kVA)
1 T/F-A (E/A)
2 T/F-B (E/A)
3 T/F-C (E/A)
4 T/F-D (P)
Total
Note:
E/A stands for Existing or Augmented
P stands for Proposed

LT Format-VIII (A)
Sheet-1
Name/Location of LT Proposal:_______________________________ LT Proposal No.________________

Benefits To Be Achieved
(Without Growth)
Description Existing Proposed Benefits

System System Qty %
Power Loss (kW)
% Power Loss
Annual Energy Loss (kWh)
% Annual Energy Loss

LT Format-VIII (B)
Sheet-2
Name/Location of LT Proposal:__________________________ LT Proposal No._______________

Benefits To Be Achieved
(With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Description Existing Proposed Benefits

System System Qty %
Power Loss (kW)
% Power Loss
Annual Energy Loss (kWh)
% Annual Energy Loss

LT Format-IX
LT DISTRIBUTION WORK ORDER
COMPANY:___________ FUNDING AGENCY: ___________________
Work Order No: _______________________ Date ___ / ____ /_____.
Work Order Title:

OPERATION CIRCLE/DIVISION/SUB DIVSION CONSTRUCTION DIVISION/SUB DIVSION
____________ /____________ /_____________ _______________ /_______________
Proposed Facilities:
Capacity Node Nos. Capacity Node Nos. Capacity Node Nos.
From ____ From ____ From ____
Relocation of Existing T/F ____ ____ ____
to_____ to_____ to_____
From ____ From ____ From ____
Augmentation of Existing T/F ________ ________ ________
to_____ to_____ to_____
New T/F ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
Line Length Line Length Line Length

Conductor Conductor Conductor
(KM) (KM) (KM)
HT DOG RAB
New Line
LT WASP ANT
Reconductoring GNAT to ANT -----to----- -----to----- -----to-----

(LT)
-----to----- -----to----- -----to----- -----to-----
Work Order Prepared By: Work Order Checked By:
Assistant Manager (Planning) Deputy Manager (Planning)
AMOUNT TO BE AUTHORIZED BY THIS WORK ORDER

Subject to the availibility of Funds:
RS. _____________
1. Before taking work in hand, it must be ensured that the approved work order does not in any Govt./Private Housing Scheme.
2. This Work Order is not for new Electrification of the area.
Work Order Recommended By: Work Order Approved By:
Sr. Manager (P&D) Chief Executive/Tech: Dir.

Name:_____________________ Name:____________________________

LT FORMAT-IX
Sheet-1
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
Name of LT Proposal:_______________________ LT Proposal No.________
A-Cost of New Material

No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 H.T STR 36' EA
3 L.T STR 31' EA
5 Danger Plate EA
9 Knee Braces EA
10 Step Braces EA
15 D-Strap EA
18 Eye Nut EA
24 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
25 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
26 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
27 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
30 Stay Assembly EA
31 STAY Wire KG
32 MS Clamps EA
33 Tie Wire KG
35 ACSR Dog MR
36 ACSR Rabbit MR
37 AAC Wasp MR
38 AAC Ant MR
39 Insulated Wasp MR
40 Insulated Ant MR
41 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
42 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
43 4/C 19/.052 Cable MR
44 T/F 200 kVA NO.
45 T/F 100 kVA NO.
46 T/F 50 kVA NO.
47 T/F 25 kVA NO.
49 Fuse Link------- NO.
50 Plateform Double Structure Complete EA
51 LT Fixed Capacitor (-----KVAR) Set
Total Cost of New Material
Installation Charges @ 8% Excluding the Cost of HT/LT PC Poles
Total Cost of New Material (A)

LT FORMAT-IX
Sheet-2
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
B- Material to be Dismantled & Returned to Store
Discription of Material Unit Quantity
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 H.T STR 36' EA
3 L.T STR 31' EA
5 Danger Plate EA
9 Knee Braces EA
10 Step Braces EA
15 D-Strap EA
18 Eye Nut EA
24 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
25 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
26 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
27 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
30 Stay Assembly EA
31 STAY Wire KG
32 MS Clamps EA
33 Tie Wire KG
35 AAC Wasp MR
36 AAC Ant MR
37 S/C 7/.052 Cable MR
38 4/Core 19/.052 Cable MR
39 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
40 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
41 T/F 200 kVA NO.
42 T/F 100 kVA NO.
43 T/F 50 kVA NO.
44 T/F 25 kVA NO.
48 Plateform Sigle Structure EA
Dismentalment Charges @ 5%
Total Cost of Dismentaled Material Returned to Store (B)

