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And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until, as if, because, when,
after, though, before.
A boy and a girl
An elephant and a giraffe
A toy or a book
The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.
Types of connectors
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join together clauses of equal importance.
Some examples of coordinating conjunctions are - and, but, or,
Use of 'and'
'And' is used as a conjunction when the words or phrases are of equal importance and both conditions
exist. Other words that can be used in place of and are: moreover, in addition to, along with, plus, as well
as, further more
Tom and Harry play hockey.
A lion and a fox live in this cave.
We need some gloves and a ball in addition to bats.
The soldiers rose moreover they cheered the leader.
We found the thief along with the bags.
The gurgling stream along with the howling wind added to the charm of the place.
Use of 'but'
The conjunction 'but' is used to show a contradiction between two phrases. Let's say the first phrase
leads you to expect a certain event and the second phrase tells you quite a contradictory outcome. In
such an event, but, is used.
Other words like: nevertheless, yet, however, can be used in place of 'but'
He ran, but he missed the bus.
She studied hard but could not score well in the test.
The hill was very steep but the old man could climb it easily.
Sharon fell from the horse nevertheless she did not cry.
The lion was hungry yet it did not attack Androcles.
He is from England however he speaks Chinese very well.
Use of 'Or'
When we need to express a choice between two words or phrases we use 'or'. Here only one of the two
conditions exists.
Example:
Would you take a cup of tea or coffee?
Shall we buy a book or a toy?
Sit on the bench or on the grass.
Are you tired or shall we go out for a walk?
We can learn to talk English or we can depend on sign language.
Correlative conjunctions:
Conjunctions used in pairs are correlative conjunctions
Either..... or Either Peter or John has taken the book.
Neither.....nor It is neither hot nor tasty.
Both.....and My sister is both smart and intelligent.
Whether..... or Tell me whether you know the route or not.
Not only..... but also Not only is she stupid but also stubborn.
Compound conjunctions
Compound conjunctions are groups of words that behave like conjunctions.
In order that, on condition that, provided that, as soon as
Conjunction Usage
In order that I bought all the books in order that you may study
On condition that The teacher excused him on condition that he would not repeat the mistake.
Even if Sarah would not marry him even if he proposed to her.
So that I kept away my work so that I could spend time with my daughters
Provided that You can take leave provided that you work overtime later
As though Rex behaves as though he is the boss.
As well as Monica as well as veronica was present there
As soon as Mr. Ford plans to pay off his loan as soon as he gets his bonus.
As if It looks as if there is going to be a storm.
Subordinating conjunction
A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning. The chief
subordinating conjunctions are after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless.
I will not go to the market if it rains.
The situation 'I will not go to the market' is dependant on the condition 'if it rains'.
You could go and play after you have done the dishes.
King Midas was unhappy because his daughter turned to gold.
You must dig the earth till you find water.
CONTRAST
1. HOWEVER
This restaurant has the best kitchen in town. However, their staff are
quite rude.
2. IN CONTRAST
House prices have gone up this year. In contrast, car prices seem to be
stagnating.
3. NEVERTHELESS
4. NONETHELESS
I don’t think Sean has serious behavioural problems. Nonetheless, I’ll
talk to him first thing in the morning.
5. YET
I’ve asked you a thousand times not to leave your dirty socks on the
floor. Yet, you keep doing it.
England has the best language schools. On the other hand, it has the
worst weather.
7. BY COMPARISON
Going out with Jim has its risks. By comparison, being with Tim is as
easy as falling off a log.
8. ON THE CONTRARY
9. INSTEAD
Yes, he’s very good-looking. All the same, I don’t think you should go
out with him.
SIMILARITY
1. LIKEWISE
You can’t give your phone number to every man who asks for it.
Likewise, you can’t go out with everyone who fancies you.
2. SIMILARLY
You’re not allowed to use your phone here. Similarly, you have to
switch it off when you’re in the library.
3. CORRESPONDINGLY
Cutting down on sugar will help you lose weight. In the same way,
doing more exercise will help you get rid of a few kilos.
5. ALSO
RESULT
1. AS A RESULT
I’ve done a pranic healing course. As a result, I’ve been able to cure my
neighbour’s sick cat.
2. AS A CONSEQUENCE
3. THEREFORE
We’re going to experience some meteor showers in the next few days.
Therefore, the number of miraculous self-healings will rise.
4. THUS
You didn’t tell me you wanted to come. Thus, we won’t be taking you
with us.
5. ACCORDINGLY
Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-
made objects is the main source of income for locals.
SEQUENCING
First of all, I’d like to talk about the benefits of having a pet pig.
2. TO BEGIN WITH
For another thing, you might want to consider how cute they look in
pyjamas.
