SOIL SETTLEMENT

Situation 1. A new building is planned upon the site shown below. Assume that the clay solids
have a specific gravity of 2.67. Find the primary consolidation settlement if the clay is
normally consolidated.

Solution:
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(50 − 10) = 0.36
𝑒 = 𝑤𝐺𝑠 = (0.34)(2.67) = 0.9078
The stress of the clay at its mid stratum before the building was built is,
𝑃𝑜 = 0.11(8) + (0.115 − 0.0624)(7) + (0.12 − 0.0624)(0.5)
𝑃𝑜 = 1.74 𝑘𝑠𝑓
The consolidation settlement is,
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝 (17)(12)(0.36) 1.74 + 1
∆𝐻 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝟕. 𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜 1 + 0.91 1.74
Situation 2. The soil shown has its properties. A surcharge of 140 kPa is applied at the ground
surface.
1) Estimate the primary consolidation settlement of the clay layer assuming that it is
normally consolidated.
Solution:
𝑃𝑜 = 16.43(2) + (20.11 − 9.81)(1.5)
+ (17.61 − 9.81)(1.25)
𝑃𝑜 = 58.06𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(45 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.315
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.315(2.5) 58.06 + 140
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝒎
1 + 1.2 58.06
= 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝒎𝒎

2) Estimate the primary consolidation settlement if the pre consolidation pressure is

160kPa. Assume Cs=1/5 Cc
Solution:
𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 = 58.06 + 140
198.06 > 𝑃𝑐 = 160 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑠𝐻 𝑃𝑐 𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑐
1
𝐶𝑠 = (0.315)
5
𝐶𝑠 = 0.063
0.063(2.5) 160 0.315(2.5) 58.06 + 140
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 1.2 58.08 1 + 1.2 160
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝒎 = 𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎
Situation 3. The soil profile shown is a section of the proposed construction of highway
bridge. A permanent surcharge ∆P=50kPa is applied at the ground surface. Thickness of clay
layer is 6m. The clay is normally consolidated. Coefficient of consolidation is 0.4 m 2/month.
Compute the primary consolidation settlement of the bridge without pre compression.
Solution:
𝑃𝑜 = 18(2) + (19 − 9.81)(3) + (20 − 9.81)(3)
𝑃𝑜 = 94.14𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(45 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.315
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.315(6) 94.14 + 50
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 0.19 94.14
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝒎 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝒎𝒎

Situation 4. At a planned construction site, a 2m. thick stratum of normally consolidated clay
underlies a surface layer of compact granular soil 3m deep. The unit weight for the compact
granular soil is 20.2 kN/m3. The clay material has a unit weight of 17.6 kN/m3. The ground
water table is very deep. Laboratory testing iof the clay indicates an in place void ratio of
1.35 and a compression indes of 0.42. The building planned for the site will create a stress
increase of 24.5 kN/m2 at the center of the clay layer.
1) Assume that the foundations for the building will be situated near the surface
of the upper compact granular soil layer.Determine the foundation settlement
due to primary compression occurring in the clay layer because of the stress
increase.
 Solution:
∆𝑃 = 24.5𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑜 = 20.2(3) + 17.6(1)
𝑃𝑜 = 78.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.42(2) 78.2 + 24.5
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 1.35 78.2
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒎 = 𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎

2) Calculate the settlement to be expected if the ground water table were at the
soil surface, assuming saturated unit weight of granular soil is 20.2 kN/m3
𝑃𝑜 = (20.2 − 9.81)(3) + (17.6 − 9.81)(1)
𝑃𝑜 = 38.96 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.42(2) 38.96 + 24.5
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 1.35 38.96
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔𝒎 = 𝟕𝟔𝒎𝒎

3) Determine the compression occurring in the clay layer if the clay is over
consolidated, Cs=0.09 and the pre consolidation pressure is 120 kPa.
∆𝑃 + 𝑃𝑜 = 24.5 + 78.2 = 102.7
102.7 < 120𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐻𝐶𝑠 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.09(2) 102.7
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 1.35 78.2
𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟏𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝒎𝒎
Situation 5. From the figure shows a soil profile with the corresponding properties. The soil
is acted upon by a uniformly distributed load ∆P =60kPa at the ground surface.
1) Compute the settlement of the clay layer
caused by primary consolidation if the soil is
normally consolidated.
Solution:
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(48 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.342
𝑃𝑜 = 16.5(4) + (18 − 9.81)(8)
+ (20 − 9.81)(3)
𝑃𝑜 = 162.09𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.342(6) 162.09 + 60
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 0.85 162.09
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝒎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝒎𝒎

2) Compute the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation if the
preconsolidation pressure of clay is 230 kPa. Use Cs=1/5 Cc
Solution:
𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 = 162.06 + 60 = 222.09 𝑘𝑃𝑎
222.09 < 230 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1
𝐶𝑠 = (0.342) = 0.068
5
𝐻𝐶𝑠 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.068(6) 162.09 + 60
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 0.85 162.09
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎
 3) Compute the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation if the
preconsolidation pressure of clay is 200 kPa. Use Cs=1/5 Cc
Solution:
𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 = 162.06 + 60 = 222.09 𝑘𝑃𝑎
222.09 > 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1
𝐶𝑠 = (0.342) = 0.068
5
𝐶𝑠𝐻 𝑃𝑐 𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑐
0.068(6) 200 (6)0.342 162.09 + 60
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 0.85 162.09 1 + 0.85 200
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒎 = 𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒎

Situation 6. A normally consolidated clay layer 3m. thich has a void ratiov of 1.10. Liquid limit
is equal to 40 and the average effective stress on the clay layer was 80 kPa. The average stress
on it is increased to 120 kPa. As a result of the construction of a foundation.
1) Compute the consolidation settlement that the clay layer undergo.
Solution:
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(40 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.27
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.27(3) 120
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 1.1 80
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎
2) If the clay layer is preconsolidated, compute the consolidation settlement if the pre
consolidation pressure is 96kPa.
Solution:
1
𝐶𝑠 = (0.27) = 0.0675
4
 𝐶𝑠𝐻 𝑃𝑐 𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑐
0.0675(3) 96 (3)0.27 120
𝑆𝑐 = log( ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 1.1 80 1 + 1.1 96
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝒎 = 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝒎

Situation 7. From the given soil profile shown, the ground surface is subjected to a uniform
increase in vertical pressure of 12N/cm2. Saturated unit weight of the soil is
18.23kN/m3.Compute the total settlement due to primary consolidation.

Solution:
𝑃𝑜 = 17.6(4.6) + 10.4(5.86) + (18.23 − 9.81)(3.8) = 173.9𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(45 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.315
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.315(7600) 120 + 173.9
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 1.132 173.9
𝑆𝑐 = 256 𝑚𝑚 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝒄𝒎
Situation 8. A soil profile is shown in Figure 11.21. If a uniformly distributed load, s, is
applied at the ground surface, what is the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary
consolidation if the clay is normally consolidated.

Solution:

𝑃𝑜 = 2(14) + 4(18 − 9.81) + 1.75(19 − 9.81) = 76.08 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(40 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.27
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.27(3.5) 76 + 100
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 0.8 76.08
𝑆𝑐 = 0.191 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝒎𝒎
Situation 9. For the given soil profile, compute the effective stress at the mid height of the
clay layer and the primary settlement of the normally consolidated clay layer.

Solution:

𝑃𝑜 = 2(14.6) + 2(17.3 − 9.81) + 0.75(19.3 − 9.81) = 51.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(38 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.252
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.252(1500) 51.3 + 90
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 0.75 51.3
𝑆𝑐 = 0.095 = 𝟗𝟓𝒎𝒎

Situation 10. A soil profile shown is underlain by a 2.4 thick of soft clay that would be
subject to severe settlement when the water table is lowered to improve the site drainage.
The silty sand has a unit weight of 15.60 kN/m3 above the water table and a saturated unit
weight of 16.58 kN/m3 below the water table. The clay layer is normally consolidated
having a void ratio of 1.2 and a water content of 44% liquidity index of 0.80 and plastic
limit of 20%. Determine the settlement that would occur in the clay layer in response to the
lowering of the ground water table.
 𝒘 − 𝑷𝑳
𝑳𝑰 =
𝑳𝑳 − 𝑷𝑳
𝟒𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎
𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 = ; 𝑳𝑳 = 𝟓𝟎
𝑳𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(50 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.36
𝑤𝐺𝑠
𝑆=
𝑒
44𝐺𝑠
100 =
1.2
𝐺𝑠 = 2.73
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)(𝛾𝑤)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
(2.73 + 1.2)(9.81)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1 + 1.2
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 17.52
𝑚3
𝑃𝑜 = 4.5(15.6) + 2.5(16.58 − 9.81) + 1.2(17.52 − 9.81) = 96.38 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
 0.36(2.4) 96.38
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 1.2 83.13
𝑆𝑐 = 0.025 = 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎

Situation 11. A soil profile is shown in the figure. A uniformly distributed load of 50kPa is a
applied at the ground surface. The clay is normally consolidated.

Solution.
𝑃𝑜 = 3(16) + 6(18.5 − 9.81) + 3(19.08 − 9.81) = 127.95 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑒
= 1.122 − 0.2343𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃𝑜
𝑒𝐿
0.80
= 1.122 − 0.2343 log(127.95)
𝑒𝐿
𝑒𝐿 = 1.27
𝐿𝐿
𝑒𝐿 = ( ) 𝐺𝑠
100
𝐿𝐿
1.27 ( ) 2.71
100
𝐿𝐿 = 46.86
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(46.86 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.332
 𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.332(6) 127.95 + 50
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 0.8 127.95
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝒎
Situation 12. For the given soil profile, compute the compression index and the primary
settlement of the normally consolidated clay layer.

