12th Bio Botany Line by Line Solved Questions Saras Publication

Only Book having Objective Questions
framed line by line from the Text Book
Solved Book back Questions

SolvedAdditional Questions
Government Exam Question Papers
Supplement - 1 Supplement - 2
Unit Test Question Papers - Chapterwise Definitions Do you know questions
Assessment Test Question Papers - 4 Differences Days of Importance
PTA Question Papers - 6 Discoveries Abbreviations
Laws and Theories
Edited by Designed by
Dr., Capt. N. Arumugam, M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.,FZI,FIAES P. Senthil Kumar, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Gold Medalist, Zoological Society of India, PG Asst. in Biology,
Fellow, Indian Academy of Environmental Sciences, SMSV Higher Secondary School,
Fellow, Zoological Society of India, Karaikudi.
Principal and Head (Rtd.), Dept. of Zoology, Vivekananda College,
Agasteeswaram, Kanyakumari Dist - 629 701.
SARAS PUBLICATION
114/35G, A.R.P. Camp Road, Periavilai, Kottar P.O.,
NAGERCOIL, Kanyakumari Dist. - 629 002. Tamil Nadu
th
Website : www.saraspublication.com
E-mail: info@saraspublication.com
I
Telephone: 04652 - 265026, 265099; Cell: 098421 23441.
SaraS Publication
Biosciences Book Publisher
12th Bio-Botany - Line by Line Solved Questions

Copyright Publisher
Published by Saras Publication, Nagercoil.
Printed by Saras Offset Printers, 1337/5, Sattur Road, Sivakasi - 626 189
Cell: 09842323441, E-mail:print@sarasprinter.in
45 years in Life Science Book publishing. Since 1974
First Edition : 2020
All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography or
any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or
mechanical, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
Price : Rs. 370/- Authors Chapters

K. Kamala Sree - 1, 4, 5, 9, 10
Pages : 392 + 56 + 80 ( 2 Supplement books) M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Published by R. Jeya Saroj Bagya Rose -2

M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.,PGDMM
SARAS PUBLICATION
114/35G, A.R.P. Camp Road, Periavilai, M.V. Deepa M.Sc., PGDIW - 3, 8
Kottar P.O., Nagercoil, & WWT., PGDCR., DMLT.
Kanyakumari Dist -629 002. S. Angel Suby M.Sc., BLS., PGDCA. - 6, 7

Telephone : 04652 265026, 265099
Cell phone : 09842123441
Shop online : www.saraspublication.com
th
E-mail : info@saraspublication.com
II
Contents
NO CHAPTER PAGE NO
1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants 1 - 53
2 Classical Genetics 54 - 94
3 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 95 - 136
4 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology 137 - 185
5 Plant Tissue Culture 186 - 208
6 Principles of Ecology 209 - 253
7 Ecosystem 254 - 296
8 Environmental Issues 297 - 322
9 Plant Breeding 323 - 348

Economically Useful Plants and
10 349 - 374
Entrepreneurial Botany
Biology Public Exam Question Paper - March 2020 375 - 379
Botany Public Exam Question Paper - March 2020 380 - 383
Free Supplement - 1 Free Supplement - 2

Unit Test Question Papers - Chapterwise
Deﬁnitions Do you know questions
Assessment Test Question Papers - 6 Differences Days of Importance
PTA Question Papers - 6 Discoveries Abbreviations
Laws and Theories
th
III
SaraS Publication
Our Titles for 12th Biology

12th Bio-Botany + 2 Supplement Books
Line by Line Solved Questions
12th Bio-Zoology + 2 Supplement Books
12th Bio-Botany
Book Back Solved Questions
12th Bio-Zoology
Book Back Solved Questions
12th Botany for Pure Science
12th Zoology for Pure Science
12th Bio Botany
1 Mark solved Questions - 1050
12th Bio Zoology
1 Mark solved Questions - 1050
12th Model Solved Question Papers 12
12th caphp-jhtutpay; + 2 Supplement Books
thp thp tpdh tpilfs;
th
12 caphp-tpyq;fpay; + 2 Supplement Books
thp thp tpdh tpilfs;
12th caphp-jhtutpay;
Gj;jf tpdh tpilfs;
th
12 caphp-tpyq;fpay;
Gj;jf tpdh tpilfs;
12th caphp-jhtutpay;
1 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;;
th
12 caphp-tpyq;fpay;
1 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;;
th
th
12 caphpay; tpilaspf;fg;gl;l
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;f
; s; 12
IV th
12 CBSE Biology
https://www.saraspublication.com/product-category/school-books/tamilnadu-state-board-books/?orderby=date
SaraSPublication
Book Back Solved Questions - 1 Mark

