Anatomy and Physiology-4 (Handout) - Skeletal System-1

UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA
SCHOOL OF ALLIED MEDICINE

RADTECH DEPARTMENT
The Skeletal System
• Parts of the skeletal • All of the bones of the limbs • Supply bone cells with
system (except wrist, ankle, and nutrients
• Bones (skeleton) kneecap bones) • Articular cartilage
• Joints • Example: • Covers the external
• Cartilages • Femur surface of the epiphyses
• Ligaments • Humerus • Made of hyaline cartilage
• Two subdivisions of the • Short bones • Decreases friction at joint
skeleton • Generally cube-shaped surfaces
• Axial skeleton • Contain mostly spongy • Epiphyseal plate
• Appendicular skeleton bone • Flat plate of hyaline
• Includes bones of the wrist cartilage seen in young, growing
Functions of Bones and ankle bone
• Support the body • Sesamoid bones are a • Epiphyseal line
• Protect soft organs type of short bone which form • Remnant of the epiphyseal
• Skull and vertebrae for within tendons (patella) plate
brain and spinal cord • Example: • Seen in adult bones
• Rib cage for thoracic • Carpals • Marrow (medullary) cavity
cavity organs • Tarsals • Cavity inside of the shaft
• Allow movement due to • Flat bones • Contains yellow marrow
attached skeletal muscles • Thin, flattened, and usually (mostly fat) in adults
• Store minerals and fats curved • Contains red marrow for
• Calcium and phosphorus • Two thin layers of compact blood cell formation in infants
• Fat in the internal marrow bone surround a layer of spongy • In adults, red marrow is
cavity bone situated in cavities of spongy bone
• Blood cell formation • Example: and epiphyses of some long bones
(hematopoiesis) • Skull
• Ribs Bone Markings
Bones of the Human Body • Sternum • Surface features of bones
• The adult skeleton has • Irregular bones • Sites of attachments for
206 bones • Irregular shape muscles, tendons, and ligaments
• Two basic types of bone • Do not fit into other bone • Passages for nerves and
tissue classification categories blood vessels
• Compact bone • Example: • Categories of bone
• Homogeneous • Vertebrae markings
• Spongy bone • Hip bones • Projections or processes—
• Small needle-like pieces of grow out from the bone surface
bone Anatomy of a Long Bone • Terms often begin with “T”
• Many open spaces • Diaphysis • Depressions or cavities—
• Shaft indentations
Classification of Bones on the • Composed of compact • Terms often begin with “F”
Basis of Shape bone
• Bones are classified as: • Epiphysis Microscopic Anatomy of
• Long • Ends of the bone Compact Bone
• Short • Composed mostly of • Osteon (Haversian
• Flat spongy bone system)
• Irregular • Periosteum • A unit of bone containing
• Outside covering of the central canal and matrix rings
Classification of Bones diaphysis • Central (Haversian) canal
• Long bones • Fibrous connective tissue • Opening in the center of
• Typically longer than they membrane an osteon
are wide • Perforating (Sharpey’s) • Carries blood vessels and
• Shaft with heads situated at fibers nerves
both ends • Secure periosteum to • Perforating (Volkmann’s)
• Contain mostly compact underlying bone canal
bone • Arteries • Canal perpendicular to the
central canal
Prepared by: francisianspascual
RADTECH DEPARTMENT
• Carries blood vessels and Types of Bone Cells • Hollow portions of bones
nerves • Osteocytes—mature bone surrounding the nasal cavity
• Lacunae cells • Functions of paranasal
• Cavities containing bone • Osteoblasts—bone- sinuses
cells (osteocytes) forming cells • Lighten the skull
• Arranged in concentric • Osteoclasts—giant bone- • Give resonance and
rings called lamellae destroying cells amplification to voice
• Lamellae • Break down bone matrix
• Rings around the central for remodeling and release of The Hyoid Bone
canal calcium in response to parathyroid • The only bone that does
• Sites of lacunae hormone not articulate with another bone
• Canaliculi • Bone remodeling is • Serves as a moveable
• Tiny canals performed by both osteoblasts and base for the tongue
• Radiate from the central osteoclasts • Aids in swallowing and
canal to lacunae speech
• Form a transport system Bone Fractures
connecting all bone cells to a • Fracture—break in a bone The Fetal Skull
nutrient supply • Types of bone fractures • The fetal skull is large
• Closed (simple) fracture— compared to the infant’s total body
Formation of the Human break that does not penetrate the length
Skeleton skin • Fetal skull is 1/4 body
• In embryos, the skeleton is • Open (compound) fracture length compared to adult skull
primarily hyaline cartilage —broken bone penetrates through which is 1/8 body length
• During development, much the skin • Fontanels—fibrous
of this cartilage is replaced by • Bone fractures are treated membranes connecting the cranial
bone by reduction and immobilization bones
• Cartilage remains in • Allow skull compression
isolated areas Common Types of Fractures during birth
• Bridge of the nose • Allow the brain to grow
• Parts of ribs Repair of Bone Fractures during later pregnancy and infancy
• Joints • Hematoma (blood-filled • Convert to bone within 24
swelling) is formed months after birth
Bone Growth (Ossification) • Break is splinted by
• Epiphyseal plates allow for fibrocartilage to form a callus The Vertebral Column
lengthwise growth of long bones • Fibrocartilage callus is • Each vertebrae is given a
during childhood replaced by a bony callus name according to its location
• New cartilage is • Bony callus is remodeled • There are 24 single
continuously formed to form a permanent patch vertebral bones separated by
• Older cartilage becomes intervertebral discs
ossified The Axial Skeleton • Seven cervical vertebrae
• Cartilage is broken down • Forms the longitudinal axis are in the neck
• Enclosed cartilage is of the body • Twelve thoracic vertebrae
digested away, opening up a • Divided into three parts are in the chest region
medullary cavity • Skull • Five lumbar vertebrae are
• Bone replaces cartilage • Vertebral column associated with the lower back
through the action of osteoblasts • Bony thorax • Nine vertebrae fuse to
form two composite bones
Bone Growth (Ossification) The Skull • Sacrum
• Bones are remodeled and • Two sets of bones • Coccyx
lengthened until growth stops • Cranium • Primary curvatures are the
• Bones are remodeled in • Facial bones spinal curvatures of the thoracic
response to two factors • Bones are joined by and sacral regions
• Blood calcium levels sutures • Present from birth
• Pull of gravity and muscles • Only the mandible is • Form a C-shaped
on the skeleton attached by a freely movable joint curvature as in newborns
• Bones grow in width
(called appositional growth) Paranasal Sinuses