𝑤𝐺𝑠
𝑆=
𝑒
𝑤(2.75)
100 =
1.2
𝑤 = 32.73%
𝑤 − 𝑃𝐿
𝐿𝐼 =
𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐿
32.73 − 20
0.424 = ; 𝐿𝐿 = 50.02
𝐿𝐿 − 20
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.009(50.02 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.36

Dry unit weight of sand

(𝐺𝑠)(𝛾𝑤)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
1+𝑒
 (2.66)(9.81)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
1 + 0.65
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 15.81
𝑚3
Sat unit weight of clay
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)(𝛾𝑤)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
(2.75 + 0.9)(9.81)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1 + 0.9
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 18.85
𝑚3
Dry unit weight of clay
(𝐺𝑠)(𝛾𝑤)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
1+𝑒
(2.75)(9.81)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
1 + 0.9
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 14.20
𝑚3
𝑃1 = 3(15.81) + 5.5(18.85 − 9.81) = 97.15 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃2 = 3(15.81) + 2(14.2) + 0.5(18.85 − 9.81) = 198.47 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐻𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
0.36(11) 198.47
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 0.9 97.15
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟔𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝒎
 TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY
Situation 12. A bearing wall for a building is to be located close to a slope as shown in the
figure. The soil has a unit weight of 16.00 Kn/M3 with a cohesion of 48 Kn/M2. Angle of
friction is 0 deg. The footing is at a horizontal distance of 0.61 m. from the slope. The footing
has its bottom at a depth of 1.22 m. below the ground surface. Width of continuous footing is
1.22 m. Compute the allowable capacity of the wall footing on top of slope using a factor of
safety of 3.
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐𝑞 + 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦𝑞
2
𝑞𝑢 = 48(4.8)+0

𝑞𝑢 = 230.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎.

Allowable load:
230.4(1)
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
3
𝒌𝑵
𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟖
𝒎
Situation 2. A square footing for a multinational building has its bottom 2.5m below the
ground surface. It has a dimension of 1.12 m x 1.12 m. Angle of friction of soil is 28 deg. Unit
weight of soil is 16kN/m^3 with a cohesion of 22 kPa. It has saturated unit weight of 18
kN/m^3. Use F.S of 3.

1) Compute the bearing capacity factor N.

2) Compute the net allowable load that the footing should carry if there is a water table at a
depth of 0.80m from the bottom of the footing.
 1) BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR NY.
∅
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45∙ + )
2
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛28∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 + 14)

𝑁𝑞 = 14.7199

𝑁𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡∅ (𝑁𝑞 − 1)

𝑁𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡30 (14.7199 − 1)

𝑁𝑐 = 25.8033

𝑁𝑦 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛1.4∅

𝑁𝑦 = (13.72) 𝑡𝑎𝑛1.4(28)∙

𝑵𝒀 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕

2)NET ALLOWABLE LOAD FOOTING CAN CARRY

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞+0.40 𝛾 B 𝑁𝑦

𝑞 = 16(2.5)= 40 kPa
16(0.80) + (18 − 9.81)(0.32)
𝛾=
1.12
𝑘𝑁
𝛾 = 8.13.7686
𝑚3
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(22)(25.8033) + 40(14.7199) + 0.40(13.7686)(1.12)(11.19) = 1395.7036 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(1395.7036 − 40)(1.12)2
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
3
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟓𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵

TABLE 1: TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPCITY FACTORS FOR GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE

Situation 3. A square footing 4 m. on a side is founded 1.2 m. below the ground surface for
which the bulk unit weight of the soil is 20 kN/m 3, the cohesion strength is 10 kPa and the
angle of internal friction is 20 degrees. Under the condition of general failure, evaluate the
contribution of the following to the ultimate soil bearing capacity in kPa. The ground water
table is at a level that does not affect the unit weight of the soil. Use Terzaghi’s bearing
capacity factors. Compute for the following:

1) Cohesion strength
2) Soil overburden pressure
3) Footing dimension

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅ = 20∙

𝑁𝑐 = 17.69 𝑁𝑞 = 7.44 𝑁𝑦 = 3.64

1) CONTRIBUTION TO THE ULTIMATE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY FOR COHESION

STRENGTH

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦

Cohesion strength = 1.3 CNc

Cohesion strength = 1.3(10) (17.69)

Cohesion strength = 229.97 kPa

2) CONTRIBUTION TO THE ULTIMATE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY FOR SOIL

OVERBURDEN PRESSURE

Soil overburden = q Nq

Soil overburden = 20(1.2) (7.44)

 Soil overburden = 178.56 kPa

3) CONTRIBUTION TO THE ULTIMATE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY FOR FOOTING

DIMENSION

Footing dimension = 0.4 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑐

Footing dimension = 0.4(20) (4) (3.64)

Footing dimension = 116.48 kPa

Situation 4. A square footing 2 m. on a side is founded 1.2 m. below the ground surface for
which the bulk unit weight of soil is 20 kN/m3, the cohesion strength is 10 kPa and the angle
of internal friction is 15 degrees. Under the condition of general shear failure, evaluate the
soil bearing capacity in kPa. Use Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors.

1) If the ground water table is more than 2 m. below the bottom of the footing.
2) If the ground water table is at the bottom of the footing.
3) If the ground water table rises to the ground surface.

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 15∙

𝑁𝑐 = 12.86 𝑁𝑞 = 4.45 𝑁𝑦 = 1.52

𝐶 = 10 𝐵=2 𝛾 = 20𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

1) IF THE GROUND WATER TABLE IS MORE THAN 2 M. BELOW THE BOTTOM

For square footing: 𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝛾

𝑞 = 1.2(20)
 𝑞 = 24 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝐵 𝛾 𝑁𝑦

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(10)(12.86) + 24(4.45) + 0.4(2)(20)(1.52)

𝒒𝒖 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

2) If the ground water table is at the bottom of the footing

𝛾 = 20 − 9.81

𝛾 = 10.19 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑞 = 1.2(20)

𝑞 = 24 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝐵 𝛾 𝑁𝑦

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(10)(12.86) + 24(4.45) + 0.4(2)(10.19)(1.52)

𝒒𝒖 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

3) IF THE GROUND WATER TABLE RISES TO THE GROUND SURFACE

𝛾 = 20 − 9.81
 𝛾 = 10.19 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

𝑞 = 1.2(20 − 9.81)

𝑞 = 12.228

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝐵 𝛾 𝑁𝑦

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(10)(12.86) + 12.228(4.45) + 0.4(2)(10.19)(1.52)

𝒒𝒖 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟖𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂

Situation 5. A square footing shown has a dimension of 1m x 1m has its bottom 2.5m below
the ground surface. Angle of friction of the soil foundation is 30 deg. Unit weight of soil is
18.1kN/m^3 with a cohesion of 15.7 kN/m^2. Saturated unit weight of soil is 19.3 kN/m^3.
Factor of safety is 3.0.

1) Compute the value of the bearing capacity factor Nq.

2) Compute the net allowable load that the footing could carry if the ground water table is
located 1.2m below the ground.

1) VALUE OF 𝑁𝑞

∅
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45∙ + )
2
∅ = 30∙

𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛30∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 + 15)

𝑵𝒒 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟏
2) NET ALLOWABLE LOAD IF THE WATER TABLE IS AT 1.2 M BELOW THE GROUND
SURFACE

𝑞 = 18.1(1.2) + (19.3 − 9.81)(1.3)

𝑞 = 34.057 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑛
𝛾 = 19.30 − 9.81 = 9.49
𝑚3
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦

𝑁𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡∅ (𝑁𝑞 − 1)

𝑁𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡30 (18.4011 − 1)

𝑁𝑐 = 30.1396

𝑁𝑦 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛1.4∅

𝑁𝑦 = (18.4011 − 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛1.4(30)∙

𝑁𝑌 = 15.6680

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(15.7)(30.1396) + (34.057)(18.4011) + 0.40 (9.49)(1)(15.6680)

𝑞𝑢 = 1301.3270 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 − 𝑞 1301.3270 − 34.057
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = = = 422.4233 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑆 3
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (422.4233)(1)(1)

𝑸𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟒𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟑 kN

Situation 6. A square footing carries an allowable load 59130 kg including its own weight.
The bottom of the footing is 1.0m below the ground surface. Using the formula:

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦

1) Compute the effective surcharge at the bottom of the footing.

2) Compute the value of B using gross factor of safety of 3. Assume general shear failure.

From Table 1:

𝑁𝑐 = 35 𝑁𝑞 = 22 𝑁𝑦 = 19

1) EFFECTIVE SURCHARGE
𝑘𝑔
𝑞 = 1846(1) = 1846
𝑚2
𝒒 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂

2) VALUE OF B USING FS = 3
𝑘𝑔
𝛾 = 1965 − 1000 = 965
𝑚3
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(1605)(35) + (1846)(1)(22) + 0.40 (965)(𝐵)(19) = 113639.5 + 7334𝐵

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
 59130 113639.5 + 7334𝐵
2
=
𝐵 3
177390 = 113639.5𝐵2 + 7334𝐵3

B = 1.2 m

Situation 7. A square footing having a dimension of 4ft x 4ft has its bottom 3ft below the
ground surface. The ground water table is located at a depth of 4ft below the ground surface.
Unit weight of soil is 115 pcf and a shear strength of 100 psf. The angle of internal friction of
soil is 30’ with a saturated unit weight of 122.4 pcf. Compute the ultimate bearing capacity
of the soil Assume general shear failure.