Choose the Correct Answer b) Sucker - Pistia
1. Choose the correct statement from the c) Rhizome - Musa
following d) Stolon - Zingiber
a) Gametes are involved in asexual 4. Pollen tube was discovered by
reproduction a) J. G. Kolreuter b) G. B. Amici
b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by c) E. Strasburger d) E. Hanning
budding
c) Conidia formation is a method
S
5. Size of pollen grain in Myosotis
a) 10 micrometer
RA
of sexual reproduction b) 20 micrometer
d) Yeast reproduce by budding c) 200 micrometer
2. An eminent Indian embryologist is d) 2000 micrometer
a) S.R.Kashyap b) P. Maheshwari 6. First cell of male gametophyte in
c) M. S. Swaminathan angiosperm is
d) K. C. Mehta a) Microspore b) Megaspore
SA
3. Identify the correctly matched pair c) Nucleus

a) Tuber - Allium cepa d) Primary Endosperm Nucleus
7. Match the following
I) External fertilization - i) pollen grain
II) Androecium - ii) anther wall
III) Male gametophyte - iii) algae
IV) Primary parietal layer - iv) stamens
a) I-iv; II-i; III-ii; IV-iii
b) I-iii; II-iv; III-i; IV-ii
c) I-iii; II-iv; III-ii, IV-i
d) I-iii; II-i; III-iv; IV-ii
1. (d) Yeast reproduce by budding 5. (a) 10 micrometer
2. (b) P. Maheshwari 6. (a) Microspore
3. (c) Rhizome - Musa 7. (b) I-iii; II-iv; III-i; IV-ii 1
4. (b) G.B. Amici
8. Arrange the layers of anther wall from c) Both assertion and reason are not
locus to periphery true
a) Epidermis, middle layers, tapetum, d) Both assertion and reason are
endothecium true.
b) Tapetum, middle layers, epidermis, 11. Choose the correct statement(s)
endothecium about tenuinucellate ovule
c) Endothecium, epidermis, middle a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal
layers, tapetum b) Ovules have fairly large nucellus
d) Tapetum, middle layers, endothe- c) Sporogenous cell is epidermal
cium, epidermis d) Ovules have single layer of
9. Identify the incorrect pair nucellus tissue
a) Sporopollenin - exine of pollen 12. Which of the following represent
grain megagametophyte?
b) Tapetum - nutritive tissue
for developing
microspores
S a) Ovule
b) Embryo sac
c) Nucellus
RA
c) Nucellus - nutritive tissue d) Endosperm
for developing 13. In Haplopappus gracilis, number of
embryo chromosomes in cells of nucellus is 4.
d) Obturator - directs the What will be the chromosome number
pollen tube into in Primary endosperm cell?
SA
micropyle a) 8 b) 12
10. Assertion : Sporopollenin preserves c) 6 d) 2
pollen in fossil deposits
14. Transmitting tissue is found in
Reason : Sporopollenin is resistant
a) Micropylar region of ovule
to physical and biological decomposition
b) Pollen tube wall
a) Assertion is true; reason is false
c) Stylar region of gynoecium
b) Assertion is false; reason is true
d) Integument
8. (d) Tapetum, middle layers, endothe- 11. a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal

cium, epidermis (and)
9. (c) Nucellus - nutritive tissue d) Ovules have single layer of
for developing nucellus tissue
embryo 12. (b) Embryo sac
10. (d) Both assertion and reason are 13. (b) 12
2 true. 14. (c) Stylar region of gynoecium
SaraSPublication
15. The scar left by funiculus in the iv) Distyly is present in Primula
seed is a) i and ii are correct
a) Tegmen b) Radicle b) ii and iv are correct
c) Epicotyl d) Hilum c) ii and iii are correct
16. A Plant called X possesses small d) i and iv are correct
flower with reduced perianth and ver- 18. Coleorhiza is found in
satile anther. The probable agent for a) Paddy b) Bean
pollination would be c) Pea d) Tridax
a) Water b) Air 19. Parthenocarpic fruits lack
c) Butterflies d) Beetles a) Endocarp b) Epicarp
17. Consider the following statement(s) c) Mesocarp d) Seed
i) In Protandrous flowers pistil matures 20. In majority of plants, pollen is lib-
earlier erated at
ii) In Protogynous flowers pistil matures
earlier
iii) Herkogamy is noticed in unisexual S a) 1 celled stage
b) 2 celled stage
c) 3 celled stage
RA
flowers d) 4 celled stage
Book Back Solved Questions - 2 Marks

1. What is reproduction? Hofmeister described the structure
• The production of offspring. of pollen tetrad.
SA
• It causes multiplication of individuals. 3. List out two sub-aerial stem modifi-

