Displaced as the primary vehicle

through which political communities

would organize themselves in the
century to come
 Arjun Appadurai
Nation-state
 Complex modern political form
 On its last leg
 Kenichi Ohmae
Economic Interdependence and
Global Communication
 Rendered the nation-state a ‘NOSTALGIC FICTION’
GLOBAL
IZATION STATE
GLOBAL Dispersed political
and economic power
IZATION well beyond the state
 Accountable to a host
of international norms
and standards
 Purpose: legitimacy
at home and
respectability
abroad
 Expanding United
of
Nations
founding
members

members
 Political COMMUNITIES

RIGHT
HAVE
THE
TO BELONG
TO THE

United Nations General Assembly

A compulsory political organization with
continuous operations and its
administrative staff successfully upholds
a claim to the monopoly of the
legitimate use of physical force in the
enforcement of its order.
- Max Weber
Independent political communities
each of which possesses a government
and asserts sovereignty in relation to a
particular portion of the earth’s surface
and a particular segment of the human
population.
- Hedley Bull
Organic ties that uphold groups of
people together and inspire senses
of loyalty and belonging.
 Imagined political community,
inherently limited and sovereign.
Benedict Anderson’s formula
 QUA STATES, QUA NATION,
NATION-STATES NATION-STATES
Territorial organizations Membership associations
characterized by the with a collective identity
monopolization of and a democratic
legitimate violence potential to rule
 Ethnic Civic Psychologi

of
Nationalism
cal
 Political principle
which upholds that
of
Nationalism
the political and
national unit should
be congruent
 • Globalization

of
Nationalism • International migration

• Diasporas
STATE
economic
in a world of
INTERDEPENDENCE
GLOBAL Global free-
market
IZATION capitalism
GLOBAL EXPLOIT
IZATION ATION
GLOBAL OPPOTU
IZATION NITY
 N E O
LIBERAL Theory
Product packaged for export to
underdeveloped nations.
 N E O
LIBERAL Theory
Working-class citizens in countries losing ground to
global market pressures must either find their ways into
the remaining industries in their hometowns, move to
places with more opportunities or become part of the
growing segment of dislocated and underemployed
workers
 N E O
LIBERAL Theory
Disposability of labour – inherent flaw of
economic globalization
 N E O
LIBERAL Theory
Rock-bottom wages, terrible working conditions, and
negligible environmental standards
 ECONOMICS
&
Political Integration
The case of the European Union
 &
ECONOMIC
POLITICAL
in tegr
a tio n
a process whereby countries cooperate
with one another to reduce or eliminate
barriers to the international flow of
products, people or capital.
APPROACHES TO

International Trade Liberalization & Economic Integration

International
Approach
involves international conferences under WTO. The purpose of these
international conferences is to reduce barriers to international trade
and investment.
APPROACHES TO

International Trade Liberalization & Economic Integration

Regional
Approach
involves agreements among a small number of nations whose purpose
is to establish free trade among themselves while maintaining barriers
to trade with the rest of the world.
Advantages
of
Economic Integration
Trade Creation: Member countries have
 wider selection of goods and services not previously
available
acquire goods and services at a lower cost after trade
barriers due to lowered tariffs or removal of tariffs
Encourage more trade between member countries the
balance of money spend from cheaper goods and services,
can be used to buy more products and services
Disadvantages
of
Economic Integration
Creation of Trading Blocs- It can also increase trade barriers
against non-member

Trade Diversion- because of trade barriers, trade is diverted

from a non-member country to a member country despite
the inefficiency in cost. For example: a country has to stop
trading with a low cost manufacture in a non-member
country and trade with a manufacturer in a member country
which has a higher cost.
Disadvantages
of
Economic Integration
National Sovereignty- requires member countries to give up
some degree of control over key policies like trade,
monetary and fiscal policies. The higher the level of
integration, the greater the degree of controls that needs to
be given up particularly in the case of a political union
economic integration which requires nations to give up a
high degree of sovereignty.
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Preferential Trade Area

agreements provide lower barriers on trade among

participating nations than on trade with nonmember
nations. That is, lower tariffs on imports of each other
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Preferential Trade Area

This is the loosest form of economic integration

A good example is the Commonwealth Preference
System, which was established in 1932 among 48
Common wealth countries of the British empire
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Free trade area (fta)

 An agreement between two or more countries to

remove all trade barriers between themselves.
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Free trade area (fta)

A free trade are occurs when a group of countries

agree to eliminate tariffs between themselves, but
maintain their own external tariff on imports from the
rest of the world
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Free trade area (fta)