From Table 1 with ∅ = 30

𝑁𝑐 = 35 𝑁𝑞 = 22 𝑁𝑦 = 19

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦

𝛾𝐵 = [𝛾𝐷 + ( 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝐵 − 𝐷 )]

𝛾(4) = [(115)(1) + ( 122.4 − 62.4)(4 − 1)]

𝛾 = 73.75 𝑝𝑐𝑓

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(100)(35) + (115)(3)(22) + 0.40 (73.75)(4)(19)

𝒒𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒇

Situation 8. A square footing has a dimension of 1.2m x 1.2m and has its bottom 1m below
the ground surface. Find the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil if the ground water table is
at the bottom of the footing.

From Table 1 with ∅ = 30

𝑁𝑐 = 35 𝑁𝑞 = 22 𝑁𝑦 = 19

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦

𝑘𝑔
𝑞 = 1846(1) = 1846
𝑚2
𝛾 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(1605)(35) + (1846)(22) + 0.40 (965)(1.2)(19)

q ult = 12240.3
122440.4(9.81)
q ult =
1000
𝐪𝐮𝐥𝐭 = 1201.14 kPa
Situation 9. A square footing is to be design to carry an axial load of 61175kg. The bottom of
the footing is 2.5m below the ground surface, and the groundwater table is located at the
bottom of the footing as shown in the figure. Compute the dimension of the footing using a
factor of safety of 3. Assume a general shear failure.

From Table 1 with ∅ = 30

𝑁𝑐 = 35 𝑁𝑞 = 22 𝑁𝑦 = 19

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.40 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦

𝑘𝑔
𝑞 = 1846 (2.5) = 4615
𝑚2
𝛾 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤
𝛾 = 1965 − 1000 = 965 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(1605)(35) + (4615)(22) + 0.40 (965)(𝐵)(19)

𝑞𝑢 = 174557.5 + 7334𝐵
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
61175 174557.5 + 7334𝐵
2
=
𝐵 3
183525 = 174557.5𝐵2 + 7334𝐵3

B = 1.004 m say 1m
Situation 10. A circular footing with a 1.5 m. diameter is to be constructed 1.22 m. below the
ground surface. The groundwater table is at a great depth and its effect can be ignored.
Compute the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil. The subsoil consists of a uniform deposit
of dense soil having the following strength parameters.

Angle of internal friction = 25deg

Unconfined compressive strength = 95 kN/m2

Unit weight of soil = 20.12 kN/m2

From Table 1 with ∅ = 25

𝑁𝑐 = 24.1 𝑁𝑞 = 13.1 𝑁𝑦 = 9.1

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝐶 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.30 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦

𝑘𝑛
𝑞 = 20.12(1.22) = 24.45
𝑚2
1
𝑐 = (𝑞𝑢)
2
1 𝑘𝑁
𝑐= (96) = 48 2
2 𝑚
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3(48)(24.1) + (25.45)(13.1) + 0.30 (20.12)(1.5)(9.1)
𝒌𝑵
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟒
𝒎𝟑
Situation 11. For a certain sol the cohesion c is 50 Kn/m 3, the unit weight is 19.2 kN/m3.
Angle of friction ∅ = 10 𝑑𝑒𝑔. Assuming local shear failure, calculate the net ultimate bearing
capacity in kPa for a strip footing of width = 1.25 m. at a depth = 4.5 m.

From table with ∅ = 10

𝑐 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑁𝑐 ′ = 7.5 𝑁𝑞 ′ = 1.8 𝑁𝑦 ′ = 0.48

Terzhagi’s ultimate bearing capacity equation for strip footing:

1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐′𝑁𝑐 ′ + 𝛾 𝐷𝑓 𝑁𝑞 ′ + 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝑦 ′
2
2 1
𝑞𝑢 = (50)(7.5) + (19.2)(4.5)(1.8) + (19.2)(1.25)(0.48)
3 2
𝑞𝑢 = 411.28 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑦 + 𝛾 𝐷𝑓

𝑞𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 411.28 − 19.2(4.5)

𝒒𝒖 𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

Situation 12. A sandy oil having a cohesion of 30 kPa has an internal friction angle ∅ = 28∙.

1) Compute the value of bearing capacity factor Nq.

2) Compute the value of bearing capacity factor Nc.
3) Compute the value of bearing capacity factor Ny.

1) VALUE OF NQ
∅
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45∙ + )
2
∅ = 28∙

𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛28∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 + 14)

𝑵𝒒 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟗

2) VALUE OF NC
 𝑁𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡∅ (𝑁𝑞 − 1)

𝑁𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡28∙ (14.72 − 1)

𝑵𝒄 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟎33

3) VALUE OF NY

𝑁𝑦 = 2(𝑁𝑞 + 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅

𝑁𝑦 = 2(14.72 + 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛28∙

𝑵𝒀 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟖
 EFFECTIVE STRESSES
Situation 1. A thick layer of clay underlies a sand formation having a thickness of 4.5 m. The
groundwater is located 2.5 m. below the ground surface. Specific gravity of sand and clay us
2.65 with sand having an average void ratio of 0.52. The clay has a water content of 42%.
Degree of saturation above the water table is 0.37. Compute the effective stress at a depth of
10m below the ground surface.

FOR SAND:
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒
𝛾= (𝛾𝑤 )
1+𝑒

2.65 + (0.37)(0.52)
𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = (9.81)
1 + 0.52
𝑘𝑛
𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 18.3447
𝑚3
2.65 + (1)(0.52)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (9.81)
1 + 0.52
𝑘𝑛
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 20.4590
𝑚3
FOR CLAY:
𝑤𝐺𝑠
𝑆=
𝑒
42(2.65)
100 =
𝑒
𝑒 = 1.113
 𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝛾𝑤 )
1+𝑒
2.65 + (1)(1.113)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (9.81)
1 + 1.113
𝑘𝑛
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 17.4704
𝑚3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 18.3447(2.50) + 20.4590(2) + 17.4704(5.5) = 182.8670 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 182.8670 − 9.81(7.5)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

Situation 2. From the given formation of soil, the water table is located 5m. below the ground
surface. Compute the total stress and effective stress at A.

TOTAL STRESS AT A:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 19.62 (5)

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

EFFECTIVE STRESS AT A:

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = σ𝐴 − 𝑢

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 98.10 − 0

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 98.10 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Situation 3. From the given formation of soil, the water table is located 5m. below the ground
surface. Compute the total stress and effective stress at A.

TOTAL STRESS AT A:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 9.81 (2) + 19.62 (5)

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂

EFFECTIVE STRESS AT A:

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = σ𝐴 − 𝑢

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 117,72 − 9.81(7)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 49.05 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Situation 4. From the given formation of soil, compute the effective stress at B and effective
stress at C.
 𝐺𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (𝛾 )
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.66
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (9.81)
1 + 0.61
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 16.21
𝑚3
2.67 + 0.48
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (9.81)
1 + 0.48
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 20.8794
𝑚3

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 16.21(4)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = 64.84 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 16.21(4) + (20.88 − 9.81)(5)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = 120. 𝟏𝟖𝟕 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Situation 5. From the figure shows a soil formation with the given soil properties and water
level is 3m below the ground surface. Find the total stress at the mid-layer of clay and the
effective stress at the mid-layer of clay.
 FOR SAND:
𝐺𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (𝛾 )
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.66
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (9.81)
1 + 0.65
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 15.8149
𝑚3
FOR CLAY:
2.75 + 0.90
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (9.81)
1 + 0.90
𝑘𝑛
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 18.8455
𝑚3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 15.81(3) + 18.85(5.5)

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒅 − 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚 = 151.105 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 15.81(3) + (18.85 − 9.81)(5.5)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒅 − 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚 = 97.15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Situation 6. A soil profile is shown in the figure. Compute the following:

1) the effective stress immediately below A

2) effective stress at B

3) effective stress at C.
 EFFECTIVE STRESS IMMEDIATELY BELOW A:
𝐺𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (𝛾 )
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.66
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (9.81)
1 + 0.50
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 17.3964
𝑚3
Total stress above level A = 17.3964(1.50) = 26.0946 kPa

Pore Pressure = -0.42(1.75) (9.82) = -7.21035 kPa

Effective stress immediately below A = 26.0946 – (-7.2104)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑨 = 33.3𝟎𝟓𝟎 𝑘𝑃𝑎

EFFECTIVE STRESS AT B:
𝐺𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (𝛾 )
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.71
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (9.81)
1 + 0.75
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 15.1915
𝑚3
𝑤𝐺𝑠
𝑆=
𝑒
𝑤(2.71)
42 =
0.75
𝑤 = 11.62%
𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 =
1+𝑤
𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
15.19 =
1 + .1162
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 16.9567
𝑚3
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 17.3964(1.5) + 16.9567 (1.75)
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = 55. 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟗 𝑘𝑃𝑎
 EFFECTIVE STRESS AT C:
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑠𝑒
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝛾 )
1+𝑒 𝑤
2,72 + 0.95
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝛾𝑤 )
1 + 0.95
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 18.4629
𝑚3
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 55.7689 + (18.4629 − 9.81)(3)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑪 = 81.7𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Situation 7. From the given soil profile shown in the figure, compute the following:

1) Total stress at point A

2) Value of h if the effective stress at A is equal to 81. 60 kN/m2

3) Effective stress at B

TOTAL STRESS AT POINT A:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 5(20.11) + 19.03(5)

𝒌𝑵
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟕𝟎
𝒎𝟐
VALUE OF H:

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 195.70 − 9.81ℎ

81.60 = 195.70 − 9.81ℎ

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝒎
 EFFECTIVE STRESS AT POINT A:

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 81.60 + 11.97(20)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂

Situation 8. Given the soil strata shown in the figure, determine the following:

1) Total stress at A.
2) Effective stress at A if a piezometer reads 12 m at A.
3) Effective stress at B.

