Describe the stages and role of the cell cycle in health and disease (=2) • Describe defects of cell cycle control and how they may lead to malignancies [Taught] - SBA, Cell biology, • Describe the stages of the normal cell cycle and its role in cell proliferation [Taught] - SBA, Cell biology, Describe the carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood (=2) • Describe and explain the carriage of carbon dioxide by the blood [Self Study] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe and explain the carriage of oxygen by haemoglobin and the molecular changes involved [Self Study] - SBA, Physiology, Describe the principles of cancer screening and surveillance (=4) • Describe screening procedures used in medical practice, e.g. in cancer [Taught] - SBA, Assignment, Public health, • Describe the criteria that should be met before implementing a screening test [Taught] - SAP, Public health, • Describe the principles of cancer surveillance [Taught] - SBA, Public health, • Describe the relevance and importance of screening as a prerequisite to effective secondary prevention [Taught] - SBA, Public health, Describe the treatment options for anaemia (=1) • Describe the drugs used in the treatment of anaemia, their indications and major side effects [Self Study] - SBA, Assignment, Pharmacology, Describe the pathophysiology relating to tumours (=11) • Define dysplasia, neoplasia, tumour, papilloma, adenoma, carcinoma, sarcoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepithelial neoplasia, metastasis, invasion, grade and stage of tumours [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, • Define transformation, clonality, carcinogen, initiator, promoter, oncogene, cellular oncogene, proto-oncogene, viral oncogene and tumour suppressor gene [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, • Describe how neoplasms are classified and named [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, • Describe how the incidence of neoplasia can be influenced by geographical and environmental factors [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, • Describe the causes, pathology and clinical features of colonic carcinoma [Taught] - SAP, Pathology, • Describe the changes associated with cell transformation [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, • Describe the characteristic features of benign neoplasms and malignant neoplasms [Taught] - SAP, Pathology, • Describe the mechanisms by which neoplasms grow, become invasive and the pathways by which they spread [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, • Describe the molecular mechanisms by which radiation, viruses and chemicals may lead to carcinogenesis; including the role of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and genes controlling apoptosis [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, • Describe the principles underlying the grading and staging of tumours [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, • Describe what is meant by the multistep hypothesis of carcinogenesis [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, Describe the causes, signs, symptoms and classification of anaemia (=9) • Describe how chronic disease leads to anaemia [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe how deficiency in Vitamin B12 and folic acid result in anaemia [Taught] - SBA, Nutrition, Physiology, • Describe how drugs can cause anaemia [Taught] - SBA, Pathology, Pharmacology, • Describe how genetic defects in haemoglobin/ red blood cell function lead to anaemias [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe how iron deficiency results in anaemia [Taught] - SBA, Assignment, Nutrition, Physiology, • Describe sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia, spherocytosis [Taught] - SBA, Assignment, Physiology, • Describe the aetiology of anaemia [Taught] - SBA, Assignment, Diagnostics, Physiology, • Describe the classification of anaemias [Taught] - SBA, Assignment, Diagnostics, Physiology, • Describe the signs and symptoms of anaemia [Taught] - SAP, Assignment, Diagnostics, Physiology, Identify different classifications of anaemia from history and investigation data (=1) • Apply the principles of clinical reasoning in formulating a differential diagnosis in a person with symptoms suggestive of anaemia [Taught] - SAP, Diagnostics, Reasoning, Explain the difference in presentation between different tumours (=1) • Apply the principles of clinical reasoning in formulating a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with symptoms suggestive of cancer [Taught] - SAP, Diagnostics, Reasoning, Describe normal and abnormal production and function of constituents of blood (=11) • Describe and interpret the blood indices and other blood tests relevant to anaemia [Taught] - SAP, Diagnostics, Physiology, • Describe how the cellular elements of the blood are renewed from the pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe the composition of blood and the primary function of the various constituents [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe the different blood groups, including the ABO and Rhesus systems [Taught] - SBA, Diagnostics, Physiology, • Describe the factors that affect the binding of oxygen by haemoglobin [Self Study] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe the haemopoietic differentiation of erythrocytes (erythropoiesis) and granulocytes (granulopoiesis) [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe the location of haematopoiesis throughout life [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe the regulation of erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe the role of plasma proteins in capillary filtration and the oncotic pressure of plasma [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe the role of the reticuloendothelial system in health and disease [Taught] - SBA, Physiology, • Describe the structure and function of the spleen [Taught] - SBA, Anatomy & histology, Physiology,
The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Respiratory Cytology: Definitions, Criteria, Explanatory Notes, and Recommendations for Ancillary Testing