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Received 16 August 2004; received in revised form 9 March 2005; accepted 10 March 2005
Abstract
The properties and the applicability of iron- and cobalt-containing perovskites were evaluated as cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells
(SOFCs) in comparison to state-of-the-art manganite-based perovskites. The materials examined were La1 x y Srx Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d (x = 0.2
and 0.4; y = 0 0.05), La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 d , La0.7Ba0.3Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d and Ce0.05Sr0.95Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d . The main emphasis was placed on the
electrochemical properties of the materials, which were investigated on planar anode-supported SOFCs with 8 mol% yttria-stabilised zirconia
(8YSZ) electrolytes. An interlayer of the composition Ce0.8Gd0.2O2 d was placed between the electrolyte and the cathode to prevent
undesired chemical reactions between the materials. The sintering temperatures of the cathodes were adapted for each of the materials to
obtain similar microstructures. In comparison to the SOFCs with state-of-the-art manganite-based cathodes, SOFCs with
La1 x y Srx Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d cathodes achieved much higher current densities. Small A-site deficiency and high strontium content had a
particularly positive effect on cell performance. The measured current densities of cells with these cathodes were as high as 1.76 A/cm2 at
800 -C and 0.7 V, which is about twice the current density of cells with LSM/YSZ cathodes. SOFCs with La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d cathodes
have been operated for more than 5000 h in endurance tests with a degradation of 1.0 – 1.5% per 1000 h.
D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PACS: 84.60.Dn (Electrochemical conversion and storage); 81.05.Je (Ceramics and refractories)
Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cells; SOFC; Cathode; Perovskite; LSCF; (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3; Lanthanum ferrite
A group of materials that fulfil some of these require- The stoichiometry of the powders was controlled by
ments are iron- and cobalt-containing perovskites, for optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), while the phase
example La1 x Sr x Co1 y Fey O3 d (LSCF), that have composition was evaluated by X-ray diffraction using a
already been known for their high oxygen permeability [7] Siemens D500 equipped with a monochromated Cu Ka
and high electrocatalytic activity (see, e.g., Refs. [8– 10]). radiation source. The XRD patterns showed traces of La2O3,
However, these materials have to be selected carefully La(OH)3 and of a spinel-type formation (Co,Fe)3O4 for
because they have a significantly higher thermal expansion some of the powders that were calcined at 900 -C or below.
coefficient than the commonly used 8 mol% yttria-stabilised After calcination at 1100 -C, traces of La2O3 were only
(8YSZ) electrolyte [11,12]. Furthermore, these type of found in L80SF, while all the other powders did not show
perovskites form SrZrO3 with the 8YSZ electrolyte at high any La2O3 or La(OH)3. For the La0.55Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d
temperatures [10,11]. To overcome these problems, an with 5% A-site deficiency, traces of the spinel were visible
interlayer consisting of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2 d (CGO) between in the XRD pattern after calcination at 1100 -C. These traces
cathode and electrolyte can be used [13,14]. of (Co,Fe)3O4 were not considered to be detrimental for use
In this first part on ferrite-based cathodes materials, the as an SOFC cathode. After calcination of the powders, they
applicability of several mixed-conducting perovskites is were ground by ball milling for several hours until a mean
evaluated as cathode materials for SOFCs with an 8YSZ particle size (d 50) of approx. 0.8 Am was achieved.
electrolyte. Their properties are compared with the state-of- Ce0.8Gd0.2O2 d (CGO) was obtained from Treibacher
the-art LSM/YSZ composite cathodes. The processing of Auermet (Austria) and was also ground by ball milling.
the CGO interlayer and its influence on performance will be
the subject of a forthcoming paper, the second part in this 2.2. Sample preparation
series.
All the cathode materials were tested on anode-supported
single cells consisting of an anode substrate (Ni/8YSZ) with
2. Experimental an average thickness of about 1.5 mm. The substrates with a
size of 50 50 mm2 were produced by warm pressing using
2.1. Powder preparation a so-called Coat-Mix material [17]. An electrochemically
active anode functional layer (Ni/8YSZ, thickness approx.