LT FORMAT-IX
Sheet-3
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
C- Material to be Dismantled & Reuse
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 H.T STR 36' EA
3 L.T STR 31' EA
5 Danger Plate EA
9 Knee Braces EA
10 Step Braces EA
15 D-Strap EA
18 Eye Nut EA
24 MS Clamps EA
25 ACSR Dog MR
26 ACSR Rabbit MR
27 AAC Wasp MR
28 AAC Ant MR
29 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
30 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
31 4/C 19/.052 Cable MR
32 200 KVA Transformer EA
37 Plateform Single Structure EA
39 LT Capacitor (---- KVAR) Set
Cost of Material to be Dismentled & Reused
Reinstallation Charges of Dismentalled Material @ 15%
Total Cost of Dismentaled Material to be Reused (C)

LT FORMAT-IX
Sheet-4
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
D- Contract Work Cost
Unit Price Total Price

Sr. No Discription of Material Unit Quantity
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Foundation of HT Steel Strs (36') EA

2 Foundation of LT Steel Strs (31') EA
3 Erection of H.T PC Poles (36') EA
4 Erection of L.T PC Poles (31') EA
Total Cost of Contract Work (D)
COST SUMMARY
A Cost of New Material (Rs.) +
B Cost of Dismentaled Material Returned to Store (Rs.) -
C Reinstallation Charges of Dismentalled Material (Rs.) +
D Cost of Contract Work (Rs.) +
Total Cost of Work Order (Rs.)

LT FORMAT-X
Benefit to Cost Calculation
Name/Location of LT Proposal___________________ LT Proposal No._____
I. Annual Energy Loss after 5 years
a) Existing system = _______________KWh
b) Proposed System = _______________KWh
c) Annual Energy (A.E.) saving = _______________KWh
d) Annual Benefit (Rs) = A. E. Saving (KWh) x EPR
Where EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs / KWh) of the DISCO.
II. a. loading of existing ____KVA
Transformer at present = __________% KVA
b. Loading of existing ____KVA
Transformer after 5 years = __________% KVA
c. Loading of above the rated capacity
Of transformer after 5 years = __________% KVA
d. Peak KW Saving (PKWS) = Loading above theRated
capacity (KVA) x PF
= _____________ KW
e. Annual KWh savings @ VF forTransformer
= PKWS x 8760 x VF x L.F.
= Rs _______________
VF stands for Valuation Factor for T/F, and is calculated as under:
VF = (ESR – EPR) – ((ESR – EPR) x (O&M charges))
– ((ESR – EPR) x (% AEL of the company)) = Rs_________
ESR stands for average Electricity Sale Rate (Rs /KWh) of DISCO
EPR stands for average Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs/KWh) of DISCO.
III. a. Benefit of I + II = Rs _______________

b. Total Cost of proposed
Rehabilitation = Rs _______________
c. Benefit to Cost
= (a/b) x 5 (years) = _________________

LT FORMAT-XI
Sheet-1

COMPLETION REPORT

Name of LT Proposal__________________________ Work Order No. & Date________________
Quantity
Sr.
MATERIAL UNIT As per Actual Variation From
No. Issued
W/O Installed W/O Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
A. NEW WORK
1 PC/SPUN POLES
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
2 LATICE STEEL STRUCTURES
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
3 WOODEN/STEEL CROSS ARM
11 KV WOODEN NO.
11 KV STEEL NO.
4 INSULATORS
11 KV PIN TYPE NO.
11 KV DISC TYPE NO.
L.T. SPOOL TYPE NO.
5 PINS
11 KV INSULATOR PINS NO.
6 CROSS ARM BRACES
11 KV KNEE BRACE NO.
11 KV STEP BRACE NO.
7 NEW HT LINE
RABBIT M
DOG M
8 NEW LT LINE
AAC ANT M
AAC WASP M
INSULATED WASP M
INSULATED ANT M
9 RECONDUCTORING OF LT LINE
AAC ANT M
AAC WASP M
INSULATED WASP M
INSULATED ANT M
9 PVC CABLE
2-C 7/.052 M
4-C 19/.052 M
4-C 19/.083 M
4-C 37/.083 M
10 ALUMINIUM TIE WIRE M
STAY RODS COMPLETE SET WITH
11
ANCHOR ASSEMBLY NO.
12 STAY WIRE (10MM, 7/3,22) KG
13 EYE NUT NO.
14 EARTHING SETS COMPLETE NO.
15 DANGER PLATES NO.
16 BARBED WIRE KG

