Mekelle University

Ethiopian Institute of Technology–Mekelle (EIT-M)

School Of: Electrical and Computer Engineering

Stream: Electrical Power Engineering (PG)

Course Title: Power System Protection

Assignment #2: Power System Protection

Done By: Abadi Negash Teklu

ID No: EiTM/PR176051/12

Submitted To: Dr. Teshome

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1.
A. Model the network using PSAT simulation software and perform the Newton Raphson
power flow analysis then observe the bus voltage stability. Thus, identify the voltage
unstable buses then give your engineering opinion. In addition, try to observe the bus
voltage graph using PSAT software and give you engineering opinion.
Solution.

Fig 1.1 bloc diagram the modeling PSAT simulation

Through the performing of Newton Raphson power flow analysis the power flow report is shown
as following data.

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From the definition of voltage stability in the power system it maintain approach to the steady
state available voltage at the given all buses in the system under normal operation or under clear
the disturbance, due to this so in our work the bus voltage are normally stable because they are
with the voltage magnitude limits.
The voltage magnitude profile graph for this work is represented as following.

Fig 1.2 voltage magnitude profile

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B. Perform the continuation power flow analysis and compare the bus voltage stability of
this case with case a. Besides this, draw PV and QV curves using the PSAT software
and give its description.
Solution. By apply the continuation power flow analysis we have got the following data.

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The voltage magnitude profile after performing continuation power follow is shown as follows.

Fig1.3 voltage magnitude profile

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C. Increase the penetration level of inductive load, namely by 30%, 40%, 50%, and
60% of the base case load and observe the effect of increasing the penetration
level of the induction motor /reactive loads. Then observe the network voltage
stability, compare it with case a (base case result) and give your engineering
opinion. NB: only reactive/inductive load is increased. Here, you are also

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required to plot bus voltage versus reactive power load (QV curve) using the
PSAT and clearly present the result.
Solution.
1. As it increase the penetration level of the inductive load by the amount of 30%.
The voltage magnitude profile,

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2. As it increase the penetration level of the inductive load by the amount of 40%.

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3,As it increase the penetration level of the inductive load by the amount of 50%.

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3, As it increase the penetration level of the inductive load by the amount of 60%.

D. Finally, consider the three phase faults at different buses of the system. These
faults last for two cycles (0.04 seconds) followed by a transmission line outage
acting as the fault clearing procedure, thus determining the cases that
encountered voltage instability and would require a placement of compensators
to avoid the instability. Based on this scenario, you are required to identify the
most critical bus fault.

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Solution,
In this work space project as i consider fault at various buses, but the result which I get
were no difference from the above which I have done it. Voltage instability occurs when
the system is heavily loaded, as it goes from the desired limitation. The main factor
causing voltage instability in the power system to get the demand reactive power .it can
be solved by adding the reactive compensation devices to absorb the reactive power to
get the stable power. For such case we can solve this problem by adding the following
devices. Shunt capacitance, shunt reactor, synchronous condenser, static var compensator to
solve for this problem.

2. a. Determine the value of Zn for mho relay with torque angle 650, which has to give 100%
protection to 80km long 132kV transmission line with impedance of 0.4Ω and angle 700. Where
RC, CT and RV, VT ratio are 250 and 1250, respectively. (5pts)
b. If the maximum load in this line is 500A at 450 lagging, is there any probability of the
transmission line relay to be loaded? CT ratio 500:5. (5pts).
Solution

(A), The two-design parameter of a mho relay are Zn and h torque angle which is has
been selected.

Rc, CT=250 and Rv VT=120,

The transmission line impedance on the primary side =80km×0.4Ω/Km=32Ω,
The transmission line impedance in the secondary side
Z line in secondary=Z line primary ×RC/RV=32×250/1250=6.4Ω
V line=Zn cos(α-h). where, α=angle of transmission line, h=torque angle of the mho relay

Zn=Z line/cos(α-h)
=6.4/cos(70ᶿ-65ᶿ) =6.4/0.9962=6.42441Ω this value is seat on the mho relay.