Most of the cathode materials used were synthesised by 10 Am) and an electrolyte (8YSZ, thickness approx. 10 Am)
spray-drying as described by Kontouros et al. [15]. One of were both deposited by vacuum slip casting on de-bindered
the powders (La0.8Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d ) was also synthes- substrates and co-fired at 1400 -C. More details about the
ised by a citrate complexation (Pechini) route [16], while manufacturing process can be found elsewhere [2,18].
La0.7Ba0.3Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d was only synthesised by citrate The subsequent layers were screen-printed using pastes
complexation. In addition to these powders, La0.58Sr0.4 based on the above-mentioned ceramic powders, an ethyl
Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d was also provided by ECN (Energy cellulose binder and a terpineol-based solvent. The area
Research Centre of the Netherlands, Petten) while of the cathode layers was 40 40 mm2. The cells used
Ce0.05Sr0.95Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d was provided by the Dresden for a comparison to the reference cathode material
University of Technology (Germany). All cathode powders La0.65Sr0.3MnO3 d (LSM) had a LSM/YSZ cathode func-
were calcined at 700– 900 -C in order to develop the tional layer and a LSM current collector as described in Ref.
perovskite phase. The abbreviations used hereafter for the [18]. For all cells with ferrite-based cathodes, a CGO
different compositions are listed in Table 1. interlayer preventing chemical reactions between the cath-
Table 1
Data of cathode materials used in this paper
Abbreviation Composition TEC ( 10 6 K 1
) Sintering temperature Crystalline phases* formed after
(30 – 1000 -C) calcination at 1100 -C
LSM La0.65Sr0.3MnO3 d 12.3 [19] 1100 -C P
L55SCF La0.55Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d 17.1 1080 -C P, (S)
L58SCF La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d 17.4 1080 -C P
L60SCF La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d 17.5 [12] 1200 -C P
L78SCF La0.78Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d 13.8 1060 -C P
L80SCF La0.8Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d 14.8 [12] Spray-dried: 1150 -C P
Pechini: 1080 -C P
L70BCF La0.7Ba0.3Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d 16.8 1120 -C P
CSCF Ce0.05Sr0.95Co0.2Fe0.8O3 d 23.7 1000 -C P
L80SF La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 d 11.9 1150 -C P, (L)
* P= perovskite, (S) = traces of spinel, (L) = traces of La2O3.
A. Mai et al. / Solid State Ionics 176 (2005) 1341 – 1350 1343
ode and the 8YSZ electrolyte was applied on the electrolyte controllers. The electrochemical performance was measured
and sintered at 1300 -C. Some of the cells were prepared between 650 and 800 -C. All electrochemical data were
with an interlayer having a thickness of 5 Am and consisting obtained by DC methods using a current-control power
of coarser CGO powder (d 50 = 0.89 Am) (hereafter denoted supply type Gossen 62N-SSP500-40 (Gossen-Metrawatt
as interlayer type I), while the others had a thickness of 7 GmbH, Germany), and a computer-controlled data acquis-
Am and finer CGO powder (d 50 = 0.2 Am) (interlayer type ition system including a data logger type NetDAQ 2640A
II). The cathode was then printed and sintered on the (Fluke, The Netherlands). The current– voltage character-
interlayer resulting in a thickness of 45 Am. For the sintering istics were measured with increasing current load by a
temperatures of the cathodes, see Table 1 and Section 3.2. sequential step change of 0.0625 A/cm2 starting from zero
until either the voltage dropped below 0.7 V or the
2.3. Characterisation of the structural and chemical maximum current load of 1.25 A/cm2 was reached. A
properties comparison of the electrochemical performance regarding
the different types of single cells was made by comparing
Characterisation of the microstructures was performed the current densities at 0.7 V. Calculations of the current
using scanning electron microscopes (Jeol T300 and LEO density at 700 mV and 650, 700, 750, 800 -C are based on
1530 (Gemini)) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray inter- or extrapolation. Calculations of the area-specific
(EDX) analysis systems. resistance are based on linear regression of the current–
Thermal expansion measurements on sintered dense voltage curves at 0.7 V. For all different types of single cells,
bodies of the cathode materials were carried out as described at least two nominally identical cells were measured. The
in Ref. [19]. data given in the tables is the average value of the
The element distribution was examined by EDX and measurements, while the error margins show the differences
SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy, ION-TOF Tof- between these identically prepared cells.