•It consists of sexual or asexual pro- cations with example.
cesses. 1. Runner - Centella asiatica
• It is a vital process for the exist- 2. Stolon - Fragaria
ence of a species. 3. Offset - Pistia stratiotes
• It brings variation in the offspring 4. Sucker - Chrysanthemum
for survival. 4. What is layering?
• It plays an important role in evolu- In this method, the stem of a parent
tion. plant is allowed to develop roots while
2. Mention the contribution of still intact.
Hofmeister towards embryology.  When the root develops, the rooted
15. (d) Hilum 18. (a) Paddy

16. (b) Air 19. (d) Seed
17. (b) ii and iv are correct 20.(b) 2 celled stage 3
part is cut and planted to grow as a 9. “ The endosperm of angiosperm is

new plant. different from gymnosperm”?. Do you
• A method of plant propagation. agree? Justify your answer.
• It is a conventional method. Yes
• It is of two types: Justification
1. Mound layering
2. Air layering The endosperm of Angiosperm is
Eg. • Ixora triploid but the endosperm of gymno-
• Jasminum sperm is haploid.
5. What are clones? 10. Define the term diplospory.
Morphologically and genetically 1. In diplospory, a diploid embryo
identical individuals. sac is formed from megaspore mother
6. A detached leaf of Bryophyllum pro- cell without a regular meiotic division.
duces new plants. How?
Bryophyllum has adventitious buds
at the leaf notches in the margin. These S 2. It is also called generative
apospory.
3. It is an agamospermy-A type of
RA
adventitious buds are called apomixis
epiphyllous buds. Eg.  Eupatorium
When the detached leaf gets de-  Aerva
cayed, the adventitious buds form a 11. What is mellitophily?

root system. Pollination by bees is called
SA
Then, they become independent mellitophily.

plants. 12. List the conventional methods
7. What is cantharophily? adopted in vegetative propagation of
Pollination by beetles is called higher plants.
cantharophily. 1. Cutting
8. What is endothelium? 2. Grafting
1. The specialized inner layer of the i) Bud grafting
integument of ovule. ii) Approach grafting
2. It is also known as integumen- iii) Tongue grafting
tary tapetum. iv) Crown grafting
3. It is found in the species having v) Wedge grafting
unitegmic tenuinucellate. 3. Layering
4. It performs the nutritive func- i) Mound layering
tion for embryo sac. ii) Air layering
4
SaraSPublication

1. Differentiate grafting and layering.
Grafting Layering
1. A method of plant propagation, in 1. A method of plant propagation, in
which, two plants join together to which, stem of a parent plant is allowed
grow as one. to develop roots while still intact.
2. Two different plants are required. 2. Only one plant is required.
3. It includes stock and scion. 3. Stock and scion are absent.
4. It has the following five types: 4. It has the following two types:
 Bud grafting  Mound layering
 Approach grafting  Air layering
 Tongue grafting
 Crown grafting
 Wedge grafting
S
RA
5. It produces more varieties. 5. It produces one type of offspring.
Eg.:  Citrus Eg.:  Ixora
 Mango  Jasminum
 Apple
2. “Tissue culture is the best method free plants.

SA
for propagating rare and endangered 5. Plant with less seed production
plant species” -Discuss. or lowered seed germination can be
1. Tissue culture helps in regenera- produced.
tion of a whole plant, using single cell 3. List any two strategies adapted by
or small pieces of vegetative structures. bisexual flowers to prevent self polli-
This occurs by micropropagation. nation.
2. In nature, rare and endangered 1. Dichogamy
species have a. Protandry
- Less population b. Protogyny
- Low seed production. 2. Herkogamy
- Lowered seed germination activity 3. Heterostyly
3. Such plants can be reproduced a. Distyly
using tissue culture in large numbers b. Tristyly
during a short period. 4. Self sterility or
4. Plants endangered due to disease Self incompatibility 5
can be reproduced to produce disease
4. Distinguish mound layering and air layering.

Mound Layering Air Layering
1. A method of plant propagation in 1. A method of plant propagation in
which the flexible branches are which the aerial portion of stem is
buried in the soil for rooting. girdled and hormones are applied for
rooting.
2. Applied for the plants having 2. Applied for the plants having woody
flexible branches. branches.
3. Part of the stem is buried in the 3. The girdled portion is covered with
soil. damp or moist soil in the air.
4. Hormones are not applied to 4. Hormones are applied to promote
promote rooting. rooting.
5. Root emerges from the buried 4. Root emerges from the aerial
portion.
5. What is polyembryony? How it can
S
portion.
6. Why does the zygote divide only af-
RA
be commercially exploited? ter the division of primary endosperm
Polyembryony cell?
Occurrence of more than one embryo 1. Zygote develops into an embryo.
in a seed is called polyembryony. 2. The developing embryo needs
Commercial Exploitation nourishment.
SA
1. Polyembryony was exploited by 3. The primary endosperm cell di-

