Reservoir Souring: Reservoir Souring:: Is Prevention Better Than Cure?

Reservoir Souring:
Is Prevention better than Cure?
Produced Water Club Meeting

20th Mayy 2011
Alex Johnstone, Chevron-ETC, Aberdeen
© 2011 Chevron
Introduction
Presentation Outline
– Reservoir Souring Introduction

– Souring Study Workflow
• SourSimRL
• SourSimRL validation
– New field development
– Low-sulphate water injection
– Conclusions
© 2011 Chevron 2
Introduction
Microbial Activity
Microbial
Activity
Environment
Physical
Ch i l
Chemical
Biological
© 2011 Chevron 3
Introduction
Reservoir Souring Schematic
Sulphate +
Nutrients H2S
Thief zone / fracture

Water
swept
+ H2S
Injection well Oil

m-SRB
m SRB biofilm W t sweptt
Water
Retardation of H2S transport

by residual oil + H2S adsorption
Oil Injection water cooled

W t sweptt
Water M
Mesophilic
hili SRB
Water swept + H2S Thermophilic SRB / Archaea

© 2011 Chevron 4
Souring Study Workflow
Development of Souring Mitigation Strategy
High
g Qua
Quality
y
Field Data
(oil, water, gas)
Reservoir Water Management

Simulation Workshop
Facilities & Operations;

Injection Water
Material selection & SourSimRL
Treatment
H2S limits; Simulations
e.g. nitrate, SRM
H2S scavenging; HSE
Evaluation
Souring Mitigation
Strategy
© 2011 Chevron 5
Souring Study Workflow
SourSimRL (SSRL) Souring Simulator
Pre-Processor SourSimRL
kg H2S/day
Visualisation
Souring Kernel;
Reservoir Temperature distribution;
SRB growth;
Simulator
H2S g
generation,, partitioning
p g
I t f
Interface; and transport; Surface Facilities
Eclipse, etc. Nitrate module; H2S Partitioning
Oil biodegradation
User Input Parallel / distributed

e.g. formation simulation;
& injection Sensitivity handling
water chemistry
© 2011 Chevron 6
SourSimRL Validation
North Sea Field Case
– Seawater injection
– Field gas H2S concentration currently ~150 ppmv
– Individual wells can be in excess of 600 ppmv and wells have been shut-in due to high
H2S,, because of safetyy and SSC considerations
– Increasing number of high (>400 ppmv) H2S wells since 2007
H2S in Produced Gas (ppmv)
© 2011 Chevron 7
SourSimRL Validation
History Match
– Dual source of H2S

• SRB activity in near injection wellbore region using carbon from residual oil
• SRB / Archaea activity deeper in the reservoir using carbon from formation water
– Straight forward to match at field scale
H2S Production Rate (kg/day)
© 2011 Chevron 8
New Field Development
Subsurface Properties
– Offshore development
– High API, low oil viscosity
– Reservoir pressure close to bubble point
– Good waterflooding properties
– Important to maintain pressure via water injection voidage replacement
Lithology / Depositional Siliciclastic sandstone deposited in a fluvial

Type to shallow marine environment
Average Depth 9,100 ft
R
Reservoir
i TTemperature
t 79 C
Reservoir Oil Mol% Formation Water (mg/l)

N2 0.29 Chloride 7,160
CO2 0.03 Sulphate 50
H2S 0.00 VFA (acetate, etc.) 430
Barium 6
C1 52 7
52.7
Calcium 1,291
C7+ 35.8
TDS 12,866
© 2011 Chevron 9
Facilities and Commercial
– Limits of between 240 and 400 ppmv H2S on flexible risers

– Commercial consideration
• Low deliveryy H2S specification
p
– Options for seawater pre-treatment
• Sulphate removal unit (nanofiltration)
• Reverse osmosis unit (hyperfiltration) – low salinity waterflood
 EOR potential application
• Continuous
Contin o s nitrate dosing
• Biocide batch dosing is required for MIC control
– Options
p for g
gas treatment
• Liquid scavenger
• Offshore and / or onshore amine unit
© 2011 Chevron 10
Treatment Options
Options without Water Pre-Treatment

Pre Treatment Options with Water Pre-Treatment
Pre Treatment
– Two different approaches:

• Inject water without pre-treatment, and deal with H2S in production facilities
• Pre-treat
P t t the th injection
i j ti water
t to
t minimise
i i i H2S scavenging
i requirements
i t
– Project selected PWRI in alignment with Chevron Environmental Performance
Standard
– SourSimRL cases run to evaluate different injection water treatments and
associated H2S scavenging requirements
© 2011 Chevron 11
P90 Field H2S Profiles
Formation Gas H2S Concentration
2 900 mg/l Sulphate