SIMS) on polished cross sections of the samples.
Fig. 1. L58SCF cathodes sintered at 1040 (left), 1080 (middle) and 1120 -C (right). All micrographs show the cathode on top followed by a CGO interlayer
type I and the electrolyte YSZ.
1344 A. Mai et al. / Solid State Ionics 176 (2005) 1341 – 1350
Fig. 2. Cathodes consisting of L55SCF and L60SCF sintered at 1080 -C (left and middle, respectively) and an L60SCF cathode sintered at 1200 -C (right). All
micrographs show the cathode on top followed by a CGO interlayer type I and the electrolyte YSZ.
A. Mai et al. / Solid State Ionics 176 (2005) 1341 – 1350 1345
strontium and zirconium. Because of this superposition, the 1.1 TS= 1040 °C
polished cross sections were additionally examined by TS= 1080 °C
SIMS. In accordance with the EDX mappings, there was 1.0
TS= 1120 °C
Fig. 4. Formation of a Sr-rich phase at the electrolyte: EDX line scans for strontium, cerium and zirconium taken along the black lines of SOFCs with YSZ
electrolytes, CGO interlayers, and (a) L80SCF, (b) L58SCF cathode. The baseline of the Zr and Ce lines are shifted for better readability.
1346 A. Mai et al. / Solid State Ionics 176 (2005) 1341 – 1350
Table 2
Current density (A/cm2, at 700 mV) and area-specific resistance (mV cm2) of L58SCF-based single cells as a function of the sintering temperature T S of the
cathode
Temperature (-C) Current density (A/cm2, 700 mV) Area-specific resistance (mV cm2)
T S = 1040 -C 1080 -C 1120 -C T S = 1040 -C 1080 -C 1120 -C
800 1.51 T 0.12 1.60 T 0.08 1.00 T 0.10 215 T 2 195 T 3 307 T 2
750 1.26 T 0.10 1.31 T 0.04 0.79 T 0.09 272 T 3 239 T 3 409 T 4
700 0.93 T 0.04 0.92 T 0.01 0.52 T 0.05 360 T 7 326 T 4 638 T 7
650 0.60 T 0.01 0.55 T 0.01 0.29 T 0.01 511 T 7 531 T16 1275 T 37
cells with deficient cation stoichiometry were probably electrochemical performance, however, the difference of the
over-sintered or poorly adhered. two materials is negligible. Nevertheless, the lower sintering
Performance of the materials with the same A-site temperature for the Pechini powder could lower SrZrO3
deficiency was generally higher with higher Sr content. A formation and therefore the Pechini method might be an
higher amount of Sr atoms instead of the trivalent lanthanum option for other compositions, e.g. L58SCF. In addition to
on the A-site is known to increase the ionic and electronic the L58SCF synthesised by spray drying, we tested L58SCF
conductivity and the surface exchange of oxygen, which can provided by ECN (Petten, Netherlands). The performance of
be explained by the larger number of oxygen vacancies and cells with cathodes made of this L58SCF was lower than
electronic holes [21,29,30]. However, the thermal expansion using the spray-dried L58SCF powder (Table 3).