(B), if the maximum load on this line is 500A at 45ᶿ lagging, is there any possibility of relay
load?
The CT ratio=500:5,

V line =132×1000v=132,000v,
Z load=V line/1.73×Iload
=132,000/1.73×500
=132,000/866.0254=152.4Ω

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 Z load secondary=152.4Ω×RC/RV=

= 152.4Ω×250/1250=30.484Ω

this value will not fall with in the operating circle the mho relay will not trip this load because as
Zn=6.4244Ω and Z load is 30.484Ω so the mho relay will not trip for this load.

3. a. Mention and briefly explains the factors that are considered while using differential
protection for transformers. In addition, mention the drawback of differential protection
application in transformer. (5pts)
b. discus the operation principle of differential protection of transformer using the
schematic diagram if needed. (5pts)
c. For the transformer primary and secondary winding of 1200 and 400, respectively find the CT
ratio required in the secondary side to establish circulatory current scheme. Note that the primary
CT ratio is 120:6. In line with this, discuss the problem that engineers encounters while
designing to match the primary and secondary CTs ratio.

Solution

a. The main factor that are consider when we use differential protection transformer are
such,
1. Magnetizing Inrush Current
2. Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformer
3. C.T. Connection
4. Selection of C.T. Tabs
5. Effect of Transformer Tab

1.Magnetizing Inrush Current: Magnetizing inrush current in transformer is

the current which is drown by a transformer at the time of energizing the transformer.
This current is transient in nature and exists for few milliseconds. The inrush
current may be up to 10 times higher than normal rated current of transformer.
2. Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformer: The phase shift is the
angular displacement between the maximum positive value of the alternating quantities
having the same frequency. Most of the power transformer is either star-delta or delta
star connected.

3. C.T. Connection: Is a type of instrument transformer that is designed to produce an

alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being
measured in its primary.
4. Selection of C.T. Tabs: CT Specifications Tab You can select either Single Ratio or
Multi-Ratio. If you select Multi-Ratio, you also need to enter the CT ratio that has been

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set. The ratio of rated primary to rated secondary amps of the current transformer.
Specify both ratings in the form: (primary amps) / (secondary amps).

5. Effect of Transformer Tab: A tap changer is a mechanism in transformers which

allows for variable turn ratios to be selected in distinct steps. This is done by connecting
to a number of access points known as taps along either the primary or secondary
winding.

b. Discus the Operation Principle of Differential Protection of Transformer Using the Schematic
Diagram if Needed. (5pts)

solution,
Differential protection of transformer involves establishing circulating current through a pair of
matched CTs installed on the primary and secondary winding of the transformer.

Consider an ideal transformer with the CT connections, as shown in fig above. To illustrate the
principle let us consider that current rating of primary winding is 100A and secondary winding is
1000 A. Then if we use 100:5 and 1000:5 CT on the primary and secondary winding, then under
normal (no fault) operating conditions the scaled CT current will match in magnitude. By
connections the primary and secondary CTs with due care to the dots (polarity markings), a
circulating current can be set up as shown by dotted line. In the principle operation of differential
transformer when circulating current through a pair of matched CTs installed on the primary and
secondary winding of the transformer. If there is no internal fault in the transformer, zero current

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flows through the differential overcurrent element. However, in case of an internal fault, the CT
secondary currents are not matched and hence the differential current is not zero. This causes the
overcurrent element to pick up and operate the circuit breakers to isolate the transformer.

The basic principle operation in the differential protection in transformer are as fellow.

 No current will flow through the branch having overcurrent current relay because it
will result in violation of KCL.
 Now if an internal fault occurs within the device like in the intern short etc., then the
normal mmf balance is upset, N1I1≠N2I2.
 Under this condition, the CT secondary currents of primary and secondary side CTs
will not match. Then, the resulting differential current will flow through overcurrent
relay.
 In practice, the transformer is not ideal. Consequently, even if I2=0, but I1≠0. it is
the magnetization current or (no load) current.
 Thus, a differential current always flows through the overcurrent relay.
 Therefore, overcurrent relay picks up is adjusted above the no load current value.
Consequently, minute faults below no load current value cannot be detected.

c. For the transformer primary and secondary winding of 1200 and 400, respectively find the CT
ratio required in the secondary side to establish circulatory current scheme. Note that the primary
CT ratio is 120:6. In line with this, discuss the problem that engineers encounters while
designing to match the primary and secondary CTs ratio.