7. ALSO
8. BESIDES
Besides not eating much, they won’t ever chew on your electric cords.
9. IN ADDITION
10. FURTHERMORE
11. MOREOVER
Moreover, they’ll show you the way home when you’re drunk.
12. FINALLY
Finally, pet pigs are fantastic guards. No burglar would ever have the
heart to hurt a pet pig.
13. LAST, LASTLY, LAST OF ALL
ORDER OF IMPORTANCE
1. MOST IMPORTANTLY
I’d like to talk to you about how to keep calm at your workplace. Most
importantly, never go to the canteen while your boss is there.
2. PRIMARILY
3. ABOVE ALL
Above all, don’t ever look up from your notes when people are around.
4. MOST SIGNIFICANTLY
How can I put this? Essentially, having an affair with one of your
colleagues should be the last thing on your mind.
PARTICULARIZATION
1. IN PARTICULAR, PARTICULARLY
2. MORE SPECIFICALLY
EXAMPLIFICATION
1. FOR EXAMPLE
To solve this problem, you might want to try making small gestures.
For example, making your spouse’s favourite meal for dinner or giving
him a massage after a tiring day.
2. FOR INSTANCE
Appreciate the small things your spouse does for you. For instance,
leave thank-you notes for them every now and then.
3. TO ILLUSTRATE
Misunderstandings can be highly destructive. To illustrate, if your
spouse sees you with a friend of the opposite sex in a café, he might not
understand why he hasn’t been invited and demand an explanation.
EXPLANATION
Keep romance alive. That is to say, don’t let your lovelife fall into
routine.
2. NAMELY
I have a very good reason for not trusting my ex. Namely, he’s a
convicted felon.
3. IN OTHER WORDS
4. PUT DIFFERENTLY
John has managed to get over Jane. Put differently, he’s started seeing
other women.
EMPHASISING
1. AS A MATTER OF FACT
I love sleeping with my pet pig. As a matter of fact, I can’t fall asleep
unless he’s in my bed.
2. IN FACT
I told them not to invite Rachel to the party. In fact, I was the only
person who saw what a party pooper she really was.
3. ACTUALLY
I think it would be a good idea to send her some flowers. Actually, you
should get her a hundred orchids.
4. INDEED
I’m going to Janet’s party at the weekend. As for Mary’s, I think I’ll
pass.
2. WITH RESPECT TO
Starting your own IT company may be the one of the best things you
can do right now. With respect to opening a pet shop, it’s hard to say the
same thing.
3. REGARDING
Start your day with making the most important phone calls. Regarding
emails, you might put them off until later.
4. WITH REGARD TO
5. AS REGARDS
6. TALKING OF
Talking of cats, you can’t trust them to keep you company when you
need it. They’re quite selfish creatures.
7. AS FAR AS … CONCERNED
As far as dogs are concerned, they might give you a chance to get up
from your desk and get some exercise during the day.
CONCLUSION
1. IN CONCLUSION
2. IN BRIEF
3. IN SUMMARY
In summary, it may not be the best idea to frequent the same pubs as
your boss.
4. TO SUM UP
To sum up, some people are better suited to working from home than
others.
5. ALL IN ALL
All in all, you have to make sure both you and your customers are
satisfied with your work.
CORRECTION
1. RATHER
I thought it was a good idea to get a ferret. Rather, it had always been
my dream to get one.
2. TO BE MORE PRECISE
You might want to change a few things. To be more precise, I think you
should start again from scratch.
TIME
1. AT FIRST
2. THEN
3. AFTERWARDS
4. LATER
5. IN THE MEANTIME
In the meantime, I was getting some help from my English teacher.
6. MEANWHILE
1. ANYWAY
I couldn’t get my head around the Passive Voice. Anyway, I don’t think
it’s important to use it all the time.
2. ANYHOW
3. AT ANY RATE
Linkers
#Form
#Reasons and results
#Contrast
#Comparing
#Adding points
#One sentence or two?
#Linkingwith prepositions
#Other ways of linking and other relationships
Form
Linkers are words or phrases that we use to link (i.e. connect or join) ideas.
In this example, we can see that the first idea, 'It was raining.' is the reason for the second idea,
'I stayed at home.' Or, 'I stayed at home' is a result of 'It was raining.' We can use linkers such
as so or therefore to make the relationship between the two ideas clear.
We could also change the order and put the result before the reason and use a linker such
as because.
Contrast
This time there is a different relationship between the two ideas. People don't usually go for a
walk if it is raining. The second idea doesn't normally follow from the first one. It is unexpected.
This relationship, where the ideas are different or opposing, is called contrast.
We can use linkers such as but, although and however to show contrast and make the
relationship between the ideas clear.
Comparing
This is also a kind of contrast and we can make the relationship clear using linkers such
as while, whereas, but, however or on the other hand.
