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Compiled by:
Dr. M R Suresh, Professor
Naveen Kumar M, Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru - 560056
• Foundation
• Bearing capacity
• Gross pressure intensity (qg )
• Net pressure intensity (qng )
• Effective surcharge at base level of foundation (q0 )
• Ultimate bearing capacity (qf )
• Net ultimate bearing capacity (qnf )
• Net safe bearing capacity (qns )
• Safe bearing capacity (qs )
• Safe bearing pressure/net soil pressure for specified settlement (qρ )
• Allowable bearing capacity/pressure (qa )
GL
D
FL
B
GL
Q
D
FL
B
R
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 5
Gross Pressure intensity (q)
The total pressure intensity at the base of the footing
due to weight of the superstructure, self weight of the
footing & weight of the earth fill, if any
Q (kN)
GL
D (m) q
𝑞0 = γ D
FL
B (m)
z (m)
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 7
Effective surcharge at base level of foundation
D q0 = γ D
q0 = γ D
FL
B
z (m)
DW 𝛄
D
GWT
𝒒𝟎
(D−DW ) 𝛄𝟏
FL
B
𝒒𝟎 = 𝛄 z = (𝛄 × 𝐃𝐖 ) + (𝛄𝟏 × (D−𝐃𝐖 ))
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 9
Ultimate Bearing Capacity (UBC): 𝒒𝒇 or 𝒒𝒖
The minimum gross pressure intensity at the base of
foundation at which soil fails in shear.
0 𝐐𝐟 Q (kN)
S (mm)
B
Sometimes,
𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
Safe Bearing Capacity =
𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚
𝑞𝑓
𝑞𝑆 =
𝐹𝑂𝑆
S (mm)
D
S (mm)
D
S (mm)
• Foundations on relatively loose sand (𝑅𝐷 <35%) penetrates
into the soil without any bulging of the sand surface.
• The rate of settlement increases and reaches a maximum at
settlement of about 15 to 20% of B.
• Sudden jerks or shears can be observed as soon as
settlement reaches about 6 to 8% of B.
• Failure surface which is vertical or slightly inclined and
follows the perimeter of he base, never reaches the sand
surface.
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 19
Bearing Capacity of Shallow foundation
Compiled by:
Dr. M R Suresh, Professor
Naveen Kumar M, Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru - 560056
Analytical methods:
• Terzaghi’s method.
• IS: 6403-1981 method.
Experimental methods:
• Field plate load test.
• Standard Penetration Test.
𝐪𝐟 𝐪𝟎 = γD
a b
𝛗
e α = 45 +
𝟐
φ φ α = 45 +
𝛗
𝟐
g
III I III
II II f
d c
Failure mechanism:
• Zone I of elastic equilibrium.
• Zone II of radial shear state.
• Zone III of Rankine’s passive state.
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝐪𝟎 𝐍𝐪+ 𝐒γ 𝛄 B 𝐍𝛄
𝟐
qnf
• Net safe Bearing Capacity (q ns ) = ( )
FOS
(SC C NC + Sq q0 (Nq −1) + Sγ 12 γ B Nγ )
q ns = ( )
FOS
qnf
• Safe Bearing Capacity (q s ) = q ns + q 0 = (FOS) + q0
(SC C NC + Sq q0 (Nq −1) + Sγ 12 γ B Nγ )
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
Strip B×1m =B
Circle π
Circular (B 2 )
4
B Square
B
Square B × B = B2
B L
B Rectangle Rectangle B×L
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 31
Shape of the footing:
(Strip, Circular, Square, Rectangular, etc.,)
Terzaghi’s used Shape factors with Cohesion (SC ), Surcharge term (Sq )
& Wedge term (Sγ ).