LT FORMAT-XI
Sheet-2

COMPLETION REPORT

17 BOLT AND NUTS
3/8 " X 2" NO.
3/8 " X 6" NO.
3/8 " X 14" NO.
1/2 " X 2" NO.
1/2 " X 6" NO.
5/8 " X 1-1/2 " NO.
5/8 X 2 " NO.
5/8 X 8" NO.
5/8 X 9 " NO.
5/8 X 10" NO.
5/8 X 6 " NO.
5/8 X 12" NO.
5/8 X 14 " NO.
5/8 X 18 " NO.
5/8 X 16 " NO.
18 DOUBLE ARMING BOLTS
5/8 X 12" NO.
5/8 X 14" NO.
5/8 X 18" NO.
5/8 X 20" NO.
5/8 X 22" NO.
5/8 X 16" NO.
19 WASHERS
7/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1-1/4 " (ROUND)
11/16 " X 2-1/4 " 2-1/4 (SQUARE)
20 PG CONNECTORS
T-116 NO.
T-117 NO.
T-150 NO.
S-157 NO.
T-155 NO.
21 CLAMPS
0.4 KV LOOP DEADEND FOR LT STR & PC NO.
11 KV DEAD END NO.
GROUNDING CONDUCTOR CLAMPS NO.
SUSPENSION ANGLE CLAMPS NO.
22 D-SHACKLE + COTTER PINS NO.
23 ANCHOR SHACKLE NO.
24 NEW T/F (11/0.415KV)
200 KVA NO.
100 KVA NO.
50 KVA NO.
25 KVA NO.
25 T/F AUGMENTATION
25 to 50 KVA NO.
50 to 100 KVA NO.
100 to 200 KVA NO.
26 PLATFORMS FOR T/F
DOUBLE POLE NO.
SINGLE POLE NO.
27 DROPOUT CUTOUT (SET OF 3)
11 KV NO.
28 11 KV ANGLE IRON BRACKETS NO.
29 FUSE LINK-------- NO.
30 LT CAPACITOR (FIXED)
RELOCATION OF EXISTING CAP
NEW CAP
31 FOUNDATION OF LATTICE STEEL STRUCTURE
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.

LT FORMAT-XI
Sheet-3
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal_______________________________
Quantity
Sr. No. MATERIAL UNIT Actual Variation From
As per W/O Issued
Installed W/O Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
Material Quantity
Sr. No. Description Unit As per
As per B.O.Q Variations
MRN
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
1 H.T STR 36' EA
3 L.T STR 31' EA
5 Danger Plate EA
9 Knee Braces EA
10 Step Braces EA
15 D-Strap EA
18 Eye Nut EA
24 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
25 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
26 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
27 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
30 Stay Assembly EA
31 STAY Wire KG
32 MS Clamps EA
33 Tie Wire KG

LT FORMAT-XI
Sheet-4
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal_______________________________
Quantity
Sr. No. MATERIAL UNIT Actual Variation From
As per W/O Issued
Installed W/O Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
Material Quantity
Sr. No. Description Unit As per
As per B.O.Q Variations
MRN
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
34 Earthing Unit EA
35 AAC Gnat MR
36 AAC Wasp MR
37 AAC Ant MR
38 2-C PVC Cable 7/0.052 MR
39 4-C PVC Cable 19/0.052 MR
40 4-C PVC Cable 19/0.083 MR
41 4-C PVC Cable 37/0.083 MR
42 200 kVA T/F NO.
43 100 kVA T/F NO.
44 50 kVA T/F NO.
45 25 kVA T/F NO.
48 Plateform Single Structure EA
C S.Rs Nos. & Date

a) b) c)
d) e) f)
D MRNs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
E Estimated Cost of the ProposalRs.__________________
F Actual Expenditure Rs.___________________
G Attachments:
As Built Drawing/Sketch

LT FORMAT-XII
Sheet -1
Circle:- _____________ Division ______________ S/Division:- _________
Constructio Constructio
n Division:- _____________ n S/Division:- ________________
Location of LT Proposal:- ________________________________________________

________________________________________________
LT Proposal No.:- ______________________ Work Order No. & Date:-__________________
Material Quantity
As per
Sr. Actual at Site Variations
Description Unit C/ Report
No. As per B.O.Q (Checked by
Submitted by M.P
Committee)
Const: From B.O.Q From C/Report
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4- 6 8=5- 6
A NEW WORK
1 -H.T Structures (36') No.

