The Relationship Between Facebook Addiction and Academic Procrastination of

Grade 12 HUMSS students of PHINMA COC Senior High School Department

A Research Proposal

To Cagayan de Oro College PHINMA Education Network, Cagayan de Oro City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For Research 2

By

Abragan, Rose Jaren Camilon, Britney Hablo, Markenny

Mae
Catapusan, Jed Longos, Hyllaree
Antepuesto, Lito
Clamocha, Shanni Bee Maranga, John Edward
Bacuahon, Jossel
Claro, Robelyn Monsales, Narjun
Bararodin, Ashley Belle
Daayata, Jeseil Namocot, Mary Joy
Bongalon, Jack Harold
Dablio, Mary Joy Rivera, Robert
Caamino, Angel
Dagala, Jhoary Tambara, Abdul
Cabonialda, Kissy
Dicalan, Mark Ventura, Karren
Cagas, John Eric
Dorango, Rodelyn
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Though procrastination phenomenon has big impacts on our lives, little research has been
done on it. Milgram (1992) has done the first historical analysis on the subject matter and argued
that procrastination rises from advance societies who require various commitments and
deadlines. Ferrari et al. (1995) in their book stated that this particular behaviour has already
existed long ago, but it is only been related to negative connotations in line with the introduction
of the industrial revolution. In the beginning, procrastination was never related to any negative
interpretation as it is viewed neutrally by the society. However, from the earlier researches done,
procrastination can be then interpreted as one of behaviour problem.

In addition, the word procrastination comes from the Latin pro, meaning "forward, forth,
or in favor of," and crastinus, meaning "of tomorrow" (http://tinyurl.com/procrastinus). There are
various dictionary definitions of procrastination. The American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language (Fourth Edition) defines procrastination as "to put off doing something,
especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness; to postpone or delay needlessly", "to postpone
doing something, especially as a regular practice" (Encarta World Dictionary) and "to keep
delaying something that must be done, often because it is unpleasant or boring" (Cambridge
International Dictionary of English).

Nowadays, many researchers have been conducted on procrastination. Most of the

literature involves university students. A procrastinator is a person who is aware that he or she
has a task or an assignment to do. He or she is trying and planning to start working on the task,
but continues to delay doing so. A person who has this habit is normally doing less important or
not important tasks rather than the more important task. A procrastinator wastes too much time
on something which gives him or her pleasure such as playing computer games or reading an
update in his or her social networking website. Mostly, procrastinators keep themselves ready to
work but end up avoiding the task (Noran, 2000).
 Facebook has gained unparalleled fame and is presently the 2nd most often used and
visited website on the web, capturing an audience of over 606 million according to Gonzalez
(2011). In Australia, the zeal to use face book is noticeable, almost half the population is
reported to be active users. (Gonzalez, 2011). It is not Author α σ: The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Pakistan. e-mail: shanyfazal@gmail.com shocking to find that face book has
impacted the socialnetworking of the people, keeping these figures in mind. As an example, a
variety of studies have evaluated that Face book use is related to enhance sociability. (Burke,
Marlow, & Lento, 2010; Steinfield, Ellison, & Lampe, 2008). Also, recently a qualitative study
suggested that Face book is also dynamical in the manner people communicate and accompany
each other according to Richardson & Hessey, 2009.

Although facebook use has its implications, there is a definite gap of thorough empirical
research in the area. One of the reasons could be that face book is comparatively a new social
advent and intrinsically, there has been restricted chance for preliminary analysis. However,
within the last 2 years, a growing range of analyzers have recognized the importance of this kind
of research, and are finding measures towards distinguishing the categories of individuals who
are facebook users. (Hargittai, 2008; Raacke & BondsRaacke, 2008; Sheldon, 2009; Tufekci,
2008). So as to effectively come through this objective, some researchhers have centered on the
link between Facebook use and varied aspects of personality traits. (AmichaiHamburger, 2002;
Buffardi & Campbell, 2008;, Mehdizadeh, 2010; Ross et al., 2009; Sheldon, 2008). In keeping
with Amichai-Hamburger (2002), this type of analysis is important as ‘‘personality may be
extremely pertinent in deciding behavior on the web.’’

