DETERMI3ATION OF T€IE DESIGN

PARAME'i'EiCj OF PASSIVIS
HARMONIC FILTERS USIIVC;
NONLilW EAR 0P'1' IhIlZ A T 10N.

S. D. Upadhye. Prof. Y . R. Alrc

Senior Systems Analyst, Dcpt. Of KlcctricaI Ex;.
Tata Infotech t t d . Walclratld Collcn,c 0:
Punc, India I!iiginccring, Sang!i.
400096. Iiidia. JI64IS.

INTRODUCi?ON:

Power systcm harmonics are a mcnacc xitli

disastrous consequences. A tiumber of ways tvcrc tried out io
tackle the harmonic problem poscd by nonliiicar electric
devices, but $+far. ihe most popular and quiet crfective onc
is the use of passivt filters. This provides a low impcdzncc
path to a harmonic or a group of iiarnionics as tliown in Fig.
1. Usually the AC ' m o n i c s arc odd harnionics. So ntrnimlly
the filler combination selected is such that for thc
predominant harmonics, one or more single tuned filters arc
used, and for the rest of the harmoiiics, a high pm filtcr is
used. An altcmte :ombination is that a damped filter is uscil
for the hvo p d o m i n a n t harmonics with the filter being tuned
at a frequency in behveen the hvo harmonics and another
damped filter Tor ihe higher harmonics. If all thc harmonics
arc not of v q high magnitudc thcn usually one high j x s s
film is suficient ;'or all rlic Iiariuoriics. [ 1 1 Instcad of tiic
conventional Jes:y of thesc filters. wliicii is bnsctl OII
experience cf thc dcsicncr. a bcttcr way :S to usc thc
optimization 1iScc:hms io oht3in niaximrrlli pcrforinsricc
from these 5i::x.
0-7803-4509-6/98/$10.00 1998 E E E
/ .\
Po:w j?Zt=m harmonics are a major problein :vi&
disastrou :orsequenceS. These a& usually reduced
using s k t ysjsive filters. This naoer discusses he
applicaiicn o i 3ctimization a l g o r i b to the dcsign of
passive 5iz: :o obtain optimal dejign of these R i m s .
To judgc d e ;,t:fomance of the optiml design, it is
brcaal:: iivicci into three categories. The first is for
maximuxi xlcc$on in Total Harmonic Distortion of
pow: qis;ex aehvork. Under th'is, magnitude of
hnrinonics p ~ c tod tlic systcni is optimizcd. llic sccund
is for ociinal :css at fuaidamciital frequenc:i. Under Ais
the losscs si :;le Siter bank and hcnce curient drawn at
fiindanezai 5e;uency is optimized. T i e third involves
oprimizxon sf Cost of the filter, vhich optimizes
running x s : 2: <Fie filter, which is-variable. A :oir.vare
. .
package zwz.cTed on this algorithm is tested using
hamonit 5 2 s collected from field. Resuits are
enumerucd mi21 magnitude of harmonies bypassed by
the filter; azG -;le magniiude passing to :he powcr system
ntnvork. ?!CS of the impedance characteristics of &e
rcspective Ira :ho enlisted.
155
 whcre 0 = 2n f bcing
tuning frequcncy At the resonance frequency,
imaginav part IS equal to zero and the current
through the filter is limited by R. Since the two
reactances are equal at tuning frequency,
X, = n2 X,
From this it follows that,
1
This frequency f is an integer multiple of the system
fundamental' frequency. This integer multiple, designated by
*n' is called harmonic number.
There is another factor that influences the dcsign of
a single tuned fiiter. It is called Dctuning factor and is
represented by 5. It represents the variations in the tuning
frequcncy caused by following factors.
1. Variations in the system frequency.
2. Temperature variations in the values of
capacitance and inductance
Another important factor that influences the
dcsign of a single iuned filter is the-Filter Quality facfor Q .
It is calculated always at the tuning frequency and can be
given as
\Wicrc X, is tlic renctance of inductor or capacitor at thc
tuning frcqucncy. I-lcncc
and c=- 1
0 QR
The value of Q usually lies in some range. The
circuit resisiance R IS usually the DC resistance of the
inductor L. Tile filter impedance can be expressed in
tci-ms of Q and 5 as [ 11
I
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF DAMPED FILTERS:
Duc to its good Zltering pcrforniaiicc at mocicratc losscs.
die second order damped filtcr as shown i n Fig. 4 , is an
ideal choice for harmonic supprcssioii. Ainsworth[ I ] lias
introduced two factor m and f for this particular filter.
These factors detemiine its frcqiicncy rcspoiisc. Tlic
filter impedance can be given as
whcrc 0-2x1
Here it is to be noted that j is not tlic tuning
frequency of this filter but this is tlic frcqwiicy at which
the filter impedance is iiiiiiiinum and nbovc wliicli it
offcrs low impedance. 'Iliis I1-cqucncyfis given by
1
f=-
2x cx
The other important factor is desiznated by 111. 1I ] i t can
be given as
L
111 = -
R'C
(4)
Fig. S(2) illustrates the effect o f variations in 111, on
the characteristics of the second order danipcd filtcr for
various valucs of ni.
Tlic filtcr quality factor Q is givcn by
Where X, is the reactancc of thc filter. at frequency f.
Fig. 6[2] shows how a typical second ortier damped
filter, having a minimum inipctlniicc frequency at 10.7Ih
harmonic, behaves with variations in the valuc o f R and
thereby in Q. X high Q means the filtering action will be
more pronounced and a low Q nieaiis very little filterins
action of the filter.
The chi-t design constraints Tor a Iiish pass filler
are mainly Q , f and m. If the capacitance m i bc
dctcrmincd from 111c oihcr pnramcicrs, f and hcncc 111
w i l l be dctcrmiilcd i n such :I \vny 3s to ol,ln!n n lllqll
admittance over tlic requirctl I'Icc~uci~cyI niigc. 'i\'hcii
expressed in temis of in and R. the contlrictaiice and
susceptance :enis for a sccontl ortlcr high pass :iltcr nre
given as
156