2 -H.T P.C Poles (36') No.
3 -L.T Structures (31') No.
4 -L.T P.C Poles (31') No.
5 New H.T Line
6 New L.T Line
AAC Wasp Conductor Meter
AAC Ant Conductor Meter
7 Reconductoring of L.T Line
8 Addition of New Transformer
50 KVA No.
100 KVA No.
200 KVA No.
9 Transformer Augmentation
25 - 50 KVA No.
50 - 100 KVA No.
100 - 200 KVA No.
10 Double Structure Plate Form No.
11 Drop Out Cut Out No.
12 Cross Arms No.
15 Dead End Clamp No.
16 P.G Connectors No.
17 Spool Insulators No.
18 D-Shackle No.
19 Earthing of Trasformer No.
20 Earthing of H.T & L.T Structures No.
21 Foundation of H.T & L.T Structures No.
22

LT FORMAT-XII
Sheet -2
Location of L.T Proposal: _________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Work Order No. & Date:- __________

Material Quantity
Sr.
MRN Provided by M.P Const:
1 2 3 4 5 6=4- 5
B MARERIAL DISMANTLED & RETURNED TO STORE
1 -L.T Structures (31') No.

2 -L.T P.C Poles (31') No.
3 L.T Conductor
4 Transformer
50 KVA No.
100 KVA No.
200 KVA No.
5 Double Structure Plate Form No.
6 Drop Out Cut Out No.
7 Spool Insulators No.
8 D-Shackle No.
9
C S.Rs Nos. & Date

a) b) c)
d) e) f)
D MRNs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
E Observations/Recommendations
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
F Attachments:
G Conclusion:
Conditionally
Cleared Rejected
Accepted

Appendix-J
Geographic Information
Field Name Description Remarks
Substation Substation name Full name of the substation will be
entered.
Feeder Feeder name Full feeder name will be entered.
GPS_No GPS waypoint number It is the GPS waypoint number calculated
with group, date, month and year of
survey. This field values in the field will
not be changed.
Line_Voltage Line Voltage The voltage of line. The primary line
voltage will be 11 kV and secondary
voltage is 0.4 kV.
Pole_Number Pole number The pole number should be sequential and
there should be no duplicate pole number
in entire database. The GPS _No is used.
Pole_Phase Pole Phase It represents phase of the conductor on the
pole. E.g. R-Y-B.
Pole_Use Pole Use The pole use for the system: Primary
Distribution or Secondary Distribution.
Con_Size_A Conductor size There are three fields to store conductors
to facilitate entry of different conductor
sizes found in different phases.
Con_Size_B Conductor size The conductor sizes should have logical
sequences; any illogical sequence should
be checked carefully with field data table
forms. Sometimes field visits may be
required.
Con_Size_C Conductor size
Con_Size_N Neutral Size Size of the neutral wire. Same as above
Equip_Type Equipment Type Types of equipment found in the system.
Equip_Number Equipment Number The equipment number is generated by
concatenating the first alphabet with
GPS_No separated by a dash.
Equip_Size Equipment Size It stores the rated capacity of the
equipment and its unit is different for
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE | APPENDIX-J 1

different equipments. For example, for a
transformer, it should be in kVA, for
Capacitor, the size should be kVAR, etc.
Equip_Phase Equipment Phase Phase of the equipment
Equip_Use Equipment Use For transformer, the use should be
‘General Duty’ or ‘Dedicated’.
Equip_Status Equipment Status Equipment ‘Connected’ or
‘Disconnected’.
RS_CON1 Residential Consumer Number of residential single phase
consumer on the pole.
RS_CON3 Residential Consumer Number of residential three phase
consumer on the pole.
SC_CON Small Commercial Number of small commercial consumer on
Consumer the pole.
LC_CON Large Commercial Number of large commercial consumer on
Consumer the pole.
SI_CON Small Industrial Number of industrial consumer on the
Consumer pole.
LI_CON Large Industrial Number of large industrial consumer on
Consumer the pole.
PB_CON Public Building Number of public building consumer on
(Office use) Consumer the pole.
AG_CON Agricultural Number of agricultural consumer on the
Consumer pole.
ST_CON Street Light Consumer Number of street light on the pole.
REMARKS Remarks Sometimes during the field survey, the
field inspectors find various types of
problems or unusual settings of the line. It
is instructed to them that whenever they
find any unusual setting during the field
survey it should be noted on to the remarks
column against the pole.