The actual purpose behind the creation of facebook was to provide a social tool for
students to maintain their relationships related to university. But today, high school and college
students have preferred Facebook as the priority social-networking site. Among college students,
looking for someone who does not use face book is a formidable task Ellison et al reports that in
2007, 94% of Undergraduate students in the United States accounted for being face book users.
In addition to the large scale use of face book by college students, the average time they spend
on face book is also on the rise. In January 2012 a total of more than ten billion min/day were
amassed by users logged on to facebook on their personal computers. In comparison to January
2011, and January 2012 the accumulated min/day and the average min/user per day escalated by
57% and 14% respectively. Known that a large number of students use Facebook and the
quantity of time that they are spending logged on to Facebook, the issue raised is whether using
Facebook negatively affects the performance of students at their academic level. The question
arises as whether Facebook use negatively impacts academic performance.

Hypotheses

1. Significance of Facebook addiction towards the student’s academic procrastination

2. Facebook addiction and academic procrastination are closely associated among the Grade
12 HUMSS students of PHINMA COC Senior High School Department.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

At school, there are plenty of academic tasks which required constant attention such as
studying for exams, academic assignments, class projects, final academic project, meeting
lecturer and excessive use of Social Media particularly facebook. Thus, procrastination behavior
might be a major impediment for the students to complete the assigned tasks. Procrastination was
found out to be one of the reasons why students failed to pass the subject.

The main aim of this study is to examine the relationship between facebook addiction and
academic procrastination of the students of PHINMA-COC Grade 12 HUMSS
With the use of minor and resourced research, this paper seeks to answer the following
questions.

1. Is there any connection between the facebooking engagements of the respondents and
their academic performance?

2. What is the frequency or amounts of time per day used for Facebook?

3. Is there any relationship between facebook addiction and academic procrastination?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The thorough study of procrastination of the researchers of PIHNMA COC Senior High
School Department introduced the relationship between facebook addiction and academic
procrastination. This information may be useful for the faculty and teachers to take actions on the
increasing population of students engaging themselves in form of laziness. It will serve as basis
for school administration for the appropriate response, action and processes to be done to at least
decrease the number of students who engage in facebook addiction that could cause academic
procrastination. The appropriate process will help them to encourage the students to stop
procrastinating and enhance the higher standards of the academic.

Moreover, the result of the study will benefit the following:

The Students it will help them to be aware that Facebook addiction that leads to academic
procrastination is a bad behavior that cause them into a greater risk. It only promotes tardiness
and laziness.

The Teachers the result of this study is useful to determine the student who procrastinate or not.
The information gathered from this study give them ideas on how to improve their teaching skills
to avoid procrastinating and how to handle their students.

PHINMA COC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT will maintain the higher
standard of the academic by giving the best response to this common issue of students and to
adopt appropriate process and policy rather than punishing them. Analyzing and understanding
his situations that caused him to engage in facebook addiction that could lead to academic
procrastination must be observe.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The researchers will give truthful information particularly the different reasons of
students indulge in any forms of facebook addiction and academic procrastination, determined
the different behaviors of students that influenced them to procrastinate and the various reasons
of procrastinating to help the teachers determine those students who procrastinated and prevent
procrastinating on homeworks, performance tasks and other school works.

These can be done with the help of students perception of G12 HUMSS students of PHINMA
COC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT whereas they are the primary target respondent
of the study. PHINMA COC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT are the research
participants and the main source of information needed by the researchers to achieve effective
term paper. They will answer the questions truthfully based on their experience given by the
questionnaire of the researchers. Thus, the cooperation of the respondent is required to give the
best result of this study.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Facebook: is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create

profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and
colleagues.

Facebooking: Relative to this study and as coined by the researcher, facebooking is the practical
use of Facebook. It involves surfing on the Facebook website and carrying out activities such as
posting on personal, friends’ or groups’ walls, chatting (or making Facebook phone calls on
mobile phones), watching videos, reading documents, listening to audios, using Facebook
applications and other related activities.

Academic Procrastination: It is a delay in tasks or activities related or dependent on learning

and studying. Academic procrastination is a tendency to put off or delays in learning activities
and behaviors
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATED LITERATURE

Academic procrastination has almost always been a substantial reason for poor academic
performance especially among student who are academically capable which is shown in a study
done by Onwuegbuzie and Jiao (2000), where 95% of students engage in academic
procrastination in a college level while approximately 60% procrastinate at a graduate level.
Despite students knowing that procrastination leads to poorer academic performance, students
rarely try overcome procrastination and instead claim that the pressure to perform enables them
to complete the assignments. However according to Ferrari and Tice(2000) in an experimental
setting where time was limited, the results showed that the participants generally produce poor
quality performance when under pressure (limited time was the stimulus for pressure). 