coefficient also increases with higher Sr content [12,21],
which can cause mechanical problems. The electrochemical 3.4.3. Influence of perovskite composition
data in Table 3 and Fig. 6 show that the materials with 40% Additionally to the LSCF materials, other perovskites
Sr on the A-site (L55SCF, L58SCF, L60SCF) perform much were tested such as L70BCF with barium instead of
better than the corresponding perovskites with 20% Sr strontium, L80SF without cobalt on the B-site, CSCF with
substitution (L78SCF, L80SCF). Of the compositions strontium and cerium on the A-site as well as the state-of-
investigated, the cells with a L58SCF cathode achieved the the-art material LSM. For all of the cells except the LSM-
highest current densities of 1.76 A/cm2, at 800 -C and 0.7 V. based cells, a CGO interlayer type I was used.
For L80SCF, cathodes made of powders synthesised by For L70BCF a high contact resistance was measured, and
two routes were tested. In addition to the spray-dried therefore an additional LSM current collector was applied
powder, another powder was synthesised by the Pechini on top of the L70BCF layer. With respect to the electro-
route. The citrate complexation (Pechini) method leads to a chemical data (Table 4, Fig. 7), its performance is
powder with very fine particles and high specific surface approximately the same as the corresponding L80SCF
area. Also, a calcination temperature of 700 -C was material. Thus, substitution of the alkaline atom seems to
sufficient to produce a phase-pure powder. This resulted in have little influence on performance. Together with the
a higher sintering activity, and therefore a lower sintering findings of Ahmad-Khanlou [31] and a more recent paper
temperature than for the spray-dried powder had to be by Qiu et al. [32] reporting that replacing lanthanum by
chosen (1080 instead of 1150 -C). When comparing the other lanthanides has little influence on electrochemical
Table 3
Current density (A/cm2, at 700 mV) and area-specific resistance (mV cm2) of LSCF-based single cells with different A-site deficiency, Sr content and synthesis
route
Temperature (-C) Synthesis by spray-drying
CGO layer type II CGO layer type I
L55SCF L58SCF L60SCF L78SCF+ L80SCF L58SCF powder L80SCF citrate
from ECN complexation
Current density (A/cm2, 700 mV)
800 1.23 T 0.04 1.76 T 0.08 0.90 T 0.04 1.20 0.68 T 0.01 1.28 T 0.07 0.74 T 0.04
750 1.04 T 0.04 1.43 T 0.08 0.77 T 0.02 0.96 0.56 T 0.01 1.10 T 0.03 0.59 T 0.04
700 0.74 T 0.03 0.99 T 0.06 0.54 T 0.02 0.63 0.42 T 0.01 0.75 T 0.01 0.41 T 0.03
650 0.46 T 0.02 0.58 T 0.03 0.34 T 0.01 0.36 0.24 T 0.01 0.49 T 0.01 0.25 T 0.01
Fig. 6. Current – voltage curves at 750 -C of single cells with LSCF cathodes containing 40% (left) and 20% Sr (right) on the A-site and different levels of
deficiency. The cathode powders were synthesised by spray-drying except L80SCF-CC, which was synthesised by citrate complexation.
behaviour, this points to a low influence of the A-site atoms is much lower (see Table 4 and Fig. 7) than one would
in general. expect from the properties of this material.
The type of B-site atom is generally known to have a For reasons of comparison, the performance of a state-of-
stronger influence on the electrochemical behaviour. the-art LSM/YSZ composite cathode, which is used as the
Therefore, L80SF was tested in comparison to L80SCF, standard material for stack tests at Forschungszentrum
with the latter having 20% cobalt on the B-site instead of Jülich, is shown in Fig. 7. The current densities of the
iron. With L80SF lower current densities were achieved better performing LSCFs (L55SCF, L58SCF, L78SCF) are
over the full range of temperatures. This can be explained up to two times higher than for the LSM cathode, while the
by the beneficial effects of cobalt for the catalytic activity performance of the other perovskites is about the same or
for oxygen reduction resulting in a higher performance of lower than that of LSM.
