Ce AU ict eee unit 1 INFINITIVE / GERUND Form Use Example Tnlintive | * to verb Both iainitive and gerund [> To sur the net is children’s Tavourite pastime. + Nerb (without | can be used as subject or | © We should help youths flourish. to) ‘complement of verb. : + Drawing Tay HODDY. Gerund | Verb+ing © My hobby is drawing. J _ MODALS = = ‘PRESENT FORM | PAST FORM FUNCTION Examples can = may could rahe Dossy | We ean atend Tre show fyou Fine tie wail would Tequesting assistance | Will you Tend me the last comic show of Gad Eimaleht would rather Showing preference | Td rather watch Tom and Jeny than Mickey mowse- Tave to, must fae ‘Obligalion “certainly | Students have to respect school rules, ‘ought tofhould = Talisabiliy | You ought to revise your lessons before atest.) TECGAT = Tack oF neces | Stdlonts need ake Their books ding exam ys. ont have To= T didn’t have to ee ohbiien | They mustn't cheat in the exam. must re ‘cerainty The actors face is reddish, He must have felt embarassed. [nro + st] Pos Wie Bean Tea playing Today. canfmay [revit spas panne | FoSSPAY/ probability |e could / might be tired. i ——— THE PAST PERCET Form Use Example aoe = Ta Clary onder OF iva past actions |= Tradl phoned Jamaal Dejore TWent out patticipleyhad been} * ! reported speech * Steve told me that he had been away for the whole week. een patiple | ¢ In conditional type three + If had worked hard, I would have got the prize. = To express a past wish * I wish | had gone with you! —— THE FUTURE PERFECT Form Use I Example Will have +past_| To describe an event that has not yet happened |T will have finished my study by the end of june. participle but is expected or planned to happen before another stated time. —— THE PASSIVE VOICE Form Use Example WHER TTS TOT TECESSATY TO MERTON THE A rriate form ae a doer of the action. past participle | When we don know, or have TorgoTFen | Women’s conditions have been improved recently, who did the action. when we are interested more in the| Many medals were awarded to Moroccan action than in the person who does it,_| women athletes. When a speaker disclaims responsibility for | The vase has been broken! (Instead of | have disagreeable announcements, broken the vase.) 168 ‘The house has been cleaned.‘Unit 6 (Ciieimcice sue ete —— PHRASAL VERBS Form Use Example Verb preposition | A phrasal v See 4 | The man took off his hat to greet the Princess, — REPORTING SPEECH: STATEMENTS, Q! Use To describe a conversation that took place in the past NB: When the reporting verb isin the Unit LINKING WORDS. Linking words present, there fino change in tenses UESTIONS, COMMANDS IN PRESENT AND PAST Example She told me that she had participated in a forum about citizenship, When to use them and, also, as well as, moreover, further, in addition, additionally, next, secondl [Similarly Tkewise, inthe sameway, equally | tomakecompansons———SSSCS~S—~S To add information or ideas or emphasise a statement although, however, yeu but, dexpie To make concession ‘whereas, in contrast, while, conversely Tor ihis reason, to this end, for this purpose, because, since, 0 Wat 2s, as a cONSEqUENCE, as a Tes, Tor example, for instance, in other word, such as to show contrast 1 provide reasons T-explain results to provide examples ‘as has been noted, finally, In bret h shor, to sumnmarise, Consequently, therefore, in conclusion, so, in other words, accordingly To draw conclusions Unit — CONDITIONAL TYPE 3 + WISHES CONDITIONAL TYPE 3 Form Use Example IF past perfect + | lo describe hypothetical conditions in Ifthe leaders had been wiser, the war wouldn’t |, would have + past | the pastand the results that the speaker have broken out. E participle imagines were possible WISHES — Form Use Example Twistvl wishedat | * 10 express past wishes | « My grandfather wishes he had had a cell phone in his childhood. only + past perfect | ¢ To express regret * Ifonly there hadn't been many victims inthe second world war. noun or pronoun, they are not set off by commas. lon-restrictive (independent) clauses supply additional information but are not essential to the meaning of the sentence, they are set off by commas. ST 169 ‘Unit —_ RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES Use Example Restrictive ( clauses limit the meaning of a | My brother who graduated from the faculty of medicine emigrated to Canada. ‘My brother, who graduated from the faculty of medicine, emigrated to Canada,