Examples of FTA are: the ASEAN Free Trade

Agreement (AFTA) and the North American Free
Trade Areas (NAFTA)
Examples of (FTA)

COUNTRY A COUNTRY B

FREE
TRADE
AREA

COUNTRY C

COUNTRY D
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Custom union

 An agreement between two or more countries to

remove tariffs between themselves and set a
common external tariff on imports from non-
member countries.
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Custom union

 Each country determines its own barriers and

maintains its own external tariffs on imports
against non-members.
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Custom union

An example of a custom union is the established

customs union between the European Union and
Turkey, which came into effect in 1996
Custom Union Example
Customs Union

COUNTRY A COUNTRY B

FREE
TRADE
AREA

COUNTRY C

COUNTRY D
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Common market

 An agreement between two or more countries to

remove all barriers to trade and allow free mobility
of capital and labor across member countries
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Common market

Harmonize trade policies by having common

external tariffs against non-members
Example is the European Union (EU) previously
known as European Economic Community (EEC)
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Economic union

 An agreement between two or more countries to remove

barriers to trade, allow free flow of labor and capital and
coordinate economic policies
Sets trade policies through common external tariffs on non-
members
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Economic union

Integration is more intense in an economic union

compared to a common market, as member countries are
required to harmonize their tax, monetary, and fiscal policies
and to create a common currency
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Economic union

Example is the European Union (EU) where economic and

monetary integration has created a single market with a
common euro currency
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Political union

 An agreement between two or more countries to

coordinate their economic monetary and political systems

Required to accept a common stance on economic and

political policies against non-members
 Levels
of
Economic Integration
Political union
Example is US where each US state has its own government that sets
policies and laws. But each state grant control to the federal
government over foreign policies, agricultural policies, welfare policies
and monetary policies. Goods, services, labor and capital can all move
freely without any restrictions among the US states and the government
sets a common external trade policy
Brief Explanation of the EU

 The EU is an economic and political union

 It is a unique economic and political partnership between 28

European countries

It has delivered half century of peace, stability, and prosperity,

helped raise living standards, launched a single European currency,
and is progressively building a single Europe-wide market in which
people, goods, services, and capital move among Member States as
freely as within one country
 Why the European Union?

The EU’s mission in the 21st century is to:

 maintain and build on the peace established between its
member states
 bring European countries together in practical cooperation
 ensure that European citizens can live in security
 promote economic and social solidarity
 preserve European identity and diversity in a globalized
world
 promulgate the values that Europeans share
Governance
The European Union has seven
institutions:
1. The European Parliament
2. The Council of the European Union
3. The European Commission
4. The European Council
5. The European Central Bank
6. The Court of Justice of the European
Union
7. European Court of Auditors
Founders:
France
Belgium
Luxembourg
Italy
Nether lands
 Germany
THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM
STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM

Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink

Book: Activists Beyond Boarders

◉boomerang pattern of influence

• what can happen when a domestic civil society
organizations on the losing ends of political
struggles within their respective countries join
forces with compatible advocacy groups overseas
that can pressure the national governments in
question
“When a state recognizes the ligitimacy of international
interventions and changes its domestic behavior in
response to international pressure, it reconstitutes the
relationship between the state, its citizens and
international actors.”

HUMAN “ FUNDAMENT
RIGHTS AL RIGHTS
STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM

Norwegian Nobel Committee

(important actor within transnational society)

◉called attention to the rising trend of Internet

activism by awarding the PEACE PRIZE to the
International Campaign to Ban Landmines and its
coordinator.
STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM

Norwegian Nobel Committee

(important actor within transnational society)

◉1997 PEACE PRIZE reminds centrality of states,

Ottawa Treaty - 160 countries on board was

specifically targeted and urged to sign,

However some of the world’s largest countries, such

as China, Russia, and the United States of
America have not signed.
STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM

Global citizens campaign/

Global justice movement

◉call for alternatives to neo-liberal economic

globalization.

*Media (focused on violence reports) framed the

movement as ‘anti-globalization’ rather than for an
alternative model of globalization.
STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM

Interaction between
Domestic politics and International relations
◉Sidney Tarrow shown how domestic political
and social activists ‘come to see their local
grievances in terms that connect them to
economic globalization.

As a result; Global Framing and link their particular

local or national claims with more widely
recognized claims, causes and symbols than their
original issue might have seemed to warrant.
 Social Media Revolution

Citizens are more connected and vocal than

before, even if the government is still working to
manipulate public opinion and crush dissent.