TOTAL STRESS AT POINT A:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 2050(5) + 1940(5)

𝒌𝒈
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟎
𝒎𝟐

EFFECTIVE STRESS AT POINT A:

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 19950 − 12(1000)

𝒌𝒈
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑨 = 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟎
𝒎𝟐

EFFECTIVE STRESS AT POINT B:

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 7950 + 1220 (20)

𝒌𝒈
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎
𝒎𝟐
Situation 9. A clay layer 25 feet thick is overlain with 50 feet thick sand (G=2.71_. the water
table is 20 feet below the sand (ground surface). The saturated unit weight of clay is 141 pcf.
The sand below the water table has a unit weight of 128 pcf. The sand above the water table
has average moisture content of 20%. After drying, the sand was found to have a dry unit
weight of 92 pcf. Determine the effective stress at the mid-height of the clay layer.

For the sand above the water table:

𝐺𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = (𝛾 )
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.71
92 = (62.40)
1+𝑒
𝑒 = 0.838
𝐺𝑠 + 𝐺𝑠 𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (𝛾𝑤 )
1+𝑒
2.71 + 2.71(0.2)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (62.40)
1 + 0.838
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 110.4052 𝑝𝑐𝑓

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦

= (141 − 62.4)(12.5) + (128 − 62.40)(30) + 110.4052(20)

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒅 − 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚 = 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟓. 𝟔𝟎𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒇

Situation 10. A soil deposit is shown in Figure 04.7. the ground water table, initially at the
ground surface, was lowered to a depth of 25 ft below the ground. After such lowering, the
degree of saturation of the sand above water table was lowered to 20%.

1) What is the vertical effective pressure at the mid-height of the clay layer before
lowering of the water table, in psf?
2) What is the vertical effective pressure at the mid-height of the clay layer after
lowering of the water table, in psf?
3) What is the vertical effective pressure when there is no water in the sand layer, in psf?
VERTICAL EFFECTIVE PRESSURE AT A BEFORE LOWERING OF THE WATER
TABLE:
𝑃𝑎 = (120 − 62.4)(12.5) + (135 − 62.40)(50)
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒇

AFTER LOWERING OF THE WATER TABLE:

Solving for 𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 (20% saturated)

𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 116 + 0.20(135 − 116)

𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 119.8 𝑝𝑐𝑓

𝑃𝑎 = (120 − 62.4)(12.5) + (135 − 62.40)(25) + 119.8(25)

𝑷𝒂 = 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒇
 VERTICAL EFFECTIVE PRESSURE WHEN THERE IS NO WATER IN THE SAND
LAYER:

𝑃𝑎 = (120 − 62.4)(12.5) + (119.80)(50)

𝑷𝒂 = 𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒇

Situation 11. The ground water level in a thick, very fine sand deposit is located 2.0 m
below the ground surface. Above the free ground water line, the sand is saturated by
capillary action. The unit weight of the saturated sand is 20.3 kN/m3.
1) What is the total stress in kPa on a horizontal plane A located 4.5 m below the
ground surface?
2) What is the pore water pressure in kPa at this plane?
3) What is the effective vertical stress in kPa in plane A?

TOTAL STRESS IN A:
𝑃𝑇 = 20.3(2.5) + 20.3(2)
𝑷𝑻 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂

PORE WATER PRESSURE IN A:

𝑃𝑤 = 9.81 (2.50)
𝑷𝒘 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂

EFFECTIVE STRESS IN A:
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃𝐸 = 91.35 − 24.525
𝑷𝑬 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Situation 12. A 20-m thick submerged saturated clay layer has water content of 57%.
The specific gravity of the solid particles is 2.84.
1) Determine the density of the clay in kg/m3
2) Determine the total vertical stress at the bottom of the clay layer, in kPa
3) Determine the effective vertical stress at the bottom of the clay layer, in kPa

DENSITY OF THE CLAY:

𝑆𝑒 = 𝐺𝑠 𝑤

(1)𝑒 = 2.48(0.57)

𝑒 = 1.6188
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝛾 )
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.84 + 1.6188
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (9.81)
1 + 1.6188

𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 16.7026
𝑚3
γ 16702.6
Density, ρ = =
g 9.81
𝒌𝒈
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝛒 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟐. 𝟔
𝒎𝟑

TOTAL VERTICAL STRESS:

𝑃𝑇 = 16.7026(20)
𝑷𝑻 = 𝟑𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂

EFFECTIVE STRESS:

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤
𝑃𝐸 = 334 − 9.81(20)
𝑷𝑬 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
 DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
Situation 1. Design a wall footing to support a 300mm wide reinforced concrete wall with a
dead load DL= 270kN/m and a live load LL=190 kN/m. The bottom of the footing is to be 0.8
m below the final grade, the soil weighs 15.8 kN/m3, the allowable soil pressure is 175 kPa,
and there is no appreciable sulfur content in the soil. Fy=414 MPa and f’c = 28MPa, normal
weight concrete. Assume 400 mm deep footing for computation of footing weight.
Solution:
1. Get qe
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑒 = 175 − (0.4𝑚) (15.8 3
) − (0.4) (24 3 ) = 159.08
𝑚 𝑚
2. Get Breqd.
270 + 190 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = 2.89 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟗𝒎
159.08
3. Get qu
1.2(270) + 1.6(190)
𝑞𝑢 = = 216.5517 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2.9𝑚2

4. Get d
-One way Shear
2900 300
𝑧= − − 𝑑 = 1300 − 𝑑
2 2
 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢(1000𝑚𝑚)(𝑧) = 216.5517𝑘𝑃𝑎(1000)(1300 − 𝑑)

1
∅𝑣𝑐 = 0.75(6)(1)(√28)(1000)(d)

𝑑1 = 320.6385 𝑚𝑚
Use 16 mmdia. for flexural reinforcement
1
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑏
2
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 320.6385 + 75 + 8
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 403.6385 𝑚𝑚>400 mm
TRY AGAIN Assume 450 mm thickness
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑒 = 175 − (0.80 − 0.45𝑚) (15.8 3
) − (0.45) (24 3 ) = 158.67
𝑚 𝑚

270 + 190 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = 2.89 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟗𝒎
158.67
1.2(270) + 1.6(190)
𝑞𝑢 = = 216.5517 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2.9𝑚2
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 403.6385 𝑚𝑚 < 450 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑘!
𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 450 − 75 − 8
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 367 𝑚𝑚
5. Get Mu
2.9 − 0.3
𝐿= = 1.3 𝑚
2
𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿)( )
2
1.3
𝑀𝑢 = 216.5517(1.3) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 182.9862 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
6. Get p
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝜌(414)
182.9862𝑥106 = 0.9(𝜌)(414)(1000)(367)2 (1 − ( ))
1.7(28)
 𝜌 = 0.0038
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00338
414
√28
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0032
4(414)

𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑝 = 0.0038
7. Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0038(1000)(367) = 1394.6 𝑚𝑚2
8. Get # bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
1394.6
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 6.9362 ≈ 𝟕𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(16)2
4

Provide 7-16mmdia bars

SPACING
1000
𝑆= = 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝒎𝒎
6
9. TEMPERATURE BARS
Get As
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018(2900)(450) = 1394.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 2349 𝑚𝑚2
#bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
2349
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 11.683 ≈ 𝟏𝟐 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑. 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(16)2
4

Spacing
2900 − 150 − 16
𝑆= = 248.5454 𝑚𝑚
11
𝑆 < 5(450)
Spacing 248.5454 mm
Situation 2. Design a wall footing to support a 400 mm wide reinforced concrete wall with a
dead load DL= 180kN/m and a live load LL=250 kN/m. The bottom of the footing is to be 1.2
m below the final grade, the soil weighs 16 kN/m3, the allowable soil pressure is 210 kPa,
and there is no appreciable sulfur content in the soil. Fy=420 MPa and f’c = 28MPa, normal
weight concrete. Assume 450 mm deep footing for computation of footing weight.
Solution:
1. Get qe
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑒 = 210 − (0.75𝑚) (16 3
) − (0.45) (24 3 ) = 187.2
𝑚 𝑚
2. Get Breqd.
250 + 180 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = 2.297 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟑𝒎
187.2
3. Get qu
1.2(180) + 1.6(250)
𝑞𝑢 = = 267.8260 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2.3𝑚2

4. Get d
-One way Shear
2300 400
𝑧= − − 𝑑 = 950 − 𝑑
2 2

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢(1000𝑚𝑚 )(𝑧) = 267.826𝑘𝑃𝑎(1000)(950 − 𝑑)

 =
1
∅𝑣𝑐 = 0.75(6)(1)(√28)(1000)(d)

𝑑1 = 273.8024 𝑚𝑚
Use 16 mmdia. for flexural reinforcement
1
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑏
2
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 273.8024 + 75 + 8
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 356.8024 𝑚𝑚<450 mm
𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 400 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 400 − 75 − 8
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 317 𝑚𝑚
5. Get Mu
2.3 − 0.3
𝐿= = 0.95 𝑚
2
𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿)( )
2
0.95
𝑀𝑢 = 267.826(0.95) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 120.8565 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
6. Get p
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝜌(420)
120.8565𝑥106 = 0.9(𝜌)(420)(1000)(317)2 (1 − ( ))
1.7(28)
𝜌 = 0.00327
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00338
414
√28
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0032
4(414)

𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑝 = 0.00338
7. Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00338 1000 317) = 1071.46 𝑚𝑚2
( )(
8. Get # bars
 𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
1071.46
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 5.329 ≈ 𝟔𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(16)2
4

Provide 7-16mmdia bars

SPACING
1000
𝑆= = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
5

9. TEMPERATURE BARS
Get As
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018(2300)(400) = 1656 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 1656 𝑚𝑚2
#bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
2349
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 8.2363 ≈ 𝟗 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑. 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(16)2
4