Procrastination consists of the intentional delay of an intended course of action, in spite of an

awareness of negative outcomes (Steel, 2007). Procrastination in simpler terms therefore, is
putting off tomorrow what should be done today. Procrastination however should not be inter-
exchangeable with the word delay as it is different from delays, as delays have rational reasons
behind putting-off something as opposed with procrastination (Steel, 2011).  As such
procrastination is also defined as differing action due to indecisiveness or without good reason
(Oxford English dictionary).

Procrastination is a well know phenomenon that has the ability to interfere in the effectiveness
and to a greater extend the quality of one's life depending on which two areas the procrastination
has an effect on; academic procrastination or neurotic indecisiveness (chronic procrastinators as
it affects every aspect of their life) which is the inability to make decisions thus resulting in
much time lost through indecisiveness. However this research paper would focus of academic
procrastination. It is presumed that procrastination would have a negative relationship with
academic achievement.
There are numerous reasons as to why students procrastinate, despite knowing the negative effect
of doing so, and they attribute this to lack of self-confidence, feeling of being overwhelmed, peer
influence, evaluation anxiety, task evasiveness, dependency and even fear of success. However
failing to set appropriate time to finish assignments and such have just as many consequences be
it internal consequences (such as regret, despair, and self-blame) or external consequences such
as impaired academic and work improvement, lost opportunities and even strains relationship as
the burden of responsibility in group work is shifted unto others, who understandably become
resentful (Burka & Yuen, 1983; Ferrari, 2003). An individual's health is also not spared as stress
resulting from procrastination can compromise one's immune system thus making it more open
to the common cold and flu, and can also cause gastrointestinal problems, strained and knotted
muscles, and to some extend breathing difficulties (Ferrari, 2003).

As it can be seen, procrastination is an interesting and complex phenomenon that should be

better understood in regards to academic achievement and gender. Thus the following literature
review will be of the relationship between procrastination and academic achievement, followed
by gender difference in procrastination.

Procrastination is also typically viewed as volitional ethat is, as involving the voluntary choice of
one behavior or task over competing options (Ferrari &Pychyl, 2000). In this perspective,
excessive Facebook use could be a distraction from accomplishing planned tasks, increasing the
tendency to put off until tomorrow what one should do today (procrastination). The question
arises of whether individuals who have a tendency to procrastinate spend more time on Facebook
and are at a higher risk of developing Facebook addiction.
The findings on the associations between procrastination and problematic Internet use are scarce
and those already published are rather contradictory. On the one hand, Odaci (2011) showed that
there was no statistically significant association between problematic Internet use and academic
procrastination. On the other hand, Thatcher, Wretschko, and Fridjhon (2008) presented the
results of a study on a sample of 1399 Internet users revealing a relationship between
problematic Internet use and online procrastination measured with the Distraction subscale of the
Online Cognition Scale (OCS; Davis, Flett, &Besser, 2002). The lack of consistency in these
results may stem from cultural differences and/or from different instruments used to measure
both problematic Facebook use and procrastination. In the present study, the term “Facebook
intrusion”is used interchangeably with the term “Facebook addiction. ”These two concepts are
strongly interrelated: both point to excessive involvement in Facebook (Elphinston & Noller,
2011). Both Facebook intrusion and Facebook addiction are constructs that involve a lack of
control over time, experiencing negative consequences because of excessive Facebook use, and
inner pressure to use Facebook despite its detrimental effect on one's life. A large body of
research on Facebook intrusion has revealed negative aspects of this kind of problematic
Facebook use interfering with daily activity and relationship functioning. For instance, Facebook
intrusion was positively related to depression (Blachnio, Przepiorka, &Pantic, 2015), low self-
control (Blachnio & Przepiorka, 2016a), low level of conscientiousness, emotional stability,
openness, low positive orientation (Blachnio &Przepiorka, 2016b), or high level of loneliness
(Blachnio, Przepiorka, Boruch, & Bałakier, 2016).

Regarding demographic variables, sex and age are related to different patterns of Facebook use.
The participant's age is a very important determinant of these patterns, since old people tend to
use social networks less frequently and are generally “less dependent”on online activities. For
instance, females have been found to spend more time on Facebook, to have more Facebook
friends, and to be more likely to use profile pictures for impression management. Women and
older people have been found to be more engaged in online family activity (McAndrew &Jeong,
2012). Young people tend to spend more time on Facebook and have more Facebook friends
than older users (Murphy, 2013). A recent study revealed that adolescents are the group that
discloses the most private information on Facebook (Błachnio, Przepiorka, Bałakier, & Boruch,
2016). In the light of these differences between age and sex groups, it would be interesting to
include these variables in analyses and to investigate their role in the relationship between
Facebook use and procrastination.

