ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

ALTERNATING CURRENT

SYNOPSIS I or E

Introduction : When a resistor is connected

across the terminals of a battery, a current is
established in the circuit. The current has a unique
direction, it goes from the positive terminal to the
negative terminal via the external resistor. The
magnitude of the current also remains almost
constant. This is called direct current (dc).
If the direction of the current in a resistor or in any
other element changes alternately, the current is
called an alternating current (ac). In this chapter,
we shall study the alternating current that varies
sinusoidally with time.
ALTERNATING CURRENT(A.C.)
• Electric current, which keeps on changing in
magnitude and direction periodically is defined as
alternating current.
• It obeys Ohm’s law and Joule’s heating law.
It is produced using the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
• Graphical representations for alternating quantities
can be represented in the form of the following
graphs.
ALTERNATING VOLTAGE (A.V)
• The voltage, which changes in magnitude and
direction with respect to time is defined as
alternating voltage.
• The alternating voltage in general use is
sinusoidal voltage. It is produced by rotating a coil
in a uniform magnetic field with uniform angular
velocity.
I or E

t

t

Square form of ac
ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING
CURRENT OVER DIRECT
CURRENT
• The cost of generation of ac is less than that of dc.
• ac can be conveniently converted into dc with the
help of rectifiers.
• By supplying ac at high voltages, we can minimise
transmission losses or line losses.
• ac is available in a wide range of voltages. These
volatages can be easily stepped up or stepped
down with the help of transformers.
DISADVANTAGES OFALTERNATING
CURRENT OVER DIRECT CURRENT
• ac is more dangerous than dc.
• ac is transmitted more by the surface of the
conductor. This is called skin effect. Due to this
reason that several strands of thin insulated wire,
instead of a single thick wire, need be used.
• For electrorefining,electro - typing electroplating,
only dc can be used but not ac.
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE OF
CURRENT OR VOLTAGE (I or E)
• The value of current or voltage in an ac circuit at
any instant of time is called its instantaneous value.
• Instantaneous current,
I  I 0 sin t (or) I  I 0 sin(t  )
• Instantaneous voltage,
E  E 0 sin  t (or) E  E 0 sin( t  )
Where ( t   ) is called phase
I or E

sinusoidal form of ac E 0 or I 0
Positive half cycle

t or 
  
+ + + O T/4
I or E _
T/2
Negative
half cycle
T

Triangular form of ac

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 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

AMPLITUDE OF A.C. ( PEAK (+) Between A and C

I or E or
VALUE) (I0) or ( I m ): B
Iavg  0
A C and B
c) C
Eavg  0
It is the maximum value of A.C. The value of A.C. t
(-)

Note: Average value of a function F  t  over a period

becomes maximum twice in one cycle.
FREQUENCY OF A.C. (f)
• It is the number of cycles completed by A.C. in
of T is given by
one second.

 F t  dt
T TIME PERIOD OF A.C. (T)

T 0
 F  t   Favg   F  t dt
T • It is the time taken by A.C. to complete one cycle.
1

 dt
0
T f = 1/ T
MEAN SQUARE VALUE OF A.C. < I2 >
0
I02
• < I2 > =
1  cos 2 t  1
Eg:-  sin t 
2
2
: 2 R.M.S. VALUE (Irms) or EFFECTIVE
 sin 2t  0 ;  cos 2t  0
2
VALUE (I) or VIRTUAL VALUE OF A.C.
It is the square root of the average of squares
AVERAGE VALUE OF A.C. < I > of all the instantaneous values of current over
• The value of current at any instant ‘t’ is given by one complete cycle.
I  I0 sin t . T T

 I 2 .dt  I0 .sin
2 2
• The average value of a sinusoidal wave over one t.dt
complete cycle is given by 2
I rms  0  0
T T
T T
 dt
 I .dt  I 0 sin t.dt 0

I avg  0
 0
0 T
T T
I 02 1 cos 2t  I2  sin 2t T
 dt  dt 
T  
 2
 dt  0
 2T
t 


2  0
0
0 0
For half cycle: I02 I0
 ;  I rms   0.707 I 0

 Idt I sin t dt
T
2
T
2 2 2

I     0.636 I 0
0 • It is equal to that direct current which produces

2I 0

 dt  dt
0 0
T
2
T
2 same heating in a resistance as is produced by the
A.C. in same resistance during same time.
0 0
MEAN SQUARE VALUE OF A.C. < I2 >
I avg  63.7% of I 0 I02
• < I2 > =
Eavg   0.637 E0  63.7% E0
2


2 Eo
• Similarly FORM FACTOR
rms value
(+) Form factor = average value over half cycle
I or E Between A and B,
B Iavg = 0
A
Note: a) t Eavg = 0 I rms E
(-) Form factor   rms
I avg Eavg
(+) A
Between A and B, I0 2I 0
I or E Iavg = 0 We know that I rms  and Iave 
b) t Eavg = 0 2 
(-) B

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 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

W  E0 I 0 cos  X
I0   T
 Form factor     1.11
2 2I0 2 2 2
Note : Average power over complete cycle,

Pavg   cos 
• ac ammeter and voltmeter read the r.m.s value W E0 I 0
i.e., effective value of alternating current and T 2

cos   Erms I rms cos 

voltage respectively.
• ac can be measured by using hot wire ammeters
or hot wire voltmeters because the heat generated
is independent of the direction of current.
• ac produces the same heating effects as that
of dc of magnitude i = irms
• ac is more dangerous than dc of same voltage.
100V ac means Erms  100V , E0  100 2 V
W.E-1: You have two copper cables of equal length
100V dc is equivalent to Erms
• ac can be produced by the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
Sol: For transporting d.c.., both the wires are equally
POWER IN ac CIRCUITS :
In dc circuits power is given by P = VI. But in ac
circuits, since there is some phase angle between
voltage and current, therefore power is defined as
the product of voltage and that component of the
current which is in phase with the voltage.
Thus P = EI cos  , where E and I are r.m.s. values
W.E-2: If the voltage in an ac circuit is represented
of voltage and current.

E0 I 0
2 2
c) Apparent or virtual power : The product
of apparent voltage and apparent current in an
electric circuit is called apparent power. This is
always positive.
EI
Papp  E rms I rms  0 0
2
for carrying current. One of them has a single
wire of area of across section A, the other has
ten wires each of cross section area A/10. Judge
their suitability for transporting ac and dc.
suitable, but for transporting a.c., we prefer wire
of multiple strands.ac is transmitted more by the
surface of the conductor. This is called skin effect
.Due to this reason that several strands of thin
insulated wire, instead of a single thick wire, need
be used.

V  220 2 sin  314t    volt calculate (a)

by the equation.
Power factor:The quantity cos  is called power
factor.
a) In stantaneous power : Suppose in a circuit peak and rms value of the voltage, (b) average
voltage, (c) frequency of ac.
E = E0 sin t and I  I 0 sin t   then

V  V0 sin  t    ; The peak value

Sol: (a) As in case of ac,
Pinstantaneous = EI = E0I0 sin t sin t  

V0  220 2  311V and as in case of ac.

b) Average power (True power) : The average
of instantaneous power in an ac circuit over a

Vrms  ;Vrms  220V ; (b) In case of ac

full cycle is called average power. Its unit is watt V0
i.e. 2

 P.dt  P.dt Vavg  V0   311  198.17V

; W   P.dt
T T

 
2 2
Pavg   
T
W

 dt
0 0

(c) As   2 f , 2 f  314
T
t T
0
0

W  E0 I 0 cos   sin tdt  0 0 sin   sin 2tdt i.e, f   50 Hz

2 
T
EI
T 314
2

0
2 0

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 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

W.E-3: A current is made of two components a dc • RESISTANCE (R) It is the opposition offered
component i 1 = 3A and an ac component by a conductor to the flow of direct current.
i 2  4 2 sin t . Find the reading of hot wire • IMPEDANCE (Z) It is the opposition offered by
ammeter? a conductor to the flow of alternating current.
Sol: i  i1 +i2  3  4 2 sin  t | alternating emf |
Z = | alternating current |
T T

 3  4 
2


peak value of alternating voltage
i 2 dt 2 sin t dt = peak value of AC
2
irms  0
T
 0

T RMS value of alternating voltage

 dt = RMS value of AC
0

T • ADMITTANCE(Y): Reciprocal of impedance of

2
rms
1
T 0

i   9  24 2 sin t 32sin2 t dt  a circuit is called admittance of the circuit.
1
admittance (Y) =
 irms = 5A Z
S.I. Unit:ohm-1 i.e. mho or siemen.
W.E-4: If a direct current of value a ampere is • PHASE: The physical quantity which represents

I  b sin t flowing through a wire, what is

superimposed on an alternating current both the instantaneous value and direction of A.C.
at any instant is called its phase.
the effective value of the resulting current in • It is dimensionless quantity and its unit is Radian
the circuit? • Phase Difference: The diffrerence between the
phases of current and voltage is called Phase
dc
I I difference.

E  E0 sin  t  1  and i  i0 sin  t  2 

ac • If alternat ing emf and current are

a b
=?
then phase difference is   1  2
t t

• The quantity varies sinusoidally with time and

Sol: As current at any instant in the circuit will be,
I  I dc  I ac  a  b sin  t
can be represented as projection of a rotating
vector, is called as phasor.
• A diagram, representing alternating emf and
T 2 
  I dt 
1
2
current (of same frequency) as rotating

 
  0T    
 
1 vectors (Phasors) with phase angle between
  
T

 
2
1

  dt 
2 them is called as phasor diagram.
 
I eff a b sin t dt
So, T 0
 0 

0   
1 2
1

i.e, I eff       
T

T 
2 2 2
a 2b sin t b sin t dt

But as

 sin t dt  0 and  sin 2 t dt 

1 T 1 T 1
T 0 T 0 2 • In the above figure , OA and OB represent two

 1 
  a2  b2 
1/ 2 rotating vectors having magnitudes E0 and I0 in anti

 2 
So, I eff clock wise direction with same angular velocity ‘  ’.
• OM and ON are the projections of OA and OB

PINEGROVE 63
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

instantaneous current I  I 0 sin t   

on Y-axis respectively.
•


• OM = E and ON = I, represent the instantaneous
 
where    ; Current leads emf by
values of alternating emf and current.
• BOA   represents the phase angle by which  2 2
current I0 leads the alternating emf E0.
E

E and I
• The phasor diagram, in a simple representation I
is t
Y Y O

I
I
E
 
t 
X E=E 0 sin t ; I  I 0 sin t    where   2
Current lags emf by  /2
O X O
•

emf leads current by  /2

WE-5: Use a phasor diagram to represent the sine or
waves in the following Figure.
A.C THROUGH A RESISTOR
• A pure resistor of resistance R is connected
across an alternating source of emf
R

Sol:The phasor diagram representing the sine waves is ~

shown in figure.The length of each phasor represents E=E0 sin t
the peak value of the sine wave.
• The instantaneous value of alternating emf is E =
E0 sin t
• The instantaneous value of alternating current is

I   sint   I 0 sin t
E E0
R R

Peak value of current, I 0 

E0
•
Note:If e.m.f (or voltage) in A.C. is E = E 0 sin t and •
R

the current I = I0sin  ωt+φ  Where phase

Phasor diagrams:
I,E E.m.f
Y
difference φ is Positive if current leads,Negative if Current


current lags and zero if current is inphase with the
t
3
2

emf (or voltage). O
2 2
I
E and I

E O X
I E

emf and current will be in phase    0 

t
O

instantaneous emf is E=E 0 sin t

• emf and current have same frequency
• • Peak emf is more than peak current
• The value of impedance (Z) is equal to R and
64 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

reactance (X) is zero Phase difference between alternating voltage

• Apart from instantaneous value, current in the 
circuit is independent of frequency and decreases and current is
2
with increase in R (similar to that in dc circuits).
• The alternating current lags behind the emf

R=constt. f =constt
slope
I
I0 1 by a phase angle of
2
Irms R
2 • Phasor diagram
Irms  or f R I, E
E.m.f VL
Current
POWER
• power factor cos   cos 0  1  3

Instantaneous power Pi  Eo I o sin  t t


2

2 2
2
• O
2
• Average power over time ' T ' sec = LL

Pavg  Erms I rms cos   Erms . I rms 

2
E rms
R INDUCTIVE REACTANCE (XL)
• The opposition offered by an inductor to the flow
A.C THROUGH AN INDUCTOR
The quantity  L is analogous to resistance and is
of ac is called an inductive reactance.
• A pure inductor of inductance L is connected
across an alternating source of emf E •
L
called reactance of Inductor represented by XL .
• It allows D.C. but offers finite impedance to the
flow of A.C.
• Its value depends on L and f.
~ • Inductance not only causes the current to lag
E=E0 sin t
behind emf but it also limits the magnitude of
• The instantaneous value of alternating emf is E
= E0 sin t ...........(1)
current in the circuit.