Spacing
2300 − 150 − 16
𝑆= = 266.75 𝑚𝑚
8
𝑆 < 5(450)
Spacing 266.75 mm
 DESIGN OF SQUARE FOOTING
Situation 1. Design a square column footing for a 350 mm square tied interior column that
supports DL=400kN/m and a live load LL=500kN/m. The base of the footing is 1.2m below
grade, the soil weight is 16kN/m3, Fy=420 MPa, f’c=21MPa and the allowable soil pressure
is 170 kPa. Assume 400 mm thickness of footing. Db= 20mm

10. Get qe
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑒 = 170 − (0.8𝑚) (16 3
) − (0.4) (24 3 ) = 147.6
𝑚 𝑚
11. Get Breqd.
400 + 500 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = √6.0975 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟓𝒎
147.6
12. Get qu
1.2(400) + 1.6(500)
𝑞𝑢 = = 204.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
6.25 𝑚2
13. Get d
ONE WAY SHEAR

2500
𝑧= − 175 − 𝑑
2

𝑉𝑢1 = ∅𝑉𝑐1
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑞𝑢(2500)(1075 − 𝑑 )
 1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ( ) (1)(√𝑓 ′𝑐)(𝑏)(𝑑 )
6
√21
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ( ) (2500)(𝑑)
6

𝑑1 = 283.1196
TWO WAY SHEAR

𝑉𝑢2 = ∅𝑉𝑐2
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑞𝑢((2500)2 − (350 + 𝑑 )2 )
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75( )(√21)(4)(350 + 𝑑)(𝑑)
3
𝑑2 =361.049

𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 361.049 + 75 + 1.5(20)

𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 466. 049 > 400 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛!

Assume 500mm thickness

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑒 = 170 − (0.7𝑚) (16 3
) − (0.5) (24 3 ) = 146.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚 𝑚
400 + 500 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = √6.1308 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟓𝒎
146.8
1.2(400) + 1.6(500)
𝑞𝑢 = = 204.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
6.25 𝑚2
 𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 500 − 75 − 1.5(20) = 395 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 395 𝑚𝑚
2.5 − 0.35
𝐿= = 1.075
2
14. Get Mu
𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿) ( ) (2.5)
2
1.075
𝑀𝑢 = 204.8(2.5)(1.075) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 295.84 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
15. Get p
𝑝𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑝𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝑝(420)
295.84𝑥106 = 0.9(𝑝)(420)(2500)(395)2 (1 − )
1.7(21)
𝑝 = 0.0021
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0033
420
√21
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0027
4(420)
Use p=0.0033
16. Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0033 2500 395) = 3258.75 𝑚𝑚2
( )(
17. Get # bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
3258.75
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 10.3729 ≈ 1𝟏𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(20)2
4

Provide 11-20mmdia bars

SPACING
2500
𝑆= = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
10
Situation 2. Design a square column footing for a 450x450 mm column that supports
DL=750kN/m and a live load LL=1000kN/m. The base of the footing is 1.6m below grade,
the soil weight is 16kN/m3, Fy=420 MPa, f’c=28MPa and the allowable soil pressure is 210
kPa. Assume 700 mm thickness of footing. Db= 25mm

1. Get qe
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑒 = 210 − (0.9𝑚) (16 3
) − (0.7) (24 3 ) = 178.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚 𝑚
2. Get Breqd.
750 + 1000 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = √9.7875 ≈ 𝟑. 𝟐𝒎
178.8
3. Get qu
1.2(750) + 1.6(1000)
𝑞𝑢 = = 244.1406 𝑘𝑃𝑎
10.24 𝑚2
4. Get d
ONE WAY SHEAR

3200
𝑧= − 225 − 𝑑
2

𝑉𝑢1 = ∅𝑉𝑐1
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑞𝑢(3200)(1375 − 𝑑 )
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ( ) (1)(√𝑓 ′𝑐)(𝑏)(𝑑 )
6
 √28
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ( ) (3200)(𝑑)
6

𝑑1 = 370.6949 𝑚𝑚
TWO WAY SHEAR

𝑉𝑢2 = ∅𝑉𝑐2
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑞𝑢((3200)2 − (450 + 𝑑 )2 )
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75( )(√28)(4)(450 + 𝑑)(𝑑)
3
𝑑2 =470.6805 mm

𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 470.6805 + 75 + 1.5(25)

𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 583.1804𝑚𝑚 < 700 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑘!

𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 600 − 75 − 1.5(25) = 487.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 487.5 𝑚𝑚
3.2 − 0.45
𝐿= = 1.375
2
5. Get Mu
𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿) ( ) (3.2)
2
1.375
𝑀𝑢 = 244.1406(3.2)(1.375) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 738.5253 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
6. Get p
𝑝𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑝𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝑝(420)
738.5253𝑥106 = 0.9(𝑝)(420)(3200)(487.5)2 (1 − )
1.7(28)
𝑝 = 0.0026
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0033
420
√28
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0031
4(420)
Use p=0.0033
7. Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0033(3200)(487.5) = 5148 𝑚𝑚2
8. Get # bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
5148
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 10.4874 ≈ 1𝟏𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(25)2
4

Provide 11-25mmdia bars

SPACING
3200
𝑆= = 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎
10
 DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING
Situation 1. Design a rectangular footing for a 450 mm square column with a dead load of
825 kN and a live load of 668 kN. The short side of the footing is limited to 2.14 m.the effective
soil pressure is 163.73 kPa. Material strengths for the footing are f’c=27.6 MPa, Fy=415 MPa
𝑃𝑛
𝑞𝑒 =
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔
𝑘𝑁
825 + 668 𝑚
163.73 = ; 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = 9.1187 𝑚2
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔
9.1187
𝐿= = 4.26 𝑚 ≈ 4.3𝑚
2.14
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 2.14 𝑥4.3 = 9.202 𝑚2
1.2(825) + 1.6(668)
𝑞𝑢 = = 223.734 𝑘𝑃𝑎
9.202 𝑚2

One way shear

4300
𝑧= − 225 − 𝑑
2

𝑉𝑢1 = ∅𝑉𝑐1
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑞𝑢(2140)(1925 − 𝑑 )
𝑉𝑢1 = ∅𝑉𝑐1
 1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ( ) (1)(√𝑓 ′𝑐)(𝑏)(𝑑 )
6
√27.6
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ( ) (2140)(𝑑)
6

𝑑1 = 489.1789𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝑢2 = ∅𝑉𝑐2
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑞𝑢((4300𝑥2140) − (450 + 𝑑 )2 )
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75( )(√27.6)(4)(450 + 𝑑)(𝑑)
3
𝑑2 =415.7724 mm
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 415.7724 + 75 + 1.5(25) = 528.2724𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 550 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 550 − 75 − 1.5(25) = 437.5 𝑚𝑚 − −𝑆𝐻𝑂𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 550 − 75 − 0.5(25) = 462.5 𝑚𝑚 − 𝐿𝑂𝑁𝐺𝐼𝑇𝑈𝐷𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐿

ALONG B (longitudinal)
4.3 − 0.45
𝐿= = 1.925
2
 Get Mu
𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢(𝐿) ( ) (2.14)
2
1.925
𝑀𝑢 = 223.734(2.14)(1.925) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 887.1095 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Get p
𝑝𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑝𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝑝(415)
887.1095𝑥106 = 0.9(𝑝)(415)(2140)(462.5)2 (1 − )
1.7(27.6)
𝑝 = 0.0055
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00337
415
√27.6
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0032
4(415)
Use p=0.0055
Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0055(2140)(462.5) = 5395.5661 𝑚𝑚2
Get # bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
5395.5661
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 10.99 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(25)2
4
PROVIDE 11-25mmdia long bars

REINFORCEMENT IN SHORT DIRECTION

2.14 − 0.45
𝐿= = 0.845
2
Get Mu
 𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿) ( ) (4.3)
2
0.845
𝑀𝑢 = 223.734(4.3)(0.845) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 343.4661 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Get p
𝑝𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑝𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝑝(415)
343.4661𝑥106 = 0.9(𝑝)(415)(4300)(437.5)2 (1 − )
1.7(27.6)
𝑝 = 0.0011
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00337
415
√27.6
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0032
4(415)
Use p=0.00337
Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00337(4300)(437.5) = 6339.8125 𝑚𝑚2
Get # bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
6339.8125
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 12.9154 ≈ 𝟏𝟑 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(25)2
4
PROVIDE 13-25mmdia short bars
Situation 2. Design a rectangular footing for a 400 mm square column with a dead load of
780 kN and a live load of 650 kN. The short side of the footing is limited to 2 m.the effective
soil pressure is 160 kPa. Material strengths for the footing are f’c=28 MPa, Fy=420 MPa
𝑃𝑛
𝑞𝑒 =
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔
𝑘𝑁
780 + 650 𝑚
160 = ; 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = 8.9375 𝑚2
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔
8.9375
𝐿= = 4.47 𝑚 ≈ 4.5𝑚
2𝑚
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 2 𝑥4.5 = 9 𝑚2
1.2(780) + 1.6(650)
𝑞𝑢 = = 219.5556 𝑘𝑃𝑎
9 𝑚2

One way shear

4500
𝑧= − 200 − 𝑑
2

𝑉𝑢1 = ∅𝑉𝑐1
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑞𝑢(2000)(2050 − 𝑑 )
𝑉𝑢1 = ∅𝑉𝑐1

1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ( ) (1)(√𝑓 ′𝑐)(𝑏)(𝑑 )
6
 √28
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ( ) (2000)(𝑑)
6

