Idenfity the resulting number

of chromosomes for the

following:
1. 32 chromatids
2. 16 chromosomes
3. N=13 chromosomes
4. 36 chromatids
5. 2n= 4chromosomes
1
 Reduction-Division
Genetic Recombination

2
 The form of cell division by which
GAMETES, with HALF the
number of CHROMOSOMES, are
produced.
 DIPLOID (2n)  HAPLOID (n)
 Meiosis is SEXUAL reproduction.
 TWO divisions (MEIOSIS I and
MEIOSIS II).

3
 Sex cells divide to produce
GAMETES (sperm or egg).
 Gametes have HALF the # of
chromosomes.
 Occurs only in GONADS (testes or
ovaries).
 Male: SPERMATOGENESIS -sperm

 Female: OOGENESIS - egg or ova

4
 n=23
human
sex cell sperm
n=23
n=23

2n=46

n=23
diploid (2n) n=23
haploid (n)

n=23

Meiosis I Meiosis II
5
 Haploid
n=23 (1n)
human egg
sex cell
n=23

2n=46 Polar
Bodies
(die)
diploid (2n) n=23

Meiosis I Meiosis II
6
 Similar to mitosis interphase.
 CHROMOSOMES (DNA) replicate in the S phase
 Each duplicated chromosome consist of two
identical SISTER CHROMATIDS attached at
their CENTROMERES.
 CENTRIOLE pairs also replicate.

7
Nucleus and nucleolus visible.
Nucleus
chromatin

cell
membrane
nucleolus

8
Cell division that reduces the
chromosome number by one-
half.
Four phases:
a. Prophase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Anaphase I Prophase I

d. Telophase I
9
Longest and most complex
phase (90%).
Chromosomes condense.
Synapsis occurs - Homologous
chromosomes come together
to form a tetrad.
Tetrad is two chromosomes
or four chromatids (sister and
non-sister chromatids).
10
•Homologs contain DNA
that codes for the same
genes , but different
versions of those genes

•Genes occur at the same

loci

11
 Homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids sister chromatids

Tetrad
12
 Pair of chromosomes (maternal and
paternal) that are similar in shape and size.
 Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry GENES
controlling the SAME inherited traits.
 Each locus (position of a gene) is in the
same position on homologues. LOCI

 Humans have 23 pairs of homologous

chromosomes:
a. First 22 pairs of autosomes
b. Last pair of sex chromosomes

13
eye color eye color
locus locus

hair color hair color

locus locus

Paternal Maternal
14
 Crossing over may occur between
non-sister chromatids at sites called
chiasmata.
 Crossing over: segments of
nonsister chromatids break and
reattach to the other chromatid.
 Chiasmata (chiasma) are where
chromosomes touch each other and
exchange genes (crossing over.)
 Causes Genetic Recombination
15
nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site variation

of crossing over 16
17
XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

18
Meiosis I
Homologs
separate

19
• Nucleus & Nucleolus disappear
• Spindle forms
• Chromosomes coil & Synapsis (pairing) occurs
• Tetrads form & Crossing over Occurs
spindle fiber
centrioles
aster
fibers

TETRAD 20
 Shortest phase
 Tetrads align on the equator.
 Independent assortment occurs – chromosomes
separate randomly causing GENETIC
RECOMBINATION

21
 OR

Homologs line up at equator or metaphase

plate
22
 Formula: 2n
 Example: 2n= 4
then 1n = 2
thus 22 = 4
combinations

23
In terms of Independent
Assortment -how many
different combinations of
sperm could a human male
produce?

24
Formula: 2n
Human chromosomes: 2n =
46
n = 23
223 = ~8 million combinations

25
 Homologous chromosomes separate
and move towards the poles.
 Sister chromatids remain
attached at their centromeres.

26
Homologs separate
27
 Each pole now has haploid (1n) set
of chromosomes.
 Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid
daughter cells are formed.

28
cytokinesis

29
 Sister
Meiosis II Chromatids
Separate

30
 No Interphase II or very short
 No DNA Replication
 Remember: Meiosis II is similar
to mitosis

31
Same as Prophase in mitosis
 Nucleus & nucleolus disappear
 Chromosomes condense

 Spindle forms

32
Same as Metaphase in mitosis

Chromosomes (not homologs) line up at equator

33
Same as Anaphase in mitosis
SISTER CHROMATIDS
separate

34
 Same as Telophase in mitosis.
 Nuclei and Nucleoli reform, spindle
disappears
 CYTOKINESIS occurs.
 Remember: FOUR HAPLOID
DAUGHTER cells are produced.
 Called GAMETES (eggs and sperm)

1n Sperm cell
fertilizes 1n egg
to form 2n zygote

35
36
37
 Also known as GENETIC
RECOMBINATION
 Important to population as the raw
material for NATURAL SELECTION.
 All organisms are NOT alike

 Strongest “most fit” survive to

reproduce & pass on traits

38
What are the 3 sources of
genetic recombination or
variation?

39
1. CROSSING OVER (prophase I)
2. INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
(metaphase I)
3. RANDOM FERTILIZATION

40
A cell containing 20 chromosomes
(diploid) at the beginning of
meiosis would, at its completion,
produce cells containing how many
chromosomes?

41
10 chromosomes (haploid or
1n)

42
 An organized
picture of the
chromosomes of a
human arranged in
pairs by size from
largest to smallest.
 Pairs 1-22 called
AUTOSOMES
 Last pair are SEX
CHROMOSOMES
Male - XY

43
Female - XX
44
Down Syndrome – Trisomy 21 Female - XX
45
 The fusion of a sperm and egg to
form a zygote.
 A zygote is a FERTILIZED EGG

sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote

46
A cell containing 40 chromatids at
the beginning of meiosis would, at
its completion, produce cells
containing how many chromosomes?

47
10 chromosomes

48
49
 Meioticdivision in sperm cell
 Produces four haploid cells

50
51
 Meioticdivision in egg cell
 Produces four haploid cells
 One mature ovum
 Three polar body

52
53
Draw the phases of meiosis
considering the ff. number of
chromosomes:
1. Prophase I, 2n=8
2. Metaphase II, 2n=16
3. Anaphase II, 2n=12
4. Telophase I, n=4
5. Cytokinesis I, n=8

54
 Solve the following. Show your solution
1. 32 oogonium
A. Polar body =
B. Ovum =
2. 24 spermatocytes
A. Primary Spermatocyte =
B. Secondary Spermatocyte =
C. Sperm cells =
3. 5 ovum
A. Polar bodies =
B. Oogonium =
55
Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis
No. of Parent
cells
No. of offspring
produced

No. of
chromosomes
after cell
division
Example of cells

Genetic
recombination
56
57
A spermatocyte carrying 28 chromosomes
undergoes spermatogenesis. How many
chromosomes will the resulting individual
cells have at the end of the process?
 An ovum has a total of 32 chromatids. How
many chromosomes were present before
the start of oogenesis?

58