I0   L  0  X L ,
L
E0 E
The induced emf across the inductor =  L.
dI • I0
•
 X L   L  2 fL  X L f ; X L  f curve
dt
which opposes the growth of current in the circuit.
X L  L curve
 dI 
As there is no potential drop across the circuit, so
E    L.   0 or L.  E
 
dI
dt dt Y Y

 sin t ; On integrating
dI E0
dt L
 slope = tan = 2L slope = tan = 2f
..........  2 

I  cos t  I 0 sin  t    
E0
L  2
XL XL
X X
• The instantaneous value of alternating current f L

For dc, f  0  X L  0
is
 
 I  I0 sin  t  
•
 2
For ac, high frequencies, X L  
E 0  E0  dc can flow easily through inductor..
Where Peak value of current, I 0 
L X L • Inductive reactance in terms of RMS value is
• From equation 1 & 2

PINEGROVE 65
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III


 C E0 cos t  I 0 sin  t   ............... 2 

X L   L  rms I
E dq
Irms dt  2
Power supplied to inductor • The instantaneous value of alternating current is
 
I  I 0 sin  t   ...............(2)
• The instantaneous power supplied to the inductor
 
PL  iv  i0 sin   t    v0 sin  t   2
 2
is
I0 
E0

sin  2 t 
 1 
 i0v0 cos t  sin t   
where peak value of current,
 
 C 
i0 v0
2
• From equation 1 & 2

  90
So, the average power over a complete cycle is
Pavg  Erms . I rms cos   0 current leads the emf by an angle .

sin  2 t   0
2

i0 v0 PHASOR DIAGRAM

Since the average of sin  2t  over a complete

2 I,E E.m.f IC
Current

cycle is zero. 3 /2

 t
2
Thus, the average power supplied to an inductor O  2
2
over one complete cycle is zero.
VC
A.C THROUGH A CAPACITOR
• When an alternating emf is applied to a capacitor, CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (XC)
then alternating current is constituted in the circuit. • The resistance offered by a capacitor to the flow of
Due to this, charge on the plates and electric field ac is called capacitive reactence.
between the plates of capacitor vary sinusoidally

C
with time. 1
• The quantity is analogous to resistance and is
• At any instant the potential difference between the
plates of a capacitor is equal to applied emf at called reactance of capacitor represented by X C
that time.
I0   XC    0  rms
E0 E E
 C 2 fC I 0
1 1
 1 
 
C

 C 
I rms

• It is the part of impedance in which A.C. leads the


~ A.V. by a phase angle of .
E=E0 sin t
2

Its value is Xc  
1 1
C 2fC
• A capacitor of capacity C is connected across • .
an alternating source of emf
• Its value depends on C and f.
• The instantaneous value of alternating emf is E
= E0 sin t ...................(1)
• It bypasses A.C. but blocks D.C.
• It is produced due to pure capacitor or induced
• Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any instant. charge.
X C  f curve
Accoding to kirchhoff’s loop rule
•
E   0  q  CE0 sin t X C  C curve
q
C
q=CE=CE0 sin t

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 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

C = const  = const WE-8: An inductor of 1 henry is connected across

a 220 v, 50 Hz supply. The peak value of the
XC XC current is approximately.
Sol: Peak value of current
 or f
2  220 
Note: Resistance, Impedance and Reactance have the i0  0     0.99 A
C

L 2 fL
E 2 Erms 2 Erms
XL 2  50 1
i.e. SI unit is ohm; Dimensional Formula is WE-9: A capacitor of 2 F is connected in a radio
same units and Dimensional Formulae.

 ML2T 3 A2  circuit. The source frequency is 1000 Hz. If

Power supplied to capacitor: the current through the capacitor branch is

Pc  iv  i0 cos t  v0 sin t 

• The instantaneous power supplied to the capacitor 2 mA then the voltage across the capacitor is

Sol: VC  IX C  I  
C 2 fC
is 1 I

 i0 v0 cos t  sin t  ; sin  2 t 

i0 v0
2 103
  0.16V
2
2 103  2 106
So, the average power over a complete cycle is

since  sin  2t   0 over a complete cycle.

zero
A.C THROUGH LR SERIES CIRCUIT

Pavg  Vrms . I rms cos   Vrms . I rms cos 90  0

• LR circuit consists of a resistor of resistance R

 no power is consumed in a purely

capacitive circuit.
E  200 2 sin 100t  volt is connected to a
WE-6: An alternating voltage
and an inductor of inductance L in series with a
source of alternating emf
• The instantaneous value of alternating emf is
E  E 0 sin t

1 F capacitor through an ac ammeter. What

L R

Sol: Comparing E  200 2 sin 100t  with

VL VR
will be the reading of the ammeter?
E

E  E0 sin t ; E0  200 2V and   100  rad / s 

~

• The potential difference across the inductor is

given by, VL  IXL
XC    104 
.....(1)
C 100  106
1 1

VR  IR
• The potential difference across the resistor,

I rms     20 mA 
Erms E0 200 2 .....(2)
Z 2XC 2 104 current I lags the Voltage VL by an angle of ,
WE-7: Find the maximum value of current when 2
Therefore, the resultant of VL and VR is
OC  OA 2  OB2 or E  VR  VL
a coil of inductance 2H is connected to 150V,
2 2
50 cycles / sec supply.
Sol: Here L  2H, Erms  150 V , f  50 Hz
X L  L  L  2f = 2 2 3.14 50 = 628 ohm y

RMS value of current through the inductor , B C

Erms 150
Irms    0.24A
XL 628 XL
(or) E
Maximum value (or peak value) of current is given VL
I0
by I r m s 
2
or 
I0  2 Irms  1.414 0.24  0.339A x
VR (or) R A
I

PINEGROVE 67
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

Using equations ( 1 ) and (2), we get VC  IX C .....(i)

E  I R  I XL  I R  XL 
2 2 2 2 2 2

where X L  L is the inductive reactance. • The current leads emf by an angle

2
when ac flows

or I 
E
R2  XL
through capacitor.
2 .....(3)

I
Z LR ; Z LR  R  X L  R  L 
E
2 2 2 2 2 • The potential difference across the resistor,
VR = IR .....(ii)
The effective opposition offered by LR circuit to
• The emf and current are in phase when ac flows
ac is called the impedance of LR circuit.
Let  be the angle made by the resultant of VL
through resistor.
Phasor diagram.
and VR with the X-axis, then from figure, we get
tan     
I
AC OB VL IX L O
VR (or) R A

X L L
X
OA OA VR IR
or tan   
R R VC
(or)
E
Note: In series LR circuit, emf leads the current or XC

angle 
the current is said to lag behind the emf by an
B C
 Current in L-R series circuit is given by -Y

E E • In figure VC is represented by OB along negative

I  0 sin(  t   )
Z LR Z LR Y - axis and the current I is represented along
(or) I  I 0 sin(  t   ) X - axis.
Note:
Z LR  R  L   R  L  4  f .
• VR is represented by OA along X - axis.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
•
• The resultant potential difference of VC and VR is
Thus Z LR increases with the frequency of ac, so
ZLR is low for lower freqeuncy of ac and high for represented by OC.
higher frequency of ac • Also, the emf and current are in phase when ac
• The phase angle between voltage and current flows through the resistor. So, VR is represented
increases with the increase in the frequency of ac by OA along X-axis.
C-R SERIES CIRCUIT WITH • Therefore, the resultant potential difference of VC
ALTERNATING VOLTAGE and VR is represented by OC and is given by
• Let an alternating source of emf E =E0 sin  t is OC  OA 2  OB2 or E  VR  VC
2 2

connected to a series combination of a pure

Using equations (i) and (ii), we get
capacitor of capacitance (C) and a resistor of
E  I2R 2  I2XC  I R 2  XC
2 2
resistance (R) as shown in figure (a)
C R
or I  E E
R  XC
2 2 
Z CR
VC VR
From the above equations of I and E, we have

Z CR  R  X C
 1 
2
2  R  
 C 
2 2
~
E

• Let I be the r.m.s value of current flowing through Where Z CR is the effective opposition offered by
the circuit. The potential difference across the
capacitor, the CR circuit to ac, which is the impedance of
CR circuit.

68 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

Let  be the angle made by E with X-axis • The current I leads VC by an angle  / 2 .
tan    
AC VC IX C
OA VR IR • The voltage VL and VC are represented by OB and

or tan   
XC I
R CR
OC respecitvely.

In series CR circuit, emf lags behind the current or Y

in other words, the current is said to lead the emf
by an angle  given by the above equation.
B

VL
 Current in C-R series circuit is given by
E E
I  0 sin( t   )
Z CR Z CR O X
I
(or) I  I0 .sin(t   )
Note: C
VC
• The resultant potential difference of VC and VR is
-Y
represented by OC Impedance of CR circuit.
Z CR  R 2  X C  R 2  2 2
1
C
V  VL  VC  I  X L  X C 
2
The resultant P.D of VL and VC is

 R2 
1
4 2 f 2C 2
 1 
 I  L   IZLC
• The resultant potential difference of VC and VR is  C 
represented by OC For very high frequency (f)
of ac. Z  R and for very low frequency of ac,
• From the above equations, Impedance of

Z
L -C circuit is
 1 
Z LC   L  
 C 
• Phase angle between voltage and current is given
by
tan   
1 1
C  R 2  fCR If  L  i.e, X L  X C then VL  VC potential
C
1
increases, phase angle  decreases.
•
As
difference V  VL  VC .
f

L - C SERIES CIRCUIT WITH

ALTERNATING VOLTAGE • Now current lags behind voltage by  / 2 .
Let an alternating source of emf E  E0 sin  t is
If  L  then VL  VC resultant potential
•
C
1
•

difference V   VC  VL
connected to the series combination of a pure
capacitor of capacitance (C) and an inductor of

Now current leads emf by  / 2 .

inductance (L) is shown in fig.
L C

If  L  then Z   L  0
C C
VL VC
1 1

Current I  
~
E
E

• Let I be the rms value of current flowing in the circut Z

The P.D across ‘L’ is VL  I . X L

•
• The current I lags VL by an angle  / 2 .
• The P.D across capacitance is VC  I . X C .
voltage and current is always  / 2 .
In L - C, circuit, the phase difference between
Power factor cos   cos  / 2  0 .
So, power consumed in L - C circuit is

PINEGROVE 69
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

P  Vrms  I rms  cos   0 V ac of 50 Hz is applied to the same coil, only

 In L - C circuit no power is consumed.

0.5 amp flows. Calculate the resistance and
inductance of the coil.
Note: Sol: In case of a coil, i.e, L - R circuit,

I  with Z  R2  X L 2  R2   L 2
In L - C, circuit, the impendence Z   L 
V
C
1
•
So when dc is applied,   0, so Z  R
Z

Current I  and hence I  , i.e, R    100

E V V 100
.
Z R I 1
So, the impedence and current varies with and when ac of 50 Hz is applied.

I  , i,e. Z    200
frequency. V V 100

At a particular angular frequency,  L 

C
1 Z I 0.5
but Z  R 2   2 L2 , i.e,  2 L2  Z 2  R 2
•

and current I 
E
becomes maximum  I 0  and i.e,  2 fL   2002  1002  3  104
2

3  102
Z
L  H  0.55H
2  50 
resonance occurs. 3

At resonance Z  0 and I 0   .
E0 WE-12: A 10µF capacitor is in series with a 50
Z resistance and the combination is connected

Resonant angular frequency 0 

to a 220V, 50 Hz line. Calculate (i) the
1 capacitive reactance, (ii) the impedance of the
LC circuit and (iii) the current in the circuit.
Sol: Here, C  10F  10  10 6  10 5 F
Resonant frequecny f 0  R  50 ohm, E rms  220V,   50Hz ,
1
2 LC
.
(i) Capacitive reactance,
XC    = 318.5 
WE-10: A 0.21 H inductor and a 12 ohm resistance 1 1 1
are connected in series to a 220 V. 50 Hz ac C 2 C 2  3.14  50  10 5
source. Calculate the current in the circuit (ii) Impedance of CR circuit.
and the phase angle between the current and ZCR  R 2  X C   50    318.5  322.4
2 2 2

the source voltage .

(iii) Current, I rms  
E rms 220
Sol: Here
X L   L  2 fL  2  50  0.21  21 
= 0.68A
Z CR 322.4
WE-13: A coil has an inductance of 0.7 H and is
joined in series with a resistance of 220  .
Z  R 2  X L  122   21   144  4348
2 2
When an alternating e.m.f of 220 V at 50 cps
is applied to it, then the wattless component
Z  4492  67.01 ; I  Z  67.02  3.28 A
V 220
X L  L 2  50  0.7
of the current in the circuit is

Sol: tan     1
X   21 
  tan 1  L   tan 1  
R R 220
 R   12    45, Z  R 2  X L2  2202  2202
The current will lag the applied voltage by an angle  220 2
 21  Wattless component of currnet  I v sin 
tan 1  .
 12 
 sin 45    0.5 A
Ev 220 1
WE-11: When 100 volt dc is applied across a coil, Z 220 2 2
a current of 1 amp flows through it; when 100

70 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

Let  be the phase angle between E and I, then

A.C THROUGH LCR SERIES CIRCUIT
• A circuit containing pure inductor ofinductance (L), •
pure capacitor of capacitance (C) and resistor of
from Phasor diagram
V  VC IX L  IX C X  XC
tan   L 
resistance (R), all joined in series, is shown in figure.
• Let E be the r.m.s value of the applied alternating  L

 1 
emf to the LCR circuit. VR IR R

 L  C 
tan    
R
I  Current in L-C- R series circuit is given by
E E
I   0 sin( t   )
Z Z
• The potential difference across L, (or) I  I0 .sin(t   )

VL  IX L
• If XL and XC are equal then Z = R i.e.,
.....(i) expression for pure resistance circuit.
If XL = 0 then Z  R 2  X C 2 i.e., expression
VC  IX C .....(ii)
• The potential difference across C,
for series RC circuit.