𝑑1 = 510.8880 𝑚𝑚
TWO WAY SHEAR

𝑉𝑢2 = ∅𝑉𝑐2
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑞𝑢((4500𝑥2000) − (400 + 𝑑 )2 )
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75( )(√28)(4)(400 + 𝑑)(𝑑)
3
𝑑2 =420.8630 mm
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 510.8880 + 75 + 1.5(25) = 623.3880𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 650 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 650 − 75 − 1.5(25) = 537.5 𝑚𝑚 − −𝑆𝐻𝑂𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 550 − 75 − 0.5(25) = 562.5 𝑚𝑚 − 𝐿𝑂𝑁𝐺𝐼𝑇𝑈𝐷𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐿

ALONG B (longitudinal)
4.5 − 0.4
𝐿= = 2.05
2
Get Mu
𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢(𝐿) ( ) (2)
2
 2.05
𝑀𝑢 = 219.5556(2)(2.05) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 922.6824 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Get p
𝑝𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑝𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝑝(420)
922.6824106 = 0.9(𝑝)(420)(2000)(562.5)2 (1 − )
1.7(28)
𝑝 = 0.004
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0033
420
√28
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0031
4(420)
Use p=0.004
Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.004(2000)(562.5) = 4500 𝑚𝑚2
Get # bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
4500
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 9.1673 ≈ 𝟏𝟎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(25)2
4
PROVIDE 10-25mmdia long bars

REINFORCEMENT IN SHORT DIRECTION

2 − 0.4
𝐿= = 0.8
2
Get Mu
𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿) ( ) (4.3)
2
0.8
𝑀𝑢 = 219.5556(4.5)(0.8) ( )
2
 𝑀𝑢 = 316.1600 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Get p
𝑝𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑝𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝑝(420)
316.16𝑥106 = 0.9(𝑝)(420)(4500)(537.5)2 (1 − )
1.7(28)
𝑝 = 0.00065
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0033
420
√28
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0031
4(420)
Use p=0.0033
Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0033(4500)(537.5) = 7981.875 𝑚𝑚2

Get # bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
7981.875
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 16.2605 ≈ 𝟏𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(25)2
4
PROVIDE 17-25mmdia short bars
 DESIGN OF ECCENTRIC FOOTING (NON UNIFORM)
Situation 1. A 300 mm square column is supported by 0.9 m wide rectangular base as shown.
The column applies to the base as an axial service load of 357 kN and a service bending
moment of 39kN.m parallel to the longitudinal axis of the base. The strength of the concrete
in the base is 20.73 MPa. And the reinforcement is grade 60, Fy= 414.7 MPa. Use 2001 NSCP
Specifications.
1. Neglecting the self-weight of the base, determine the required base length for an
allowable soil bearing pressure of 240 kN/m2 .

Solution:
𝑃 = 268 + 89 = 357 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 12 + 27
𝑀 = 39 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 𝑀𝐶
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
𝐴 𝐼
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 2
𝐴 𝑏𝑑
357 6(39)
240 = +
0.9𝐿 0.9𝐿2
𝐿2 − 1.653𝐿 − 1.083 = 0
1.653 + 2.658
𝐿=
2
𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎
Determine the Max factored earth
pressure
𝑃𝑢 = 1.4𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐿
𝑃𝑢 = 1.4(268) + 1.7(98)
𝑃𝑢 = 526.50 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4𝑀𝐷 + 1.7𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4(12) + 1.7(27)
𝑀𝑢 = 62.7 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 2
𝐴 𝑏𝑑
526.50 6(62.7)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
0.9(2.16) 0.9(2.16)2
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Situation 2. Determine the width needed for a wall footing to support loads DL=
18k/ft and L=12k/ft. In addition, a moment of 39 ft-k must be transferred from the
column to the footing. Assume that the footing is 18 inches thick, its base is 4ft below
the final grade, and qa =4ksf.

Solution:
Neglecting moment
 18𝑖𝑛 30𝑖𝑛
𝑞𝑒 = 4000𝑝𝑐𝑓 − ( ) (150 𝑝𝑐𝑓 ) − ( ) (100𝑝𝑐𝑓 ) = 3525 𝑝𝑠𝑓
12𝑖𝑛 12𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
Width required
18𝑘 + 12𝑘
= = 8.51 𝑓𝑡 − − − − − −𝑇𝑟𝑦 9𝑓𝑡
3.525 𝑘𝑠𝑓
𝐴 = 9(1) = 9𝑓𝑡 2
1
𝐼 = ( ) (1𝑓𝑡)(9𝑓𝑡)3 = 60.75 𝑓𝑡 4
12
𝑃 𝑀𝐶 30 39(4.5)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − − =− − (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 𝐼 9𝑓𝑡 2 60.75
= −6.22 𝑘𝑠𝑓 > 3.525 𝑘𝑠𝑓 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦!
𝑃 𝑀𝐶 30 39(4.5)
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − + =− 2
+ = −0.44 𝑘𝑠𝑓
𝐴 𝐼 9𝑓𝑡 60.75

Assume 14 ft wide footing

𝐴 = 14(1𝑓𝑡) = 14𝑓𝑡 2

1
𝐼=( ) (1𝑓𝑡)(14𝑓𝑡)3 = 228.7 𝑓𝑡 4
12
𝑃 𝑀𝐶 30 39(7)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − − =− −
𝐴 𝐼 14𝑓𝑡 2 228.7
= −3.34 < 3.525 𝑘𝑠𝑓 − − − −𝑂𝐾𝐴𝑌!
𝑃 𝑀𝐶 30 39(7)
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − + =− 2
+ = −0.95 𝑜𝑘!
𝐴 𝐼 14𝑓𝑡 228.7

Use 14 ft footing.

Footing must be designed to resist all applicable load combinations from ACI Code,
Section 5.3.1
DESIGN OF ECCENTRIC FOOTING AND EDGE FOOTING (UNIFORM)
Situation 1. Design the edge footing using uniform pressure approach. The effective soil
pressure is 230kPa and the diameter of bar to be used is 25 mm.
Given:
PDL = 350kN MDL = 250kN-m
PLL = 250kN MLL = 150kN-m
For column: f’c = 20.7MPa fy = 400MPa
For footing: f’c = 20.7MPa fy = 420MPa

Get e:
𝑀𝑛 250 + 150
𝑒= =
𝑃𝑛 350 + 250
𝑒 = 0.67𝑚

Get Aftg for the Bprov and Lprov :

𝑃𝑛 350 + 250
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = =
𝑞𝑒 230
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = 2.61𝑚2

𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
=𝑒+
2 2

0.45
𝐿 = (0.67 + )(2)
2
L= 1.8m

𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 2.61
B= =
𝐵 1.8
B = 1.45

Therefore,
Lprov = 1.8m
Bprov = 1.5m

Get qu:
𝑃𝑢 1.2(350) + 1.6(250)
𝑞𝑢 = =
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (1.8)(1.5)
qu = 303.7037 kPa
Get “d”

For One-way Shear

X = Bprov – C
X = 1.5 – 0.45
X = 1.05m

𝑣𝑢1 = ∅𝑣𝑐1
303.7037 1
(1050 − 𝑑 )(1800) = 0.75( )(1)(√20.7)(1800)(d)
1000 6
d1 = 365.5225 mm
For Punching Shear:
𝑣𝑢2 = ∅𝑣𝑐2
303.7037 𝑑
[(1800 𝑥 1500) − (450 + 𝑑)(450 + )
1000 2
1 𝑑 𝑑
= 0.75( )(1)(√20.7)[450 + + 450 + 𝑑 + 450 + ](𝑑)
3 2 2
d2 = 305.5873 mm

Therefore, d= 365.5225mm

Get dprov :
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + 1.5𝑑𝑏

1
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 365.5225mm + 75 + 25 + (25)
2
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 478.0225 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 500 𝑚𝑚

For Longer side:

𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣(1) = 𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 − 𝑐𝑐 − 1.5𝑑𝑏
1
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 500 − 75 − 25 − (25)
2
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣(1) = 387.5𝑚𝑚
Get Mu :
L
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (L)( )
2
0.675
𝑀𝑢 = 303.7037(0.675)( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 69.1875 kN − m

Get ρ:
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝜌(420)
69.1875𝑥106 = 0.90(𝜌)(420)(1800)(387.5)2 [1 − ]
1.7(20.7)
ρ = 0.00068

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0033
420
√20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0027
4(420)

Therefore use ρ = 0.0033

Get As:
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
As = 0.0033(1800)(387.5)
As = 2301.75 mm2

Get # of bars:
𝐴𝑠 2301.75
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = = 4.69 ≈ 𝟓𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 0.25 (𝜋)(25)2

1800−(2)(75)−25
Spacing = = 𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎
4
For shorter side:
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣2 = 𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 500 − 75 − (0.5)25
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚

Get Mu :
L
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (L)( )
2
0.525
𝑀𝑢 = 303.7037 (0.525)( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 41.8542 kN − m

Get ρ:
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝜌(420)
41.8542 𝑥106 = 0.90(𝜌)(420)(1500)(412.5)2 [1 − ]
1.7(20.7)
ρ = 0.00044

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0033
420
√20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0027
4(420)
Therefore use ρ = 0.0033

Get As:
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
 As = 0.0033(1500)(412.5)
As = 2041.875 mm2

Get # of bars:
𝐴𝑠 2041.875
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 𝜋 = 4.16 ≈ 𝟓 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ( 4) (25)2

1500−(2)(75)−25
Spacing = = 𝟑𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎
4

Situation 2. Design the edge footing using uniform pressure approach. The allowable soil
pressure is 250kPa. The bottom of the footing is 1.3m below the final grade and the diameter
of bar to be used is 22 mm.Unit weight of the soil is 15. 7kN/m 3

Given: PDL = 320kN MDL = 220kN-m

PLL = 220kN MLL = 120kN-m
For column: 400x400
f’c = 21 MPa fy = 415 MPa
For footing: f’c = 21 MPa fy = 415MPa