RADTECH DEPARTMENT
• Secondary curvatures are • Trochlea and capitulum • The female ilia flare more
the spinal curvatures of the articulate with the bones of the laterally
cervical and lumbar regions forearm • The female sacrum is
• Develop after birth • The forearm has two shorter and less curved
• Form an S-shaped bones • The female ischial spines
curvature as in adults • Ulna—medial bone in are shorter and farther apart; thus
anatomical position the outlet is larger
Sacrum and Coccyx • Proximal end articulation • The female pubic arch is
• Sacrum • Coronoid process and more rounded because the angle
• Formed by the fusion of olecranon articulate with the of the pubic arch is greater
five vertebrae humerus
• Coccyx • Radius—lateral bone in Bones of the Lower Limbs
• Formed from the fusion of anatomical position • Femur—thigh bone
three to five vertebrae • Proximal end articulation • The heaviest, strongest
• “Tailbone,” or remnant of a • Head articulates with the bone in the body
tail that other vertebrates have capitulum of the humerus • Proximal end articulation
• Hand • Head articulates with the
The Bony Thorax • Carpals—wrist acetabulum of the coxal (hip) bone
• Forms a cage to protect • Eight bones arranged in • Distal end articulation
major organs two rows of four bones in each • Lateral and medial
• Consists of three parts hand condyles articulate with the tibia in
• Sternum • Metacarpals—palm the lower leg
• Ribs • Five per hand • The lower leg has two
• True ribs (pairs 1–7) • Phalanges—fingers and bones
• False ribs (pairs 8–12) thumb • Tibia—Shinbone; larger
• Floating ribs (pairs 11–12) • Fourteen phalanges in and medially oriented
• Thoracic vertebrae each hand • Proximal end articulation
• In each finger, there are • Medial and lateral
The Appendicular Skeleton three bones condyles articulate with the femur
• Composed of 126 bones • In the thumb, there are to form the knee joint
• Limbs (appendages) only two bones • Fibula—Thin and sticklike;
• Pectoral girdle lateral to the tibia
• Pelvic girdle Bones of the Pelvic Girdle • Has no role in forming the
• Formed by two coxal (ossa knee joint
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle coxae) bones • The foot
• Composed of two bones • Composed of three pairs • Tarsals—seven bones
• Clavicle—collarbone of fused bones • Two largest tarsals
• Articulates with the • Ilium • Calcaneus (heel bone)
sternum medially and with the • Ischium • Talus
scapula laterally • Pubis • Metatarsals—five bones
• Scapula—shoulder blade • Pelvic girdle = 2 coxal form the sole of
• Articulates with the clavicle bones, sacrum the foot
at the acromioclavicular joint • Bony pelvis = 2 coxal • Phalanges—fourteen
• Articulates with the arm bones, sacrum, coccyx bones form the toes
bone at the glenoid cavity • The total weight of the
• These bones allow the upper body rests on the pelvis Arches of the Foot
upper limb to have exceptionally • It protects several organs • Bones of the foot are
free movement • Reproductive organs arranged to form three strong
• Urinary bladder arches
Bones of the Upper Limbs • Part of the large intestine • Two longitudinal
• Humerus • One transverse
• Forms the arm Gender Differences of the Pelvis
• Single bone • The female inlet is larger Joints
• Proximal end articulation and more circular • Articulations of bones
• Head articulates with the • The female pelvis as a • Functions of joints
glenoid cavity of the scapula whole is shallower, and the bones • Hold bones together
• Distal end articulation are lighter and thinner • Allow for mobility