VR  IR Similarly if XC = 0 then Z  R 2  X L i.e.

• The potential difference across R,
2
.....(iii) •
PHASOR DIAGRAM expression for series RL circuit.
Also, cos  
R
Y

Case (i) : If X L  X C then  is +ve. In this case

Z
B
D L
VL
(VL-VC) the current lags behind the emf by a phase
1 XL  XC 
 angle   Tan  
or E

 
(XL-XC)
O X R

Case (ii) : If X L  X C then  is -ve. In this case

VR or R A I
VC
C
the current leads the emf by a phase angle
 X  XL 
  Tan 1  C
-Y


• Since VL and VC are in opposite phase, so  R 
Case (iii): If X L  X C then  is 0. In this case the
their resultant (VL –VC) is represented by OD
(Here VL > VC)
• The resultant of VR and (VL–VC) is given by OL. current and emf are in phase.
If X L  X C , then the circuit will be inductive

 OA 2   OD 2 ;  VR 2   VL  VC 
The magnitude of OL is given by •

OL 
2
• If X L  X C , then the circuit will be capacitive

 I R2   XL  XC 
2 • If X L  X C , then the circuit will be purely

Z  R2   X L  XC 
resistive.
E 2
• The LCR circuit can be inductive or capacitive
I or purely resistive depending on the value of
 Impedance (Z) of LCR circuit is given by

Z  R2  XL  XC 
frequency of alternating source of emf.
At some frequency of alternating source, X L  X C
2
•
and for some other frequency, X L  XC . There

E
 1 
E
R   L 
 I
C 
2 exists a particular value of frequency where

R  X L X C 
2 2 ; 2

PINEGROVE 71
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

X L  XC XC  X L
 tan    tan 45  1
(This situation is
explained under resonance of LCR series circuit
 X C  X L  R or X C  X L  R
R
)


Note:Relation between applied pd & pd’s across

  L  R 
  
1
C
the components in L - C - R circuit 1 C
or L R
L C R L C R

C
2 f  2 fL  R 
1
VL VC VR VL VC VR

WE-15: In a series LCR circuit, the voltage across

~
the resistance, capacitance and inductance is
V E
10V each. If the capacitance is short circuited
For ‘dc’ For ‘ac’ then the voltage across the inductance w i l l

V  IZ
be
Sol: As VR  VL  VC ; R  X L  X C
V = VR + VL + VC

Z  R ; V  IR  10 volt

 I R2   X L  X C   IR  2   IX L  IX C 
(only before steady state)

; 
When capacitor is short circuited,
Z  R 2  X L2  R 2  R 2  R 2
2 2

V 2 = VR 2 + VL - VC 
2

New current, I '  V / Z 


where VL  IX L  I  L and VC  IX C 
V 10

C
I
R 2 R 2
Potential drop across inductance
10  R 10
 I ' XL  I 'R  
and VR = IR
volt
Note: Rules to be followed for various combinations R 2 2
of ac circuits

200
• Compute effective resistance of the circuit as R WE-16 : An inductance of mH . a capacitance

10 3
• Calculate the net reactance of the circuit as
X  X L  X C where X L   L , C 
C 
1 F and a resistance of 10 are
X . of
• Resistance offered by all the circuited elements connected in series with an AC source of 220
to the flow of ac is impedance ( Z ) V, 50 Hz. The phase angle of the circuit is
200  103
Sol: Here, L  mH  H
  
200 0.2
 Z  R 2  X 2  R 2  X L  X C 
2
H

103
C F , R  10 ; Ev  220V , n  50 Hz
E0
Calculate the peak value of current as I0 

•
Z
• The phase difference between emf & current can
X L   L  2 nL  2  50   20 

be known by constructing an ac triangle as 0.2


X
tan  

XC     10
R

C 2 nC 2  50 103
X
1 1

 X L  X C   20  10  1   
Z sin  
X Z

tan  
R
co s  
 Z
 ;
WE-14: In a circuit L, C and R are connected in WE-17: In a series LCR circuit, R  200 , the
R R 10 4

series with an alternating voltage source of voltage and the frequency of the main supply
frequency f. The current leads the voltage
is 220 V and 50 Hz. respectively. On taking
by 45 . The value of C is :
out the capacitance from the circuit, the current
Sol: As current leads the voltage by 45 ,
lags behind the voltage by 30 .On taking out

72 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

the inductor from the circuit, the current Power dissipated / cycle  Ev I v cos 

E R E 
leads the voltage by 30 . The power
 E0  v    v   R
2
dissipated in the LCR circuit is
Sol: Here, R  200, Ev  220V  Z Z  Z 

In L -R circuit, tan 30   

   3  0.744W
3
XL 15
R  2  21.3 

In C - R circuit, tan 30 

XC WE-19: A 750 Hertz - 20 volt source is connected
R to a resistance of 100 ohm, an inductance of
0.1803 henry and a cpacitance of 10 F , all in
 L  C or X L  X C
X X
series. What is the time in which the resistance
(Thermal capacity  2 joule/ C ) will get
R R
In L - C - R circuit, if  is the phase difference
between voltage and current, then heated by 10C ?
X L  XC Sol: Here, v  750 Hz, Ev  20V , R  100 
tan     0    0
0
L  0.1803 H , C  10 F  105 F , t  ?
R 200

  10C , thermal capacity  2J/C

i.e., current and voltage are in the same phase.

 Average power  Ev  Iv cos    0 X L   L  2 vL  2  3.14  750  0.1803

Ev2
R

 220  XC  
C 2  750  105
 21.2 
1 1
  242 W
2

Z  R2   X L  X C 
200
2
WE-18: An LCR circuit has L = 10 mH. R = 3 ohm
and C  1 F connected in series to a source
of 15 cos t volt. What is average power  1002   850  21.2   835 
2

Power dissipated  Ev I v cos 

dissipated per cycle at a frequecny that is 10%
lower than the resonant requency?
Sol: Here, L  102 H , R  3, C  106 F  E  R  20  100
 Ev  v      0.0574W
835 
2

 Z  Z 
2
Resonant frequency,

0 
1

1
 10 4 rad/s Heat produced in resistance  2 10  20J
10  10
2 6

Actual frequency,    90%  0

LC If t is the required time, then

P  t  20  t    348s
20 20

 9  103 rad/s
P 0.0574

X L   L  9  10  10  90 
RESONANT FREQUENCY
3 2
Electrical Resonance Series L-C-R Circuit

XC    
Electrical resonance is said to take place in a series
 C 9  10  10
1 1 1000
3 6 LCR circuit, when the circuit allows maximum
9

Z  R2   X C  X L 
current for a given frequency of alternating supply,
2
at which capacitive reactance becomes equal to the
inductive reactance.
 100 
 3   90   21.3 
2 The current (I) in a series LCR circuit is given by

 9 
2

PINEGROVE 73
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

unwanted frequencies. They are used in transmitters

I 
E E and receivers of radio, television and telephone
 1 
R 2   L 
C 
Z 2


.....(i) carrier equipment etc.
RESONANCE IN L - C CIRCUIT :
From the above equation (i), it is clear that current At resonance ,
I will be maximum if the impedance (Z) of the circuit a) Net reactance X = 0
is minimum. X L  XC
At low frequencies, L   L  2  f is very small and c)
b)
Impedance Z = 0

1 1 E0
C  C  2 f
is very large. d) peak value of current I0  

Resonant frequency f 0 
Z
1
2 LC
1 e)
At high frequencies, L is very large and is
C
very small. 
For a particular frequency (f0), L  
1 f) Voltage and current differ in phase by
C
i.e. 2
X L  X C and the impedance (Z) of LCR circuit
g) Power factor cos   0
is minimum and is given by Z = R.
RESONANCE IN L - C - R CIRCUIT :
At resonance,
Therefore, at the particular frequency ( f0 ), the
X L  XC
a) Net reactance X = 0
current in LCR circuit becomes maximum. The b)
frequency ( f0 ) is known as the resonant c) Impedance Z = R ( minimum )
E0 E0
frequency and the phenomenon is called electrical d) peak value of current I0   ( maximum but
resonance. Z R
not infinity )
Resonant frequency f 0 
Again, for electrical resonance (XL–Xc) = 0. 1
2 LC
i.e. XL = XC e)
or L   2 
1 1
C power factor cos   1
f) Voltage and current will be in phase

  2f 0  
LC
or  
g)
1 1
h) Resonant frequency is independent of value of R.
LC LC i) A series L - C - R circuit behaves like a pure
or f 0 
1 resistive circuit at resonance.
2  LC
.....(ii)
HALF POWER FREQUENCIES AND
This is the value of resonant frequency. BAND WIDTH.
The resonant frequency is independent of the • The frequencies at which the power in the circuit is
resistanace R in the circuit. However, the sharpness half of the maximum power (The power at
of resonance decreases with the increase in R. resonance) are called half power frequencies.
Series LCR circuit is more selective when resistance
of this circuit is small. Pmax
Y

R3>R2>R1
I0

R1 P Pmax
R2 P=
I 2
R3
.
1 2 3 V
O X
f0
f

Note: Series LCR circuit at resonance admit maximum •
current at particular frequencies, so they can be
used to tune the desired frequency or filter
The current in the circuit at half power frequecies
(HPF) is 1 2 or 0.707 or 70.7% of maximum
current (current at resonance).

74 PINEGROVE
 Table for values of different parameters for different components applied to ac

JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

PINEGROVE

Parameter R-L circuit R-C circuit L-C circuit L-C-R circuit

1) Input emf E = E0 sin t E = E0 sin t E = E0 sin t E = E0 sin t


2) Resulting current I = I0 sin (t – ) I = I0 sin (t + ) I = I0 sin t  2 I = I0 sin (t  )

3) Resistance R R 0 R

X = XL = L X = L – X = L –
C C C
–1 1 1
4) Net reactance X = XC =

Z = R2 + (L)2 Z = L – Z = R2 + L –
2 2 2

C C C
1 1 1
5) Impedance Z = R2 +

E0 E0 E0 E0
6) Peak value of current I0 = Z I0 = Z I0 = Z I0 = Z

L  = 90°
 = tan–1  = tan–1  = tan–1
XL – XC
RC

ALTERNATING CURRENT
7) Phase diff. between –1
E&I R R

I lags E by  I lags E by 
by 
8) Lead / lag If XL > XC , I Lags E If XL > XC , I lags E
by 90°
If XL < XC , I leads E
by 
If XL > XC , I lags E
by 90°
If XL = XC , E and I are
by 
If XL > XC , I lags E
in phase
75
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

• There are two half power frequencies WATTLESS CURRENT:

1  called lower half power frequency. At this In an ac circuit , R  0  cos   0 so
frequency the circuit is capacitive. Pav  0, i.e.., in resistanceless circuit the power
3  called upper half power frequency. It is consumed is zero, Such a circuit is called the
greater than  2 . At this frequency the circuit is wattless circuit and the current flowing is called
the wattless current.

Band width    : The difference of half power

inducitve. Or
• The component of current which does not
frequencies 1 and  2 is called band width
contribute to the average power dissipation is

   and   3  1.
called wattless current.
wattless current = I rms sin 

   R / L 
• For series resonant circuit it can be proved CHOKE COIL:
• Choke coil (or ballast) is a device having high
inductance and negligible resistance.
QUALITY FACTOR (Q - FACTOR) OF • It is used to control current in ac circuits and is
SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT. used in fluorescent tubes.

determined by the quality factor  Q  factor  of the

• The characteristic of a series resonant circuit is • The power loss in a circuit containing choke coil is
least.
• In a dc circuit current is reduced by means of a
circuit.
It defines sharpness of i  v curve at resonance
rheostat.This resutls in a loss of electrical energy
•
when Q  factor is large, the sharpness of resonance I 2 R per sec.
curve is more and vice - versa. Iron core

R=0 Starter
Q- factor =infinity
Choke
R = Very low Coil of Cu wire ~ coil
Q- factor = large ~ L, R
i R = low Choke coil Application of choke coil
Q- factor = normal
R = High • It consists of a copper coil wound over a soft iron
Q- factor = low laminated core. This coil is put in series with the
V0 V circuit in which current is to be reduced.
Resonance curve

Q  factor also defined as follows

• Soft iron is used to improve inductance (L) of the
• circuit.

Q  factor  2 
• The inductive reactance or effective opposition of
the choke coil is given by X L   L  2 vL
Maximum energy stored

For an ideal choke coil r  0 , no electric cnergy is

energy dissipation
2 Maximum energy stored
•
  wasted, i.e., average power P = 0.
T Mean power dissipated • In actual practice choke coil is equivalent to a
Resonant frequency 0 R  L circuit.
 
Band width  • Choke coil for different frequencies are made by

VC 0 L
using different substances in their core.
Q  factor  V or V  R or  CR
VL 1 • For low frequency L should be large thus iron core
R R 0 choke coil is used. For high frequency ac circuit, L
Should be small, so air cored choke coil is used.
 Q  factor 
1 L • The choke coil can be used only in ac circuits not in
R C

76 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

dc circuits, because for dc frequency v  0 . Hence

I   0.5 A, R    200
X L  2 vL  0.
P 50 V 100
V 100 I 0.5
• Choke coil is based on the principle of wattless Let L be the inductance of the choke coil

 Iv   or Z  v   400 
current. Ev E 200

The current in the circuit I 

E Z Iv 0.5
• with
Now X L  Z 2  R 2  4002  200 2
Z

Z  R  r    L 
 L  100  2 3
2 2
.