x(n? x - IlfX + 1)
Whcrc
J.
X =-
fo
f is the frequency at which the filter has minimum
impedance.
OPTIMIZA TION A L GOiUTHMS’ USED D UIUiVG
FILTER DESIGN:
Optimization is a process of finding a global or true
maximum value or true minimum value of a variable
using various optimization algorithms. It is distinct from
the conventional maximization or minimization methods
that obtain only nearby maxima or minima.
Mainly in the dcvelopmcnt process, the Interior Penalty
Function Method [3][4] is used. The unconstrained
function Q(x) formed thereby is optimized using
Modified Cauchy’s Steepest Descent Gradient Partan
method. [3![4] Both thc algorithms arc briefly dcscribcd
bellow.
Ipitcrii>r.Pciinliy Fttrtctiori Mcrhotl: This is a
constrained optimization nicthod whose unconstraincd
optimization equation for a constrained functionf(x)
with constraints g, (x) on x is,
@(.) = f ( x ) + rkgG‘,(g,(.x)) (G)
j =I
Where the second term is called Pena!ty term. The
penalty term is used to represent the constraints on x. [4]
Modified Steepest D~scerifMefhod: Formulated by
Cauchy in 1S47, this unconstraincd optimization method
is used 70 optimize the unconstrained equation formed by
Penalty Cmction method as above.
Tie negated gadient of 4 is used for determining the
scat direction S .
s=-v+
Froiii an initial starting point, D step sf optimal step
length i s takcn along the search direction. Thc next point
is @en 3s follows.
= A-*,.*+ Sh
Whcrc S is search dircctinii iit~tlh is opiii:i\ sicp Icngtli.
(41
OPTIMAL DESIGN OF FILTERS
Due to distinction of application. tlic design i. tliwtlccl
into three headings or schemes. Tlicsc arc
1. Minimum level of harmonics ill ilic systcin.
2. Mininium liltcr losscs at fwidaiiiciiial l i c c l i ~ c ~ i c y
3. kliniiiiuiii cost of tlic riiiilc I I I I C I 11:iiik.
AfI8Ii%liJhlL E VEL O F I I A Itil I O N I C S
As the nanic suggests, this sclicnic tlcsigiis tlic filtc~s20
that the total harmonic coiitciit prcsciit in thc systciii will
be reduced as much as possible. As showii iii Fig. I , liltcr
current has to be increased as far as possible, to reduce the
harmonic current entering the system, to niiuinium; wliicli
means, Z,:he total impcdancc of lil(cr kink as a wliolc, has
to be optimized. Hence it is nccessary to optimize IIIC
individual filter impedances. This entails ihat thc filtcrs
sliould be optimized in such a way that they will ofrer
minimum impedance at their rcspcctive tuning frcqwticics
miis sclicnie 3s coniparcd to othor sclicincs givcs lowczt
value of TOTAL I-lARMONICS I)ISfORI’ION. [ 11[3 I
Sir@ Ticried Filter: As cliscusscd carltci. IIIC
impcdancc o f thc singlc tuncd fiitcr as ;I function o f ilic
filter quality factor (Q), 31 any frcqucncy is givcn as,
22 (e)= Z2(Q)= R2(1+ K’Q’)
22 (Q) is the optimization fuiiction for tlic singlc
tuned filter and Q is called tlic optiiiiizatioii variable. Q
usually lies in some range, say il <: Q < b. This range
can be treated as a constraint for thc optimization
variable Q. Hence the pcnalty tcriii caii Oc givcn
by.
rk 2 G, (8,(Q))
J=1
= rL(log( Q - t i ) + log(h - Q))
(SI
’ l h s I$.tlic uncons~raiiictltipiiiiii7atioii f i i i i c l i i i i i iz civcii
35
157
 This ;3 is optimized using Steepest Descent N g o r i t l m .
During this optimization process, rk remains constant as
it varies during the constrained optimization. Hence Q is
thc only variable.
If the system network angle 4%"is known, then
according to Amllaga [I], the optimal value of Q is given by
1 1 1 wliicli case tlic optiiiiizatioii is a11 optional addctl
fcaturc.
Damped F i l m : l l i e impedance of thc damped filter
at its tuning frequency is given by
(11)
As C can be detenxined from other factors, the
independent variable here is m alone. According to
Ainsworth [l], m normally lies in a range specified as
say a < iii < b. Thcrcforc thc aini is to find such a value
of m in the specified rangc that 2 2 and hence Z will bc at
its minimum. The penalty term can be given by,