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝐪𝟎 𝐍𝐪 + 𝐒𝛄 𝛄 B 𝐍𝛄
𝟐
SC 1 1.3 1.3 B
(1 + 0.3 )
L
Sq 1 1 1 1
Sγ 1 0.6 0.8 B
(1 – 0.2 )
L
• In case of purely cohesive soil, local shear failure occur in soft to medium
stiff clay with an unconfined compressive strength ≤ 100 kN/m²
GL
C = 20 kN/m²
D=2m Φ = 300
γ = 18 kN/m³
FL
B=2m
Φ Nc Nq Nγ
36 65.4 49.4 54
q
Safe Bearing Capacity: q s = ( nf ) + q0
FOS
For Cohesionless soils (Sand):
1
(Sq q0 (Nq −1) + Sγ 2 γ B Nγ )
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
1
(1 × 30 × (49.4 − 1)) + (0.8 × 2 × 20 × 2 × 54)
qs = ( ) + 30
3
𝐪𝐬 = 874 kN/m²
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 42
Numerical Problems: Terzaghi’s method
Qsn. 3)
What will be the net ultimate bearing capacity of a soft
clay deposit in which a vane shear was conducted (vane of
10 cm height & 8 cm diameter) and the soil failed at a
maximum torque of 500 kg-cm. Consider a square footing
and density of soil as 17 kN/m³. Assume soil fails by local
shear failure.
Qsn. 4)
A strip footing 1 m wide at its base is located at a depth of
0.8 m below the ground surface. The properties of
foundation soil are γ = 18 kN/m³, C = 30 kN/m² & Φ =
200 . Compute the safe bearing capacity of soil. Take FOS
of 3 against shear failure. Assume soil fails by local shear
failure.
C – Φ soil
D = 0.8 m 𝐪𝟎 C = 30 kN/m²,
FOS = 3
FL Φ = 200,
γ = 18 kN/m³
B=1m
𝐪𝟎 = γ D = 20×1.5 = 30 kN/m²
For Strip footing: 𝐒𝐂 = 𝐒𝐪 = 𝐒𝛄 = 1
As Φ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 < 𝟐𝟖𝟎, Assume soil fails by local shear failure.
2 2
C¹ → ( ) C = ( ) × 30 = 20 kN/m²
3 3
2 2
& Φ1 → tan−1 [( ) tan Φ] = tan−1 [( ) tan (20)] = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟎
3 3
𝑵𝟏𝑪 = 11.8, 𝑵𝟏𝒒 = 3.9, 𝑵𝟏𝜸 = 1.7
Safe Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐬 ):
qnf
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
(SC C1 N1C + Sq q0 N1q −1 + Sγ 12 γ B N1γ)
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
(1 × 20 × 11.8) + (1 ×14.4 × (3.9 − 1)) + (1 × 12 × 18 × 2 × 1.7)
qs = ( ) + (14.4)
3
𝐪𝐬 = 112.13 kN/m² Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 46
Numerical Problems: Terzaghi’s method
Qsn. 5)
A square footing located at a depth 1.5 m from the ground
surface carries a column load of 150 kN. The sandy soil is
submerged having an effective unit weight of 11 kN/m³
and the angle of shearing resistance of 300 . Compute the
size of footing, if FOS = 3 against shear failure.
Φ Nq Nγ
30 10 6
Qsn. 6)
A footing of 1.5 m diameter carries a load (including its
self weight) of 800 kN. The soil has an angle of shearing
resistance of 360 and effective unit weight of 12 kN/m³.
what will be the depth of foundation if FOS = 3 against
shear failure.
Φ Nq Nγ
36 38 41
Qsn. (1)
A 2 m wide square footing is located at ad depth of 1.2 m below
surface of a deep stratum of soft saturated clay having unit
weight of 19.5 kN/m³. The soil has undrained shear strength
parameters as Cu = 25 kN/m² & Φu = 0 and drained parameters
of C1 = 0 & Φ1 = 22.50 .
Determine the safe bearing capacity of foundation, if FOS = 3
against shear failure.
(i) Immediately after construction.
(ii) Few years after construction.
Take Φ Nc Nq Nγ
0 5.7 1 0
22.5 21.4 10.1
Dr. Ambedkar 7.3
Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 51
Assignment: Terzaghi’s method:- Size of foundation (B) ?
Qsn. 2)
Design a strip footing to carry a load of 750 kN/m at a depth of
1.6 m in C-Φ soil having a unit weight of 18 kN/m³ and shear
strength parameters are C = 20 kN/m² & Φ = 250 . Compute the
width of footing. Use FOS of 3 against shear failure. Assume
general shear failure.
(B = 2.04 m)
Qsn. 3)
A square footing located at a depth of 1.3 m below the ground
surface has to carry a load of 800 kN. Compute the size of
footing, if FOS of 3. The soil has the following properties: e =
0.55, Sr = 50 %, G = 2.67, C = 8 kN/m² & Φ = 300 . Assume
general shear failure.
