2020/8/13 Hiring foreigners-Wikipedia

Hired foreigner
Source: Free encyclopedia "Wikipedia"

Foreign nationals hired ( employed ) are governments and prefectures that are trying to promote “ cultural industry ” and “ wealthy country
soldiers ” by introducing Western technology, learning, and systems from the end of the Edo era to the Meiji era. Foreigners hired by such as .
There were some Chinese and Indians in addition to Westerners, who had knowledge, experience, and skills that were difficult to obtain from the
Japanese at that time. There were simple technicians as well as senior government advisors. Sometimes called a foreigner .

table of contents
Overview
Country of origin
By field
National regime
Academic/Education
law
Finance
Diplomacy
Art
Medicine
Industrial technology/construction
Various industrial technologies
Military
Meaning of hiring
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Cemetery
References
Related item
External link
Overview
People called "hired foreigners" not only brought the Western European advanced technology and knowledge necessary for modernization of Japan,
but also introduced the Japanese lifestyle overseas through their stay in Japan, and opposed it. Played a role in introducing Japanese culture abroad.
In the early Edo period, there were examples such as Jan Yosten and William Adams , who served as diplomatic advisers and technical advisers to
the Shogunate, and were well received with the evaluation of Tokugawa Ieyasu . Foreign employment to full-scale in the Edo period, increases the
pressure of the opening of the country and the trade from Western countries, whereas curtain portion Dutch as a foreign policy adviser Philipp
Franz von Siebold , Nagasaki Naval Training Center from the Netherlands to We hired faculty members such as Willem Heusen van Kattendike , and
hired engineers such as Leon's Verny from France to the Yokosuka arsenal , and Richard Branton from England to build a lighthouse .

The Meiji government took over the railway network construction concept planned by the Shogunate , and created the Ministry of Engineering to
promote the aquaculture industry in a large scale, and hired a large number of technical foreigners there. From the end of the Edo period, foreigners
were hired and renewed for 2-3 years, but they were gradually replaced by Japanese. While it was common for British to work or settle in the colony
for long periods of time, Hepbon states that in Japan "hiring Yatoi" is short-term employment [1] .

The remuneration of the hired foreigners was certainly high based on the Japanese salary system at the time, but it was about the same as officials
and engineers of the British colonies of India [2] , and it is considered that it was based on that. 1871 (Meiji 3 - 4 years) point in time of daijō-daijin
Sanetomi Sanjo of monthly salary is 800 yen , udaijin Tomomi Iwakura whereas it was 600 yen, the highest monthly salary of foreigners mint
dormitory manager William Kinder of It was 1,045 yen. In addition, Guido Fulbecchi and Albert Charles du Busque are employed for 600 yen, and
Henmei Bran's chief engineer Henry Brunton is employed for 500 yen. By 1890 (Meiji 23), the average salary was 180 yen. Has been [3] .

Person selection was done through intergovernmental agreements and credible institutions, and almost all of them served their duties seriously, but
some were recruited by peer recommendations or self-recommendations [4] .

Then these hire foreigners, Saga Rebellion from southwest war following the austerity measures are laid off to hire a lot of control in 1876 for further
Imperial College of Engineering and graduates from, out returnees from abroad The number of foreigners hired gradually decreased when they
came [5] .

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Most of them left Japan as soon as they finished their term of office , but there were some who settled for work in other countries without returning
to their home countries. Exceptionally, there were also people like Lafcadio Hearn , Josiah Condor and Edwin Dunn who continued to stay attracted
to Japanese culture and ended their wives or life in Japan . Edward B. Clark was born in Yokohama while his English parents were staying in Japan,
and lived in Japan until his death, except when he temporarily studied abroad in his native England .

Many people have made achievements in fields other than the one they were employed in. Ernest Fenollosa was invited as a professor of political
science and philosophy , but is also known for his revaluation of Japanese art . Horace Wilson was invited as an English teacher, but at this time, he
taught Japanese baseball to Japanese students as part of his education, so he left his name as "the person who told baseball to Japan" and entered
the Baseball Hall of Fame. There is. William Goland was hired as an engineer at the Osaka Mint and has a high reputation in the field, but he
remains a well-known name in Japan for researching burial mounds and the Japanese Alps .