Get e:
𝑀𝑛 250 + 150
𝑒= =
𝑃𝑛 350 + 250
𝑒 = 0.63𝑚
Assume 500 mm thickness

𝑞𝑒 = 250 −24(.5)-15.7(1.3-.5)=225.44 kPa

Get Aftg for the Bprov and Lprov :

𝑃𝑛 320 + 220
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = =
𝑞𝑒 225.44
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = 2.4𝑚2

𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
=𝑒+
2 2

0.4
𝐿 = (0.67 + )(2)
2
 L= 1.66m

𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 2.4
B= =
𝐵 1.66
B = 1.45

Therefore,
Lprov = 1.7m
Bprov = 1.5m

Get qu:
𝑃𝑢 1.2(320) + 1.6(220)
𝑞𝑢 = =
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (1.7)(1.5)
qu = 288.6275 kPa

Get “d”

For One-way Shear

X = Bprov – C
X = 1.5 – 0.4
X = 1.1m

𝑣𝑢1 = ∅𝑣𝑐1
 288.6275 1
(1100 − 𝑑 )(1700) = 0.75( )(1)(√21)(1700)(d)
1000 6
d1 = 368.5535 mm

For Punching Shear:

𝑣𝑢2 = ∅𝑣𝑐2
288.6275 𝑑
[(1700 𝑥 1500) − (400 + 𝑑)(400 + )
1000 2
1 𝑑 𝑑
= 0.75( )(1)(√21)[400 + + 400 + 𝑑 + 400 + ](𝑑)
3 2 2
d2 = 302.067 mm

Therefore, d= 368.5535mm

Get dprov :
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + 1.5𝑑𝑏

1
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 368.5535 mm + 75 + 22 + (22)
2
 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 476.5535 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 500 𝑚𝑚

For Longer side:

𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣(1) = 𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 − 𝑐𝑐 − 1.5𝑑𝑏
1
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 500 − 75 − 22 − (22)
2
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣(1) = 392 𝑚𝑚

Get Mu :
L
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (L)( )
2
0.65
𝑀𝑢 = 288.6275(0.65)( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 60.9726 kN − m

Get ρ:
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝜌(415)
60.9726 𝑥106 = 0.90(𝜌)(415)(1700)(392)2 [1 − ]
1.7(21)
ρ = 0.00063

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00337
415
√20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0027
4(415)

Therefore use ρ = 0.00337

Get As:
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
 As = 0.00337(1700)(392)
As = 2245.768 mm2

Get # of bars:
𝐴𝑠 2245.768
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 𝜋 = 5.9 ≈ 𝟔𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ( 4) (22)2

1700−(2)(75)−22
Spacing = = 𝟑𝟎𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎
5

For shorter side:

𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣2 = 𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 500 − 75 − (0.5)22
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 414 𝑚𝑚

Get Mu :
L
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (L)( )
2
0.55
𝑀𝑢 = 288.6275 (0.55)( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 43.6549 kN − m

Get ρ:
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′𝑐
𝜌(415)
43.6549 𝑥106 = 0.90(𝜌)(415)(1500)(414)2 [1 − ]
1.7(21)
ρ = 0.00044
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00337
415
 √21
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0027
4(415)
Therefore use ρ = 0.00337

Get As:
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
As = 0.00337(1500)(414)
As = 2092.77 mm2

Get # of bars:
𝐴𝑠 2092.77
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 𝜋 = 5.5054 ≈ 𝟔 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (4) (22)2

1500−(2)(75)−22
Spacing = = 𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎
5
 DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING (RECTANGULAR)
Situation 1. The total depth of the footing is 460mm with an effective depth of 376mm. The
bottom of the footing is 1.8m below the final grade. Allowable soil pressure is 96 kPa. Unit
weight of soil is 15.7 kN/m3 and that of concrete is 2400 kg/m3. F’c=20.7 MPa, fy= 414.7 MPa.
The face of the exterior column is located on the property line. Distance between two
columns, center to center is 4.6 m. Use 2001 NSCP specs.

0.46(2400)(9.81)
𝑞𝑒 = 96 − 1.34(15.7) −
1000
𝑞𝑒 = 64.13 𝑘𝑃𝑎
536 + 890
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = 22.24 𝑚2
64.13

Locate the centroid of the footing

1426𝑥 = 890(4.6) + 536(0) + 54 + 81
𝑥 = 2.96
𝐿
= 𝑥 + 0.15
2
𝐿 = 2(2.96 + 0.15)
𝐿 = 6.22
6.22𝑏 = 22.24
𝐵 = 3.58
Which of the following gives the number of 28-mm dia reinforcement needed along the
longitudinal section of the combined footing?
𝑃𝑢1 = 1.4(268) + 1.7(268) = 830.8 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑢2 = 1.4(490) + 1.7(400) = 1366 𝑘𝑁
830.8 + 1366
𝑞𝑢 = = 353.734 𝑘𝑃𝑎
6.22
𝑉𝐴 = 353.18(0.3) − 830.8 = −724.845
𝑉𝐵 = −724.845 + 353.18(2.2625) = 780.584
𝑉𝐶 = 780.584 + 353.18(0.375) − 1366 = −452.974
𝑉𝐶 = −452.974 + 353.18(1.2825) = −452.974
Shear is zero at max moment
353.18𝑦 − 830.8 = 0
Y=2.35

724.846(2.35)
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − = −851.69 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
𝑝(414.7)
851.69𝑥106 = 0.9(𝑝)(414.7)(3580)(376)2 (1 − )
1.7(20.7)
𝑝 = 0.0047
1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0034
414.7
√20.7
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0027
4(414.7)
Use p=0.0047
Get As
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0047(3580)(376) = 6327 𝑚𝑚2
Get # bars
𝐴𝑠
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
 6327
#𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 10.27 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(28)2
4
PROVIDE 11-28mmdia long bars

Situation 2. Design a rectangular combined footing for the two columns shown below. Qa=
5 ksf, f’c=3000psi, normal weight, and fy=60 ksi. The bottom of the footing is to be 6 ft below
grade.

Solution
Assume 27 in footing (d=22.5)
27 45
𝑞𝑒 = 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑓 − ( ) (150) − ( ) (100𝑝𝑐𝑓 ) = 4287 𝑝𝑠𝑓
12 12
(120𝑘 + 100𝑘 ) + (200 + 150)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 132.96 𝑓𝑡 2
4.287 𝑘𝑠𝑓
Locate center of gravity of column service loads
X from c.g of left column
(200𝑘 + 100𝑘 )(12)
= = 7.37 𝑓𝑡
(120 + 100) + (200 + 150)
=0.75+7.37=8.12 ft
Length of footing
(2 x 8.12)=16.24 ft say 16 ft 3in
 Required footing width
132.96
= 8.182 𝑓𝑡
16.25
Use 16ft3in x 8ft3in footing (A=134 ft2)
1.2(320) + 1.6(250)
𝑞𝑢 = = 5.85 𝑘𝑠𝑓
134

Depth required at one way shear

22.5
𝑉𝑢1 = 271.1 − 48.26 ( ) = 180.61 𝑘
12
𝑉𝑢1 180,610
𝑑= = = 22.2 𝑖𝑛 < 22.5𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝐾𝐴𝑌!
∅2√𝑓 ′𝑐𝑏 . 75(2)(1)√3000(8.25)(12)

Depth required for two way shear

 42.5 2
𝑉𝑢2 = 480 − ( ) (5.85) = 406.6 𝑘
12
𝑉𝑢1 406.6
𝑑= = = 14.56 𝑖𝑛 < 22.5𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝐾𝐴𝑌
∅2√𝑓 ′𝑐𝑏 . 75((4)(1)√3000(4𝑥42.5)

Vu2 at left column

29.25𝑥40.5
𝑉𝑢2 = 304 − ( ) (5.85) = 255.9 𝑘
144
𝑉𝑢1 255,900 𝑙𝑏
𝑑= = = 15.73 𝑖𝑛 < 22.5𝑖𝑛
∅2√𝑓 ′𝑐𝑏 . 75((4)(1)√3000(2𝑥29.25 + 40.5)

Design of longitudinal steel

Mu=-729.5 ft-k
𝑀𝑢 12(729500)
2
= = 194.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∅𝑏𝑑 (0.9)(99)(22.5)2
Use p= 0.00337
As=(0.00337)(99)(22.5)=7.51 in2

Say 10 #8 bars (7.85 in2)

+Mu=171.3 ft-k
𝑀𝑢 12(171300)
= = 45.6 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∅𝑏𝑑 2 (0.9)(99)(22.5)2
200
Use p= 𝑓𝑦 = 0.0033

As=(0.0033)(99in)(22.5)=7.42 in2
Use 8 #9 bars (8.00 in2)

Design of short-span steel under interior column

Assuming steel spread over width= column width+2(d/2)
=20+2(22.5/2)=42.5 in
Referring to the figure and calculating Mu
 480 𝑘
𝑞𝑢 = = 58.18
8.25 𝑓𝑡
Mu=(3.29)(58.18 k/ft)(3.29/2)=314.9 ft-k

𝑀𝑢 12(314900)
= = 195.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∅𝑏𝑑 2 (0.9)(42.5)(22.5)2
Use p=0.00339
As=(0.00339)(4.25)(22.5)=3.24 in2
USE 6 #7 bars (3.61 in2)
 DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING (TRAPEZOIDAL)
Situation 1. A trapezoidal combined footing is to be designed to carry loads P1 a and
P2 which has spacing of 5.48 m center to center as shown in the figure. Column 1
carries a dead load of 1200 kN and a live load of 816 kN while column 2 carries a dead
load of 900 kN and a live load of 660 kN. Both columns have cross sections of 460 x
460 mm. f’c =21 MPa, fy=400 MPa. Allowable bearing capacity of soil is 190 kPa. Use
NSCP 2001 specification.Compute the dimension of A and B. Compute the maximum
design moment for the trapezoidal footing on the longitudinal section.