T h i s (I 'formed above is optimized using Steepcst
Descent Algorithm. During this process, tk remains
constant as it varies in the constrained optimization loop.
Thus m is the only variable.
For any filter, the magnitude of the current flowing
through it is generally maximum at fundamental
frcqucncy. Hence the filter o h m i c losscs will
coricspondingly bc largcst at fui1danicnta1 frcqucncy. To
reduce thesc losscs, the filtcr will h a w to bc cspccially
designed so that it will offer comparativcly optimal dc
resistance at fundamental frequency. This means the
fundamental impedancc will have to be optimized. For a
single tuncd Slter, this resistance is mostly equal to the
o h m i c resistance of the inductor. For a damped filter,
the resistance at fumdainental frequency is largely
dependent upon all the compnncnts of tlic danipcti fiitcr
viz. R, L and C.
SINGLE TUNED FILTER: As seen nhovc, tlicsc is
not much scope for optimization of 1 . k rcsisiancc of this
filtcr as the parametcrs it dcpcnds 011, arc dctermincd by
the design constraints of tlic iiidwtor that leavc littlc
scope. All that can be donc to rcducc I< is to design tlic
filter such that the value of I, is minimum. (1][37
DAA4PED Fll,7El?: ' I h icsislaiicc al
fundaiiicntal frcqucncy of a tlaiiipc'l I'iltcr is givcii hy.
,112(2111? - 21,r -I- I )
(12)
Where 01, is that frequency at wliicli tlic filter has
minimum irnpcdancc. Tliiis 111 is the oiily vnrial>lc. ns C
can be determined froni other factois.
As discussed earlier, in nornially lies in soiiie range.
say a ni < b. Therefore the aini is to find such n value
of m in this range, R, will be at its miniinrim. Tlic
penalty tenii can bc givcii by,
j =I
T i u s (T, is given by.
73;s (T, is optimized using Stccpcst I)CSCCII~ Algoritliiii.
K,rcmains constant as it varics i n the constrained loop;
thus ni is the only variable.
It is an iiidisputable fact that cost of tlic filtcr hniik is
a critical element in determining thc installation of ihc
bank itself. Tie cost of a filter consists of two parts V I Z .
Fixed capital cost and the vnriablc runniiig cost. l'lic
capital cost largely depends upon tlic capacitor valiic
( h a n k s i x ) nccdcd. As i t also tlcpcntls o i l ollicr h c ~ o i <
iliat niay or may not bc coii~i~oi1:iI~le~ tlic liltcr riiliiiy
sliould h e optiiiiizcd s o t1i:it tlini riiiiiiiiig c r ~ ivill
t itc
iriinirnuni. :\Ithough the cost lijr at1diiioii;iI iiniis rcciiiirc'l
for higher ratings. is iiot cxactly liiiear, for siinplicity i t i s
assunicd that tlic cost of n capacitor is pro1ioclioiial I O llic
rating. Tlic cost of a11inductor is matlc tip of two parts
.i*iz.one constant part arid the other variable part
proportional to tlic ratins o f tlic inductor. [ I J
158
 SINGLE TUNED FIL7ER: For a singlc tuncd filxr, tlic IMMPEU FIL7ER: 11 tlninpctl filler Iins wiially vcry
sizc or rating in kvar can bc givcii as small valuc of Q as.coniparcd to tlic siiiglc tunctl filtcr.
2
As Q is given by
I1
'A rc = - Var. I<
xc4, x, 11
2
-1 Q=-
s
Whcrc X,- and XL are respective reactances at thc
fundameiital frequency. As the aim is to optimize the This means, tlic filfcr rcsistaiicc I< is w r y siii;lil
ninning cost of the filter, it is necessary to optimize the compared to X . hciicc ncglcctiiig I<. tlic filtcr rating is,
nmiiing losscs of thc filtcr. For this tlic individrinl
' :r 11;
componcnt losses, which arc depcndent upon the total K,, =T- Wlicrc
loading of tlie componcnts, will have to bc optimized. x 11; - 111
Twiirig jk,wcticj*?/ tiic ,fiiter
-
Cnpacitor. losses: For calculating the total losses 1l0 =
Fitnciantentcil ji-ajiwrcy
occurring in the capacitor, total loading consisting of
fundamental as well as harmonic losses is to be Cnpncitor losscs: For calculatiiig tlic total losses
calculated. The total loss in the capacitor is occurring in the capacitor, losscs consisting of
fundamental as vel1 as harmonic losscs will linvc to bc
caicuiatcd. I Ihcsc are
=KCL(-g+