Country of origin
That said, "you hired foreigners" in human mouth, its nationality and skills are wide-ranging, 1868 ( Keio 4-year / Meiji first year) from 1889 (1889)
Japan of up to public institutions , As materials for foreign nationals employed by private institutions/ individuals, there are "Materials Employed
Foreigners" [6] and "Westernization of modern Japanese industrial technology" [7] . The nationality of the hired foreigner can be confirmed. The
breakdown is 1,127 British, 414 American, 333 French, 250 Chinese, 215 German, 99 Dutch, and 252 others. If the period is up to 1900, it is said that
there are 4,353 British people, 1,578 French people, 1,223 German people, and 1,213 American people [8] .

1890 Looking at the employment destination of up to (1890), the largest number of British in the case of, government employment is 54.8%, in
particular 43.4% is coated portion Ministry had been employed by. 50.5% of the foreigners hired by the Meiji government were British [9] . 238 out
of a total of 256 foreigners hired by the Ministry of Engineering from the 1st year of the Meiji era to the 1st year of the Meiji era are the British [10] .
Major employers include railroad construction engineers such as Edmond Morell , lighthouse construction engineers such as Richard Branton ,
engineering college teachers such as Henry Dyer , and surveyors of Colin McVane .

In the case of Americans, 54.6% were private and had many teachers . Government employment was 39.0%, the Ministry of Education was 15.5%,
and the pioneer was 11.4%, but 61.6% of the foreigners in the pioneer were Americans (such as Horace Keplon and William Smith Clark ) . [3]

French If 48.8 percent of the military in the employment of, particularly the Army was a French 87.2% of employment [3] . The Shogunate invited a
French military advisory group to modernize the army, but the Meiji government also succeeded the French military system and invited two military
advisory groups. Later, the military system was converted to the German system in 1885 (Meiji 18) after the appointment of Major Clemens Wilhelm
Jakop Meckel as an instructor of the Army College . In addition, he was active in the legal field such as Gustave Emile Boissonade , who was
employed by the Ministry of Justice but was successful in eliminating the inequality treaty , and Albert Charles du Busque , who was involved in
translating French law in the Left House. Some people have.

In the case of Germans, government employment is 62.0%, especially Ministry of Education (31.0%), Ministry of Engineering (9.5%) and Ministry of
Home Affairs (9.2%) [3] . Erwin Bälz , including a doctor and, geology of Heinrich Edmund Naumann , such as has been active.
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In the case of the Dutch, 48.5% of them were employed by the private sector, but many of them worked as seafarers because the country was active
in shipping [3] . Shogunate 1855 ( Yasumasa two years), Nagasaki Naval Denshu office opened, from the Netherlands Willem Huyssen van
Kattendijke for invited et al navy in the early days of the Netherlands but who has become the center of the guidance, to the end of the Edo period
United Kingdom from Tracey mission is invited (education in the confusion of the Meiji Restoration is not carried out), from further behalf of the
new Meiji government in 1873 to (1873) Douglas is carried out education by the advisory group, Imperial Navy is It has changed to English. Other
civil engineering of the river in the technology direction Johannis de Rijke et al many people were employed (Dutch flood control has been a
technology and there is a highly regarded background to interested parties, Baudouin of Dr. brothers nepotism byThere is also the theory of
mediation ).

Although the number of Italians was not large , Antonio Fontanesi and others were hired at the Faculty of Engineering School . Edoardo Chiossone
also contributed in various fields.

By field

National regime
Hermann Roessler - Law and economist . Constitution , Commercial Code , Honorary Member of German Association of German
Studies (Germany)
Albert Mosse -Cabinet Employment Counsel, Prussia Judge, Court of Justice of the First Tribunal, Honorary Member of the
German Association of German Studies [ Germany ] [11]
Dr. Georg Michaelis , Judge Prosecutor of Prussia , Honorary Member of the German Association of German Studies , and then
the 6th Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire (Germany) [12]
Karl Ladgen - National Law and German Society of Honorary Honors (Germany) [13]
Francis Taylor Pigott -Cabinet Advisor (UK)
Edoardo Chiossone- Print banknotes and stamps. Dondorf Naumann Printing Company employee who printed the Meiji Tsubo .
Other portraits of Emperor Meiji and Takamori Saigo ( Italy )
Academic/Education
Frederick Eastlake -Language Education, Keio University Teachers, Founding Participation in the National English Society ( US )
Lafcadio Hearn -Language Education " Kaidan " ( English )
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Edward S. Morse -Biology, Discovery of Omori Kaizuka (US)