Alternatively, procrastination can be measured from a behavioral perspective using the General
Procrastination Scale, developed to assess the frequency with which people postpone performing
everyday behavioral tasks or activities, or using a cognitive measure, namely, the Decisional
Procrastination Scale. Although decisional and general procrastination are related behaviors,
some researchers observed subtle differences between them. Decisional procrastination is more
situationally specific and related to the context of postponing the decision, whereas general
procrastination is an example of behavioral procrastination (Anderson, 2003)and is understood as
the frequency with which people postpone performing everyday behavioral tasks or activities.
The cognitive type of procrastination (indecision) has been defined as purposive delay in making
decisions within some specific time frame (Díaz-Morales &Ferrari, 2015). Indecision can drive
chronic behavioral procrastinators to create excuses to justify why they do not focus on the target
behavior. If you are a procrastinator, the delay seems logical and justifiable; however, from an
external point of view it is irrational and can damage other people's perception of you
(Ferrari,2010).

To support the assumption about the distinct character of decisional procrastination and general
procrastination, Tibbett and Ferrari (2015) outlined different psychological portraits of these two
types. For instance, indecision was related to strong neuroticism and moderate introversion,
whereas generalized procrastination was strongly associated with unconscientiousness and
weakly with neuroticism. Moreover, Díaz-Morales, Ferrari, and Cohen (2008) found that
morningness was negatively related to behavioral, but not to decisional procrastination. Overall,
the results indicated different temporal profiles of indecision and behavioral procrastination.
Behavioral procrastination related to low future time orientation and low morningness, whereas
indecision related to both high negative and high positive past as well as to low present-
hedonistic and low future time orientations. Therefore, it appears that distinct forms of
procrastination can be differentiated based on time perspectives.

Considering the consequences of Facebook addiction, this question is of great importance for
mental and physical health. The main aim of the present study was to explore the relationship
between behavioral procrastination, cognitive procrastination, Facebook intensity, and Facebook
intrusion. Facebook intensity and Facebook intrusion are two closely related constructs.
Facebook intrusion includes such aspects as “withdrawal (distress related to an inability to access
Facebook), relapse and reinstatement (efforts to reduce Facebook use that have been
unsuccessful), and euphoria (feeling connected to others when using Facebook)”(Elphinston &
Noller, 2011, p. 631). Facebook intensity relates not only to the frequency and duration of its
use, but also to the emotional attitude towards this site and its integration with its users' daily life
(Ellison et al., 2007). Higher Facebook intensity has been found to be positively related to
Facebook addiction (Blachnio, Przepiorka, & Pantic, 2016). The more one uses Facebook, the
more prone one is to develop the addiction. Facebook intensity includes the number of Facebook
friends and the amount of time spent using Facebook. Facebook use may be a more general term
that reflects users' behavior on Facebook. A high level of Facebook intrusion and Facebook
intensity can be labeled as problematic Facebook use. Like problematic Internet use (cf. Iacovelli
& Valenti, 2009), problematic Facebook use may be indicative of addictive tendency. To our
best knowledge, this is the first study to investigate these associations. Based on the literature on
procrastination, we assumed that those who have a tendency to procrastinate will be more prone
to intense Facebook use and Facebook intrusion.

Recent literature found that leisurely Internet use is strongly correlated with weakened
academic performance (Kubey, Lavin, & Barrows, 2001). Kubey, Lavin, and Barrows (2001)
found that students who spent five times more hours online reported schoolwork problems. In the
Kubey et al (2001) study, 10-15% of the student participants felt their Internet visits were out of
control. Although this study did not mention Facebook specifically, the researchers did mention
that the captive social opportunities of the Internet appeared to be the culprit of the schoolwork
problems (Kubey et. al, 2001). In addition, Vanden Boogart (2006) discovered that excessive
Facebook use was found among students with lower GPAs.

RELATED STUDY

LOCAL SETTING

One of the greatest technology advancement of today’s’ generation is the used of social
networking. Social networking sites like Facebook have become a global phenomenon
(Zaremohzzabieh, Abu Samah, Omar, Bolong, Akhtar & Kamarudin, 2014). It was Mark
Zuckerbeg who created Facebook. He was a student at Harvard University in 2004 in order to
access college students’ information through a social network. Facebook was first used a virtual
medium for students of Harvard for identification of each other and for making new social
relationship (Markoff, 2007). The widespread Facebook used was spread to other universities
students and eventually became a public domain in 2006 (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). Today, there
are more than 500 million Facebook users who are active participants in the social networking
site (Facebook, 2011).