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56
(B = 1.42 m) 52
Terzaghi’s method: Depth of embedment (D) ?
Qsn. 4)
Determine the depth at which a circular footing of 2 m diameter
be founded to provide a FOS of 3 , if it has to carry a safe load of
1600 kN. The foundation soil has C = 10 kN/m², Φ = 300 & γ =
18 kN/m³.
(D = 1.89 m)
Qsn. 5)
The size of an isolated square footing is to be limited to 1.6 m in
soil. Calculate the depth at which the footing should be placed to
carry a load of 1500 kN. The foundation soil has the following
properties: C = 0, Φ = 30⁰ and ϒ = 20 kN/m3, weight of footing
is 100 kN. Take FOS as 3.
(D = 2.96 m)
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 53
Bearing Capacity of Shallow foundation
Compiled by:
Dr. M R Suresh, Professor
Naveen Kumar M, Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru - 560056
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + 𝐒𝛄 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐
𝟐
1 D W1 1 D W2
R W1 = (1 + ) & R W2 = (1 + )
2 D 2 B
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D 𝐃𝐖
FL
B 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 D 𝐍𝐪 0.5 + 𝐒𝛄 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 B 𝐍𝛄 0.5
𝟐
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 59
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 𝐒𝛄
𝟐
Case (ii): When the water table is at foundation level
GL
D 𝐃𝐖𝟏 𝐃𝐖
FL
B
Only wedge term is submerged
1 𝐷𝑊 1
𝐷𝑊 = D = 𝐷𝑊 1; 𝑅𝑊1 = (1 + )=1
2 𝐷
𝐷𝑊2
𝐷𝑊 2 = 0; 𝑅𝑊2 = 12 (1 + 𝐷
) = 0.5
𝛄𝟏 = 𝛄𝒃
𝛄𝟐 = 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝒃 D 𝐍𝐪 1 + 𝐒𝛄 𝟐 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 B 𝐍𝛄 0.5
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 60
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 𝐒𝛄
𝟐
Case (iii): When the water table is at depth of shear
failure zone
GL
D
FL
B 𝐃𝐖
B 𝑫𝑾 𝟐
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝒃 Dr.DAmbedkar
𝐍𝐪 1 +Institute
𝐒𝛄 of𝛄Technology,
𝒃 B 𝐍𝛄Bengaluru
1 - 56 61
𝟐
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 𝐒𝛄
𝟐
Case (iv): When the water table is above foundation
base level
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏 𝐃𝐖
D
FL
B
Partly surcharge term & wedge term is fully submerged; 0 <𝐷𝑊 <D
1 𝐷𝑊1
𝐷𝑊 = 0 <𝐷𝑊1 < D = 𝐷𝑊1 ; 𝑅𝑊1 = (1 + ) = 0.5 < 𝑅𝑊1 < 1
2 𝐷
D
DW 2 = 0; RW2 = 12 (1 + DW2 ) = 0.5
γb × DW1 + γsat ×(𝐷 − DW1 )
𝛄𝟏 = 𝛄𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
D
𝛄𝟐 = 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝒂𝒗𝒈 D 𝐍𝐪 𝑹𝑾𝟏 + 𝐒𝛄 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 B 𝐍𝛄 0.5
𝟐
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 62
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 𝐒𝛄
𝟐
Case (v): When the water table is below foundation base
level of foundation
GL
D
𝐃𝐖
FL
B 𝑫𝑾 𝟐
B
No effect on Surcharge term but effect on Wedge term; D < DW < (D+B);
1 DW1
R W1 = (1 + )=1
2 D
1 DW2
DW 2 = D < DW < (D+B); R W2 = (1 + ) = 0.5 < R W2 < 1
2 D
𝛄𝟏 = 𝛄𝐛
γb × DW2 + γsat ×(B − DW2 )
𝛄𝟐 = 𝛄𝐚𝐯𝐠 =
B
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝐛
D 𝐍𝐪 1 + 𝐒𝛄
𝟏
𝟐
𝛄𝐚𝐯𝐠 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐
• Qsn (1)
A strip footing 2 m in wide carries a load intensity of 400 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.2 m in sand.