200 3 200 3 200 3 2  1.732

• The power loss in the choke
pav  Vrms I rms cos   0 L


2 v

100

3.14
 1.1H

as cos   Z  2  0
LC OSCILLATIONS
r   2 L2  L
r r r
A capacitor (C) and an inductor (L) are connected
as shown in the figure. Initially the charge on the
WE-20: An ideal choke coil takes a current of 8 capacitor is Q
ampere when connected to an AC supply of
100 volt and 50 Hz. A pure resistor under the
same conditions takes a current of 10 ampere.
If the two are connected to an AC supply of
150 volts and 40 Hz. then the current in a series
combination of the above resistor and inductor
is

 Energy stored in the capacitor U E 

Sol: For pure inductor, Q2
XL    
E0 100 25 2C
Iv 8 2 The energy stored in the inductor, UB = 0.
The capacitor now begins to discharge through the
L  ;L   
inductor and current begins to flow in the circuit.
2 2  2  50 8
25 25 25 1
H
2 As the charge on the capacitor decreases, U E

R   10 decreases but the energy U B  LI in the

1 2
V 100
2
I 10 magnetic field of the inductor increases. Energy is
For the combination, the supply is 150 v, 40 thus transferred from capacitor to inductor. When
Hz the whole of the charge on the capacitor disappears,

 X L   L  2  40 
the total energy stored in the electric field in the
 10
8
1 capacitor gets converted into magnetic field energy
in the inductor. At this stage, there is maximum

Z  X L2  R 2  102  10 2  10 2ohm
current in the inductor.
Energy now flows from inductor to the capacitor
except that the capacitor is charged oppositely. This
Iv   A
Ev 150 15 process of energy transfer continues at a definite
A
Z 10 2 2 frequency (v). Energy is continuosly shuttled back
and forth between the electric field in the capacitor
WE-21 :An electric bulb has a rated power of 50 and the magnetic field in the inductor.
W at 100 V. If it is used on an AC source of If no resistance is present in the LC circuit, the LC
200 V, 50 Hz, a choke has to be used in series oscillation will continue infinitely as shown.
with it. This choke should have an inductance
of
Sol: Here, P  50W , V  100volt

PINEGROVE 77
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

external force requred to produce a unit

+q0 displacement of mass
t * In L - C oscillations current is the analogous quantity
-q0
for velocity of the mass in mechanical oscillations
* In L - C oscillations energy stored in capacitor is
However in an actual LC circuit, some resistance
analagous to potential energy in mechanical
is always present due to which energy is dissipated
oscillations
in the form of heat. So LC oscillation will not
* In L - C oscillations energy stored in inductor is
continue infinitely with same amplitude as shown.
+q0
analogous to kinetic energy of the mass in
mechanical oscillations
t * In L - C oscillations maximum charge on capacitor
q0 is analogous to amplitude in mechanical

 As Vmax = A  in mechanical oscillations,

-q0 oscillations

I 0  q0 0 in L- C oscillations
Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any *
di
time t and be the rate of change of current.
dt Analogies between Mechanical and Electrical Quantities
Since no battery is connected in the circuit, Mecha nical System Electrical System

 L.  0
but i  
q di Mass m Inductance L
dq Force constant k Reciprocal capacitance 1/C
c dt dt Displacement x Charge q
from the above equations, we get Velocity v = dx/dt Current I = dq/dt

L 2 0 2  q0
q d 2q d 2q 1 Mechnical energy Electromagnetic
energy
C dt dt LC

 2 x = 0
d2 x Energy of LC Oscillations: Let q0 be the
The above equation is analogus to initial charge on a capacitor. Let the charged
dt 2
(differential equation of S.H.M) capacitor be connected to an inductor of

Hence on comparing   

inductance L. LC ciruit will sustain an oscillations
1 1
with frequency (  2 f 
2
1
LC LC ) At an instant t,
2f   f 
1 1 LC
2 LC by; q(t )  q0 cos t ; i   q0 sin t
charge q on the capacitor and the current i are given
LC
The charge therefore oscillates with a frequency
f 
Energy stored in the capacitor at time t is

cos2 (t )
1
2 LC U E  CV 2  
and varies sinusoidally with time. 1 1 q 2 q02
2 2 C 2C
COMPARISON OF L - C OSCILLATIONS Energy stored in the inductor at time t is
U M  Li 2
WITH SHM : The L - C oscillations can be 1
compared to S.H.M of a block attached to a spring 2

In L - C oscillations  0   Lq0  sin t   0 sin 2 (t )(  2 

1 1 2 2 2 q2 1
* )
LC 2 2C LC

In Mechanical oscillations  0 
K Sum of energies

UE UM  (cos 2 t  sin 2  t )  0 \

* where K is q02 q2
m
the spring constant 2C 2C
1  V

C  q 
As q0 and C, both are time independent, this sum
* In L - C oscilations tells us the potential of energies stored in capacitor and induc
tor is constant in time. Note that it is equal to the
difference required to store a unit charge
 F
initial energy of the capacitor.
* In a mechanical oscillation K    tells us the
x

78 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

So   P  100
TRANSFORMER P
out
• A transformer works on the principle of mutual

 P  PL  100
in
induction.
  100  in
 Pout  PL 
•` It is a static device that is used to increase or Pout
decrease the voltage in an AC circuit. Pin
• On a laminated iron core two insulated copper coils
called primary and secondary are wound. • In an ideal transformer the input power is equal to
• Primary is connected to an alternating source of the output power. V1I1 = V2 I2
emf, By mutual induction, an emf is induced in the The efficiency of an ideal transformer is 100%.
secondary. LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER:
VOLTAGE RATIO: • The losses in a transformer are divided in to two
• If V1 and V2 are the primary and secondary voltages types. They are copper losses and iron losses.
in a transformer, N1 and N2 are the number of turns • The loss of energy that occurs in the copper coils
in the primary and secondary coils of the of the transformer (i.e. primary and secondary coils)
 1.
V1 N is called ‘copper losses’. These are nothing but joule
transformer, then heating losses where electrical energy is converted
V2 N2
in to heat energy.
• I n a transformer the voltage per turn is the same
The loss of energy that occurs in the iron core of
in primary and secondary coils.
the transformer (i.e. hysteresis loss and eddy current
• The ratio N2/N1 is called transformation ratio.
loss) is called ‘iron losses’.
• The voltage ratio is the same as the ratio of the
number of turns on the two coils. MINIMIZING THE LOSSES IN A
CURRENT RATIO: TRANSFORMER:
• If the primary and secondary currents are I1 and I2 • The core of a transformer is laminated and each
respectively, then for ideal t ransformer lamination is coated with a paint of insulation to
reduce the ‘eddy current’ losses.
  2
V2 I1 N
. • By choosing a material with narrow ‘hysteresis
V1 I 2 N1
loop’ for the core, the hysteresis losses are
• In an ideal transformer the ampere turns are the minimized.
same in primary and secondary coils.
If N s  N P voltage is stepped up, then the •
Uses of transformer:
• A transformer is used in almost all ac operations,
transformer is called step - up transformer.
If N s  N P voltage is stepped down, then the •
e.g
• In voltage regulators for TV, refrigerator, computer,
transformer is called step - down transformer. air conditioner etc.
• In step - up transformer, VS  VP and I S  I P • In the induction furnaces.

In step - down transformer, VS  VP and I S  I P

• Step down transformer is used for welding
• purposes.
• Frequency of input a.c is equal to frequency of • In the transmission of ac over long distnace.
output a.c • Step down and step up transformers are used in
EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER ( )
• Transformation of voltage, is not possible with d.c electical power distribution.
• Audio Frequency transformers are used in
Effeiciency is defined as the ratio of output power radiography, television, radio, telephone etc.
and input power.
• Radio frequency transformers are used in radio
Efficiency 
output power communication.
input power WE- 22: A transformer having efficiency 90% is
    
Pout Vs is working on 100 V and at 2.0 kW power. If the
i.e., % 100 100 current in the secondary coil is 5A, calculate
Pin VP iP
For an ideal transformer Pout  Pin so
(i) the current in the primary coil and (ii)
• voltage across the secondary coil.
  100% (But efficiency of practical transformer Sol: Here   90%  9 , I  5A , E  100V,
s p
lies between 70% - 90 %) 10
For practical transformer Pin  Pout  Plosses

PINEGROVE 79
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

(i) E p I p  2kW  2000W 2. The average e.m.f during the positive half
cycle of an a.c. supply of peak value E0 is
1) E0 /  2) E0 / 2 3) E0 / 2 4) 2 E0 / 
2000 2000
Ip  or I p   20A
Ep 100
3. Alternating current is transmitted to distant
Output power E s I s
(ii)    or E s I s   E p I p places at
Input power Ep Ip 1) high voltage and low current
1800 1800 2) high voltage and high current
9
  2000  1800W  E s    360 volt 3) low voltage and low current
10 Is 5
4) low voltage and high current
WE-23:A step up transformer operates on a 230 V 4. In case of a.c circuit, Ohm’s law holds good
line and a load current of 2 ampere. The ratio for
of the primary and secondary windings is 1 : a) Peak values of voltage and current
25. What is the current in the primary ? b) Effective values of voltage and current
Sol: Using the relation c) Instantaneous values of voltage and current
1) only a is true 2) only a and b are true
NP I N I
 S ; IP  S S 3) only c is true 4) a, b and c are true
NS IP NP 5. In case of AC circuits the relation V = i Z,
Here N p / Ns  1 / 25 (or) Ns / N p  25 / 1 = 25 where Z is impedance, can directly applied to
and IS = 2A 1) peak values of voltage and current only
2) rms values of voltage and current only
Current in primary, I P  25 2  50A 3) instantaneous values of voltage and current only
SKIN EFFECT: 4) both 1 and 2 are true
• A direct current flows uniformly throughout the cross 6. Alternating current can not be measured by
section of the conductor. direct current meters, because
• An alternaitng current, on the other hand, flows 1) alternating current can not pass through an
mainly along the surface of the conductor. This ammeter
2) the average value of current for complete cycle
effect is known as skin effect. is zero
• When alternating current flows through a conductor, 3) some amount of alternating current is destroyed
the flux changes in the inner part of the conductor in the ammeter
are higher. 4) peak value of current is zero
• Therefore, the inductance of the inner part is higher 7. The r.m.s. value of potential due to

potentials E1 = E0 sin t and E2 = E0 cos t

than that of the outer part. Higher the frequency of superposition of given two alternating
alternating current, more is the skin effect.

wire is called skin depth   .

• The depth upto which ac current flows through a will be
1) E0 2) 2E0 3) E 0 2 4) Zero

 R  VR I  2 cos(t  ) A in a circuit, the r.m.s. value

8. If the instantaneous values of current is
R
VR2 2

VR  rated voltage, PR  rated power 

PR of current in ampere will be
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 2 4) zero
9. If a capacitor is connected to two different A.C.
generators, then the value of capacitive
C.U.Q reactance is
1) directly proportional to frequency
2) inversely proportional to frequency
INSTANTANEOUS, PEAK,R.M.S & 3) independent of frequency
AVERAGE VALUES OF A.C AND A.V 4) inversely proportional to the square of frequency
1. In an ac circuit the current 10. In general in an alternating current circuit
1) is in phase with the voltage 1) the average value of current is zero
2) leads the voltage 2) the average value of square of the current is zero
3) lags the voltage 3) average power dissipation is zero
4) any of the above depending on the circumstances 4) the phase difference between voltage and current
is zero

80 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

A.C ACROSS R-L,R-C,L-C & the current

L-C-R SERIES CIRCUIT 1) leads the voltage by 180º
2) lags the voltage by 90º
11. The magnitude of induced e.m.f in an LR circuit 3) leads the voltage by 90º
at break of circuit as compared to its value at 4) remains in phase with the voltage
make of circuit will be 21. A bulb is connected first with dc and then ac of
1) less 2) more same voltage.Then it will shine brightly with
3) some times less and some times more 1) AC 2) DC 3) Equally with both
4) nothing can be said 4) Brightness will be in ratio 1/14
E = E 0 sin  t and I = I0 sin ( t   ) . This AC
12. The emf and current in a circuit are such that 22. A capacitor of capacity C is connected in A.C.
circuit. If the applied emf is V = V0 sin t ,
circuit contains. then the current is
 
1) I  0 sin t 2) I  C0 sin  t  2 
1) R and L 2) R and C 3) only R 4) only C V
L
V
 
13. The correct graph between the resistance of a
 
3) I  V0 C sin t 4) I  V0C sin  t  2 
conductor with frequency is
 
1) Y 2) Y

R R
23. At low frequency a condenser offers
1) high impedance 2) low impedance
f X f X 3) zero impedance
4) impedance of condenser is independent of
3)
Y
4)
Y frequency
R R 24. Statement ( A ) : The reactance offered by an
inductance in A.C. circuit decreases with
f X f X
increase of AC frequency.
14. Same current is flowing in two alternating Statement ( B ) : The reactance offered by a
circuits. The first circuit contains only capacitor in AC circuit increases with increase
inductance and the other contains only a of AC frequency.
capacitor. If the frequency of the e.m.f. is 1) A is true but B is false
increased, the current will 2) Both A and B are true
1) increase in first circuit and decrease in the other 3) A is false but B is true
2) increase in both circuits 4) Both A and B are false
3) decrease in both circuits 25. Statement ( A ) : With increase in frequency of
4) decrease in first circuit and increase in the other AC supply inductive reactance increases.
15. When an a.c source is connected across a Statement ( B ) : With increase in frequency
resistor of AC supply capacitive reactance increase
1) The current leads the voltage in phase 1) A is true but B is false
2) The current lags behind the voltage in phase 2) Both A and B are true
3) The current and voltage are in same phase 3) A is false but B is true
4) The current and voltage are out of phase 4) Both A and B are false
16. The phase angle between current and voltage 26. In an A.C circuit having resistance and