Heinrich von Siebold -Archaeology, Omori Kaizuka 's research, Philip Franz von Siebold 's second son (German->Heir)
William Smith Clark - Sapporo Agricultural School (currently Hokkaido University ) First Head (US)
Basil Hall Chamberlain- English translation of the Kojiki language education , Houston Stuart Chamberlain, a thinker of the Aryan
theory , is a younger brother (UK)
Rafael von Koebel -Philosophy and Music ( Russia , but German with German as the mother tongue, based on German
philosophy)
Victor Holtz -German School of Daiichi University, Tokyo Medical School ( Germany )
Emile House Knecht- Pedagogy (Germany)
Alice Mabel Bacon -Girls Education (US)
George Adams Leland - gymnastics Denshu office professor (US)
Henry Dyer - Engineering College (now Faculty of Engineering , The University of Tokyo ) First Token (UK)
William Edward Aaton- Professor, College of Technology, Physics (UK)
Heinrich Edmund Naumann - Fossa Magna discovery, naumanni (Germany)
David Morlaix - Ministry of Education adviser (TadashiTsutomukan-dean) (US)
John Alexander Row Waddell- Lecture at the Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo (then) (US)
Horace Wilson- Introducing language education and baseball to Japan (US)
Marion Scott - South University , Tokyo Normal School ( predecessor of Tokyo University of Education , University of Tsukuba ),
University of Tokyo Preparatory Professor (US)
Ludwig Reith -History Education, Keio University , Imperial University , Army University Faculty (Germany)
Edward B. Clark -Language Education, Introducing Rugby to Japan, Keio University, Kyoto Imperial University Faculty (English)
Arthur Nap -Language Education, Keio University Teacher, Missionary Church of Japan Unitarian Church (US)
Leroy Lansing Janes -Language Education, Kumamoto Clan School Kumamoto Western School English Teacher, Kumamoto Band
(US)
Edward Warren Clark - Chemistry , Language Education , Former Shizuoka Gakuinsha , Tokyo Kaisei School (US)
Erwin Knipping- Training for a meteorological observation project and training for seafarers (Germany)
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Carl Augusto Schenk (Carl August Schenk) - Tokyo Kaisei School mineralogy teachers (Germany)
Georg Hermann Ritter -Osaka Kaiseisho/Tokyo Kaisei School Chemistry teacher (Germany)
Law
Guido Fulbecki -Law, Old Testament Translation ( Orchid )
Gustave Emile Boissonard - Criminal Code , Criminal Procedure Code , Civil Code , Ministry of Justice Law School Teacher (
France )
Georges Busque- Teacher of the Ministry of Justice Law School (France)
Albert Charles du Busque- Translated a large number of French documents on law, military, etc. (France)
Ottomar von Mall- Court ceremonies, honor system (Germany)
Hermann Tejo - Civil Procedure Code (Germany)
Alessandro Paternostro- Advisor of Ministry of Justice (Italy)
Carl Rudolf -Cabinet Advisor (Germany)
Otto Rudolf -Adviser of the Department of Justice, University of Tokyo faculty (Germany)
Georges Apert- Legal School of Justice, Faculty of Tokyo Imperial University (France)
Louis Adolphe Bridell -Tokyo Imperial University Faculty ( Rui )
William Kirkwood- Legal Counsel from the British Consulate to Japan to the Department of Justice (UK)
Paul Maietto - daijō-kan adviser, Tokyo Medical School (now the University of Tokyo School of Medicine ), Keio University of
Finance Department of Teachers (Germany), German Studies Association Honorary Member
Prosper Gambe Gross- Legal Counsel, Metropolitan Police Department (France)
Henry Taylor Terry -The University of Tokyo, Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Law (US)
Finance
Alexander Alan Schand- Advisor of the Ministry of Finance banknote dormitory- Deputy manager of the Yokohama Branch of
Chartered Mercantile Bank to the advisor of the Ministry of Finance (UK) [14] .
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Diplomacy
Charles de Montblanc- Counselor of the Foreign Secretariat. Consul General of Japan in France (France)
Frederick Marshall - standing Buddha Japan legation with information member, advisor rating (UK)
Gustave Emile Boissonade -Government of the Legal Affairs Bureau of the Prime Minister (France)
Henry Denison - Ministry of Foreign Affairs adviser. Shimonoseki Treaty / Portsmouth Treaty negotiations (US)
Alexander von Siebold - Kaoru Inoue, secretary other (Germany)
Art/Fine Art
Ernest Fenollosa -Philosophy evaluates Japanese art (US)
Antonio Fontanesi -Painting, Faculty of Engineering, Italy
Luther Whiting Mason- Import of Western Music. Music interrogation teacher (US)
Franz Eckert- Arrangement of the current " Kimigayo " (composed in one theory) (Germany)
Guillaume Sauvray -Music Interview, Tokyo Music School Teacher (Ran)