~essismriceio.ssc?s: Wic iosscs 111 thc rcsistancc I<

can be given as or
(13)
Where bLis the capacitor loss factor and I, is the
current passing through the capacitor at the harmonic.
Resisfnirce losses: Urdike the capacitor, an inductor does
not have intrinsic losscs hut rathcr has extrinsic lnsscs
designated by tlie resistancc R in thc circuit. Because for
n siriglc tuncd fil:cr, Ilcticc the loss ill thc rcsistancc will
be,

I-ieiicc the total filfcr loss from Eq5. 15.1 6 i s givcti by

Tlius the total filter loss from Eqs.13 and 14 is given by,

- 1 ) y I l ~- I n )
+ kr,(Ill tl?
i-
112-11 112 -1

This F,,, is oytiiiiizcd li)r siicli a vnlrie 0 1 kr(: tlinf

Tliis I;,,, is optimized for such a value of k,that the loss tlic loss \vi11 be niiniiiiiiiii. A s kj,. is nn uiicoiistrniiictl
will be minimum. As k, is an unconstrained variable. variable, Floss can be optimized using Stcclmt 1 ) c s c o i t
F,,, can be optimized usins Steepest Descent uncor~strair~cd optiniization iiictl~nd.
A I go r i t h in.

159
 For tlic siiiglc !..;:ic(lIiilci.. rCll7"' I i : i r i i i o i i i ~ : ,
L = 3.203GS 3111 ( 1 - (14.4243 }'I:
A sofhvare package was designed to implement the For the dampec 5Itcr, for tiic I I"' Iial-iiioiiic a i d aliovc.
thrcc schemes discusscd above. With ihis soltwarc R = 2.21574 5 L = 0.SX21 I O tiill (1 = 130.303
package, some field trials were carried out. For these 111:

trials, daia regarding harmonic content was collected The magnimics of various Iiamotiics cntcriiip tlic
from bulk power consumers and the results obtained Power System Network aftcr usiiig tlicsc filters arc sivcii
were analyzed. One such case is described bellow. in TABLE I.
CASE 1: Thc ncgali-Lt magiiitridcs iiitlicatc tiic rriii:iiiiiiii:
capacity to by11nis thc lnxriiioiiics. of tlic filtcr I w i i k :I$ :I
The industrial installation has 2 to 3 local gcncrating \vliolc. 'Ilic T I I D or clirrciit tlislcii t i o i l . riiitlci ~ l i c v ,
with capacitics of about 6 to 10 M V A at (3.6 kV.
ririits
circuriistarices i q rctlucccl to 0.00 (;r:iplis iii I.'ig. 7
I!<,.
Tlic installation has a n H.T. liiic from state electricity show tlic charac:rristics of tlicsc filtcis.
supply utility at the same voltage with a provision to co-
generate or draw power. l l i e load consistj of mainly six
pulse rectifiers and other loads. The total load is 3415 MlNlMVM LOSSES AT FUNDAMENTAL
kVA or 2800 kW at 0.82 power factor lagging. The FREQUENCY:
short circuit level is 28.4 MVA or equivalent reactance When filtcrs are designcd usiiig thc niiniiiiiitni loss desiyi
of 1.5333 n.The power factor is to be improved to 0.95 scheme for the above-nieiitioiicd data, ilic Lltcr
lagging. This requires about 1050 kvar of leading parameters obtained are summarizcd bcllow.
reactive power. [ 6 ]
For die single tuned filter, for 5'" harmonic.
It is assumed that the power supply source (namely L = 12.8385 mH C = 31.5679 pl:
the state supply network) is free of harmonic sources. For the sin9le tuncd filter, for 7Ih harmonic,
Table I illustratcs the original and filtered harmonic I, = 3.2096; inl-I C = 04.4243 ikr
niagiiitude for minimum harmonic inagnirlide. For the dampcd filtcr, for [lie I 1 ' " harnioinic aiitl ahovc.
R = 2.21834 Q L = 0.934952 nil1 C = 130.393
{IF

1 larm-onic 5 7 II 17 19 ThC magnitutlcs of various Iiariiioiiics cntcriiil: tlnc I'on.rr

Systcni Nctivork aftcr using tlicsc filters are as givcii iii
70 45 25 10 7
TABLE I. Tlic TIID for cui-rciit distortion riiiilcr thcsc
circumstanccs is reduced to 0.00 Yo. Cirqilis o f Ihc
characteristics of tlic filters arc similar to thosc i n 1,'ig. 7.
Filter bank i0.779+ 45.026 + 25.763 -+ 10.0537 7.02 +
currcnt 14.59 j0.76 j3.32 + j0.76 j0.48
MIiVIicIUi\~fCOST DESIGN:
-0.779 - -0.0267 - -0.763 - -0.054 -0.02
j4.59 j0.76 j3.32 - j0.76 - j0.48 When filters are dcsigncd using tlic iniiiinium cost
design scheme. :he filter paramcters are as suinniarizcd
Filter bank 70.779+ 45.026 + 25.GS8 4 10.0584 7.024 bel low.
current j4.59 j0.76 j3.44 + j0.78 + j0.49
For the single xncd filter f o r 5"' hai-nionic,
-0.777 - -0.0267 - -0.657
J4S9 1076 -j3.444
-0.058 -0.024
- j0.78 - j0.49 L = 7.2 19-3 mI-I c = 56.1353 ItI;
For the singk xncd filtcr for 7'"harmonic,
70.046- 44.996 + 24.2624 9.0963 6 998 L = S.Gli.'? ml-I C = 36.8253 111;
J1.71 jO.84 jG.39 i j l . 4 1 +j0.87 For the dan;r:,i filtcr for thc I 1'" Iinrnionic a n d abox-c.
-0.046 - 4.0043 - -0.734 -0.004 -0.002 R = 3.52952 2 L = 2.04209 nil I C = 81 .OS67 !:F
jl.71 j 0.S-l -j63 - j 1.42 - j0.87

MINIMU,?-!iiARMONICS DESIGN:
LVlicn filtcrs arc designed using thc niinimuni harmonic
dcsign scheme, the filter data obtained is summarized
bellow.
For ihc single tuncd filter, for SIh h a m o n i c ,
L = I?. 8385 in1-I C = 3 I 3 G Y &ti:

160
 V i e magnitudes or various harmonics entering thc
Powcr Sysicm Network after using these filters arc as
given in table I. the THD for current distortion under
thcsc circumstances is rcduccd to 0.14 %. The Graphs of
filter Characteristics are similar to those in Fig. 7.
From this case it can be obscrved that, minimum
harmonics schemc is best suitcd to reduce the: harmonic
content as far as possible with a margin for temporary
tluctiiatioiis. But il‘tlic rtltcr Ixi~ikpiicc has to bc justifictl
against pcrforniance with somc harmonic coiitcnt
rcniaining albcil untlcr limits, thcn niinirnum cost
schemc is the riglit schcnie. If the desire is to have the
better of the hvo worlds, then minimum loss scheme can
be used.
References:
1.J. ArriiaSa. D. A. llrntllcy atid I). S. Bndgcr.
‘Power System llariiioiiics‘ 1985 John Wilcy
& Sons Ittl. W. 93-109, 296-324.
C Z , C, klccall, 'Design
2. Daniiin A. G O I I Z ~ ~ Joliii
of Filters to Rctlucc 11:iriiinnic Dislorlioti 111
Industrial Power Sgs(ciiis‘ l1X13 Tratw. oil
Industrial Applicatinns. vol. 1A-23. No. 3,
h~lay/Jll;lc 1080. 1’1’. 5 0 4 - 5 I I .
3. S. S. R n o , ‘ O p t i i i i i m ( i o ~ ~(Ilcoc-g acid
AppIicali~iiis*Jitlic I O X a l , Wilcy 1i:irlci I I 1111.
Sccond Edition. 1’1’. 37-38, 306-3 10. 390-39X.
4. Donald A. Picrrc, ‘Optiiiiizntioii tlieory willi
Applications’ 19G9, Jolin Wilcy LQ Soiis inc.
PP. 26-1-350.
5 . Dr. U. Gudani ‘ A New Scliciiir for llesctivc
Power Coiiipcnsitiioii. 1 lirriioriic
siipprcssion arid Daiiiliiiig or I<csoiiaiiccs‘
GRIDShl%-9S, 1iitcriiation:il Sciiiiiiar b y
Institution of Enginecrs (liidin). Jan 130G.
16 1
 APPENDIX IIA
CALCULATIOX OF TIIE CAPACITOR LOSSES IN
THEM I ~ I UCOST
N DESIGNOF A DAMPED
FIJ. TER
The losses in the resisiance R can hc ol)tniiied as follo\vs.
Vic total iosses occurring in a capacitor include the
losses at fundamental frcqucncy and tliosc at the hamioriic
frcqucncies. From cq. 4, it can bc sccn that

Therefore for a second order damped filter if V, and V, are i.Jow the losses in :hc rcsistancc a t liindariicittai I'rcqucncy
thc respective -;oltages across capacitor and the inductor, can be given as

Siinilorly tlic linrnionic loarliiig cnii bc givcn ns

The fundamcntai loading is given by,

Thus tlie tot31 loss i n tiic rcsistniice n~ill

hc

Siniilarly tlie harmonic loading as a sum of the loading at

individual harmonics is givcn by

Thus if kCLis the loss factor of the capacitor. the total power
loss of the capacitor will be

162
 List oifigurc captions:

I . Sonlinea: A. C. Load as a source of source o l

hanonicj.
2. Single Tmed Fiitcr
3. Cnarac:er'itics of a single tuned fiIter
4. Second ode: high-pass fitter
S. Effect of mriations in Q of a second or&r damped
filtcr
6. Characteristics showing c f k c t of variadon in m on
filter ~CCORTIJ~CC
7. CbractCr;stics of filters designed by t h paCkagC.
~

4-

Fig. 1 Second order high-pass fdter

I
!
- ;\

\:-.: :.

I
Fig. f Single Tmcd FiItcr

163
 Charaearistics of the fifth
16 - harmonic filter
I
14 7.

I! 2
<I 0
g8
-E
1 4
U
2
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Farmonic Multiples

Fig. 6 Characteristics Showing Effect of

Variation in m on Filter Performance

Characterisbcs of the s e v e n t h
8 -Harmonic Filter
7?.
I

1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
W m o n i c Multiples

F5.7(b)

Chatac!eris'jcs of Filter for

ElevenL? a n d h i g h e r
Harmonics

p : 3
5 2.5
V

x 2
5
L
1.5
d l
0.5
0
-
I 1 3 3 9 11 13 15 1 7 19
Hamonie Multiples

Fig. 7(c)

Fig. 7 C%r=c!ristics of Filters Desiqed Sy R e

Software Package.

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