Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ENGINEERING
&TECHNOLOGY
Lucknow
Surajdev
Pandey
(1642210093)
Computer
Science
B.tech- 4 th
yr
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. PREFACE
2. INTRODUCTION
3. COMPANY PROFILE
4. SERVICES
5. SECTIONS
I. MOBILE SECTION
IV. MDF
V. TRANSMISSION SECTION
VI. MICROWAVE
6. COSTUMER CARE
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest
Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom
services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband,
Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc.
BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers,
garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that
almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic
services,
BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribers i.e.
85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms.
BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet
Customers who access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line,
DIAS, and Account Less Internet (CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the
NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.
Type : Public
Industry: Telecommunications
Website : Bsnl.co.in
SERVICES
BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the
main telecom services provided by BSNL:
X. E-10B SWITCHING
XII. MDF
XIV. MICROWAVE
place.
GSM
CDMA
OC:--Monitoring unit.
MR:--Multiresistor (5 unit)
MQ:--Marker (2 unit)
TR:--Translator (2 unit)
COM:--Switching module.
This section deals when a caller picks up the receiver, gets the dial
Transmission
The call is transmitted from telephone to:
Caller
/
D.P
/
Pillar
/
MDF
/
Exchange
/
Tax
/
Exchange
/
MDF
\
Pillar
\
D.P
\
Receiver
Fig.1.1
Un-Guided Media.
BROADBAND
A trend of changes in telecommunication technology is very
utilization at reasonable cost. Any data access rate more than 2Mbps
• PC and TV
What is DSL?
solutions.
switching systems
Data Card
Salient Features:
Videotext etc.
used.
SWITCHING MATRIX
duplicated.
(SMA)
generators etc.
CONTROL UNIT (SMC)
subscribers.
management functions.
information.
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site
base stations fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually
The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to
to 8 miles) away.
When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the
mobile telephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can
call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received
between sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are
performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting the call.
Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio
between the mobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects
the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider or to
The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital
data that includes digitized audio (except for the first generation analog
networks). The technology that achieves this depends on the system which
the mobile phone operator has adopted. The technologies are grouped by
generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with Japan, are all
in 1991 in Finland, are all digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA.
road tunnel), when the signal is re-established, the phone sends out a 're-
that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible
to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a
'blank' phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the
real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original
account.
Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in
2001. They are all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to
regulations.
the user's body, the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate
Power. Modern handheld cell phones which must have the transmission
antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum
phones, and handhelds require that cell towers be spaced much closer
repeater may be used, which uses a long distance high-gain dish antenna
fig.1.2
GSM
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe
Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the
world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the
global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion
people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes
enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM
differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are
system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build
consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers
without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose
equipment from any of the many vendors implementing GSM). GSM also
Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now
For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, by
higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE).
four different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900
Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands
because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated.
The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some
GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station
to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction
the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range.
This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–960
MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and
frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst
periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels
use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is
GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into
between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of
data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6
kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear
predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit rates, these
codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio,
allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts
of the signal.
GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR)
codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the
interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust but still
channels.
There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico,
femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according
average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under
average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are
small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are
mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or
could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type
indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals
system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed
Network structure
The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and
divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate
articles.
controllers).
The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),
allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets.
Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the
handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by
allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by
countries.
Many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price
identified by the SIM card). In some countries such as India, all phones
GSM security
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was
whereas GSM only authenticated the user to the network (and not vice
A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice
privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within
Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries.
2008, Pico Computing, Inc revealed its ability and plans to commercialize
FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack. The
fig.1.4
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers
with wireless internet connectivity, WiFi and WiMAX gadgets etc. The
like GSM, CDMA, WLL , WAN, WiFi, WiMAX etc. BTS is also referred
(Base Station).
Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless
a BTS forms part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) developments for
sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will have
frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base
each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection. The basic
structure and functions of the BTS remains the same regardless of the
wireless technologies.
Fig.1.5
BROADBAND
term, understood according to its context. The wider the bandwidth, the
narrow-band signal will carry Morse code; a broader band will carry
speech; a still broader band is required to carry music without losing the
56 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone line; over the same
telephone line, although much less than can be achieved over a fiber optic
In data communications
Broadband in data communications can refer to broadband networks or
broadband Internet and may have the same meaning as above, so that data
regardless of actual data rate. In network engineering this term is used for
In video
come to mean video files that have bitrates high enough to require
demand.
In DSL
wires.
In Ethernet
interface to broadband modems such as DSL data links, and has a high
cities.
par with more advanced nations. The services that would be supported
site MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The subscribe
OBJECTIVES
To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps)
customers
TECHNICAL CAPABILITY
The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi
within and outside the country. Layer 1 of the network will consist of a
connected with high speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are
located on the national DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical
have complete control over parameters that are critical to offering its
with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing
session.
Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia
Bsnl