2)  3)  / 4 4)  / 2
in a purely inductive circuit is capacitance
1) zero 1) emf leads the current
17. Ratio of impedence to capacitive reactance has 2) current lags behind the emf
1) no units 2) ohm 3) ampere 4) tesla 3) both the current and emf are in phase
18. An inductor coil having some resistance is 4) current leads the emf.
connected to an AC source. Which of the 27. Select the correct options among the following:
following have zero average value over a cycle In an R-C circuit

I = I0sin ( wt   )
1) induced emf in the inductor only a) instantaneous A.C is given by
2) current only 3) both 1 and 2 4) neither 1 nor 2
19. The current does not rise immediately in a
the emf by a phase angle  .
b) the alternating current in the circuit leads
circuit containing inductance

c) Its impedance is R 2  ( c) 2
1) because of induced emf

d) Its capacitive reactance is  c

2) because of high voltage drop
3) both 1 and 2 4) because of joule heating
20. In an AC circuit containing only capacitance 1) a, b are ture 2) b, c, d are true
3) c, d are true 4) a, c are true

PINEGROVE 81
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
28. If the frequency of alternating e.m.f. is f in L-
C-R circuit, then the value of impedance Z will
change with log (frequency) as
1) increases
2) increases and then becomes equal to
resistance, then it will start decreasing
3) decreases and when it becomes minimum equal
to the resistance then it will start increasing
4) go on decreasing
29. An inductance and resistance are connected
in series with an A.C circuit. In this circuit
P.d across the inductance by  /2
1) the current and P.d across the resistance lead
behind the P.d across the inductance by angle  /2
2) the current and P.d across the resistance lags
3) The current across resistance leads and the P.d
inductance by  /2
across resistance lags behind the P.d across the
4) the current across resistance lags behind and the
inductance by  /2
P.d across the resistance leads the P.d across the
30. An LCR circuit is connected to a source of
alternating current. At resonance, the applied
voltage and the current flowing through the
1)  / 4 3)  4)  / 2
circuit will have a phase difference of
2) zero
31. The incorrect statement for L-R-C series
circuit is
1) The potential difference across the resistance and
the appleid e.m.f. are always in same phase
2) The phase difference across inductive coil is 900
3) The phase difference between the potential
difference across capacitor and potential difference
across inductance is 900
4) The phase difference between potential
difference across capacitor and potential difference
across resistance is 900
32. In series L - C - R resonant circuit, to increase
the resonant frequency
1) L will have to be increased
2) C will have to be increased
3) LC will have to be decreased
4) LC will have to be increased
33. If in a series L - C - R ac circuit, the voltages
across R, L, C are V1 ,V2 ,V3 respectively. Then
the voltage of applied AC source is always
equal to
2) V12  (V2  V3 )2
1) V1 +V2 +V3
4) V12  (V2  V3 ) 2
3) V1 -V2 -V3
34. In non-resonant circuit, the nature of circuit 41.
for frequencies greater than the resonant
frequency is 42.
1) resistive 2) capacitive
3) inductive 4) both 1 and 2
82
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III
35. The phase difference between voltage and
2)  / 4 always
current in an LCR series circuit is
3) 
1) zero always
4) between 0 and  / 2
36. In an LCR a.c circuit at resonance, the current
1) Is always in phase with the voltage
2) Always leads the voltage
3) Always lags behind the voltage
4) May lead or lag behind the voltage
37. An inductance L and capacitance C and
an AC source of angular frequency  . If
resistance R are connected in series across
2 
1
then
LC
1) emf leads the current
2) both the emf and the current are in phase
3) current leads the emf
4) emf lags behind the current
38. Consider the following two statements A and
B and identify the correct answer.
A) At resonance of L - C - R series circuit, the
reactance of circuit is minimum.
B) The reactance of a capacitor in an A.C
circuit is similar to the resistance of a capacitor
in a D.C. circuit
1) A is true but B is false
2) Both A and B are true
3) A is false but B is true
4) Both A and B are false
39. Choose the wrong statement of the following.
1) The peak voltage across the inductor can be
less than the peak voltage of the source in an LCR
circuit
2) In a circuit containing a capacitor and an ac
source the current is zero at the instant source voltage
is maximum
3) When an AC source is connected to a
capacitor,then the rms current in the circuit gets
increased if a dielectric slab is inserted into the
capacitor.
4) In a pure inductive circuit emf will be in phase
with the current.
40. The essential difference between a d.c. dynamo
and an a.c. dynamo is that
1) a.c. has an electromagnet but d.c. has a
permanent magnet
2) a.c. will generate a higher voltage
3) a.c.has slip rings but the d.c. has a commutator
4) a.c. dynamo has a coil wound on soft iron, but
the d.c. dynamo has a coil wound on copper
The unit of impedence is
1) ohm 2) mho 3) ampere 4) volt
The power factor of a.c. circuit having L and R
connected in series to an a.c. source of angular
PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III
frequency  is given by
R 2  2L2 L
R R
R  L L
1) 2)
2 2 2 3) 4)
R R
43. The capacitor offers zero resistance to
1) D.C. only 2) A.C. & D.C.
3) A.C. only 4) neither A.C. nor D.C.
44. Power factor is defined as
1) apparent power/true power
2) true power/apparent power
3) true power (apparent power)2
4) true power x apparent power
TRANSFORMER
45. The core of a transformer is laminated so that
1) energy loss due to eddy currents may be reduced
2) rusting of the core may be prevented
3) change in flux may be increased
4) ratio of voltage in the primary to that in the
secondary may be increased
46. A step up transformer is used to
1) increase the current and increase the voltage
2) decrease the current and increase the voltage
3) increase the current and decrease the voltage
4) decrease the current and decrease the voltage
47. A transformer changes the voltage
1) without changing the current and frequency
2) without changing the current but changes the
frequency
3) without changing the frequencybut changes the current
4) without changing the frequency as well as the current
48. A step up transformer is connected on the primary
side to a rechargable battery which can deliver a
large current. If a bulb is connected in the
secondary, then
1) the bulb will glow very bright
2) the bulb will get fused
3) the bulb will glow, but with less brightness
4) the bulb will not glow
49. The ratio of primary voltage to secondary
voltage in a transformer is ‘n’. The ratio of
the primary current to secondary current in the
transformer is
1) n 2) 1/n 3) n2 4) 1/n2
50. In a step down transformer, the number of
turns in the primary is always
1) greater than the number of turns in the secondary
2) less than the number of turns in the secondary
3) equal to the number of turns in the secondary
4) either greater than or less than the number of
turns in the secondary
51. The transformer ratio of a step up transformer
is
1) greater than one 2) less than one
PINEGROVE
ALTERNATING CURRENT
3) less than one and some times greater than one
4) greater than one and some times less than one
52. A stepup transformer develops 400V in
secondary coil for an input of 200V A.C. Then
the type of transformer is
1) Steped down 2) Steped up 3) Same
4) Same but with reversed direction
53. Assertion(A) : If changing current is flowing
through a machine with iron parts, results in
loss of energy.
Reason(R): Changing magnetic flux through
an area of the iron parts causes eddy currents.
1)Both A and R are individually true and R is the
correct explanation of A
2)Both A and R are individually true but R is not
the correct explanation of A
3)A is true but R is false
4)Both A and R are false
54. Transformers are used in
1) d.c circuits only 2) a.c. circuits only
3) Both a.c and d.c circuits 4) Integrated circuits.
55. The magnitude of the e.m.f. across the
secondary of a transformer does not depend
on
1) The number of the turns in the primary
2) The number of the turns in the secondary
3) The magnitude of the e.m.f applied across the
primary
4)The resistance of the primary and the secondary
56. For an ideal transformer ratio of output to the
input power is always
1) greater than one 2) equal to one
3) less than one 4) zero
57. Consider the following two statements A and
B and identify the correct answer.
A) In a transformer a large alternating current
at low voltage can be transformed into a small
alternating current at high voltage
B) Energy in current carrying coil is stored in
the form of magnetic field.
1) A is true but B is false
2) Both A and B are true
3) A is false but B is true
4) Both A and B are false
58. Statement ( A ) : Flux leakage in a transformer
can be minimized by winding the primary and
secondary coils one over the other.
Statement ( B ) : Core of the transformer is
made of soft iron
59. Statement (A ) : In high current low voltage
windings of a transformer thick wire is used to
minimize energy loss due to heat produced
Statement ( B ) : The core of any transformer
83
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
is laminated so as to reduce the energy loss
due to eddy currents
60. Statement ( A ) : Step up transformer converts
low voltage, high current to high voltage, low
current
Statement (B) : Transformer works on both ac
and dc
61. To reduce the iron losses in a transformer, the
core must be made of a material having
1) low permeability and high resistivity
2) high permeability and high resistivity
3) low permeability and low resistivity
4) high permeability and low resistivity
62. Maximum efficiency of a transformer depends
on
1) the working conditions of technicians.
2) weather copper loss =1/2 x iron loss
3) weather copper loss = iron loss
4) weather copper loss =2 x iron loss
of angular frequency 
63. For a LCR series circuit with an A.C. source
1) circuit will be capacitive if  
1
LC
2) circuit will be inductive if  
1
LC
3) power factor of circuit will be unity if capacitive
reactance equals inductive reactance
4) current will be leading voltage if   LC
1 average power consumed is zero
64. The value of current in two series L C R circuits
at resonance is same when connected across
a sinusoidal voltage source. Then
1) both circuits must be having same value of
capacitance and inductance
2) in both circuits ratio of L and C will be same
3) for both the circuits X L / XC must be same at
that frequency
4) both circuits must have same impedance at all
65. When an AC source of emf e  E0 sin 100t  is
frequencies
connected across a circuit, the phase
difference betwen the emf e and the current

i in the circuit is observed to be ahead,If the 72. Assertion (A): A lamp is connected in series
circuit consists possibly of R  C or R  L or
4
L  C in series, find the relationship between
1) R  1k , C  10  F 2) R  1k , C  1 F
the two elements:
84
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III
3) R  1k , L  10 H 4) R  1k , L  1H
66. An AC voltage source of variable angular
frequency  and fixed amplitude V0 is
connected in series with a capacitance C and
zero). When  is increased
an electric bulb of resistance R (inductance
1) the bulb glows dimmer
2) the bulb glows brighter
3) total impendance of the circuit is unchanged
4) total impendance of the circuit increases
ASSERTION & REASON
1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
2) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
3) Assertion is true but Reason is false
4) Assertion is false but Reason is true
67. Assertion (A): The average value of
<sin 2t  is zero.
Reason (R): The average value of function
F  t  over a period T is  F  t    F  t dt
1 T
T 0
68. Assertion (A): If current varies sinusoidally
the average power consumed in a cycle is zero.
Reason (R): If current varies sinusoidally the
69. Assertion (A) : The power consumed in an
electric circuit is never negative
Reason (R) : The average power consumed in
V2
an electric circuit is P= = I2 R
R
70. Assertion (A): The inductive reactance limits
the current in a purely inductive circuit in the
same way as the resistance circuit.
Reason (R): The inductive reactance is directly
proportional to the inductance and to the
frequency of the varying current.
71. Assertion (A) : An ac emf which oscillates
symmetrically about zero, the current it
sustains also oscillates symmetrically about
zero.
Reason (R): In any circuit element, current is
always in the phase with voltage
with a capacitor and ac source connected
across their terminals consequently current
flow in the circuit and the lamp will shine.
Reaosn(R): capacitor block dc current and
allow ac current
PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

73. Assertion (A): An electric lamp is connected 

in series with a long solenoid of copper with In capcitor current leads the voltage by
air core and then connected to AC source. If 2

72. X C 
an iron rod is inserted in solenoid the lamp will
2 fC
1
become dim.

for dc f  0 then X L  
Reason (R): If iron rod is inserted in solenoid,
the induction of solenoid increases.
74. An inductor, capacitor and resistance for ac f  0 then X C  finite
73. L  r
connected in series. The combination is
connecte across AC source.
Assertion (A): Peak current through each more voltage is present across inductor
remains same so less voltage across bulb
Reason (R) : Average power delivered by 74. In series current is same, inductor and capacitor
source is equal to average power consumed does not consume power
75. At reso nance X L  X C and frequency
by resistance.
75. Assertion (A): when frequency is greater than

f0  If f  f0 then X L  X C , so it will
resonance frequency in a series LCR circuit,