plant breeders to produce multiple vides into an endosperm.
seedlings. 4. The endosperm is a nutritive tis-
2. It was used in commercial pro- sue. It nourishes the embryo.
duction of plants. 5. Hence, the zygote divides after
3. Nucellar embryo culture is used the division of primary endosperm.
to produce. 7. “Endothecium is associated with de-
- Disease free plants hiscence of anther”. Justify the statement.
- Root stocks 1. The following cause the dehiscence
4. Root stocks produced reduce the of anther:
cost of production of hybrid seeds. 1. Stomium
5. It is used to increase yield. 2. Absence of thickenings in the
6. It can be used to improve the endothecial cells of stomium
survival of plants under varied condi- 3. Hygroscopic nature of the en-
tions.
6 dothecium
SaraSPublication
2. Endothecium is a layer of cells  Lignin
present below the epidermis of anther. 4. These thickenings are absent in

3. The inner tangential wall of the stomium-along the junction of two spo-
endothecial cells are provided with rangia of an anther lobe.
thickenings like; 5. The endothecial cells are hygro-
 Bands of cellulose scopic.
8. Distinguish tenuinucellate and crassinucellate ovules.
Tenuinucellate Ovule Crassinucellate Ovule
1. Ovule with one layer of 1. Ovule with two or more layers of
cell in nucellus. cells in nucellus.
2. Sporogenous cell is hypodermal 2. Sporogenous cell is subhypodermal
in origin. in origin.
4. Nucellus is very small in size.

S
3. Nucellar tissue is single layered. 3. Nucellar tissue is multilayered.
4. Nucellus is large in size.
UV radiation.
RA
9. List out the functions of tapetum.
1. Tapetum supplies nutrition to the 11. ‘Pollination in gymnosperms is dif-
developing microspores. ferent fromAngiosperms’-Give reasons.
2. It contributes sporopollenin 1. In gymnosperms, the pollination
through ubisch bodies. is direct. The pollens are deposited di-
3. It plays an important role in pol- rectly on the exposed ovule.
SA
len wall formation. 2. In Angiosperms, the pollination is

4. It contributes the pollenkitt ma- indirect. The pollens are deposited on
terial. the stigma of the flower.
5. Exine proteins responsible for ‘re-
12. Write short notes on heterostyly.
jection reaction’ of the stigma are de-
1. The condition in which the flow-
rived from tapetal cells.
ers of same plant have styles of differ-
10. Write short notes on pollenkitt. ent lengths.
1. An oily layer forming a thick vis- 2. It is a contrivance of cross-polli-
cous coating over pollen surface.
nation.
2. It is contributed by the tapetum.
3. Some plants produce two or three
3. It is yellow or orange in colour.
different forms of flowers.
4. It contains carotenoids or fla-
4. They are different in their length
vonoids.
of:
5. It attracts insects.
Stamens
6. It protects against damage from 7
Style
5. Pollination will take place only be- 4. The adjacent parts are brightly
tween organs of the same length. coloured.
6. Heterostyly is of the following two 5. Flowers are scented.
types: 6. They produce nectar.
i) Distyly-Two forms of flowers 7. If there is no secretion of nectar,
ii) Tristyly- Three forms of flowers the pollen is consumed by the honey-
13. Enumerate the characteristic fea- bees for;
tures of entomophilous flowers. Food
Entomophilous flowers are polli-  Building up the hive
nated by insects. 8. Flowers pollinated by flies and
1. Flowers are large. beetles produce foul odour to attract
2. If the flowers are small, they ag- them.
gregate to form dense inflorescence. 9. In some flowers juicy cells are
Eg.: Asteraceae flowers
3. Flowers are brightly coloured.
S present. Insects pierce the juicy cells

and suck the content.
16. Differentiate the structure of dicot and monocot seed.
RA
Dicot Seed Monocot Seed
1. A seed with two cotyledons. 1. A seed with single cotyledon.
2. Coleoptile is absent. 2. Coleoptile is present.
3. Covered by testa and tegmen. 3. Covered by husk containing glumes.
4. Coleorhiza is absent. 4. Coleorhiza is present.
SA