The unit weight of sand above and below water table are 16.8 kN/m3 and 19.5 kN/m3
respectively. The shear strength parameters are C = 0 and Φ = 35⁰. Determine the FOS with
respect to shear failure for the following cases of location of water table. For Φ = 35⁰, NC =
57.8, Nq = 41.4, Nγ = 42.4. Use Terzaghi’s approximation method.
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m
𝐃𝐖
D+B FL
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B=2m
GL GWT 𝐃𝐖
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m
FL
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B=2m
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m 𝐃𝐖
FL GWT
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B=2m
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m
FL
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐 𝐃𝐖
B=2m
GWT
No effect of water table: ∵ DW = 4 m > (D+B) = 3.2 m
R W1 = R W2 = 1;
γ1 = γ2 = γb = 16.8 kN/m³;
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏 GWT 𝐃𝐖
D = 1.2 m
FL
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B=2m
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m
FL 𝐃𝐖
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐 GWT
B=2m
• Qsn (1)
A circular footing diameter 2 m is located at 1.5 m deep. The soil has the following
properties: C = 48 kN/m2, Φ = 0⁰ and ϒ = 18 kN/m3. The water table at 3.5 m below
base of footing. Compute the change in safe bearing capacity if the water level
reaches the ground surface. Use Terzaghi’s method.
Qsn (3)
Compiled by:
Dr. M R Suresh, Professor
Naveen Kumar M, Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru - 560056
𝑩𝟏 𝑩𝟏 𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = (1 + 0.3 ) C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + (1 - 0.2 ) 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝟐
𝐐𝐟 𝐐𝐟
But, 𝐪𝐟 = =
𝐀𝟏 𝐁 𝟏 ×𝐋𝟏
𝐐𝐟 = 𝐪𝐟 × 𝑨𝟏
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 77
V
R
α
• Inclined load H
Z α
𝐇 𝐞 GL
tan α = =
𝐕 𝐃+𝐙
𝐁𝟏 = B – 2 𝐞𝐱 D
𝐀𝟏 = 𝐁 𝟏 × L e
B
𝐁𝟏 𝐁𝟏 𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = (1 + 0.3 𝐋𝟏
) C 𝐍𝐂 𝐢𝐂 + 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 𝐢𝐪 + (1 - 0.2 )
𝐋𝟏 𝟐
𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 𝐢𝛄
𝐐 𝐐
But, 𝐪𝐟 = 𝐀𝟏𝐟 = 𝐁𝟏 ×𝐋
𝐟
𝟏
𝐐𝐟 = 𝐪𝐟 × 𝐀𝟏
𝐢𝐂 , 𝐢𝐪 & 𝐢𝛄 → Load inclination factors
𝛂 𝟐 𝛂 𝟐
𝐢𝐂 = 𝐢𝐪 = (𝟏 − 𝟗𝟎
) ,Dr.𝐢𝛄Ambedkar
= (𝟏Institute
− of𝚽Technology,
) Bengaluru - 56 78
One-way eccentricity: 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑳𝟏 × B
L1 = L – 2 ex
G C
B ex
G
B ey
C B1 = B – 2 ey
L L
− ex − ex
2 2
𝐋𝟏 = 𝐋 − 𝟐 𝐞𝐱
B
𝐁𝟏 = 𝐁 − 𝟐 𝐞𝐲 − ey
G 2
B ey
ex C
B
− ey
2
L
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 81
Numericals: Effect of eccentricity on bearing capacity
• Qsn (1)
A square footing 2 m wide is laid at a depth of 1.5 m on a
soil with unit weight of 19 kN/m3, cohesion of 30 kN/m2
and angle of internal friction of 36⁰. If the load coming on
the footing is inclined at an angle of 10° to the vertical
and 50 mm eccentric in direction of Y-axis. Calculate
ultimate bearing capacity. For Φ = 360 , NC = 65.4, Nq =
49.4, Nγ = 54
kN/m³, C = 30 kN/m², H
Φ = 360 , NC = 65.4, Nq = 65.4, Z
GL
α
Nγ = 65.4
α = 100 , ey = 0.05 m, D
∴ 𝐵1 = B - 2 ey = 2 - 2×0.05 = e
B
1.90 m
L=2m
G
B ey
C B1 = B
– 2 ey
L
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 83
Solution: Qsn (1): Inclined load
B = 2 m, D = 1.5 m, γ = 19 kN/m³, C = 30 kN/m²,
Φ = 360 , NC = 65.4, Nq = 49.4, Nγ = 54
α = 100 , ey = 0.05 m,
∴ 𝐵1 = B - 2 ey = 2 - 2×0.05 = 1.90 m
B1 B1 1
q f = (1 + 0.3 ) C NC iC + γ1 D Nq iq + (1 – 0.2 L1 ) 2 γ2 B Nγ iγ
L1
B1 α α
q f = (1 + 0.3 ) C NC (1 − 90)2 + γ1 D Nq (1 − 90)2 + (1 – 0.2