Solution.
N1=1200,
N2=400,
The C.T in the primary is 120:6 so the n1=120/6=20.
From N1n1=N2n2,
n2=N1n1/N2
=1200×20/400=60.
Then the C.T in the secindary is 60:6.

An engineer considers when design the match of primary and secondary due to odd turns ratio
involved in the primary it may not be possible to obtain matching CTs on the secondary. In such
situation auxiliary CTs are used either on primary or secondary or both sides to obtained
circulatory current in absence of internal fault. Primary of auxiliary CT is connected in series
with secondary of main CT. Secondary of Axillary CT participates in the circulating current
scheme.

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4. Discuss the protection of alternator against unbalanced loading of stator winding,
overloading and under voltage of alternators, and failure of prime mover of alternator?

Solution.
The protection of alternator against unbalanced load of stator winding.

Due to fault there is an unbalance in the three-phase stator current and due to these
unbalanced current double frequency currents are induced in the rotor core. This cause the
overheating of rotor heating and thus rotor damage. Unbalanced stator current also damage the
stator. This unbalanced loading of the stator winding produces negative sequence current in it.
This gives rise to additional heating of the stator winding. By provide a negative sequence relay
it should be protect the against the unbalanced load of the alternator. This unbalanced load arises
from fault to earth or fault between phases on the circuit external to the alternator. Unbalanced
current may burn the mechanical fixing of the rotor core or damage the field winding.

Protection of overloading and under voltage of alternator.

Over voltage occur because of the increase in the speed of the prime mover due to sudden loss
in the load on the generator. The over voltage protection is provided by two over voltage relay
have two units, normally all generator is design with a capability. The field excitation system of
modern alternators is so designed that over voltage condition at anormal running speed cannot
occur. over voltage in alternator occurs when speed of prime mover increases due to sudden loss
of alternator load. Usually control governors are provide which continuously check the speed and
prevents the over speed.
Failure of prime mover of alternator:

In case of turbine failure, the alternator does not get mechanical power. But it is continuously
connected to grid and becomes a synchronous motor with field excitation existing in the rotor. Now the
machine undesirably starts to run as synchronous motor and takes power from the grid. This is
prevented by using a reverse power relay which is similar to a directional current relay. When input to
the prime mover fails the alternator runs as asynchronous motor and draws some current from supply
system. This is known as inverter running. In case of turbo alternator failure of steam supply may cause
inverted running, if the steam supply is gradually restored, the alternator will pick up load without
disturbing the system. In case of hydro generator protection against inverted running is achieved by
providing mechanical device on the water wheel, when water flows drop to an insufficient rate to
maintain electrical output alternator is dis connected from the system.

5. The power swing can be classified as either stable or unstable. In line with this, discuss the
principle operation of load shedding based on the following figure.
(10pts.).

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Solution.
When a power swing is a consequence of stable disturbance, unwanted line tripping can aggravate
disturbance and lead to instability. On the other hand, when the power swing is a consequence of
disturbance, classified as unstable, then interconnected operation of the system is simply not possible.
This implies that the system has to be split into multiple islands each of which can have independent
existence i.e. each island can maintain synchronism of generators.Now to achieve stable operation in each
island; generator load balance has to be ascertained. If an island has excess generation, it should be
shelved and similarly if an island has excess load then load shedding is required. Load shedding is usually
initiated by underfrequency relays, as excess load tends to pull the frequency down. However, to
minimize the loss of service to consumers, the boundary of islands has to be selected carefully. To
illustrate this point, consider a simple two area system as shown in fig above. Now consequent to a
disturbance, let the system be unstable and let the location of electrical center be on line AB. Recall that
at the electrical center, voltage zero point is created when the two generators are out of step.
Alternatively, electrical center appears when the power swing intersects the transmission line
characteristics. This implies that relays located at the two ends of the transmission line, perceive the out
of step condition as a bolted three phase fault on the transmission line. Consequently, relays R1 and R2
will issue a trip decision, thereby islanding the system. Now, the generator at A (PG = 0.666pu) islands
with a load of 0.333pu and generator at B (PG= 0.333pu) islands with a load of 0.666pu. The resulting
loss of load is 0.333pu in island B and loss of generation in island A is 0.333pu.

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