L80SCF. In addition to the lanthanum-based perovskites
the highly oxygen-deficient CSCF was tested. The oxygen 3.5. Behaviour of L58SCF cathodes under various
ion mobility and surface exchange coefficients for these measurement conditions
kinds of materials are much higher than for the lanthanum-
based materials and they were proposed as a high- Before using a new cathode material (i.e. replacing
performance cathode material by Trofimenko and Ullmann LSM by LSCF) in SOFC stacks, it has to be ensured that
[33], and by Colomer et al. [34]. The drawbacks of these the material does not fail under stack operating conditions.
materials are, however, quite obvious when using them as a Single cells with a cathode made of L58SCF from ECN
cathode in an SOFC: although a rather low sintering and a CGO interlayer type II were therefore tested under
temperature could be chosen (1000 -C) to achieve the various experimental conditions: long-term performance,
desired microstructure, the mechanical stresses due to the with methane and various water vapour contents in the
high TEC mismatch lead to partial detachment of the fuel gas.
cathode before and after the electrochemical character-
isation. As a consequence, the electrochemical performance
1.1 L80SCF
L80SF
Table 4 1.0 L70BCF
Current density (A/cm2, at 700 mV) and area-specific resistance (mV cm2) CSCF
Cell voltage (V)
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
750 °C
0.6 0.6
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Current density (A/cm2) Current density (A/cm2)
Fig. 8. Current – voltage curves of an SOFC with an L58SCF-based cathode Fig. 9. Current – voltage curves of an SOFC with an L58SCF-based cathode
as a function of the water vapour concentration (fuel gas: H2 = 1000 ml/min, as a function of temperature with methane as fuel gas: CH4 = 330 ml/min,
oxidant: air = 1000 ml/min). H2O = 670 ml/min; oxidant: air = 1000 ml/min.
3.5.1. Effect of H2O concentration with constant hydrogen Fig. 9 shows as an example the current –voltage curves
flow as a function of temperature with 33 vol.% CH4 and 67
The effect of H2O concentration on the cell voltage and vol.% H2O. With decreasing temperature, the current
power output at 750 -C with a constant hydrogen flow density at 700 mV was significantly reduced; from a
(1000 ml/min) is shown in Fig. 8. With increasing water calculated average value of 0.88 T 0.05 A/cm2 at 800 -C to
concentration the OCV decreased, which is obvious due to a 0.29 T 0.03 A/cm2 at 650 -C (see also Table 6). A similar
lower Nernst potential, as the oxygen partial pressure behaviour was found for the other two methane-containing
increases with higher H2O content in the fuel gas. The gas compositions. These lower values of the current
average current density also slightly decreased with higher densities and open circuit voltages (OCVs) can be explained
amounts of water (see Table 5). The area-specific resistance by the high amount of water resulting in a higher oxygen
did not significantly change with different water concen- partial pressure.
trations. A similar behaviour of the electrochemical data was Table 6 also shows the average current densities and
obtained with other test temperatures. area-specific resistances as a function of the gas composi-
No obvious differences were found with different H2O tion. It can be concluded that with increasing H2 concen-
concentrations including a constant total gas flow of 1000 tration, and thus decreasing CH4 and H2O concentration, the
ml/min (STP). electrochemical performance was only slightly improved.
For example, the average current density at 700 mV and
3.5.2. Effect of the presence of methane calculated for 750 -C increased from 0.76 T 0.10 A/cm2 with
In addition to H2 –H2O gas mixtures, experiments were a 330 – 0 – 670 – 0 CH 4 – H 2 – H 2 O – Ar gas mixture to
performed with methane. Methane is the major compound 0.86 T 0.07 A/cm2 with a 235– 235 –470 – 60 gas mixture,
of natural gas, and can be used as a fuel gas for SOFCs. For whereas the area-specific resistance decreased from 412 T 59
the methane reformation process, water vapour was added to to 314 T 17 mV cm2.