1. Describe cutting. 5. The cut part is placed in soil for
1. A method of producing new plant growth.
by cutting and planting the plant parts 6. It produces root and grows into a
from the parent plant. new plant.
2. It is a conventional method of veg- 6. Depending upon the part used, it
etative plant propagation. is called
3. The following plant parts are cut Root cutting -   Malus
from the parent plant: Stem cutting -   Hibiscus
  Bougainvillea
• Root
  Moringa
• Stem
  Bryophyllum
• Leaf
Leaf cutting - * Begonia
8 4. Stem cutting is widely used.
* Bryophyllum
SaraSPublicationBiosciences Book Publisher
2. What is grafting? List its types. 6. They are properly bandaged with
Grafting tape.
1. A method of vegetative plant ‘T’ -shaped
propagation in which two plants are insertion Scion bud
joined together to grow as one.
2. The parts of two different plants
are joined.
3. They continue to grow as one Scion bud
plant. Stock Bud bandaged
4. The plant which is in contact with with tape
the soil is called stock. Stock
Scion
5. The plant used for grafting is
called scion. Fig. Bud grafting.
4. Describe approach grafting.
Eg.  Citrus
 Mango
 Apple
S 1. A graft made by joining a rooted
scion with a rooted stock.
RA
Types 2. It is a conventional method of veg-
Based on the method of uniting etative plant propagation.
scion and stock, grafting is of five 3. The scion and stock remain
types, namely: rooted.
1. Bud grafting 4. The stock is grown in a pot.
5. The scion is grown in soil or an-
SA
2. Approach grafting
3. Tongue grafting other pot.
4. Crown grafting 6. Both of them should have the
5. Wedge grafting same thickness.
3. Write notes on bud grafting. 7. A small slice is cut from both.
1. Grafting bud from a plant on to
another plant.
It is a conventional method of veg-
etative plant propagation. 1-4 weeks
2. A T-shaped incision is made in
the stock.
3. The bark is lifted.
4. A bud with little wood is removed Stock Scion
from another plant, called scion.
5. The scion bud is placed in the in- Stock 9
cision beneath the bark. Fig. Approach grafting.
8. The cut surfaces are brought 4. Slits or clefts are made on the
nearer. stock.
9. They are tied together. 5. The scions are cut into wedge
10. They are held by a tape. shaped structures.
11. After 1-4 weeks, the tip of the 6. The wedge shaped scions are in-
stock and base of the scion are cut off serted on the slits or clefts of the stock.
and detached. 7. They are fixed in position using
12. They are grown in a separate pot. graft wax.
Scion
5. Write notes on tongue grafting. Stock
1. A graft made by fitting a piece of
tongue shaped scion with the stock.
2. It is a conventional method of
vegetative plant propagation.
3. The scion and stock should have
the same thickness.
S
RA
4. They are cut obliquely. Scion Stock
5. The scion is fit into the stock and Fig.Crown grafting.
bound with a tape.
7. Describe the wedge grafting process.
Scion
1. A graft made by inserting the
wedge shaped scion at the slit of stock.
SA
2. It is a conventional method of veg-

etative plant propagation.
3. A slit is made in the stock (or) the
bark is cut.
Stock
Fig. Tongue grafting.
6. Explain crown grafting.
1. A graft is made by inserting the
scion at the clefts of the stock.
2. It is a conventional method of veg- Fig. Wedge grafting.
etative plant propagation. 4. A twig of scion is made into wedge
3. This method is done in the stock shaped.
10 that is larger in size. 5. The wedge shaped scion is in-
serted into the slit of stock.
SaraSPublication Biosciences Book Publisher
6. They are tightly bound. 6. When roots emerge, the branch is

7. The cambium of the two is detached from the parent plant.
joined. 7. The buried part grows into a new
8. What is layering? What are the types plant.
of layering?
Layering
1. A method of vegetative plant
propagation in which the stem of a
parent plant is allowed to develop roots
while still intact.
2. It is a conventional method of Fig. Mound layering.
vegetative plant propagation. 10. Describe air layering.
3. The stem of a parent plant is al- 1. A method of vegetative propaga-
tact.
S
lowed to develop roots while still in- tion in which the stem is girdled at
nodal region and hormones are applied
4. When the root develops, the for rooting.
RA
rooted part is cut. 2. It is a conventional method of veg-
5. Then this portion is planted to etative plant propagation.
grow as a new plant. 3. The stem is girdled at nodal region.
Eg.  Ixora 4. The hormones are applied to this
 Jasminum region.
SA
Types 5. Hormones promote rooting.

1. Mound layering 6. This portion is covered with damp
2. Air layering or moist soil using a polythene sheet.
9. Write notes on mound layering. 7. Roots emerge after 2-4 months.
1. A method of vegetative plant 8. After rooting, these branches are
propagation in which the flexible removed from the parent plant.
branches are buried in the soil for 9. They are grown in a separate pot
rooting. or ground.
2. It is a conventional method of
vegetative plant propagation.
3. The lower branch with leaves
are bent to the ground. Polythene
Bark tissue re- Moist soil
4. The bent part of the stem is bur- moved
tied to
ied in the soil. retain
moisture
5. The tip of the branch is exposed Fig. Air layering. 11
above the soil.
11. Highlight the milestones from the history of plant embryology.