Rudolf Dittrich -Tokyo Music School Teacher
John William Fenton - military band the introduction of the (UK)
Charles Leroux -Music, especially instruction of military music, composition of army march ( excerpt corps , Fuso song ) (France)
Gottfried Wagner - ceramics , glassware manufacturing leaders such as (Germany)
Georges Bigot - cartoonist , caricature artist (France)
Medicine
Erwin Bertz -Medical (Germany)
Ferdinand Adalbert Juncker -Doctor (Member)
Theodor Hoffman -Military Doctor (Germany)
Leopold Muller -Military Doctor (Germany)
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Wilhelm Dennitz - Tokyo Medical School , Anatomy, Metropolitan Police Department, Court Medicine (Germany)
Industrial technology and architecture
William Henry Stone- Ministry of Technology clerk. Belonging to a telegraph dormitory and instructing telegraph installation
(English)
Henry Schaubou-Ministry of Home Affairs Geographical Dormitory, Surveying and Mapping (France → UK)
Hermann Ende -Architecture (Germany)
Wilhelm Beckmann -Architecture (Germany)
Rudolf Lehmann -Mechanical Engineering, Language Education (Germany)
Johannis De Leke -River Sabo Improvement (Orchid)
Lowenhorst Murder - Tone Canal , Ujina Port (predecessor of Hiroshima Port) Chikko (Orchid)
George Arnold Essel -River Improvement. Father of printmaker Mauritz Escher (Ran)
Se Lee fan Dorun - Asaka Canal design and of Nobiru harbor involved in the plan (orchid)
Thomas Watorus - Ginza Brick Street , Osaka Mint, Takehashi Camp (English)
Jules Resukasu - Ikuno mine addition to the construction, Saigō Jūdō mansion (France)
John William Hurt - Kobe Foreign Settlement Plan (UK)
Edmond Auguste bus Chan - Yokosuka ironworks , Tomioka Silk Mill field design (such as France)
Charles Alfred Château de Boinville -The Imperial Palace Sightseeing , Engineering College School Building, etc. (English and
French)
Giovanni Vincenzo Caperetti -The staff headquarters and the Yushukan (Italy)
Josiah Condor- Architectural Education at Engineering College, Design of Rokumeikan (UK)
Edmund Morell- Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Railways, construction of railway between Shimbashi and Yokohama, first chief
of railway and telegraph architect (UK)
Richard Boyle- Ministry of Engineering Railroad, Kyoto-Kobe Railway Construction, Successor to E. Morell (UK)
Richard Francis Trevithick - Government Railways Kobe Factory Train Inspector. Manufactured the first domestic locomotive. The
grandson of Richard Trevithick , the father of the locomotive (UK)
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Francis Henry Trevithick-Communicating railway technology. Train supervision of the public railway Shimbashi factory. Richard
Francis' younger brother (UK)
Léonce Verny - Yokosuka arsenal , Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works , Jogasaki lighthouse , etc. (France)
Benjamin Smith Lyman - after Yubari coal mine such as Hokkaido of Geological Survey (US)
Richard Henry Branton- Ministry of Engineering Lighthouse Dormitory, building lighthouses in various places, street
improvement in Yokohama (UK)
Colin Alexander McVane- Ministry of Engineering Surveyor, Chief of Surveyor, Construction of Engineering Dormitory Technical
School Building, Ginza/Nihonbashi Redevelopment Plan , Former Edo Castle Survey, Meteorological Observation , Astronomy
Observation ( Venus Sun Plane ), Earthquake Observation , Seki Eight Great Triangulation Survey (UK)
Henry S. Palmer- Designing water networks in Yokohama and other parts of Japan (English)
William K. Balton -Ministry of Home Affairs, Sanitary Engineering, Earthquake Engineering (UK)
John Dexter Smedley- Lecturer , School of Science , University of Tokyo . Ginza/Nihonbashi redevelopment plan (with McVane)
etc. ( Australia )
Charles A. W. Pownall-Bridge design, commissioned Japanese railway plenipotentiary advisor after returning to Japan (UK)
Hermann Rumshuetter - Kyushu Railway Construction Guidance (Germany)
Franz Balzer- planning and designing an elevated railway in Tokyo (Germany)
Walter Page -Railway Transportation Business, Train Diamond Founder (UK)
Leons Verny - Navy Arsenal Construction Guidance (France)
Charles Beard -Iron industry, Tokyo City reconstruction construction advisor before and after the Great Kanto Earthquake (US)
Various industrial technologies
Edwin Dunn- Agricultural guidance in Hokkaido (US)
Erwin Kunippingu - weather chart to create a weather forecast was told (Germany)
William Brooks -Hokkaido agricultural guidance (US)
Lewis Boehmer -Hokkaido agricultural guidance (US <German immigrants>)
Horace Kepron -Hokkaido's agricultural guidance, roads, etc. (US)
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Wilhelm Koblitz- brewer (Germany) [15]