the fuel gas. The study was performed with three different It is worth noting that the oxygen partial pressure of a
gas mixtures consisting of methane, hydrogen, water and fuel gas including methane with 67 vol.% H2O corresponds
argon (in ml/min.): 330 –0 –670 – 0, 280– 125 –560 – 60, and to that of a gas mixture of hydrogen with about 33 vol.%
235 – 235 – 470 – 60. These mixtures correspond to the H2O. Due to this relatively high oxygen partial pressure a
situation of no external reformation of methane and two lower OCV was reached: for example, the OCV at 800 -C
different pre-reformation situations. Experiments were for the methane –water mixture was about 970 mV. In the
performed between 650 and 800 -C. case of hydrogen– water mixtures, the OCV for H2-25
Table 5
Current density (A/cm2, at 700 mV) and area-specific resistance (mV cm2) of L58SCF-based single cells* as a function of the temperature and gas composition
Temperature (-C) Current density (A/cm2, 700 mV) H2 – H2O flow (ml/min) Area-specific resistance (mV cm2) H2 – H2O flow (ml/min)
1000 – 30 1000 – 333 1000 – 1000 1000 – 30 1000 – 333 1000 – 1000
800 1.27 T 0.10 1.24 T 0.17 1.23 T 0.20 239 T 2 236 T 3 237 T 4
750 1.11 T 0.09 0.92 T 0.03 0.83 T 0.03 283 T 3 302 T 4 288 T 4
700 0.73 T 0.06 0.66 T 0.01 0.60 T 0.01 444 T 7 432 T 7 405 T 6
650 0.47 T 0.04 0.41 T 0.04 0.35 T 0.02 680 T 12 700 T 18 721 T14
* Powder from ECN.
A. Mai et al. / Solid State Ionics 176 (2005) 1341 – 1350 1349
Table 6
Current density (A/cm2, at 700 mV) and area-specific resistance (mV cm2) of L58SCF-based single cells* as a function of the temperature and gas composition
Temp. (-C) Current density (A/cm2, 700 mV) Area-specific resistance (mV cm2)
CH4 – H2 – H2O – Ar flow (ml/min) CH4 – H2 – H2O – Ar flow (ml/min)
330 – 0 – 670 – 0 280 – 125 – 560 – 60 235 – 235 – 470 – 60 330 – 0 – 670 – 0 280 – 125 – 560 – 60 235 – 235 – 470 – 60
800 0.88 T 0.05 1.01 T 0.08 1.05 T 0.10 283 T 5 287 T 14 278 T 3
750 0.76 T 0.10 0.81 T 0.09 0.86 T 0.07 412 T 59 337 T 29 314 T 17
700 0.56 T 0.02 0.57 T 0.03 0.59 T 0.03 597 T 107 499 T 24 467 T 36
650 0.29 T 0.03 0.30 T 0.03 0.32 T 0.04 967 T 55 853 T 79 826 T 51
* Powder from ECN.
vol.% H2O and H2-50 vol.% H2O was 990 and 910 mV, the-art LSM/YSZ cathodes. Although there are problems
respectively. From these data it can be concluded that the with regard to chemical stability and thermal expansion,
OCV of the methane – water mixture corresponds more or some of the materials proved to be superior in electro-
less to that of hydrogen including a relatively high chemical performance.
concentration of water. For a meaningful comparison of the electrochemical
performance of the cathode materials, the microstructure of
3.5.3. Long-term behaviour the samples has to be similar. This can be achieved by
Endurance tests regarding the long-term electrochemical applying different sintering temperatures adjusted for each of
behaviour of two SOFCs with L58SCF-type cathodes (one the materials. Care has to be taken, however, that the TEC is
based on the powder from ECN (The Netherlands), the other not exceptionally high (> 18 10 6 K 1). Furthermore, the
one on spray-dried powder) were made for a period of 5200 materials should not show a high tendency to Sr depletion.