1682 Nehemiah Grew Stamens as the male organ of a flower
1694 R. J. Camerarius Structure of the following:
Flower
Anther
Pollen
Ovule
1761 J. G. Kolreuter Importance of insects in pollination
1824 G. B. Amici Pollen tube
1848 Hofmeister Structure of pollen tetrad
1870 Hanstein The development of embryo in Capsella and
Alisma
1878 E. Strasburger Polyembryony
1884 E. Strasburger
1898 S. G. Nawaschin
S
The process of syngamy
Double fertilization
RA
1899 L.Guignard Double fertilization
1904 E. Hanning Embryo culture
1950 D.A.Johansen Classification for embryo development
1964 S.Guha and
S.C. Maheshwari Raised haploids from Datura pollen grains
SA
1991 E.S.Coen and

E.M.Meyerowitz ABC model to describe the genetics of initia-
tion and development of floral parts.
2015 K.V. Krishnamurthy Molecular aspects of pre and post fertilization
reproductive development in flowering plants.
12. Discuss the importance of modern are difficult to germinate.
methods for reproduction of plants. 4. To propagate rare and endan-
Tissue culture is the modern method gered plants.
for reproduction of plants. 5. To produce disease free plants
1. To multiply plants with desired by meristem culture.
characteristics in a short duration. 6. To genetically modify and trans-
2. To produce genetically identical form cells.
plants. 13. i) What is the cell which develops
3. To propagate plants which do not into pollen grain?
12
produce viable seeds and seeds that
SaraSPublication Biosciences Book Publisher
ii) Where it develops? 5. The last generation - sporogenous

iii) What is the process by which cells develop into the microspore mother
pollen grain develops? cells.
iv) Explain the process. 6. Microspore mother cells are
i) Cell which develops into diploid.
pollen grain 7. Each microspore mother cell di-
Sporogenous cell vides meiotically to form four pollen
ii) Location of Sporogenous cell tetrads (microspore tetrads).
Anther - Microsporangium 8. Pollen tetrads are haploid. This
iii) Name of pollen grain- stage is called pollen tetrad stage.
developing process 9. Microspore tetrads separate from
Microsporogenesis one another. This stage is called mi-
iv) Steps in Microsporogenesis crospore stage.
It is the formation of pollen grains.
The process of formation of haploid
microspores from diploid microspore
S
10. Then the microspores remain
free in the anther locule.
RA
mother cell through meiosis is called
Meiosis II
microsporogenesis.
Sporogenous Meiosis I
cell
SA
Sporogenous Pollen
cell mother cell
(2N) Daughter
cells
Tetrads
[Microspores (N)]
Fig. Stages in Microsporogenesis.
1. Microsporogenesis occurs inside 11. They develop into pollen grains.
the anther (Microsporangium). This stage is called pollen grain stage.
2. It occurs during the development 12. In some plants all the microspores
of anther. are held together called pollinium.
3. The sporogenous cells are present Eg. Calotropis
inside the anther.
14. With a suitable diagram explain the
4. They develop into sporogenous
structure of an ovule. 13
tissue by repeated mitosis.
Ovule is the megasporangium.
A part of the ovary of seeded plants 5. It encloses the nucellus except at

that contains the female reproductive the top. It forms a pore called micro-
cells. pyle.
Structure 6. Nucellus has large reserve food
A mature ovule consists of the fol- materials.
lowing: 7. The following joins at the base to
A stalk form a chalaza.
A body Nucellus
Stalk Integuments
1. Stalk is the base of an ovule.  Funicle
2. It is also called funicle. 8. An oval, sac-like structure is
3. It attaches the ovule to the pla- found in the nucellus. It is called em-
centa. bryo sac.
4. The point of attachment of fu-
nicle to the body of the ovule is known
as hilum.
S 9. The embryo sac is also called fe-
male gametophyte.
RA
10. Embryo sac develops from the
5. Hilum represents the junction be-
functional megaspore.
tween body and funicle.
11. Group of cells found at the base
6. In an inverted ovule, the funicle
of the ovule between the chalaza and
is adnate to the body of the ovule. It
embryo sac is called hypostase.
forms a ridge called raphe.
12. The thick walled cells found
SA
Body
The body consists of the following above the micropylar end is called
parts: epistase.
1. Integuments
Chalazal end
2. Nucellus Raphe
3. Embryo sac Integument
1. The body is enclosed by one or
Nucellus
two integuments.
2. The ovule with one integument is Embryo sac
called unitegmic ovule.
Hilum
3. The ovule with two integuments Micropyle
is called bitegmic ovule. Funicle
4. The integument encloses a cen- Vascular supply
tral mass of parenchymatous tissue
14 called nucellus. Fig. Structure of an ovule.
SaraSPublication
15. Give a concise account on steps 14. The tip region of the pollen tube
involved in fertilization of an an- is hemispherical and transparent. It has
giosperm plant. a cap block.
1. The fusion of male and female 15. The pollen tube enters the style.
gametes is called fertilization. 16. Then the pollen tube enters the
2. Double fertilization occurs in an- ovule.
giosperms. 17. There are three types of pollen
3. It involves the following stages: tube entry into the ovule. They are:
 Germination of pollen to form 1. Porogamy
pollen tube in the stigma. 2. Chalazogamy
Growth of pollen tube in the style. 3. Mesogamy
Direction of pollen tube towards 18. In porogamy, the pollen tube
micropyle. enters through the micropyle-pore.
Entry of the pollen tube into ovule
 Discharge of male gametes
Syngamy
S 19. In chalazogamy, the pollen tube
enters through the chalaza.
20. In mesogamy, the pollen tube
RA
 Triple fusion enters through the integument.
4. Pollens fall on the stigma. 21. Then the pollen tube enters the
5. The receptive surface of the embryo sac at the micropylar end.
stigma receives the pollen. 22. After reaching the embryo sac,
6. The pollen is hydrated. the pollen tube enters directly into one
SA
7. Pollen wall proteins are released of the synergids.

