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Saturation Computation
The ideal log
0.35
porGas 0.3
0.25
0.2
porOil 0.15
0.1
porWat 0.05
Gas
recovery factors
1000
perm
Oil 100
relative permeability 10
perm 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025 1030
Wat
of these quantities
0.4
recOil
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025 1030
In reality we have to make indirect measurements
• GR
• Resistivity in various flavors
• Spectroscopy (natural or induced)
• Density and PEF
• Neutron Porosity
• Sigma
• etc.
Water Saturation : Volumes
Fraction of porosity
Vw
Porosity, Ø
Vo
Sw = Vw / Ø
So = Vo / Ø
Archie
Resistivity variation due to fluids
Rt Rt
Resistivity variation due to porosity
Rt Rt
Saturation Equations: Archie 1942
Ro a
F= = m
Rw φ
a Rw
= m
n
Sw
Sw
n
=
Ro
φ Rt
Rt
φ Sw Cw
m n
F = Formation factor
Rt = True formation resistivity
Ct =
Ro = True formation resistivity when Sw=1 a
Rw = Resistivity of the formation water
Ø = Total formation porosity
m = empirical fudge factor (cementation factor)
n = empirical fudge factor (saturation exponent)
a = yet another fudge factor
Archie a, m and n
a Rw a
= m
n
Sw
φ Rt 0.01
Ø (log scale)
1.0
Effect of m
(tortuosity)
Effect of m+n
(tortuosity) 1.0
0.01 Sw (log scale) 1.0
Archie a & m values
General form
where a ~ 1
and m ~2
‘Humble’ formula
carbonates a = 1, m > 2
Archie equation - complications
In shaley sand, with fresh water, the simple Archie equation is not accurate:
n is saturation dependent in
fresh water, the error due to
variation on n decreases at
higher saturations.
Rt Rcl aRw ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2
•Indonesia Equation ⎛
1 ⎜V
⎛ Vcl ⎞
⎜ 1− ⎟
φe ⎞⎟
cl ⎝
2 ⎠
=⎜ +
2
⎟ Sw
Rt ⎜ Rcl Rw ⎟
⎝ ⎠
•Waxman-Smits Equation 1 Sw BQvSw
2
= * +
Rt F Rw F*
µT =1+0.0414 T-22
1/2
φ
m =1.62+1.37 QV
1-φ
Sen, P.N.; Goode, P.A.; and Sibbit, A.M.: “Electrical conduction in clay bearing sandstones at low and high salinities,” Journal
of Applied Physics 63 no.10 (15 May 1988), pp 4832-4840.
Sen, P.N.; Goode, P.A.:”Influence of temperature on electrical conductivity in shaly sands,” Geophysics 57 no. 1 (January
1992) pp 89-96.
Sen, P.N.; Goode, P.A.: “Shaly sand conductivity at low and high salinities,” presented at the 29th annual logging symposium
of the SPWLA (June 1988) paper F.
For this course simple Archie is enough
a Rw
= m
n
Sw
φ Rt
Resistivity of NaCl Solutions
0.16 Ohm-m
0.052 Ohm-m
25°C 120°C
Chart Gen-9
Water Saturation : Rw
b. Petrophyisical Parameter
- Picket Plot (a, m & Rw)
- Hingle Plot (Rw)
- Cross Plot RWA-GR (Rclay & water salinity)
- Cross Plot PHIE-RHOMAU ( RhoH)
c. Permeability
K = (kcoef x PHIEkexp)/(SWirr2) , mD
Cross Plot S-D
PETRAN