and 2000 h, respectively (Fig. 10). Both single cells were The performance of some types of perovskites was
tested at 750 -C under a constant load of 0.5 A/cm2 with significantly higher than that of Ftraditional_ LSM/YSZ
1000 ml/min H2 (3 vol.% H2O) as the fuel gas. For the first cathodes. Especially the LSCFs with 40% Sr on the A-site
cell an average degradation rate of about 1.5% per 1000 h and an A-site deficiency (L55SCF, L58SCF) showed high
was measured in the first 2200 h, which decreased to 1.0% power densities, in particular at low temperatures (at 0.7 V:
for the last 2600 h. For the second cell the degradation was 1.23 W/cm2 at 800 -C, 1.0 W/cm2 at 750 -C and 0.7 W/cm2
about 0.9% per 1000 h. This is rather high for single cell at 700 -C). This is nearly twice the power density of LSM/
measurements. Possible reasons for the degradation include YSZ cells.
further SrZrO3 formation and coarsening of the micro- It was shown that for L58SCF cathodes long-term
structure due to sintering effects. Further work is in progress stability is still an issue to be considered, while the reasons
to determine the reason for the loss in performance. have to be investigated further.
4. Conclusions Acknowledgements
The applicability of mixed ionic-electronic conductive The authors thank the staff of the IWV department at
perovskites as SOFC cathodes was compared with state-of- Forschungszentrum Jülich for processing the anode sub-
1.25 1.25
Cell voltage (V)
Cell voltage (V)
1.00 1.00
0.75 0.75
power blackout
0.50 0.50
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000
Time (h) Time (h)
Fig. 10. Long-term behaviour of two L58SCF-based cells (at 750 -C and a load of 0.5 A/cm2). Left: cell based on powder from ECN. Right: cell based on
spray-dried L58SCF.
1350 A. Mai et al. / Solid State Ionics 176 (2005) 1341 – 1350
strates and electrolyte layers, namely Mr. Blaß, Mr. F. J. [11] G. Stochniol, A. Gupta, A. Naoumidis, D. Stöver, in: U. Stimming,
Dias, Ms. M.-T. Gerhards, Mr. M. Kampel, and Ms. G. S.C. Singhal, H. Tagawa, W. Lehnert (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th
Int. Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-V), The Electro-
Klein, and for synthesis of some of the cathode materials in chemical Society Proceedings, Pennington, NJ, 1997, pp. 888 – 896
particular Mr. W. Jungen, Mr. W. Herzhof and Ms. K. (PV 97-40).
Portulidou, for SEM investigations Dr. D. Sebold, for the [12] A. Petric, P. Huang, F. Tietz, Solid State Ionics 135 (2000) 537.
SIMS analyses Dr. U. Breuer and Ms. A. Scholl, and for [13] H. Uchida, S. Arisaka, M. Watanabe, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2
(1999) 428 – 430.
performing the electrochemical measurements, in particular
[14] A. Tsoga, A. Gupta, A. Naoumidis, P. Nikolopoulos, Acta Mater. 48
Ms. C. Tropartz, Ms. B. Röwekamp, and Mr. H. Wese- (2000) 4709.
meyer. In addition, thanks go to Dr. G. Rietveld from ECN, [15] P. Kontouros, R. Förthmann, A. Naoumidis, G. Stochiniol, E.
Petten, The Netherlands, for providing La0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8 Syskakis, Ionics 1 (1995) 40.
Co0.2O3 d powder and to Prof. H. Ullmann (TU Dresden) [16] M.P. Pechini, United States Patent Office, Patent no. 3,330,697
and Dr. N.E. Trofimenko (FhG-IKTS, Dresden) for provid- (1967).
[17] D. Simwonis, A. Naoumidis, F.J. Dias, J. Linke, A. Moropoulou,
ing the CSCF powder. J. Mater. Res. 12 (1997) 1508 – 1518.
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