L
B1 1 α
) γ2 B Nγ (1 − )2
L 2 Φ
1.90 10 2
q f = (1 + 0.3 2 ) × 30 × 65.4 × (1 − 90) + 19 × 1.5 × 49.4 ×
10 1.90 1 10
(1 − )2 + (1 – 0.2 ) × × 19 × 2 × 54 × (1 − )2
90 2 2 36
𝐪𝐟 = 3537.7 kN/m²
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 84
Assignment: Effect of eccentricity on bearing capacity
• Qsn (2)
A footing 2.2 m × 2 m is used for column 300 mm×300
mm at a depth of 1.2 m below the ground surface. The
load on the footing is 600 kN which is inclined at 10⁰
with the vertical and at an eccentricity of 100 mm in the
longer direction. Check the safety of the footing. Given C
= 60 kN/m2, Φ = 25⁰ and ϒ = 16 kN/m3. The water table
is very deep.
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 85
Assignment: Effect of eccentricity on bearing capacity
• Qsn (3)
Calculate the net bearing capacity of rectangular footing 2
m × 4 m in plan founded at a depth of 1.5 m below
ground surface. The load on the footing acts at an angle
of 15⁰ to the vertical and is eccentric in direction of width
by 15 cm. C = 15 kN/m2, Φ = 25⁰, natural water table is at
a depth of 2 m below ground surface. The saturated unit
weight of the soil is 18 kN/m3.
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 86
Assignment: Effect of eccentricity on bearing capacity
• Qsn (4)
• Qsn (5)
• Qsn (6)
Compiled by:
Dr. M R Suresh, Professor
Naveen Kumar M, Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru - 560056
Steel girders
Tie rod
Hydraulic jack
Angle
GL
Extension
pipe
Anchors
Dial
gauge D
FL
Test plate BP Test pit
5BP
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 92
• Plate load test is to estimate the allowable bearing
pressure of soil to induce a given amount of
settlement.
• Bearing plates round or square varying in size from 30
to 60 cm and thickness of 2.5 cm.
• The load on the plate is applied by making use of
hydraulic jack
• The reaction of the jack load is taken by a cross beam
or a steel truss anchored suitably at both the ends.
• The settlement of the plate is measured by a set of 3
dial gauges of sensitivity 0.02 mm placed at 1200
apart.
𝐒𝐏
𝐒𝐏
𝐁𝐏 𝐁𝐅
• Cohesionless soil (Sand):
BF
qF = qP ×
BP
B (B +0.3) 2
SF = SP [ F P ]
BP (BF +0.3)
• Cohesive soil (Clay):
qF = qP
BF
SF = SP ×
BP
q F → Bearing capacity of footing (kN/m²)
q P → Bearing capacity of plate (kN/m²)
BF → Size of foundation (m)
BP → Size of plate (m)
SF → Permissible settlement of foundation (m)
SP → Settlement of plate (m)
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 96
• Cohesive-friction soil: (Housel’s equation)
Q1 Q2
B1 B2
Q=Aq+p S
Q → Total load on the bearing area (kN)
A → contact area of plate or footing (m²)
p → perimeter of plate or footing (m)
q → bearing pressure beneath the area (A)
S → perimeter shear (kN/m)
D = 1.2 m
QfP 36
qfP = = = 400 kN/m²
AP (0.3 ×0.3)
FL
BP = 0.3 m
For Φ = 0, 𝐍𝐂 = 5.7, 𝐍𝐪 = 1, 𝐍𝛄 = 0
Bf = 1 m Φ = 0,
DW = 4.7 m
γ = 16.8 kN/m³
∵ 𝑫𝑾 = 4.7 m > (D+B) = (1.2+1) = 2.2 m
GWT
No effect of Water table on bearing capacity
𝟏
𝒒𝒇𝑷 = 𝑺𝑪 C 𝑵𝑪 + 𝑺𝒒 𝜸 𝑫 𝑵𝒒 + 𝑺𝜸 𝜸 𝑩𝑷 𝑵𝜸
𝟐
1
400 = 1.3 × C × 5.7 + 1× 16.8× 1.2× 1 + 0.6 × × 16.8 × 0.3 × 0
2
CDr.=Ambedkar
51.26 Institute
kN/m²of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 100
For Strip footing:
qnf
qs = + q0
FOS
(SC C NC + Sq q0 (Nq −1) + Sγ 12 γ B Nγ )
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
• Qsn (3)
Plate load tests were conducted in Cohesive - Friction
soil on plates of two different sizes and the following
results were obtained. Compute the size of square
footing to carry a load of 800 kN at same specified
settlement of 25 mm. Use Housel’s method.