2 LC
it will be an inductive circuit. 1 1
Reason (R): Resultant voltage will lead the
current be an inductive circuit. AC current must lag AC
76. Assertion (A): Maximum power is dessipated voltage.
76. At resonance P  I max
in a circuit (through R) in resonance 2
R and VL and VC are out of
phase. I max is due to Z min  R which is due to out
Reason (R) : At resonance in a series LCR
circuit, the voltage across indcutor and
capacitor are out of phase.
of phase of VL and VC .
C. U. Q - KEY
1) 4 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 7) 1
8) 2 9) 2 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1 13) 1 14) 4
15) 3 16) 4 17) 1 18) 3 19) 3 20) 3 21) 3 ******
22) 4 23) 1 24) 4 25) 1 26) 4 27) 1 28) 3
29) 2 30) 2 31) 3 32) 3 33) 4 34) 3 35) 4
36) 1 37) 1 38) 1 39) 4 40) 3 41) 1 42) 2
43) 4 44) 2 45) 1 46) 2 47) 3 48) 4 49) 2
50) 1 51) 1 52) 2 53) 1 54) 2 55) 4 56) 2
57) 2 58) 4 59) 2 60) 1 61) 2 62) 3 63) 3
64) 3 65) 1 66) 2 67) 4 68) 4 69) 1 70) 2
71) 4 72) 1 73) 1 74) 2 75) 1 76) 1
C. U. Q - HINTS
67.  sin 2 t  1/ 2

68.  P  im R
1 2
2
69. I is scalar in Joules heating effect is independent an
direction of current.

70. I  X & i  R X L   L  2 vL
V V


L

71. In inductor current lags the voltage by

2

PINEGROVE 85
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

EXERCISE - I (C.W) which will produce heat at rate of x/2 in same

resistor is
INSTANTANEOUS, PEAK,R.M.S &
AVERAGE VALUES OF A.C AND A.V 1) 5 V 2) 5 2 V 3) 10 V 4) 10 2 V
1. The r.m.s. value of an a.c. of 50 Hz is 10 A. 10. An alternating voltage of E  200 2 sin(100t)V
The time taken by the alternating current in is connected to a condenser of 1  F through
reaching from zero to maximum value and the an A.C. ammeter. The reading of the ammeter
peak value of current will be will be
1) 2  10 sec and 14.14 A 2) 1 10 sec and 7.07 A
 2  2 1) 10 mA 2) 40 mA 3) 80 mA 4) 20 mA
3) 5  103 sec and 7.07 A 4) 5  103 sec and 14.14 A 11. The inductance of a coil is 0.70 henry. An A.C.
2. An inductor has a resistance R and inductance source of 120 volt is connected in parallel with
it. If the frequency of A.C. is 60Hz, then the
EV and angular frequency  , then the current
L. It is connected to an A.C. source of e.m.f
current which is flowing in inductance will be
Iv in the circuit is 1) 4.55 A 2) 0.355 A 3) 0.455 A 4) 3.55 A

 EV   EV 
TRANSFORMER
   
2 2
EV EV
L
EV
R 2  2 L2  R   L 
1) 2) 3) 4) 12. A transformer steps up an A.C. voltage from
R 230 V to 2300 V. If the number of turns in the
3. The peak voltage of 220 Volt AC mains (in Volt) secondary coil is 1000, the number of turns in
is the primary coil will be
1) 155.6 2) 220.0 3) 311 4) 440.0 1) 100 2) 10,000 3) 500 4) 1000
4. The peak value of A.C. is 2 2A . It’s apparent 13. The transformer ratio of a transformer is 5. If
value will be the primary voltage of the transformer is 400
1) 1A 2) 2A 3) 4A 4) zero V, 50 Hz, the secondary voltage will be
5. Alternating current in circuit is given by 1) 2000 V, 250 Hz 2) 80 V, 50 Hz
I  I 0 sin 2 nt . Then the time taken by the
3) 80 V, 10 Hz 4) 2000 V, 50 Hz
14. A step-up transformer works on 220V and gives
current to rise from zero to r.m.s. value is equal 2 A to an external resistor. The turn ratio between
to the primary and secondary coils is 2:25.
1) 1/2n 2) 1/n 3) 1/4n 4) 1/8n Assuming 100% efficiency, find the secondary
6. Using an A.C. voltmeter the potential voltage, primary current and power delivered
difference in the electrical line in a house is respectively
read to be 234 volt. If the line frequency is 1) 2750 V, 25 A, 5500 W 2) 2750 V, 20 A, 5000 W
known to be 50 cycles/second, the equation for 3) 2570 V, 25 A, 550 W 4) 2750 V, 20 A, 55 W

1) V = 165 sin(100 t ) 2) V = 331 sin(100 t )

the line voltage is
A.C ACROSS L-R, L-C &
3) V = 220 sin(100 t ) 4) V = 440 sin(100 t )
L-C-R SERIES CIRCUITS
1
15. A coil of self - inductance    H is connected
7. A mixer of 100 resistance is connected to  
an A.C. source of 200V and 50 cycles/sec. The in series with a 300  resistance. A voltage of
value of average potential difference across 200V at frequency 200Hz is applied to this
the mixer will be combination. The phase difference between
1) 308V 2) 264V 3) 220V 4) zero the voltage and the current will be
A.C ACROSS PURE RESISTOR, 1  4  1  3  1  1  5
tan 1  
     
3 4 4 4
INDUCTOR & CAPACITOR 1) tan 2) tan 3) tan 4)
The equation of an alternating voltage is 16. A condenser of 10 F and an inductor of 1H
E=220 sin(t   / 6) and the equation of the
8.
are connected in series with an A.C. source of
current in the circuit is I=10 sin(t   / 6) .
frequency 50Hz. The impedance of the
combination will be (take  2  10 )
2) Infinity 3) 44.7  4) 5.67 
Then the impedance of the circuit is
1) 10 ohm 2) 22 ohm 3) 11 ohm 4) 17 ohm 1) zero

0.02 F / km , if it carries an alternating current

9. A steady P.D. of 10V produces heat at a rate 17. A 100 km telegraph wire has capacity of
'x' in resistor. The peak value of A.C. voltage
86 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

of frequency 5 kHZ. The value of an figure.

inductance required to be connected in series
so that the impedence is minimum.
1) 50.7mH 2) 5.07mH 3) 0.507mH 4) 507mH
18. In an LCR series circuit the rms voltages
across R, L and C are found to be 10 V, 10 V
and 20 V respectively. The rms voltage across
The rms value of V in time interval from t  0
the entire combination is
1) 30 V 2) 1 V 3) 20V 4) 10 2 V
T
19. In the circuit shown, a 30V d.c. source gives a to is
4
current 2.0 A as recorded in the ammeter A
and 30V a.c. source of frequency 100Hz gives V0 V0 V0
1) 2) 3) 4) 2 Vo
a current 1.2A. The inductive reactance is 3 2 2
R L
EXERCISE - I (C.W) - KEY
1) 4 2) 3 3) 3 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 7) 4
8) 2 9) 3 10) 4 11) 3 12) 1 13) 4 14) 1
A
15) 1 16) 1 17) 3 18) 4 19) 2 20) 3 21) 4
1) 10 ohm 2) 20 ohm 3) 5 34 ohm 4) 40 ohm
22) 3 23) 1
20. A choke coil has negligible resistance. The
alternating potential drop across it is 220 volt EXERCISE - I (C.W) - HINTS
i0  2irms , T  ,t 
and the current is 5mA. The power consumed 1 T
is 1.
f 4
1) 220 
5 220
i , X L  L
W 2) W E0
R 2  X L2
1000 5
2.
3) zero 4) 2.20 x 5W
V0  2.Vr .m.s.  2  200  311 volt
21. In an A.C. circuit, the instantaneous values of
e.m.f. and current are E = 200 sin 314t volt 3.
and I  sin(314t   / 3) ampere then the
I rms 
I0
average power consumed in watts is 4.
2
t 
1) 200 2) 100 3) 0 4) 50 T 1
22. In a black box of unkown elements (L, C or R 5.
E  E0 sin  t ; voltage read is r.m.s. value
4 4f
or any other combination) an AC voltage
E  E0 sin( t   ) is applied and current in the
6.
circuit was found to be i  i0 sin(t     /4) . E0  2  234V  331 volt
Then the unknown elements in the box may and  t  2 n t  2  50  t  100  t
be
V = 331 sin(100 t )
Thus, the eqn of line voltage is given by
Z

7. For one complete rotation, average voltage is zero

Z
E0
8. I0
1) only capacitor 2) both inductor and resistor
 x, 1   v1 
v2 v2 x v
3) either capacitor, resistor and inductor or only 9.
R R 2 2
 in the second case Vrms= V1  V0 =
capacitor and resistor

E C
4) only resistor 2 V1

Irms  rms  0
23. The voltage time (V - t) graph for triangular E
wave having peak value V 0 is as shown in 10. XC 2

PINEGROVE 87
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

11. XL = 2 fl  6.28  60  0.70  263.76 EXERCISE - I (H.W)

I   0.455 A
V 120 INSTANTANEOUS, PEAK,R.M.S &
X L 263.76 AVERAGE VALUES OF A.C AND A.V
1. For a given AC source the average emf during
12. n  V
n s Vs the positive half cycle
p p 1) depends on E0

13. Frequency remains same. V  5

Vs 2) depends on shape of wave
3) both 1 and 2
p
4) depends only on peak value of E0

14. E  N  i , P  Es is An alternating emf given by V  V0 Sin  t has

Es N s i p
2.
p p s peak value 10 volt and frequency 50 Hz. The
2 fL
15. tan   f instantaneous emf at t 
1
2 LC
1
, s is
R 600
 
16. Z   2 fL  2 fC 
1
 
1) 10 V 2) 5 3V 3) 5 V 4) 1V
3. The equation of A.C. of frequency 75Hz, if it’s
17.   L 2 
 C (2 n) 2 C
1 1 1
1) I  20Sin 150 t  2) I  20 2 Sin 150 t 
RMS value is 20A is
LC

18. V  VR2  VL  VC  3) I  Sin 150 t  4) I  20 2 Sin  75 t 

2 20
2
19. When d.c. source, R    15
V 30 4. The voltage of an A.C. source varies with time
I 2 according to the equation V  50sin100 t cos100 t ,

When a.c. source, Z   25

30 where 't' is in sec and 'V' is in volt. Then
1) The peak voltage of the source is 100 V
1.2
X L  (25) 2  (15) 2  625  225  20
2) The peak voltage of the source is 100 / 2V
3) The peak voltage of the source is 25 V
20. Average power is zero 4) The frequency of the source is 50 Hz

21. Pavg  Irms Erms cos   cos 60

5. The form factor for a sinusoidal A.C. is
1) 2 2 :  2)  : 2 2 3) 2 : 1 4) 1 : 2
1 200
2 2
50W 6. At resonance the peak value of current in L-
22. Here current leads the voltage. So, there is C-R series circuit is
reactance which is capacitive
 X  X C  X L or X  X C alone besides R
E0
 1 
1) E0/R 2)
R 2   L  
2

23. Ans : (a)   C

V 
V0t 4V0t E0
E0
3) 4)
 1 
T T
2 R 2   2 L  2 2 
4 2 2R
 C 
T 4 

 2 
 t dt 
7. In an AC circuit, the rms value of the current,
4V0  0  V0
  T 
I rms is related to the peak current I 0 as
Vrms  T  4 

  1) I rm s  2) I rms 
2 3 1

V 1
I0 I0
 
dt
 0 
2
3) I rms  2I0 4) I rms   I 0

88 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

8. A voltmeter connected in an A.C circuit reads 17. The transformer ratio of a transformer is 10:1.
220V. It represents, If the primary voltage is 440V, secondary emf
1) peak voltage 2) RMS voltage is
3) Average voltage 4) Mean square voltage 1) 44 V 2) 440V 3) 4400 V 4) 44000 V

by I  2 cos  t    A, the rms value of the

9. If the instantaneous current in a circuit is given A.C ACROSS L-R, L-C & L-C-R
SERIES CIRCUITS
18. The frequency at which the inductive reactance
current is of 2H inductance will be equal to the capacitive
1) 2 A 2) 2 A 3) 2 2 A 4) zero reactance of 2 F capacitance (nearly)

19. In a series LCR circuit R  10 and the

10. The time taken by an AC of 50 Hz in reaching 1) 80Hz 2) 40 Hz 3) 60Hz 4) 20Hz

impedance Z  20  . Then the phase

from zero to its maximum value will be
1) 0.5 s 2) 0.005 s 3) 0.05 s 4) 5s
11. A generator produces a voltage that is given difference between the current and the voltage
by V=240 sin 120t V, where t is in second. The is
frequency and r.m.s. voltage are respectively 1) 60o 2) 30o 3) 45o 4) 90o
1) 60Hz and 240V 2) 19Hz and 120V 20. In an L-C-R series circuit,
3) 19Hz and 170V 4) 754Hz and 170V R  5, X L  9, X C  7 . If applied voltage
A.C ACROSS PURE RESISTOR, in the circuit is 50V then impedance of the
circuit in ohm will be
INDUCTOR & CAPACITOR
12. A 220 V, 50 Hz AC supply is connected across 1) 2 2) 3 3) 2 5 4) 3 5
a resistor of 50 k  . The current at time t 21. In an AC circuit the potential differences
second, assuming that it is zero at t  0, is
across an inductance and resistance joined in

1) 4.4sin  314t  mA 2) 6.2sin  314t  mA

series are respectively 16 V and 20 V. The total
potential difference across the circuit is