Hendrik Harudesu - Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works , Steel plant construction (orchid)
Oscar Kernell - Agricultural Chemistry (Germany)
Oscar Reve -Agricultural Chemistry (Germany)
Curt Netto - Mining technical guidance of the (German)
Jean Francisc Cowanier -Mining Technology, Imperial Chief Mining Engineer at Ikuno Ginzan , Mine Survey in Japan (France)
Thomas William Kinder -Osaka Mint Dormitory Chief (English)
William Goland- Contributing to archeology in tumulus research, including chemistry and metallurgical instruction at a mint.
Karl Flaig- telling the basics of Western European hotel management as General Manager of the Imperial Hotel (Germany)
Paul Buryuna - Tomioka Silk Mill field of chiefs (responsible), until the introduction of modern spinning technology from the
construction (France)
Georg Friedrich Hermann Heitkempel -Leather shoes manufacturing instruction (Germany)
William Cogswell Whitney -Commercial Law School Teacher (US)
Thomas Antisel -Mine engineer. Banknote dormitory, banknote ink research (US)
Military
Charles Chanoine - Edo shogunate of France Military Advisory Group (France)
Jules Brunet - Takeaki Enomoto led by the shogunate army military adviser (France)
Charles Buren -Yokohama French Training Institute/Army Army Dormitory Teacher (France)
Carl Koppen - Kishu clan of military adviser ( Hiroshi )
Willem Heusen van Kattendike- Education of the Modern Navy (Orchid)
Archibald Lucius Douglas - Naval Academy instructor (UK)
Jakob Meckel - Army War College instructor (Germany)
Charles Antoine Marquerie- French military adviser head (France) invited by the Meiji government
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Meaning of hiring
The word "hire" means that you were hired by the government, or the government. Following the government-employed foreigners employed by the
Meiji government, many privately-employed foreigners were hired by schools and companies even in the private sector [16] . This includes people
who were employed at diplomatic missions abroad and those who guarded foreign settlements, but generally refer to people invited from the West to
learn techniques and knowledge. For the sake of convenience, this section includes privately-owned foreigners.