Adding points
One other common relationship between ideas is addition, when we want to add ideas. These
can be very simple:
I like seafood.
I like spicy food.
In written English, we sometimes want to add ideas such as points in an argument. This is
common when writing essays and reports:
In formal writing we can join ideas like these with linkers such as furthermore, moreover, what is
more, in addition and besides
.
The cost of relocation would be very high. Furthermore, there are no suitable premises currently
available and a move would be unpopular with staff.
Note that simple linkers like and, too and also are often used in formal writing along with the
more formal ones. But linkers such as moreover and furthermore are mostly used for more
formal writing and would sound strange in simple conversation:
You will notice that we can link two ideas in one sentence or two. Your choice will usually
depend on how complicated each idea is and whether you are speaking or writing. Simple ideas
in spoken English are often joined with simple linkers like and, but, because and so:
More complex ideas in written English are often joined in two sentences:
The disadvantages of relocating to a new site on the coast are considerable. Therefore we
recommend retaining the existing premises in London for the time being.
When we link ideas in one sentence, each idea usually has a clause and the linker is usually
a conjunction
:
The linkers and, but, so, while, whereas, and although are conjunctions and join ideas
as clauses in one sentence.
The linkers however, on the other hand, therefore, furthermore etc. are adverbs and link ideas
in two sentences.
Some linkers are prepositions. They can link the same kinds of ideas as conjunction and
adverbs, but the grammar is different. They don’t link clauses or sentences. They show a link
between a word or phrase, usually a noun or noun phrase, and the whole sentence.
Contrast
We can use the preposition despite and the phrase in spite of (which works in the same way) to
show contrast:
Note that the ideas following despite (the rain) and in spite of (her heavy cold) are not clauses,
they are nouns or noun phrases.
Addition.
Besides can be used as a preposition to add ideas (it can also be used as an adverb).
Besides the problem with transport, we also had to deal with a difficult financial situation.
Note how the idea following besides (the problem with transport) is a noun phrase.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate linking words. Each question is followed by three suggested
answers. Choose the most appropriate one.
therefore
as well as
In general
As well as
3. I am not quite sure what time I will arrive, maybe half
past eight or a quarter to nine. ………………… I will be
there before nine o’clock.
Anyhow
In particular
In general
In particular
Moreover
but
of course
Even so
7. It is true that the British did some good in India.
……………………, colonialism is basically bad.
Even so
of course
in particular
any way
by the way
Therefore
In spite of this
On the contrary
Certainly
Answers
4. It is a small house and requires a lot of repairs. Moreover, it is a long way from the center.
5. Everybody had heard of Einstein, but hardly anyone could understand his theory of relativity.
6. He was always popular with women and even got married twice. All the same, the women closest
to him were invariably unhappy.
7. It is true that the British did some good in India. Even so, colonialism is basically bad.
9. The car broke down on the way. In spite of this, I managed to reach in time.
10. ‘Interesting movie?’ ‘On the contrary, it was a complete waste of time’.
PASSAGEWISE EXERCISE
now in its third year , this production of the musical is still attracting
crowds all over the world. everyone knows , the story revolves
around an inventor, who buys an old magic racing car please his
children. , the evil Baron Bomburst also wants the car and there are
many attempts to capture it , eventually, the Baron is defeated.
the fact that many of the cast have changed in the last few years,
what this production still has is the highly professional way in which it is
directed. , the star of the show is the flying car!
6. She only accepted the job the salary, which was very high.
7. She accepted the job the salary, which was rather low.
15.I didn't get the job I had all the necessary qualifications
1.She got the job _______________ the fact that she had very little experience.
3. I lost the game, but I told myself that I had improved a lot _______________.
4. You'd better wear a helmet when you go roller-blading. _______________, you could
hurt yourself.
6. The student's essay was badly written. _______________, it was too short.
7. Wine will spoil if exposed to light; _______________, wine bottles are usually green or
yellow.
8. Alcohol can delay your reaction times; _______________, you should never drink and
drive.
9. _______________ we have talked about the dangers of smoking to the students before,
I think the information bears being repeated.
11. In March of 1999, more than 130 nations signed a United Nations Treaty banning land
mines; ____________, the United States, Russia and China did not sign.
12. He was an absolute failure in medical school, so he decided to try law ____________.
13. Margaret Mead once observed, "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful,
committed citizens can change the world. ____________, it's the only thing that ever has."
14. You are not eligible for a subsidized bus pass ____________ you are a full-time
student.
2. The event was cancelled the fact that not many tickets were sold.
7. the fact that homeopathy can be very effective for some illnesses it
has become increasingly popular.
12. My mother wanted to keep her brain active, she took up a hobby.