However, this sudden increase of social networking sites becomes an open gateway to
internet addiction and social network addiction particularly Facebook as a psychological disorder
that is becoming raging throughout the world. It may be credible to addressed Facebook
Addiction Disorder because addiction criteria such as neglect of personal life, mental
preoccupation, mood modifying experiences, tolerance and concealing the addiction behavior
which appear to be present in some people who use social network sites excessively (Young,
1998). There was a potential clinical relevance of Facebook addiction conceptualization under
Internet Spectrum Addiction Disorder (Karaiskos et al, 2010). Thus, Facebook addiction has
become almost synonymous with social networking addiction (Griffiths, 2013).
 In addition, several evidences from past researches have shown how internet use had
interfered with addicts’ academic work, professional performance and their social lives (Louis
&Paul, 2012). Moreover, overuse of Facebook has a potential to bring negative effects on
individual’s study, work, health, and personal relationship (Caplan, 2008).

The Philippines has a young population based on the age distribution of population; that
is why the Filipino youth are fragile to these kinds of phenomenon. For example, when some
students sign up on Facebook, others are obliged to join as well because of strong ties with peers
and the concept of Barkadas who greatly influence one’s hobby. Another significant factor which
worsens Facebook addiction in the country is our attraction to modern technology (dela Peña,
2012). Facebook lowers grades because students spent less time in studying than those who do
not use social networking sites (Rouis, Limayem & Sangari, 2011). Consequently, 74%out of the
26% who reported that Facebook had an impact on their lives claimed that it had a negative
impact such as procrastination, distraction, and poor-time management (Kirschner & Karpinski,
2010).

According to studies, Facebook has an impact to students. Some students are using it for
educational purposes. Students would like to do some online collaboration with classmates. It is
said that Using Facebook boosts students’ self-esteem even more.

They would feel belongingness in the community compared to those who do not have
accounts. It also provides news on what are happening in the real world and even in their school
campuses. On the other hand, negative effects flourish. It was found that social networking sites
has formed a new kind of addiction which we called the "social media addiction" and it is quite
true in using Facebook. Are you addicted to Facebook? Some would say "yes" and some would
say "no". It depends on the level of cravings. But in the recent study, it was found that a lot of
students are by now addicted to it, to the extent that their school performance is affected.
 "Children who spend much of their time online find it harder to focus in class and have
short attention span" researchers found through the samples that 7 out of 10 teachers believed
that their students are becoming obsessed with social media sites such as Facebook. Their
students tend to study while using Facebook and it shows that they got 20% lower grades.
Facebook-using students even perform task (projects or assignments) without completion for the
reason that they spend more time scrolling down on their newsfeed to see updates about their
friends and look up for their notifications rather than finishing their school tasks. Aside that
Facebook affects students’ academic performance; it also has an effect on students’ emotional
health. Yes, students feel connected to others but study shows that they manifest depression
through seeing their status updates. Some would utilize the site to express what they feel towards
their enemy in school or even outside the campus. They would blurt out through posting status
that would target their opponent just to hurt their feelings.

With the rampant use of all the social networking sites, students are coming loose to the
real associates. Facebook chats and posts would make them busy nowadays. They may be
connected to many people but they somehow disconnect with the important aspects of their lives
and one of those is education. The belief of meeting people face to face seems very odd. Students
prefer to send and receive instant messages or post messages through Facebook.

Many other elements could be the reason for the inattention in studies of students. But
somehow social networks like Facebook have a negative impact on the education of some
students. Facebook could make students vain for better or for worse and it is the parents'
obligation to watch and guide their children to get the utmost good benefits from Facebook.

Unfortunately, Filipino students have abused the advantages that Facebook extends to
them and they have been using it without caution and moderation.Eventually, Facebook has
greatly affected their academic lives.Generally, Garcia (2011) stated that Facebook usage have
apparent effects, both positive and negative, on students.In 2010, Kirschner and Karpinskifound
that Facebook usersspent less time in studying and they had lower grades than those who did not
use SNS.However, the study of Kabre and Brown (2011) and Rosen (2011) showed that
Facebook usage has no effect on academic performance of students. In relation with this
worsening phenomenon, this study will seek toanalyze the impact of Facebook addiction on the
academic performance of Filipino students in a multi-perspective approach which some previous
studies failed to do so. It will also try to bring about latest statistical data and draw conclusion
based on the recent trends of Facebook addiction in the country.