The original meaning of "your employment" is, "of the shogunate in (especially not limited to foreigners) that professional accomplishments a
person identification is not a samurai patronage was refers to the requisition to". In the latter half of the Edo period, as the trends of other countries
came to the forefront, the samurai shogunate alone could not handle various specialized fields, and we recruited exceptionally talented people from
the general population who were highly specialized in this field. It was dedicated to. However, from the side of the Shogunate, it was “employed” in
terms of status, and although it was a low-level treatment of temporary employment, it was given some treatment (salary, housing, etc.) Was
recognized as a regular retainer, and as a samurai, the name of the samurai ( name surname , surname ), obi sword, and hereditary were sometimes
permitted.

Cemetery
Some hired foreigners have graveyards left in Japan . Hahn's cemetery is also positioned as an important tourist resource in Matsue City , Shimane
Prefecture . Ernest Fenollosa died during his stay in London, but was buried at Sojoji Temple (Miidera Temple ) .

At the Aoyama Cemetery at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, the location of the people concerned is unknown, and the management fee (590 yen per
year as of 2005) remains unpaid for many years. It is customary to be reinterred in a grave tomb as an unrelated Buddha , but in the case of Aoyama
Cemetery, in 2006 (Heisei 18), Tokyo Metropolitan Government reassessed the foreigners' graves of non-payment of 78 administrative expenses in
cultural history. historic sites it is a policy of protection as the 2005 (2005) February 18, the Yomiuri Shimbun reported by the official.

References
1. ^ JC Hepburn, Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary, 1873.
2. ^ A Table of Salaries of DPW, British India, the Engineers, January 9, 1869, p.90. The chief engineer is 2500 Rs. (about 1000
yen/month).
3. ^ a b c d e Uemura, ibid
4. ^ Hardy, an employee of the Geographic Dormitory of the Home Office, was dismissed in court for his negligence. The Japan
Weekly Mail, In The Shiho Saibansho of Tokei, December 19, l874.
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5. ^ Tokyo Foreign Language School Luo Department and (http://www.tufs.ac.jp/common/archives/TUFShistory-russian-2.pdf)

Narrow Niki Spirit (http://www.tufs.ac.jp/common/archives/TUFShistory-russian-2.pdf) Masaji Watanabe, Russian Russian
Literature Study No. 15, 1983-09
6. ^ UNESCO Center for East Asian Cultural Studies, “Materials: Hired Foreigners” (Shogakukan, 1975 ). ASIN B000J9F6J2
7. ^ Hiroe Saegusa, Shigeru Nozaki, Shun Sasaki, "Westernization of modern Japanese industrial technology" (Toyo Keizai
Shinposha, 1960 ). ASIN B000JAOW1E
8. ^ Hazel Jones, "Live Machines: Hired Foreigners and Meiji Japan." (Univ of British Columbia Press, March 1980). ISBN 978-
0774801157 .
9. ^ Uemura, Shoji, "The salary of foreigners hired in the early Meiji era", The (http://www.umds.ac.jp/kiyou/r/21-1/r21-1uemura.pd
f) University of Distribution Science-Distribution and Management-Volume 21, No. 1, 1-24 (2008)
0. ^ Henry Falls, Nine Years of Stay in Japan-An Overview of Japanese Life and (https://m-repo.lib.meiji.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/102
91/19154/1/kyouyoronshu_529_181.pdf) Completion, Shiro Nagao, Miyoko Takahata, Meiji University Confucianism Vol. 529
(2017)
1. ^ "Resignation and Resignation" (January 19, 1889 Gazette) NDLJP : 2944906/1 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2944906/1)
2. ^ "Resignation and Resignation" (Gazette of November 24, 1890) NDLJP : 2945475/7 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/294547
5/7)
3. ^ "Resignation and Resignation" (Gazette of February 4, 1891) NDLJP : 2945533/1 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2945533/
1)
4. ^ Takaya Tsuchiya, Alexander Allan Shand (1844-1930) on his personal history and human image--Mainly his history as a bank
management teacher in Japan in the early Meiji era, Bulletin of the Japan Academy, 1976, pp. 17-29.
5. ^ Sapporo Beer "Yebisu Beer Memorial Hall" ( Web (http://www.sapporobeer.jp/brewery/y_museum/event/20160812/index.html)
).
6. ^ "Your employment foreigners" ( Pulm River Noboru writing. " National history Encyclopedia Vol. 2" Yoshikawakobunkan, 1980 ,
924 pages).
Related item
List of people at the end of the Edo period Meiji People List
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Bakumatsu Japan-US relationship

Meiji Restoration Japanese-English relations
Civilization Japan-France relations
Advisor Japan-Italy relationship
Pioneer Western affairs movement
Sino-Japanese relations Masterpieces of Japanese theory by foreigners
German-Japanese relationship Japanese studies
External link
Ministry of Engineering (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/784455/58) , Railway Bureau (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/78445
5/212) , Telegraph Bureau (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/784455/319) , Lighthouse Bureau (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pi
d/784455/352) , Engineering Bureau (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/784455/393) , Repair Division (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:n
dljp/pid/784455/417) , Engineering (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/784455/512) College-"Mercenary for Foreigners in
charge"-Country name/Job title/Salary/Employment date/Dismissal date History Report" ( 1889 , National Diet Library Digital
Collection)
Meiji-Portraits- (http://www.meiji-portraits.de/) List of people in the Meiji period (mainly until 1905), mainly foreign employees
hired (German and English)
Obtained from " https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign employee & oldid=78961362 "

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