Solving, equations
q = 111.11 kN/m² & s = 25 kN/m
• Qsn (4)
Plate load tests were conducted in Cohesive - Friction
soil on plates of two different sizes and the following
results were obtained: Determine the load on a circular
footing of 1.2 m diameter that will cause a settlement of
15 mm. Use Housel’s method.
40
45
50 By Double Tangent
Dr. Ambedkar method,
Institute of Technology, 𝑞𝑓𝑃
Bengaluru - 56= 240 kN/m² 106
Based on Shear criteria
Square Plate resting on Sandy soil
1 GL
qfP = SC C NC + Sq q0 Nq + Sγ γ BP N γ
2
1
240 = 0 + 0 + 0.8 × × 20 × 0.6 × Nγ
2
∴ 𝐍𝛄 = 50 D = 1.2 m qfP = 240 kN/m²
From the chart,
For 𝐍𝛄 = 50, Φ = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟎 & 𝐍𝐪 = 40 FL
BP = 0.6 m
γ = 20 kN/m³
qnf GL
qns =
F
(Sq q0 (Nq − 1) + Sγ 12 γ Bf Nγ ) q ns = ?
qns =
F
1
1 × 20 × 2 40 −1 + 0.8 × × 20 × 1.5 × 50 D=2m
2
qns = ( )
3
𝐪𝐧𝐬 = 720 kN/m² FL
Bf = 1.5 m
γ = 20 kN/m³
40
45
50
The load intensity corresponding to 𝐒𝐏 = 12.8 mm is 𝐪𝐧𝛒 = 320 kN/m²
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 110
Allowable load (𝐐𝐀 )
Load (kN) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Settlement 1. 2. 3. 7. 11
0 5
(mm) 25 5 75 5 .5
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 112
(i) Load intensity V/S Settlement plot
𝑞_𝑃
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
q_fP = 260
kN/m²
2
8
𝑆_𝑃 (mm)
10
12
14 By Double Tangent
Dr. Ambedkar method,
Institute of Technology, q_fP
Bengaluru - 56 = 260 kN/m² 113
Based on Settlement criteria:
(i) Allowable bearing capacity, if the deposit is deep
sand.
Soln.
BF 3
qF = qP × = 260 × = 2600 kN/m²
BP 0.3
qF 2600
qA = = = 866.67 kN/m²
FOS 3
Soln.
qF = qP = 260 kN/m²
qF 260
qA = = = 86.67 kN/m²
FOS 3
10
𝑆𝑃 (mm)
12
14 By Double Tangent
Dr. Ambedkar Institute ofmethod, 𝑞𝑓𝑃- 56= 260 kN/m²
Technology, Bengaluru 116
Based on Settlement criteria:
(iii) Expected settlement by 3 m square footing loaded
with allowable bearing capacity as obtained in (ii).
Soln.
For qA = 86.67 kN/m²,
from the graph SP = 1.9 mm
BF 3
∴ SF = SP × = 1.9 × = 19 mm
BP 0.3
4. 1 2 3 4 5
Load (kN) 0 9
5 8 7 6 5 4
1
0. 1. 5. 7.
Settlement 2. 3. 0.