RADTECH DEPARTMENT
• Two ways joints are • Articular cartilage (hyaline • Can usually be controlled
classified cartilage) covers the ends of bones with diet
• Functionally • Articular capsule encloses • More common in men
• Structurally joint surfaces and lined with
synovial membrane Developmental Aspects of the
Functional Classification of • Joint cavity is filled with Skeletal System
Joints synovial fluid • At birth, the skull bones
• Synarthroses • Reinforcing ligaments are incomplete
• Immovable joints • Bones are joined by
• Amphiarthroses Structures Associated with the fibrous membranes called
• Slightly moveable joints Synovial Joint fontanels
• Diarthroses • Bursae—flattened fibrous • Fontanels are completely
• Freely moveable joints sacs replaced with bone within two
• Lined with synovial years after birth
Structural Classification of membranes
Joints • Filled with synovial fluid Skeletal Changes Throughout
• Fibrous joints • Not actually part of the Life
• Generally immovable joint • Fetus
• Cartilaginous joints • Tendon sheath • Long bones are formed of
• Immovable or slightly • Elongated bursa that hyaline cartilage
moveable wraps around a tendon • Flat bones begin as
• Synovial joints fibrous membranes
• Freely moveable Inflammatory Conditions • Flat and long bone models
Associated are converted to bone
Fibrous Joints with Joints • Birth
• Bones united by collagenic • Bursitis—inflammation of a • Fontanels remain until
fibers bursa usually caused by a blow or around age 2
• Types friction
• Sutures • Tendonitis—inflammation Skeletal Changes Throughout
• Immobile of tendon sheaths Life
• Syndesmoses • Arthritis—inflammatory or • Adolescence
• Allows more movement degenerative diseases of joints • Epiphyseal plates become
than sutures but still • Over 100 different types ossified and long bone growth
immobile • The most widespread ends
• Example: Distal end of crippling disease in the United • Size of cranium in
tibia and fibula States relationship to body
• Gomphosis • Initial symptoms: pain, • 2 years old—skull is larger
• Immobile stiffness, swelling of the joint in proportion to the body compared
to that of an adult
Cartilaginous Joints Clinical Forms of Arthritis • 8 or 9 years old—skull is
• Bones connected by • Osteoarthritis near adult size and proportion
cartilage • Most common chronic • Between ages 6 and 11,
• Types arthritis the face grows out from the skull
• Synchrondrosis • Probably related to normal • Curvatures of the spine
• Immobile aging processes • Primary curvatures are
• Symphysis • Rheumatoid arthritis present at birth and are convex
• Slightly movable • An autoimmune disease— posteriorly
• Example: Pubic the immune system attacks the • Secondary curvatures are
symphysis, intervertebral joints joints associated with a child’s later
• Symptoms begin with development and are convex
Synovial Joints bilateral inflammation of certain anteriorly
• Articulating bones are joints • Abnormal spinal
separated by a joint cavity • Often leads to deformities curvatures (scoliosis and lordosis)
• Synovial fluid is found in • Gouty arthritis are often congenital
the joint cavity • Inflammation of joints is • Osteoporosis
caused by a deposition of uric acid • Bone-thinning disease
Features of Synovial Joints crystals from the blood afflicting

RADTECH DEPARTMENT
• 50 percent of women over • Disease makes bones • Estrogen aids in health
age 65 fragile and bones can easily and normal density of a female
• 20 percent of men over fracture skeleton
age 70 • Vertebral collapse results
in kyphosis (also known as
dowager’s hump)

Anatomy and Physiology-4 (Handout) - Skeletal System-1

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UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA

SCHOOL OF ALLIED MEDICINE

Prepared by: francisianspascual

Prepared by: francisianspascual

Prepared by: francisianspascual

Prepared by: francisianspascual

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