3) 4.4sin 157t  mA 4) 6.2sin 157t  mA

13. A resistance of 20 is connected to a source
of alternating current rated 110 V, 50 Hz. Then
the time taken by the current to change from
its maximum value to the r.m.s. value is
1) 2.5  10 3 sec 2) 2.5  10 2 sec
3) 5  10 3 sec 4) 25  10 3 sec
14. A condenser of capacity 1pF is connected to
an A.C source of 220V and 50Hz frequency.
The current flowing in the circuit will be
1) 6.9 x 10-8A 2) 6.9A 3) 6.9 x 10-6A 4) zero
15. In a circuit, the frequency is f 
1000
2
Hz and
the inductance is 2 henry, then the reactance
will be
1) 200 2) 200 3) 2000 4) 2000
TRANSFORMER
16. The transformer ratio of a transformer is 10:1.
The current in the primary circuit if the secondary
current required is 100 A assuming the
transformer be ideal, is
1) 500 A 2) 200 A 3) 1000 A 4) 2000 A
1) 20 V 2) 25.6 V 3) 31.9 V 4) 53.5 V
22. Current in an ac circuit is given by
i  3sin  t  4cos  t then
1) rms value of current is 5 A
2) mean value of this current in one half period will
be 6/
3) if voltage applied is V  Vm sin t then the
circuit must be containing resistance and
capacitance
4) if voltage applied is V  Vm sin t , the circuit may
contain resistance and inductance
23. A fully charged capacitor C with initial
charge q0 is connected to a coil of self
inductance L at t  0 . The time at which the
energy is stored equally between the electric
and the magnetic fields is

LC 2) 2 LC 3) LC 4)  LC
1)
4
EXERCISE - I (H.W) - KEY
1) 3 2) 3 3) 2 4) 3 5) 2 6) 1 7) 2
8) 2 9) 2 10) 2 11) 3 12) 2 13) 1 14) 1
15) 3 16) 3 17) 3 18) 1 19) 1 20) 2 21) 2
22) 3 23) 1

PINEGROVE 89
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

EXERCISE - I (H.W) - HINTS 22.. Ans : (c)

 sin t  dt 
3 
Eav  i  5  sin t  cos t   5 sin t   
4

2 E0 2 E0
5 
T /2
1. 5
T 0

V  10sin 100 t  ; t
1 5
2. s rms value is

i  i0 sin t  2 irms sin  2 ft 

600 2
3. Mean value can not be decided.

V0  2.Vr .m.s.
Here current leads voltage so, it is RC circuit
4. 23. As initially charge is maximum
q  q0 cos t
Form factor 
rms value

i   q0 sin t
5.
avg value over half a cycle dq
I rms  0
I dt
9.
Given Li 
2
1 2 q2
10. t  
T 1 2 2C

11. V = V m sin t compare to given equation, we get  q cos t 

 L  q0 sin t   0
4 4f 2
1
Vm = 240 and   120
2

2 2C
 120
f  
2 6.28
 19 H 2 and But,    tan t  1
1
LC
  170V   
t  t  
Vm 240

4 4
voltage = LC
12. i  i0 sin  t
2 2
4

2  Erms
  2 f ; i0   EXERCISE - II (C.W.)
E0
R R

13. E  E0 cos t , i  i0 cos  2 ft  but i 

INSTANTANEOUS, PEAK,R.M.S &
i0 AVERAGE VALUES OF A.C AND A.V
2 1. The average current of a sinusoidally varrying

14. irms  X
Erms alternating current of peak value 5A with initial
phase zero, between the instants t = T/8 to t =
c T/4 is ( Where 'T' is time period)
15. X L   L  2 fl  2   2  2000
2
1000

 
10 5 10
 
20 2
1) 2 A 2) 2 A 3) A 4) A

16. N  I
NS I p
A.C ACROSS L-R, L-C &
p s L-C-R SERIES CIRCUITS
17. N  V 18. f 
N S Vs 1 2. A 100 resistance is connected in series with
2 LC
is VR  2sin 1000t  V . The voltage across the
p p a 4H inductor. The voltage across the resistor

19. cos  
R
inductor is
 
Z
   

 
1) 80sin 1000t  2  2) 40 sin 1000t  2 
20. Impedance, Z = R+XC+XL
 5i  7 j  9 j  5i  2 j    
     
| Z | 5  4  9  3 3) 80sin 1000t  2  4) 40 sin 1000t  2 
   
21. Vrms  16  20  656  25.6V
2 2

90 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

3. The reading of voltmeter and ammeter in the 8. The figure shows variation of R, XL and XC
following figure will respectively be with frequenc f in a series L, C, R circiut. Then
for what frequency point, the circiut is inductive
A
XC = 4 V 90V XC XL

XL = 4 R = 45 R
1) 0 and 2A 2) 2A and 0V
3) 2V and 2A 4) 0V and 0A A B C f

flowing in the circuit at f = 0 and f =  will 9.

4. In the following circuit, the values of current 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) All points
A constant voltage at different frequencies is
respectively be applied across a capacitance C as shown in the
0.01H
–5
10 F 25 figure. Which of the following graphs correctly
depicts the variation of current with frequency

C
A

200V A.C. generator

I
1) 8A and 0A 2) 0A and 0A I

3) 8A and 8A 4) 0A and 8A
5. In the series L-C-R circuit figure the voltmeter
1) 2)
and ammeter readings are
400V 400V  
V
I I

R = 50 L C
A 3) 4)

 
100V 50Hz

10. In a series L  C  R circuit R  200 and the

1) V=100 volt, I=2A 2) V=100 volt, I = 5 A
3) V=1000 volt, I=2A 4) V=300 volt, I = 1 A
6. The potential difference between the ends of
a resistance R is VR, between the ends of
capacitor is VC = 2VR and between the ends of
inductance is VL =3VR. Then the alternating
potential of the source in terms of VR will be
VR
1) 2VR 2) VR 3) 4) 5VR
2
11. In a series resonant LCR circuit, the voltage
voltage and the frequency of the main supply
is 220 V and 50Hz respectively. On taking out
the capacitance from the circuit the current
lags behind the voltage by 300 . On taking out
the inductor from the circuit the current leads
the voltage by 300 . The power dissipated in
the L  C  R circuit is
1) 305 W 2) 210 W 3) zero 4) 242 W
across R is 100V and R  1 k  with C  2  F .

The resonant frequency  is 200 rad/s. At

7. A 220V, 50Hz a.c. generator is connected to
an inductor and a 50 resistance in series.
resonance the voltage across L is
1) 2.5  10 2 V 2) 40 V 3) 250 V 4) 4  10 3V
The current in the circuit is 1.0A. The P.D.
across inductor is
1) 102.2V 2) 186.4V 3) 213.6V 4) 302V

PINEGROVE 91
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

11. At resonance,  L 
EXERCISE - II (C.W) - KEY
C
1
1) 1 2) 1 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1 6) 1 7) 3
8) 3 9) 2 10) 4 11) 2 current flowing through the circuit

I R   0.1A
V 100
EXERCISE - II (C.W) - HINTS


R 1000
T /4 So, voltage across L is given by
 i 
but  L 

idt
VL  I X L  I  L

T /8 I
1. T /4
dt

V0 R VI    250V
T /8


, VL  V0  L sint   and V0  L  XLi
 C 200  2  106
I 0.1
i
 2
2.
R

I rms  rms  2A ; Vrms  I rms (X L  X C )  0

E EXERCISE - II (H.W)
3.
INSTANTANEOUS, PEAK,R.M.S &
 circuit is at resonance
R
AVERAGE VALUES OF A.C AND A.V
I 
1. An alternating current 'i' is given by
i  i0 sin 2 (t / T  1 / 4) . Then the average
4. E E

 1 
R 2   2 f L 
Z 2

 2  f C 
current in the first one quarter time period is

I r .m . s .     2A
  2 
Vr .m . s . Vr .m . s . 100 2i0 I0 I0 3I 0
5. 1) 2) 3) 4)
Z R 50

V  VR2  VL  VC 
2 A.C ACROSS L-R, L-C &
L-C-R SERIES CIRCUITS
2. In an LR circuit, R = 10  and L = 2H. If an
V S  VB  VC  VL  VR i  2VR j  3VR j
6. alternating voltage of 120V and 60Hz is
connected in this circuit, then the value of
 VR i  VR j , V  2VR
current flowing in it will be _______ A (nearly)
1) 0.32 2) 0.16 3) 0.48 4) 0.8

I ,  I= , Z=220
3. The equation of an alternating current is
I  50 2 sin400t A, then the frequency and
E 220
7.
Z Z
Z 2  R 2  X L2  X L  Z 2  R 2
the root mean square value of the current are
respectively.

L Z 2  R2 L  Z 2  R 2  0.68H
1) 200Hz, 50 A 2) 400Hz, 50 2A

1
2 f
1

VL   LI  2  0.5  0.68  1  213.6 V

3) 200Hz, 50 2A 4) 500Hz, 200A

Hz contains a 1 F
2
360
8. At A : XC > XL ; At B : XC = XL ; At C : XC < XL 4. A circuit operating at

For capacitive circuits X C 

C
1 capacitor and a 20 resistor. The inductor
9. must be added in series to make the phase

V C  i  
angle for the circuit zero is
i 
V 1) 7.7 H 2) 10 H 3) 3.5 H 4) 15 H
XC 5. A resistor R and capacitor C are connected in
10. The given circuit is under resonance as X L  X C
series across an AC source of rms voltage 5
V. If the rms voltage across C is 3 V then that
Hence, power dissipated in the circuit is across R is

P  242W
V2 1) 1V 2) 2 V 3) 3 V 4) 4 V
R

92 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

6. An LCR series circuit containing a resistance

of 120  has angular resonance frequency 13. The efficiency of a transformer is 98%. The
TRANSFORMER

4 105 rad S 1 . At resonance the voltage

across resistance and inductance are 60V and
40V respectively. Then the values of L and C
1) 0.2 mH ,1/ 32  F 2) 0.4 mH ,1/16  F
are respectively.
3) 0.2 mH ,1/16  F 4) 0.4 mH ,1/ 32  F
7. The natural frequency of an LC - circuit is
1,25,000 cycles per second. Then the capacitor
C is replaced by another capacitor with a
primary voltage and current are 200 V and 6A.
If the secondary voltage is 100 V, the
secondary current is
1) 11.76 A 2) 12.25 A 3) 3.06 A 4) 2.94 A
EXERCISE - II (H.W) - KEY
1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1 5) 4 6) 1 7) 3
8) 2 9) 4 10) 2 11) 4 12) 2 13) 3
EXERCISE - II (H.W) - HINTS

o idt
dielectric medium of dielectric contant k. In
T /4

 
this case, the frequency decreases by 25 kHz.


The value of k is i
1. T /4
1) 3.0 2) 2.1 3) 1.56 4) 1.7 dt
o

alternating e.m.f. is e = 14.14 sin t . The

8. In the given figure, the instantaneous value of
2. I  Z  2
E E
reading of voltmeter in volt will be R  4 2 f 2 L2
XL

V
300
A 3. I  50 2 sin 400 t ; I = I0 sin t

  2 f  400 ; f = 200Hz
Comparing two equations, we get
R XC 200

1) 141.4 2) 10 3) 200.0 4) 70.7 and I 0  50 2

9. A coil of inductance 0.1H is connected to 50V,
I rms   50 A
100Hz generator and current is found to be I0
0.5A. The potential difference across 2
resistance of the coil is
L 
C
1) 15V 2) 20V 3) 25V 4) 39V 1
4.
according equation. V = 120 sin 100t cos
10. The voltage of A.C. source varies with time

100  t. Then the frequency of source is 5. E  ER2  EC2

1) 50Hz 2) 100Hz 3) 150Hz 4) 200Hz 6. At resonance

i  X   L,  
11. The current in a coil of self inductance 5 henry V VL 1
is increasing according to i = 2 sin 2 t . The R XL ; L LC
amount of energy spent during the period when
n   ; n  K
current changes from 0 to 2 amperes is 1 n1 C2 Kc n1
2 LC n2
1) 10J 2) 5J 3) 100J 4) 2J 7. ;
C1 c 2
12. In an AC circuit the voltage applied is
E  E0 sin t . The resulting current in the 8. Reading of voltmeter in rms value

  E  10V
circuit is I  I 0 sin  t  2  .
14.14
 
The power 2

I ; 0.5= Z  100
consumption in the circuit is given by E 50

1) P 
9.
E0 I 0 Z Z
Z  R  L
2) P= zero 2 2 , then R =
2 2 2
78

3) P 
E0 I 0
4) P  2 E0 I 0 Now VR  VLR2  VL2  39V ; VR  VL  VLR 
2 2 2

PINEGROVE 93
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

10. V = 120sin 100 t cos100 t 4. An ideal inductor takes a current of 10 A when

= 60 x 2 sin 100 t.cos100 t connected to a 125 V, 50 Hz AC supply. A pure
= 60sin 200 t and   200
resistor across the same source takes 12.5 A.

 n  100cps
if the two are connected in series across a

11. Energy E = 1/2LI2 100 2 V , 40 Hz supply, the current through

When I = change of current from minimum to the circuit will be
maximum. = 2–0 = 2J. 1) 10 A 2) 12.5 A 3) 20 A 4) 25 A