2,900
50 mg/l Sulphate
20 mg/l Sulphate
5 mg/l Sulphate
© 2011 Chevron 12
Nitrate Treatment Simulations
% Reduction in
Nitrate Ion P90 H2S Conc.
Injection Water H2S Conc. with
Dose (mg/l) (ppmv)
Nitrate
SW PWRI
SW-PWRI 0 991 0%
SW-PWRI 100 593 24%
SRM 20 PWRI
SRM_20-PWRI 0 146 0%
SRM_20-PWRI 100 144 1%
– SourSimRL model setup is conservation (pessimistic) with respect to the

effectiveness of nitrate treatment
– Very low impact on SRM-PWRI (20 mg/l sulphate) because sulphate is the limiting
factor and nitrate treatment acts on carbon availability
© 2011 Chevron 13
Lift Gas H2S Scavenging
Impact of Gas Lift H2S Scavenging
© 2011 Chevron 14
Reservoir Model Evolution
P90 SW-PWRI H2S Predictions

I j ti W
Injection Water
t Breakthrough
B kth h (Max 240 ppmv H2S in Lift Gas)
– Souring simulations evolve with reservoir simulations

– Higher injection water breakthrough results in higher souring
– Longer field life results in higher predictions of maximum H2S concentration
© 2011 Chevron 15
H2S Scavenging Rate
– SW-PWRI
• Requires process equipment
offshore to meet export gas
flexible riser requirement
– SRM_25-PWRI
• H2S limits can be achieved with
liquid scavenger
© 2011 Chevron 16
Low-Sulphate Waterflood
Field B Formation / Injection Water
Sulphate Formation Water Injection Water
Sulphate (mg/l) 11 10-15
Dissolved Organic Carbon (mg/l) 42 30
Phosphorus (mg/l) 1.6 1.6
Nitrogen (mg/l) 4.1 4.1
TDS (mg/l) 14,000 26,000
pH 6.0 6.5
Temperature (C) 40 35
– Produced water / aquifer water injection

– High
g ppermeability,
y, low temperature
p reservoir
– Entire reservoir is a good environment for bacterial growth
© 2011 Chevron 17
Field B Historical Data
100 100 10
90 90 9
ut (%)
80 80 8
g/l)
mv) & Water Cu
Equivalent H2S in Water (mg

70 Increasing Water Cut 70 7
ate (kg/day)
60 60 6
50 50 5
H2S in Gas (ppm
Increasing Gas H2S
H2S Ra
40 40 Stable H2S 4
30 30 Generation 3
20 20 2
10 10 1
0 0 0
Jan-01 Jan-03 Jan-05 Jan-07 Jan-09 Jan-01 Jan-03 Jan-05 Jan-07 Jan-09
Water Cut H2S(g)
(g) Kg H2S H2S(w)
– H2S(g) increasing, but H2S generation in water phase essentially stable

– Increasing H2S(g) reflects increase in water
ater ccutt from ~80%
80% to ~90%
90%
© 2011 Chevron 18
Field B Souring History Match
140
120
100
d Gas (ppmv)
80
H2SS in Produced
60
40
20
0
Jun‐93 Jun‐95 Jun‐97 Jun‐99 Jun‐01 Jun‐03 Jun‐05 Jun‐07 Jun‐09
Historical History Match
– History match at reservoir scale
– Injection water with 10 to 15 mg/l sulphate injection water consistent with historical data
© 2011 Chevron 19
Conclusions
– Reservoir souring simulations are key to techno

techno-economic
economic evaluation
– Need to build confidence in souring simulations by validation against
historical data
• High quality / frequent monitoring data
• Field cases with and without nitrate treatment
– Souring simulations need to consider:
• Gas lift and H2S scavenging
• H2S limits from materials
materials, especially flexible risers
– Update souring simulations as reservoir models evolve
– Low sulphate water injection limits souring development
development, but doesn’t
doesn t
necessarily prevent it entirely
© 2011 Chevron 20

Reservoir Souring: Reservoir Souring:: Is Prevention Better Than Cure?

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Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Reservoir Souring:

Is Prevention better than Cure?

Produced Water Club Meeting

Alex Johnstone, Chevron-ETC, Aberdeen

– Reservoir Souring Introduction

Thief zone / fracture

Injection well Oil

Retardation of H2S transport

Oil Injection water cooled

Water swept + H2S Thermophilic SRB / Archaea

Reservoir Water Management

Facilities & Operations;

User Input Parallel / distributed

H2S in Produced Gas (ppmv)

– Dual source of H2S

– Straight forward to match at field scale

H2S Production Rate (kg/day)

Lithology / Depositional Siliciclastic sandstone deposited in a fluvial

Reservoir Oil Mol% Formation Water (mg/l)

– Limits of between 240 and 400 ppmv H2S on flexible risers

Options without Water Pre-Treatment

– Two different approaches:

Formation Gas H2S Concentration

2 900 mg/l Sulphate

– SourSimRL model setup is conservation (pessimistic) with respect to the

Impact of Gas Lift H2S Scavenging

P90 SW-PWRI H2S Predictions

– Souring simulations evolve with reservoir simulations

Sulphate Formation Water Injection Water

Sulphate (mg/l) 11 10-15

Dissolved Organic Carbon (mg/l) 42 30

Phosphorus (mg/l) 1.6 1.6

Nitrogen (mg/l) 4.1 4.1

TDS (mg/l) 14,000 26,000

– Produced water / aquifer water injection

Equivalent H2S in Water (mg

Increasing Gas H2S

– H2S(g) increasing, but H2S generation in water phase essentially stable

– History match at reservoir scale

– Reservoir souring simulations are key to techno

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