from the surface. 23. Pollen tube discharges the cyto-
8. Pollen germinates to form a tube plasmic contents.
called pollen tube. 24. The tube nucleus (vegetative
9. Pollen contents include the fol- nucleus) disorganizes.
lowing move into the pollen tube. 25. Both the male gametes are in-
Vegetative nucleus-Tube nucleus volved in fertilization. Hence, it is
Male gametes called double fertilization.
10. The tip of the pollen tube grows 26. One of the male gametes fuses
continuously. with the egg nucleus to form zygote.
11. The pollen contents move to the 27. The second gamete fuses with
tip region. the two polar nuclei or their fusion
12. The remaining part of the pollen product to form primary endosperm
tube is occupied by a vacuole. nucleus-PEN.
13. This portion is cut off from the 28. This phenomenon is called triple 15
tip by callose plug. fusion.
29. Endosperm forms the nutritive 1. Nuclear Endosperm

tissue for the embryo. • Endosperm exists in the free
Pollen grain Ovule nuclear condition.
• Primary endosperm nucleus under-
Antipodal (n) goes several mitotic divisions.
Secondary • Cell wall formation is absent.
Vegetative nucleus (2n)
tube Egg (n) Eg. • Coccinia
nucleus (n)
• Capsella
Male • Arachis
nuclei (n)
(n) (n) (n) (2n)
Zygote (2n) Endosperm (3n)
S
RA
Free nuclei
Embryo Fig. Nuclear endosperm.
2. Cellular Endosperm
Seed 1. Endosperm has distinct cells.
Fig. Fertilization in angiosperms. 2. Primary endosperm nucleus di-
vides into two nuclei.
SA
6. What is endosperm? Explain its types.

3. It is followed by wall formation.
Endosperm
4. Subsequent divisions also follow
1. A tissue produced inside the
cell wall formation.
ovule. It is a nutritive tissue and regu-
 Eg. Adoxa
latory structure that nourishes the de-
 Helianthus
veloping embryo.
 Scoparia
2. It is formed by division of pri-
mary endosperm nucleus, immedi-
ately after fertilization.
3. It is triploid. It is formed by triple
fusion.
Types
1. Nuclear endosperm
2. Cellular endosperm Endosperm
16 3. Helobial endosperm
4. Ruminate endosperm Fig. Cellular endosperm.
SaraSPublication
3. Helobial Endosperm
1. Endosperm with cells and free nu-
clei.
2. Primary endosperm nucleus
moves towards base of embryo sac.
3. It divides into two nuclei. Fig. Ruminate endosperm.
4. It is followed by cell wall forma-
17. Give a detailed account on partheno-
tion.
carpy. Add a note on its significance.
5. Cell wall formation leads to the
Parthenocarpy
formation of
1. The development of fruit without
• Micropylar chamber-large
fertilization.
• Chalazal chamber-small
2. The fruits produced by partheno-
6. The nucleus of the micropylar
carpy are called parthenocarpic fruits.
chamber undergoes several free
nuclear division.
S
3. Parthenocarpic fruits do not have
true seeds.
7. The nucleus of the chalazal cham-
RA
4. Many commercial fruits are made
ber may or may not divide.
seedless.
Eg. • Hydrilla
Banana
• Vallisneria Grapes
Papaya
5. Parthenocarpy is classified into the
SA
following types:
1. Genetic parthenocarpy
2. Environmental parthenocarpy
3. Chemically induced
parthenocarpy
1. Genetic Parthenocarpy
Endosperm Parthenocarpy arises due to hybrid-
ization or mutation.
Fig. Helobial endosperm. Eg. Citrus
4. Ruminate Endosperm Cucurbita
The endosperm with irregularity and 2. Environmental Parthenocarpy
unevenness in its surface forms rumi- Parthenocarpy is induced by the en-
nate endosperm. vironmental conditions like:
Eg. Areca catechu Frost
 Passiflora 17
Fog
 Myristica
Low temperature 2. The seedless fruits have great