 This leads us to another important

development in global studies; the growing
interaction between the fields of international
relations and political communication.
International
 IMP RTANT

The end of the Second World War in 1945 led to a

significant turn away from the model of state
sovereignty.
 IMP RTANT

The failure of the League of Nations strengthened

the will among world leaders to start another
international organization.
 IMP RTANT

Leaders of the Allies began framing themselves

collectively as the United Nations.

The organization was set up by San Francisco

conference in 1945 and it still continues to this day.
 LIMITATIONS

OF
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) has never
transcended the states system and instead
operates mainly as a forum for states to air
their differences and try to resolve them.
 LIMITATIONS

OF
United Nations
The UN has also been hobbled over the
years by key state actors themselves.
 CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)

 prosecutes individuals accused of genocide

and other crimes against humanity

 The formation of the court represented an

important expansion of public accountability
beyond state.
Limitations
Several key countries are not among the 122
countries that as of January 2014 had ratified the
court’s founding treaty, the Rome Statute.
 limitations
The United Nations and International Criminal Court
served as inspirations for national leaders of states
when drafting constitutions and have often signed
human rights conventions quickly.
 Doctrine
Types of Responsibility
of Leadership
Doctrine of Responsibility
To
Protect
Conservative
Followed by UN’s Security Council
Authorized in early 2011 a ‘no-fly
zone’, an arms embargo, and
ultimately the use of force in Libya’s
civil war as part of a controversial
strategy to protect civilians
 Doctrine
Types of Responsibility
of Leadership
Doctrine of Responsibility
To
Protect
Conservative
Symbolizes the states’ willingness to
intervene in the affairs of regimes
cast as illegitimate or unable to
protect their own people
Resolutely statist
North Atlantic Treaty
Decides which states lack
legitimacy to justify intervention
and the deployments of force
that follow.
 Limitations
of R2P
The protection of human beings, at least in
some limited cases, now takes higher priority
than the protection of any particular
government from external intervention
 Transgovernmental
NETWORKS

Another hallmark of twenty-first

century global politics
 Transgovernmental
NETWORKS
Arguments:

Anne Marie Slaughter

- rise of transgovernmental networks among
participating states helps resolve the ‘globalization
paradox’ but ‘fearing’ more centralized forms authority
 Transgovernmental
NETWORKS
Arguments:

Anne Marie Slaughter

- The state is not disappearing; it is disaggregating.
 Transgovernmental
NETWORKS
Arguments:

Anne Marie Slaughter

- transgovernmental networks improve the
competence and regulatory effectiveness of
governments and also bring govrnments around the
world into greater harmony
 Transgovernmental
NETWORKS
Arguments:

Anne Marie Slaughter

- relying on national governments to handle global
issues is preferable
 Transgovernmental
DOWNSIDE OF

NETWORKS

Intrusions by the national security state

into civil liberties and privacy rights
Communication Networks
 NETWORK

is a society where the

key social structures
and activities are
organized around
electronically
processed information
MANUEL CASTELLS
Sociologist and Communication Theorist networks.
“ He believes that states
are making a
“pragmatic
transformation by
adapting to fit in
among other ‘socially
decisive global
networks’ in arena.
“
 argue that authoritarian states
are working hard to consolidate

Skeptics their power advantages and

preserve power imbalances that
ultimately will strengthen their
coercive authority over citizens.
 Evgeny

describes the many uphill battles

facing democracy activists in
dictatorships around the world
and warns that constitutional
democracies are not always
careful enough to avoid
unintended outcomes when
advocating for dissidents in
countries.
 diplomacy
 PEOPLE'S DIPLOMACY
 communication with and dissemination of
propaganda to the general public of foreign
nations to establish a dialogue designed to
inform and influence.
 government
Use of
electronic communications
devices, computers and the
Internet to provide public
services to citizens and other
persons in a country or
region.
Some television networks that diversify the landscapes of
global electronic newsgathering:

BBC World (United Kingdom)

Al Jazeera English (Qatar)
Al Arabiya (Saudi Arabia)
France 24
Russia Today
CCTV (China)
NHK World (Japan)
 Conclusion

Globalization coincides with states and indeed has

spurred the creation of many new states with many
nations and ethnic, linguistic and religious communities
long submerged within existing states rising up and
demanding statehood for themselves.
 Conclusion

States now operate in a world in which power is

dispersed both horizontally and vertically.

Globalization shapes states and states also shape

globalization.
 Conclusion
States set the agendas and also drive the terms of
cooperation that govern the world’s leading
international organizations.

Globalization has sparked competing dynamics of

power diffusion and power consolidation.