Solution:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1200 + 816 + 900 + 660 = 3576 𝑘𝑁

∑ 𝑃𝑢 = 1.4(1200) + 1.7(816) + 1.4(900) + 1.7(660) = 5449.20 𝑘𝑁

𝑞𝑎(∑ 𝑃𝑢)
𝑞𝑢 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
190(5449.2)
𝑞𝑢 = = 289.53 𝑘𝑃𝑎
3576
𝐿 = 5.48 + 0.46 = 5.94 𝑚
(𝐴 + 𝐵)(5.94)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2
 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2.97(𝐴 + 𝐵)
5449.20
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = 18.82𝑚2
289.53

Locate the center of the area by summation of moments through the center of column 1.
5449.2(𝑦) = 𝑃2(5.48) + 𝑃1(0)
𝑦(5449.2) = 2382(5.48) + 0
𝑦 = 2.395
𝐵−𝐴 𝐿 (𝐵 − 𝐴)(𝐿)
𝐴1 = ( )=
2 2 4
(𝐵 − 𝐴)(𝐿)
𝐴2 =
4
𝐴3 = 𝐴𝐿
𝐴𝑥̅ = 𝐴1𝑥1 + 𝐴2𝑥2 + 𝐴3𝑥3
(𝐴 + 𝐵 )𝐿 (𝐵 − 𝐴 )𝐿 𝐿 (𝐵 − 𝐴 )𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑥̅ = ( )+ ( ) + 𝐴𝐿 ( )
2 4 3 4 3 2
(𝐵 − 𝐴 )𝐿 (𝐵 − 𝐴 )𝐿
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥̅ = + + 𝐴𝐿
6 6
(𝐵𝐿 − 𝐴𝐿)
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥̅ = + 𝐴𝐿
3
(𝐵𝐿 + 2𝐴𝐿)
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥̅ =
3
𝐿 𝐵 + 2𝐴
𝑥̅ = [ ]
3 𝐴+𝐵
 0.46
𝑥̅ = 2.395 + = 2.625 𝑚
2
5.94 𝐵 + 2𝐴
2.625 = [ ]
3 𝐴+𝐵
1.326(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝐵 + 2𝐴
0.326𝐵 = 0.674 𝐴
𝐴 = 0.484 𝐵
𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 = 2.97(𝐴 + 𝐵)
18.82 = 2.97(𝐴 + 𝐵)
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 6.337
0.484𝐵 + 𝐵 = 6.337
𝐵 = 4.27 𝑚
𝐴 = 0.484(4.27)
𝐴 = 2.07 𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎

Maximum design moment of the footing:

 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 @𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑓1 = 289.53(4.27) = 1236.3
𝑚

𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 @𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑓2 = 289.53(2.07) = 599.3
𝑚
By ratio and proportion:
𝑥 637
=
𝑦 5.94
𝑦 = 107.24𝑥
Location of maximum moment (shear is zero)
𝑥𝑦
3067.2 + − 1236.3(𝑥 ) = 0
2
𝑥(107.24𝑥 )
3067.2 + − 1236.3(𝑥 ) = 0
2
𝑥 2 − 23.06𝑥 + 57.20 = 0
𝑥 = 2.83𝑚
𝑦 = 107.24 (2.83)
𝑘𝑁
𝑦 = 303.49
𝑚
2.83 𝑥𝑦 𝑥
𝑀 = 1236.3(2.83) ( ) − 3067.2(2.6) − ( )
2 2 3
1236.3(2.83)2 𝑥𝑦 𝑥
𝑀=( ) − 3067.2(2.6) − ( )
2 2 3

1236.3(2.83)2 2.83(303.49)(2.83)
𝑀=( ) − 3067.2(2.6) −
2 6

𝑴 = −𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
 GEOTECHNICAL ASPECT OF PILES

Situation 1. A 0.30 m. x 0.30 m concrete pile 22 m. long is driven in a clayey soil having an
unconfined compressive strength of 110kN/m2. The unit weight of clayey soil is 18kN/m3.
Frictional constant is 0.76 due to skin friction. Assume a factor of safety equal to 2.0 and a
bearing capacity factor Nc = 9.
1) Compute the capacity if pile due to skin friction only
2) Compute the end bearing capacity of pile
3) Compute the design capacity of the concrete pile.

CAPACITY OF PILE DUE TO FRICTION ONLY:

𝑄𝑓 = ∝ 𝑃 𝐶 𝐿
1
𝐶= 𝑞
2 𝑢
1
𝐶= (110) = 55 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2
𝑄𝑓 = (0.76)(4)(0.30)(55)(22)

𝑸𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵

END BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES:

𝑄𝑏 = 𝐶 𝑁𝑐 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝

𝑄𝑏 = 55(9)(0.3)(0.3)
𝑸𝒃 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑵

DESIGN OF CAPACITY:
𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑏
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
1103.52 + 44.55
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
2
𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟓𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑵
Situation 2. A 0.36 square prestressed concrete pile is to be driven in a clayey soil having an
unconfined compressive strength of 110 kPa. Allowable capacity of the pile is 360 kN with a
factor of safety of 2. Unit Weight of clay is 18kN/m3. bearing capacity factor Nc = 9. Use β =
0.28.
1) Compute the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile
2) Compute the ultimate frictional capacity of the pile
3) Compute the length of the pile

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY:

𝜎𝑏 = 𝐶 𝑁𝑐 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝
110
𝜎𝑏 = (9)(0.36)(0.36)
2
𝝈𝒃 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵

ULTIMATE FRICTIONAL CAPACITY:

𝜎𝑏 +𝜎𝑓
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹.𝑆
64.152+𝜎𝑓
360 = 2

𝝈𝒇 = 𝟔𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵

LENGTH OF PILE:
𝜎𝑓 = 𝑃 𝐿 𝐹𝐴𝑉𝐸

𝐹𝐴𝑉𝐸 = 𝛽 𝜎𝐴𝑉𝐸
18𝐿
𝜎𝐴𝑉𝐸 = = 9𝐿
2

655.848 = 4(0.36)(𝐿)(0.28)(9𝐿)
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟕 𝒎
Situation 3. A steel pile having a diameter of 460 mm is required to carry an allowable load
of 670 Kn. The steel pile is to be filled with concrete after driving. The pile is driven as shown
on the soil profile. Use factor of safety = 3.

1) Compute the ultimate bearing capacity of pile

2) Compute the pile length required to carry the load using α method,

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES:

𝜎𝑏 = 𝐶 𝑁𝑐 𝐴𝑃
𝜋
𝜎𝑏 = (0.46)2 (55)(9)
4
𝝈𝒃 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵

LENGTH OF PILE:
𝜎𝑏 +𝜎𝑓
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹.𝑆
82.26+𝜎𝑓
670 = 3

𝜎𝑓 = 1927.74 𝑘𝑁

𝜎𝑓 = ∑ 𝛼 𝐶 𝐿

1927.74 = 0.98(30)𝜋(0.46)(6) + 0.88(55)𝜋(0.46)(𝐿 − 6)

𝑳 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝒎
Situation 4. The pile group shown in the figure consists of 12 piles, each 0.4 m in diameter,
arranged in a 3 x 4 matrix. The pile penetrates a soft clay (L1 = 2m, cu1 = 20 kPa), a medium
dense clay (L2 = 6m, cu2 = 60 kPa), and a stiff clay (L3 = 4m, cu3 = 95 kPa). Assume Nc = 9 and
use α = 1 for soft and medium dense clay, α = 0.5 for stiff clay. Determine the capacity of the
pile group based on single pile failure mode.

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝑝 = 𝜋𝐷 = 𝜋(0.4) = 1.257 𝑚

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 , 𝐴1 = (0.4)2 = 0.1257 𝑚2
4
𝑄𝑓 =∝1 𝑐𝑢1 𝑝 𝐿1 +∝2 𝑐𝑢2 𝑝 𝐿2 + ∝3 𝑐𝑢3 𝑝 𝐿3

𝑄𝑓 = 1(20)(1.257)(2) + 1(60)(1.257)(6) + 0.5(95)(1.257)(4)

𝑄𝑓 = 741.63 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑏 = 𝑁𝑐 (𝑐𝑢𝑏 )𝐴𝑏 = 9(95)(0.1257)

𝑄𝑏 = 107.4735 𝑘𝑁
𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑏 = 741.63 + 107.4735

𝑄𝑢 = 849.1035 𝑘𝑁
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 12 𝑥 𝑄𝑢 = 12 𝑥 849.1035
𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵
Situation 5. A circular pile having a diameter of 0.30 m is L m. long which is embedded
through a layer of 4.2 m. thick of clay into a dense compact sand having a bearing capacity
factor Ng = 78. Unit weight of clay is 12 kN/m3 and saturated unit weight of sand is 18 kN/m3.
Water table is located at the tops of the sand layer. Lateral pressure factor for compression
Khc = 1.20 and coefficient of friction of concrete pile is 0.42. the allowable capacity of the pile
is 300 kN. Use a factor of safety of 3. Compute the ultimate skin frictional capacity of the pile.

𝜎𝑏 = 𝑃𝑣 𝑁𝑞 𝐴𝑃
𝜋
𝜎𝑏 = (0.30)2 (99.54)(78)
4
𝜎𝑏 = 548.8133 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑢 = 300(3)
𝑄𝑢 = 900 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑏

𝑄𝑓 = 𝑄𝑢 − 𝑄𝑏

𝑸𝒇 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