 / 2 so circuit is purely inductive and there is no

12. For given circuit current is lagging the voltage by 5. A circuit containing resistance R1 , Inductance
L1 and capacitance C1 connected in series
power consumption in the circuit. The work
resonates at the same frequency 'n' as a
done by battery is stored as magnetic energy in
the inductor. second combination of R2 , L2 and C2 . If the
98 100  is
13.   V I  100  200  6
Vs I s two are connected in series. Then the circuit
will resonates at
p p
L2C2 L1C1
1) n 2) 2n 3) 4)
EXERCISE - III L1C1 L2C2
1. An AC voltage source of variable angular 6. An AC source of variable frequency is applied
frequency  and fixed amplitude V0 is
across a series L-C-R circuit. At a frequency
double the resonance frequency. The
connected in series with a capacitance C and
impedance is 10 times the minimum
zero). When  is increased
an electric bulb of resistance R (inductance
impedance. The inductive reactance is
1) The bulb glows dimmer 1) R 2) 2R 3) 3R 4) 4R

combination of R = 100 , C = 10  F and

2) The bulb glows brignther 7. A 20V, 750 HZ source is connected to a series
3) Total impedance of the circuit is unchanged
4) Total impedance of the circuit increases L = 0.1803 H. Calculate the time in which

current and voltage are I  120 sin t ampere

2. In an A.C circuit the instantaneous values of resistance will get heated by 10o C . (If thermal

and E  300sin t   / 3 volt respectively..

capacity of the material = 2 J / o C )

An AC source of angular frequency  is fed

1) 328 sec 2) 348 sec 3) 3.48 sec 4) 4.32 sec
What will be the inductive reactance of series 8.
LCR circuit if the resistance and capacitive across a resistor R and a capacitor C in series.

frequency of source is changed to  / 3 (but

reactance are 2 ohm and 1 ohm respectively? The current registered is I. If now the
1) 4.5 ohms 2) 2 ohms 3) 2.5 ohms 4) 3 ohms
3. A pure resistive circuit element 'x' when maintaining the same voltage), the current in
connected to an A.C. supply of peak voltage the circuit is found to be halved. The ratio of

frequency  is
100 V gives a peak current of 4 A which is in reactance to resistance at the original
phase with the voltage. A second circuit
element ‘y’ when connected to the same AC
supply also gives the same value of peak 3 5 3 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
current but the current lags behind by 900 . If 5 3 5 3
the series combination of 'x' and 'y' is 9. An LCR circuit has L = 10 mH, R = 3 , and C
connected to the same supply. R.M.S. value = 1  F connected in series to a source of
15 cos  t volt. The current amplitude at a
of current is
5 2 frequency that is 10% lower than the resonant
1) A 2) 2A 3) 1/2 A 4) A
2 5 frequency is
1) 0.5 A 2) 0.7 A 3) 0.9 A 4) 1.1 A

94 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

10. In the given circuit, R is a pure resistor, L is a 16. The potential difference across a 2H inductor
pure inductor, S is a 100V, 50 Hz AC source, as a function of time is shown in figure. At
and A is an AC ammeter. With either K1 or time t = 0, current is zero.
Current t = 2 second is
K 2 alone closed, the ammeter reading is I. If
the source is changed to 100 V, 100 Hz, the VL(volt)
ammeter reading with K1 alone closed and 10
with K 2 alone closed will be respectively..
K1 K2 t(s)
2 4
S
1) 1A 2) 3A 3) 4A 4) 5A
R L
17. For the circuit shown in the figure the rms value
A of voltages acr oss R and coil ar e E 1 and E2,
1) I , I / 2 2) I , 2 I 3) 2 I , I 4) 2 I , I / 2 respectively.
11. A capacitor has a resistance of 1200 M  and
capacitance of 22  F . When connected to
R L,r

Resistor Coil
an a.c. supply of frequency 80 hertz, then the
alternating voltage supply required to drive a
e = E sint
current of 10 virtual ampere is
0
1) 904 2V 2) 904V 3) 904 / 2V 4) 452V
e =E
rms
12. A 120V, 60Hz a.c. power is connected 800
non-inductive resistance and unknown The power (thermal) developed across the
coil is
E  E12 E  E12  E22
capcitance in series. The voltage drop across
the resistance is found to be 102V, then voltage
drop across capacitor is 1) 2)

 E  E1 
1) 8V 2) 102V 3) 63V 4) 55V 2R 2R
13. A 100 V a.c source of frequency 50 Hz is 2 2
E
millihenry, C  12.5 F and R  10ohm , all
connected to a LCR circuit with L = 8.1 3) 4)
2 R 2R
connected in series. What is the potential 18. A bulb is rated at 100 V, 100 W, it can be
difference across the resistance? treated as a resistor. Find out the inductance
1) 100 V 2) 200 V 3) 300 V 4) 450 V of an inductor (called choke coil) that should

in series with a resistance of 220  . When an

14. A coil has an inductance of 0.7H and is joined be connected in series with the bulb to
operate the bulb at its rated power with the
alternating e.m.f. of 220V at 50 c.p.s. is applied help of an ac source of 200 V and 50 Hz

to it, then the wattless component of the
H 2) 100 H 3) 2 H 4) 3 H
 
current in the circuit is 1)
1) 5 ampere 2) 0.5 ampere 3
3) 0.7 ampere 4) 7 ampere 19. In the circuit diagram shown,
15. Two alternating voltage generators produce XC  100 , X L  200  & R  100  . The
emfs of the same amplitude E0 but with a phase

effective current through the source is
C
difference of . The resultant e.m.f.is
3
   
200V R

1) E 0 sin  t   2) E 0 sin  t  
L

 3  6
 
1) 2 A 2) 2 2 A
 
3E 0 sin  t   4) 3E 0 sin  t  
 6  2
3) 3) 0.5 A 4) 0.4 A

PINEGROVE 95
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

EXERCISE - III - KEY C1C2

L1C1  L2C2 ; Lnet  L1  L2 ; Cnet  C  C
1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1 5) 1 6) 4 7) 2 1 2

8) 1 9) 2 10) 1 11) 2 12) 3 13) 1 14) 2  CC 

Lnet Cnet  ( L1  L2 )  1 2  ; L C  L C
15) 3 16) 4 17) 2 18) 4 19) 2  C1  C2  net net 2 2

EXERCISE - III - HINTS Z 2  R 2  ( L  1/ C ) 2

In R  C circuit, the impedance is
6.

10 R 2  R 2  (2o L  1/ 2oC ) 2
1.

Z  R2 
  C2
1
; minimum impedance Zmin = R
As  increases, Z decreases. o2 LC  1 ------- (1)
2

Since, Power  2 o L   3R ------- (2)

1
2 o C
, therefore the bulb 1
impedance

I  120sin t , E  300sin t   / 3

glows brighter.
R  XC  R
2 o C
1
2. from(1)

Clearly,    / 3 ,
from(2) X C  2 o L  3 R  R  4 R
Now, cos    cos 60   Z  2 R
R 1
XC   21.2
2nc
1
Z 2 7.
As R  2, Z  2  2  4; X C  1
Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  835
Now  X L  X C   Z  R  4  2  12
2

IV  Ev / z  0.0239 A
2 2 2 2

X L  X C   12  2 3
(ms)
X L  X C  2 3  1  3.464 IV Rt  (ms)  t 
2
2
IV R
Taking + value, X L  1  3.464  4.465  8. at frequency  , X C  1/  C
o 
XL  =25 ; R  o  25 ; Z= R 2  X 2 ;
at frequency  / 3, X C   3XC
C
3. ' 3
Io Io C

I 01   o / Z  4 / 2 A; I r .m.s .  I 01 / 2   2A
I  
4/ 2 V I V
R X R  9X
; XC 3
2 ;
2 2
C
2 2 2
C R 5
4. For 50 Hz and 125 V supply

XL  L  L R   10 cv  cv0 

90 90 1
8
V 1 V x
, 9. =9000 rad/s
iL iR 100 100 LC

i0 
For 40 Hz, 100 2 V supply E0
 1 
R2    L 
C 
2

i  
V V
R 2  X L2 R 2  4 2 f 2 L2
10. In the second case induction reactance becomes 2
1 1 times thus current through L when K2 is closed
5. n 
2 L1C1 2 L2C2 i
becomes . But current through R when K1 is
2
closed does not change

96 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III ALTERNATING CURRENT

220  L
  0.7  2   50
11. f = 80Hz, IV = 10A
(R  L  )
22
Current through R, I R  
EV EV
R 12  108
2 2 2
7
220  (0.7  2  50)
  220
Current through C I C  X  2 fC  EV (220 2  220 2 )
EV

220  220 1
 2  80  22  10 6  EV    0.5
C

2202 (2) 2
= 352  10 5  EV IV2  I R2  I C2 15. E1 = E0 sin t ; E 2  E0 sin(t   / 3)

 (352 105  EV )2
2 E = E2 + E1
= E0 sin(t   / 3)  E0 sin t
E
(12 108 ) 2
(102 ) V

  = 2 E0 sin(t   / 6) cos( / 6)
 EV2   1.2  104 
1
 144  10  3E0 sin(t   / 6)
16
=
100  10
EV2  EV  904 volt 16. e  L  e dt  L  i2  i1 
4
di
1.2 dt
12. V 2  VR2  VC2 e dt  area of  le for t  0 to 2 sec.
V  V V
2 2 2
17. Draw the phasor diagram.
VC2  (120) 2  (102) 2 E 2  E12  E 22  2E1E 2 cos .
C R

E2
VC = 63V
13. Here, E  100V , v  500 Hz
E2

L  8.1 103 H , C  12.5 10 6 F , R  10 

E


X L   L  2 vL  1000  8.1 10 3  25.4 I E1


XC   P  E 2 cos  I and
Thermal power developed in coil is
C 1000  12.5  10 6
1

E 2  E12  E 22
   25.4 I  P  1 2 cos  
103 E1 EE
12.5 R R 2R
100  100
Z  R2   X L  X C  18. Resistance of bulb is R   100
2
100

 102   25.4  25.4   10  1A

2 100
Rated current is
100

Iv    10 A In ac, I rms  ; Z  200

Ev 100 Vrms
Z 10 Z
Potential difference across R  I v R 1002   L   200  2 L2  30000 and
2

 10 10  100V
L 
100 2
30000 3

14. Watt less component of henry..
A.C. = IV sin   sin 
EV
19. I R    2 A ; I LC   2A
200
L  XC
Z V 200
L
 
R 100 X
 L0.7  2  50
220
R2  L2 2 R2  L22 I  22  22  2 2 A as I R inphase with V

I LC lages behind V by  2

PINEGROVE 97
 ALTERNATING CURRENT JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- III

EXERCISE - IV Ferromagnetic core

1. At resonance, VL and VC are both very much AC R

greater than the applied potential, V itself.

The quality factor for an LCR circuit in 1°Coil 2°Coil

The primary coil is connected to a source of

XL alternating (AC) current. The secondary coil
resonance is given by Q= . In practice,
R
Q  200 has been achieved.
is connected to a resistor such as a light bulb.
The AC source produces an oscillating voltage
and current in the primary coil that produces
L an oscillating magnetic field in the core
200H, 10
material. This in turn induces an oscillating
voltage and AC current in the secondary coil.
Student collected the following data comparing
the number of turns per coil (N), the voltage
(V) and the current (I) in the coils of three
0.10V, 1.0 MHz
transformers
Primary Coil Secondary coil
(a) At resonance, the capacitor has been adjusted N1 V1 I1 N 2 V2 I 2
for
Transformer 1 100 10V 10 A 20 20 V 5 A
1 200×10-6μF 2. 0.00013μF Transformer 2 100 10V 10 A 50 5 V 20 A
Transformer 3 200 10V 10 A 100 5 V 20 A
3. 0.0013μF 4. 0.0013F
a) The primary coil of a transformer has 100 turns
(b) At resonance, the potential difference across and is connected to a 120V AC source. How
the inductance is many turns are in the secondary coil if there is
1) 1.3 V 2) 13 V 3) 0.3 V 4) none of these a 2400 V across it
(c) The potential across the capacitance at 1) 5 2) 50 3) 200 4) 2000
resonance is b) A transformer with 40 turns in its primary coil
is connected to a 120 V AC source. If 20 W of
1) 13 V 2) > 13 V 3) < 13 V 4) none of these
power is supplied to the primary coil, the power
(d) The Q factor is developed in the secondary coil is
VL VC VC VL 1) 10 W 2) 20 W 3) 80 W 4) 160 W
1. V 2. V 3. 4. c) One of the following is a correct expression
C L V V for R, the resistance of the load connected to
(e) choose the right statement. the secondary coil (pick the correct one)
 V10   N 20   V10   N10. 
1)  I    2)  I   
2
1. VL +VC can be greater than Vapplied
2. VL +VC =Vapplied  10   N10   10   N 20 
 V10  N10   V10   N10 
3)  I   4)  I   
2
3. VL +VC <Vapplied
 N 0
 10  2   10   N 20 
4. none of these
2. A physics lab is designed to study the transfer d). A 12 V battery is used to supply 2.0 mA of
of electrical energy from one circuit to another current to the 300 turns in the primary coil of
by means of a magnetic field using simple a given transformer. What is the current in the
secondary coil if N 2  150 turns
transformers. Each transformer has two coils
of wire electrically insulated from each other
but wound around a common core of 1) zero 2) 1.0 mA 3) 2.0 mA 4) 4.0 mA
ferromagnetic material. The two wires are EXERCISE - IV - KEY
close together but do not touch each other.
1) a) 2 b) 3 c) 1 d) 3,4 e) 4
2) a) 4 b) 2 c) 1 d) 4

98 PINEGROVE