Data Table Form For HT
Substation :
Feeder :
Inspectors:
Survey Point Number Pole Conductor Equipment

End De d ic a te d
P ha s Mo d e l/S S e ria l Ye a r o f
S /E Group Date GPS WP Circuits Class Height R Y B Typ e Numb e r Unit S ize Use S ta tu s Mo u nting Ma n u fc tr Co n s u me r Lo c a tio n Remarks
Type e DI Nu mb e r Ma nu fc tr.
Na me
S DE/D
0 1 d d m m y y 0 0 1 HT LT * ** KVA/R
DE
* Pole Class = PCO , PCS , S , TS; ** Type = Primary Pole (PP), Secondary Pole (SP), Transformer Pole (TR), Feeder (FR)

Data Table Form For LT
Substation :
Feeder :
Inspectors:
Equipment Number
Survey Point Number Pole Conductor Consumer Type

Pole Pole Remarks
S /E Group Date GPS WP Phase R Y B Neutral Type
Class Height
RS RL SC LC SI LI PB AG ST
0 1 d d m m y y 0 0 1
POLE CLASS = STEEL

PCSTRUCTURE
ORDINARY (PCO)
(S) PC SPUN (PCS) RAIL STEEL (RS)


Planning Guide

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Planning Guide

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

PLANNING GUIDE

MARCH 27, 2014

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTIONPROGRAM

IRG, USAID contractor for the Power Distribution Program

1.2. Network Risk Assesment 3

1.4.2. Distribution of Power (DOP) 6

1.5. Distribution System Rehabilitation Measures 7

1.5.2. Increasing the Units Sold 8

1.6. Role of Emerging Technologies 8

3.5. Reconductoring of 11 KV Feeders 35

5.1.2. Approval of Proposal (Phase-II) 53

5.1.3. Execution of Proposal (Phase-III) 54

5.1.4. Completion Report (Phase-IV) 54

5.1.5. Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V) 54

5.2. LT Distribution Network Proposal 54

5.2.2. Approval of Proposal (Phase-II) 58

5.2.3. Execution of Proposal (Phase-III) 59

5.2.4. Completion Report (Phase-VI) 59

5.2.5. Inspection / Completion Certificate (Phase-V) 59

AEL Annual Energy Loss

AMI Automated Metering Infrastructure

BOQ Bill of Quantity

B/C Benefit to cost

DISCO Government-Owned Power Distribution Company

DBMS Database Management System

DOP Distribution of Power

ELR Energy Loss Reduction

GIS Geographic Information System

G/S Grid Station

GSO Grid Station Operation

KVA Kilo Volt Amperes

KVAR Kilo Volt Amperes Reactive

MVA Mega Volt Ampere

MVAR Mega Volt Ampere Reactive

P&E Planning & Engineering

PDC Power Distribution Center

PQM Power Quality Monitoring

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

Figure 1: Components of Electricity Distribution System

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 1

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 2

Table 1: Planning Criteria

The operating limits as recommended above should be maintained. However,the

4. NETWORK RISK ASSESMENT

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 3

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 4

analysis Area planning

Figure 2:Network Risk Assessment

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 5

6. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM REHABILITATION

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 6

7. ENERGY LOSS REDUCTION (ELR)

8. DISTRIBUTION OF POWER (DOP)

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 7

- Dy. Manager (CM&O) of the DISCO Convener

8.1. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM REHABILITATION

9. BY REDUCING THE UNITS RECEIPT

USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM | PLANNING GUIDE 8

10. INCREASING THE UNITS SOLD

11. ROLE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

- to manage historical load records using Automated Metering

 ESRI, ArcGIS for Desktop

PEAK BUS MAX UNITS UNITS LOSSES * *