 High temperature commercial importance.
Eg. Low temperature for 3-19 3. Seedless fruits are useful for the
hours induce parthenocarpy in Pear. preparation of:
3. Chemically Induced Parthenocarpy Jams
Parthenocarpy is induced by growth  Jellies
promoting substances like: Sauces
 Auxins
 Fruit drinks, etc.
 Gibberellins
4. High proportion of edible part
Significance is available due to the absence of
1. The seedless fruits have great sig-
seeds.
nificance in horticulture.
Additional Solved Questions - 1 Mark
1. Which of the following is modern
method of vegetative plant reproduc-
S 5. Embryo sac is located inside the
a) Stamen b) Style
RA
tion? c) Stigma d) Ovule
a) Grafting b) Layering 6. The stamens are collectively known as
c) Tissue culture d) Cutting a) Androecium b) Gynoecium
2. “An introduction to the embryology c) Calyx d) Corolla
of Angiosperm” was published by 7. Functional megaspore in a flowering
a) Maheshwari plant develops into
SA
b) K.V. Krishnamurthy a) Endosperm b) Ovule

c) E. Strasburger c) Embryo sac d) Embryo
d) D.A. Johansen 8. Which of the following statement is
3. Which of the following is called “Ter- correct?
ror of Bengal”? a) Sporogenous tissue is haploid
a) Bryophyllum b) Eichhornia b) Outer layer of pollen is called
c) Pistia d) Allium
intine
4. A highly condensed shoot is called
c) Tapetum nourishes the developing
a) Node b) Branch
sporogenous tissues.
c) Flower d) Fruit
1. (c) Tissue culture 5. (d) Ovule
2. (a) Maheshwari 6. (a) Androecium
3. (b) Eichhornia 7. (c) Embryo sac
18 4. (c) Flower 8. (c) Tapetum nourishes the develop-
ing sporogenous tissues.

12th Bio Botany Line by Line Solved Questions Saras Publication

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

12th Bio Botany Line by Line Solved Questions Saras Publication

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Only Book having Objective Questions

framed line by line from the Text Book

Solved Book back Questions

12th Bio-Botany - Line by Line Solved Questions

All rights reserved.

Price : Rs. 370/- Authors Chapters

Published by R. Jeya Saroj Bagya Rose -2

Kanyakumari Dist -629 002. S. Angel Suby M.Sc., BLS., PGDCA. - 6, 7

3 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 95 - 136

4 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology 137 - 185

5 Plant Tissue Culture 186 - 208

6 Principles of Ecology 209 - 253

7 Ecosystem 254 - 296

8 Environmental Issues 297 - 322

9 Plant Breeding 323 - 348

Botany Public Exam Question Paper - March 2020 380 - 383

Free Supplement - 1 Free Supplement - 2

Our Titles for 12th Biology

Book Back Solved Questions - 1 Mark

3. Identify the correctly matched pair c) Nucleus

8. (d) Tapetum, middle layers, endothe- 11. a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal

Book Back Solved Questions - 2 Marks

• It causes multiplication of individuals. 3. List out two sub-aerial stem modifi-

15. (d) Hilum 18. (a) Paddy

part is cut and planted to grow as a 9. “ The endosperm of angiosperm is

cayed, the adventitious buds form a 11. What is mellitophily?

Then, they become independent mellitophily.

Book Back Solved Questions - 3 Marks

2. “Tissue culture is the best method free plants.

4. Distinguish mound layering and air layering.

1. Polyembryony was exploited by 3. The primary endosperm cell di-

2. Endothecium is a layer of cells  Lignin

present below the epidermis of anther. 4. These thickenings are absent in

4. Nucellus is very small in size.

len wall formation. 2. In Angiosperms, the pollination is

S present. Insects pierce the juicy cells

Book Back Solved Questions - 5 Marks

SaraSPublicationBiosciences Book Publisher

2. It is a conventional method of veg-

SaraSPublication Biosciences Book Publisher

6. They are tightly bound. 6. When roots emerge, the branch is

Types 5. Hormones promote rooting.

11. Highlight the milestones from the history of plant embryology.

1991 E.S.Coen and

SaraSPublication Biosciences Book Publisher

ii) Where it develops? 5. The last generation - sporogenous

A part of the ovary of seeded plants 5. It encloses the nucellus except at

 Discharge of male gametes

7. Pollen wall proteins are released of the synergids.

29. Endosperm forms the nutritive 1. Nuclear Endosperm

(n) (n) (n) (2n)

Zygote (2n) Endosperm (3n)

6. What is endosperm? Explain its types.

Low temperature 2. The seedless fruits have great

b) K.V. Krishnamurthy a) Endosperm b) Ovule

S-ar putea să vă placă și