FOREIGN STUDY

According to Buffardi and Campbell, the tools that Facebook offers to communicate
may push its users to promote themselves more, hence encouraging narcissism. However, the
methodology used does not allow for much generalization. The impression ratings are based on a
subjective evaluation of the raters and different individuals may have divergent perceptions of
different personality traits. In addition, the NPI questionnaire proposes bipolar choices such as
“My body is nothing special” versus “I like to look at my body” on a scale, which greatly limits
the participants freedom of answer (Buffardi and Campbell, 2008, 1306). In addition,
participants may not want to admit certain narcissistic traits because they may be considered
negative. The ambiguity of the items is also problematic: for instance, “My body is nothing
special” does not provide information about the participant’s perception of their body. “Nothing
special” may or may not have a negative connotation depending on the context, and the
participant’s answer will be determined by their perception of ‘body’ and what makes a body
‘special’. The choice of more neutral items, such as rating “how satisfied are you with your
body?” on a scale would guarantee a more accurate answer. An additional problem with this
study is the choice of participants. More than 60% of both participants and participant raters are
females. It is not clear whether gender plays a role in the ways people use Facebook although it
seems to be the case according to Joinson’s (2008) results that we discussed earlier.
Gangadharbatla (2008) explored whether willingness to join social networking websites (in this
case Facebook) is in relation with the need to belong, collective self-esteem and Internet self-
efficacy. A paperand-pencil questionnaire showed that this is the case, and the researcher
concludes that these factors may as well influence individuals’ attitudes toward social
networking sites. Attitudes are very closely related to another factor that influences Facebook
use: the user’s personality.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

The use of facebook Academic

Procrastination

Figure1

Figure 1 is the research paradigm of the present study showing the relationship of the variables
involved. The independent variable is the use of Facebook while dependent variable is the
academic procrastination. It explains that the use of facebook addiction could lead into academic
procrastination among the students.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This part of the research presents the procedure and sequences followed the research data to

answer the problem in the study. It delineates the research design, research setting, research

respondents, research instruments, validation technique, data gathering procedure, and statistical

treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research in which the researcher measure

two variables and assesses the statistical relationship (i.e, the correlation) between them with

little or no effort to control extraneous variables. There are essentially two reasons the researcher

interested in the statistical relationship is a causal one. For, a researcher might evaluate the

validity of brief extraversion test by administering it to a large group of participants along with a

longer extraversion test that has already been shown to be valid. This researcher might then score

on the larger one. Neither test score is thought to cause the other, so there is no independent

variable to manipulate. In fact, the terms independent variable and dependent variable do not

apply to this kind of research.

RESEARCH SETTING

This study will be conducted at PHINMA Cagayan de Oro College, Max Suniel Street,

Cagayan de Oro City particularly in Senior High School Department. It is composed of only one

year level which is the grade 12 HUMSS.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS

The respondents of the study are the students of Senior high school department PHINMA-

Cagayan de Oro College. The researchers will only choose Grade 12 HUMSS students.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research instrument to be used to gather the important data for this study is conducted

with survey questionnaire. Through the help or assistance of the researchers, the 100 respondents

were able to answer the question easily and not time-consuming.

There is only one set of a questionnaire that will be used by the researchers in this study. The

questionnaire is intended for the student of Senior High School Department. The questionnaire is

composed of closed-ended questions.

VALIDATION TECHNIQUE

To ensure that the questions of our questionnaire are understandable and will be able to

answer by the respondents, the researcher will explain thoroughly the questions.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The following gathering procedure will be observed:

The instruments will be personally given to Senior High School Department in PHINMA

COC specifically from the Grade 12 HUMSS. The questionnaire will be answered by the

respondents after the thorough discussion. The respondent's questions will be accommodated by

the researchers for clarifications.

CATEGORIZATION OF VARIABLES

The categories will be used in analyzing and interpreting data are the following:

 Age

17 years and above

 Gender

Male

Female
  Grades and Section

HUMSS1

HUMSS2

HUMSS3

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The analysis and interpretation of the data will be aided with the following statistical tool:

Descriptive Statistics. The distribution of the respondents using frequency and percentage. Mean

will be used as a measure of central tendency of the responses particularly on the problems.

The following formulas will be used:

A. Percentage

n
% = ×100
N

where:

% = percentage

n = number of responses in a category

N = total number of responses

B. Mean

× =
∑×
N

where:

x = mean

∑ = summation

X = responses