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s
(1 z 1 ) 1 s
z
Digital Signal Processing (1 z 1 ) 1 s
LECTURE 33-35
SARANG C DHONGDI
Example - p 0 . 25
Approaches of designing Digital IIR filter Approach 1 s 0 . 55
• Prewarp the freq specs of digital filter GD(z) • Prewarp the freq specs of digital filter GD(z)
Low pass filter p 0 . 5 dB
to obtain freq specs of analog filter HD(s). to obtain freq specs of analog filter HD(s). Butterworth
s 15 dB
• HD(s) HLP(s) • HD(s) HLP(s)
p 1
?
1
? N ??
p tan k k1
• Design HLP(s) • Design HLP(s) 2
s
s tan
• HLP(s) HD(s) • HLP(s) GLP(z) 2 H nor ( s ) ? H ( s ) ?
p 0 . 25 0 . 4142
Example - p
Approach 1 s 0 . 55 s 1 . 1708
Low pass filter p 0 . 5 dB
1 1
Butterworth 2 . 82 15 . 84
s 15 dB k k1
N 2 . 6586 3
1 0 . 203451
H nor (s) H (s)
( s 0 . 588 )( s 2 0 . 588 s 0 . 3459 )
( s 1)( s 2 s 1)
0.2034
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝑠 + 1.1760 𝑠 + 0.6915 𝑠 + 0.2034
0 . 066 (1 z 1 ) 3
G (z)
2 1 1 (1 0 . 259 z 1 )( 1 0 . 67 z 1 0 . 39 z 2 )
H ( j p ) 2N
1 2
c 0 . 588
1 p . . . .
c G 𝑧 =
. . .
1
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Edge frequencies
1
H nor ( s )
( s 1)( s 2 s 1)
1 1
𝐻(𝑗Ω ) = = ⇒ Ω = 0.6619
Ω 𝐴
1+
Ω
0.2899
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝑠 + 1.3238 𝑠 + 0.8762 𝑠 + 0.2899
. . . .
G 𝑧 =
. . .
f p 700 Hz
Example f s 500 Hz
Approach 1
Sampling freq 2000 Hz
[𝑁, 𝑊𝑛] = 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑑(Ω , Ω , 𝛼 , 𝛼 , ′𝑠′) ‘s’ indicates Analog domain design High-pass filter
[𝐵, 𝐴] = 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑁, 𝑊𝑛, ′𝑙𝑜𝑤 , ′𝑠′)
Prewarped edge frequency values to be Chebyshev p 1 dB
[𝑁𝑢𝑚, 𝐷𝑒𝑛] = 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟(𝐵, 𝐴, 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝐹𝑠)
entered as input.
s 32 dB
Sampling freq = 1/T (Default T=2)
1 1
p ?? s ?? p 1, s ?? ? ? N ??
k k1
[𝑁, 𝑤𝑛] = 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑑(0.4142,1.1708,0.5,15, ′𝑠′)
ˆ tan p
[𝐵, 𝐴] = 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑁, 𝑊𝑛, ′𝑙𝑜𝑤′, ′𝑠′)
[𝑁𝑢𝑚, 𝐷𝑒𝑛] = 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟(𝐵, 𝐴, 0.5)
H LP , nor ( s ) ? H LP ( s ) ? H HP ( s ) ?
p
2
ˆ tan s
s
2 G HP ( z ) ??
p 1 0 . 45 , p 2 0 . 65
Approach 1 -> MATLAB Examples
Approach 1 s 1 0 . 3 , s 2 0 . 75
‘s’ indicates Analog domain design
[𝑁, 𝑤𝑛] = 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑏1𝑜𝑟𝑑(Ω , Ω , 𝛼 , 𝛼 , ′𝑠′)
Bandpass filter p 1 dB
[𝐵, 𝐴] = 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑏𝑦1(𝑁, 𝑅, 𝑊𝑛, ′𝑠′)
[𝐵𝑇, 𝐴𝑇] = 𝑙𝑝2ℎ𝑝(𝐵, 𝐴, Ω )
Prewarped edge frequency values to be
entered as input.
Butterworth s 40 dB
[𝑁𝑢𝑚, 𝐷𝑒𝑛] = 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟(𝐵𝑇, 𝐴𝑇, 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝐹𝑠)
Sampling freq = 1/T
1 1
p ?, s ? ? ? N ??
ˆ
ˆ k k1
p 1 ?, p 2 ?
[𝑁, 𝑤𝑛] = 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑏1𝑜𝑟𝑑(1,1.9626105,1,32, ′𝑠′)
[𝐵, 𝐴] = 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑏𝑦1(𝑁, 1, 𝑊𝑛, ′𝑠′) ˆ ?,
ˆ ?
[𝐵𝑇, 𝐴𝑇] = 𝑙𝑝2ℎ𝑝(𝐵, 𝐴, 1.9626105) s1 s2
[𝑁𝑢𝑚, 𝐷𝑒𝑛] = 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟(𝐵𝑇, 𝐴𝑇, 0.5) H LP , nor ( s ) ? H LP ( s ) ? H BP ( s ) ?
ˆ2 ?
BW ?, o
G BP ( z ) ??
2
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Complete example
IIR BANDPASS FILTER
[𝑁, 𝑤𝑛] = 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑑(1,2.3617,1,40, ′𝑠′)
[𝐵, 𝐴] = 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑁, 𝑊𝑛, ′𝑠′)
[𝐵𝑇, 𝐴𝑇] = 𝑙𝑝2𝑏𝑝(𝐵, 𝐴, 1.18056,0.7777)
[𝑁𝑢𝑚, 𝐷𝑒𝑛] = 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟(𝐵𝑇, 𝐴𝑇, 0.5)
ˆ2
sˆ2
s P
0
ˆ
BW ˆ BW 0 . 64988 , ˆ
sˆ ˆ p 1
P2 P1 P2 P1
ˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ s 9 . 4718233
ˆ center frequency
p1 p 2 s1 s 2 1
0
ˆ 2 1
ˆ 2
ˆ 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ2
o
For 0 s P 0 s1
p 3 dB
P1 P 2 s1 s 2 0 ˆ
s1 ( BW )
s 15 dB
3
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Step 4 = Find order (Butterworth approx) Step 5 = Denorm (substitute cut-off freq)
1
= 9.4721
H ( j p )
2
1
1
c 1
H ( j p )
2
1
1
c 1 . 7117
𝑘
2N
1 2
2N
A2
1 p 1 s
c c
1 [N,wn] = buttord(1, 9.4721,3,15,’s’)
= 5.5468
𝑘
1
1 H LP ( s )
𝑁 = 0.7626 ≅ 1 H LP ( s ) s 1 s
s
s 1 s
s 1 . 7117
1
1
𝐻 , (𝑠) = 1 . 7117
𝑠+1 1 H LP ( s )
H LP ( s ) s 1 . 7117
s 1
Step 8 = BLT
0 . 64988 s 1 . 1124 s 0 . 2452 ( z 2 1) 0 . 3574 ( z 2 1)
G BP ( z ) G BP ( z ) G BP ( z ) G BP ( z )
s 0 . 64988 s 1
2
s
z 1 s 1 . 1124 s 1
2
s
z 1 z 2 0 . 5095 z 2 0 . 2852
z 1 z 1