0 7 2 3 7
(mm) 0 5 7
5 Institute of5Technology, Bengaluru - 56
Dr. Ambedkar 5 5 118
5
Load intensity V/S Settlement plot
𝑞𝑃 (kN/m²)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
0
1
𝑞𝑓𝑃 = 360 kN/m²
𝑞𝑓 = 500 kN/m²
2
3
4
5
6
7 𝑆𝑃 = 7.82 mm
8
𝑆𝑃 (mm)
9
10
11
12 By Double Tangent
Dr. Ambedkar Institute ofmethod, 𝑞𝑓𝑃- 56= 260 kN/m²
Technology, Bengaluru 119
Based on Settlement criteria:
BP (BF +0.3) 2 0.3 (1.2 + 0.3) 2
SP = SF [ ] = 20 [ ] = 7.82 mm
BF (BP +0.3) 1.2 (0.3 + 0.3)
The load intensity corresponding to SP = 7.82 mm,
from the chart is q f = 500 kN/m²
∴ Qf = 500 × (1.2×1.2) = 720 kN
Compiled by:
Dr. M R Suresh, Professor
Naveen Kumar M, Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru - 560056
Syllabus:
• Definitions of bearing capacities
• Modes of shear failure –
(General, Local and Punching shear)
• Terzaghi’s and IS: 6403-1981 method bearing capacity
equations - assumptions and limitations
• Effect of ground water table on bearing capacity
• Effect of footing eccentricity on bearing capacity
• Field methods to evaluation of allowable bearing capacity –
Plate load test
Hammer Hoist
75 cm
Stopper
GL Rod
FL Sampling tube
15 cm N1
15 cm N2 N = 𝐍𝟐 + 𝐍𝟑 30 cm
15 cm N3
• Effect of dilatancy
Dilatancy correction is to be applied when 𝑁1 obtained after over burden correction
exceeds 15 in a fine sands & silts.
Terzaghi & Peck
𝑁11 = 15 + ½ (𝑁1 – 15)
𝑁11 → Final corrected value to be used in the design chart
N 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Φ 28.5 30 32 33 35 36 37.5 39 40 43
Soln.
NO = 40, Z = 6 m,
σ1i = γ1 Z = (19 - 9.81) × 6 = 55.14 kN/m2 ≥ 24 kN/m2
2000
N1 = CN × NO = 0.77 log10 ( σ1i
)× NO
2000
= 0.77 log10 (55.14) × 40 = 48
N11 = 15 + ½ (N1 – 15)
= 15 + ½ (48Dr.-Ambedkar
15) =Institute
32 of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 137
Numericals: SPT
Qsn. (2)
The measured SPT-N value at a depth of 10 m in fine sand was 23.
The water table was 2 m below the ground surface. Determine the
corrected SPT-N value. Take unit weights of sand above and below
water table as 18 kN/m3 and 21 kN/m3 respectively.
Soln.
NO = 23, Z = 10 m,
σ1i = 18×2 + (21-9.81)× 8 = 125.52 kN/m2 ≥ 24 kN/m2
2000
N1 = CN × NO = 0.77 log10 ( σ1i
)× NO
2000
= 0.77 log10 (125.12) × 23 = 21
N11 = 15 + ½ (N1 – 15)
= 15 + ½ (21Dr.-Ambedkar
15) =Institute
18 of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 138
Numericals: SPT
8 0.75 D
10 1.50
B
15 2.25
15 3.00 γ = 18 kN/m³ GWT
18 3.75
γ' = 10 kN/m³
20 4.50
16 5.25 Fine Sand
γ' = 8 kN/m³
25 6.00
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 143
Numericals: SPT
Assignment: Qsn. (8)
A square footing of size (8 m × 8 m) is founded at a depth of 2
m below ground surface in fine loose to medium dense sand. The
water table is at the base level of the foundation. The standard
penetration tests conducted at the site gave the following
observed values. Compute the net safe pressure by the use of the
modified equations of Teng’s & Meyerhof’s. The effective unit
weights of the soil are given in figure.
γ = 16.5 kN/m³ D
6 2 5m GWT
B
7 4
γ' = 8.5 kN/m³ Dense Sand
10
6
14 8 γ' = 8.5 kN/m³
Medium dense Sand
11 10 6m
20 12
γ' = 9 kN/m³
25 14 Fine Sand
7m
24 16
35 18
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 145