MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
DISTANCE SENSING USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR & ARDUINO
B. Tech 5th semester

Submitted By

Shanpreet Kaur 1701227390

Rahul Ranjan 1701227541

Rishi Raj 1701227145

MD Abdullah 1701227544

Under The supervision of

Mr. Debasis Behera Assistant Professor

Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar

2019-20
 Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that we have examined and approved the mini project for
5th semester in Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
“DISTANCE SENSING USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR & ARDUINO”
entitle submitted by Shanpreet Kaur (1701227390), Rahul Ranjan
(1701227541), Rishi Raj (1701227145), Md Abdullah (1701227544)
CVRCE, Bhubaneswar. This approval does not necessarily endorse or accept
every statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn as recorded
in this mini project, it only signifies the acceptance of the mini project for the
purpose it has been submitted.

Mini Project coordinator: Signature

Approval of Examiner :( Name and Signature)

 ABSTRACT

This project is basically related to the, problems faced by the physically

handicap people across the globe. As we know that there is nothing
known as humanity in the society, the people only think of themselves.
There are lots of innovations going on the society but no one thing of
these kinds of the people is present at the same state where there were
earlier. This type of project enables them to enhance their life style and
make life easy as a normal people live. Our circuit will help for the
visually impaired people for proper movement around and just it’s just a
virtual support for them what science can do for them.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Objectives
1.2. Purpose
1.3. Applications
1.4. Advantages

CHAPTER 2: SYSTEM DESIGN

2.1. Component list & specification

2.2. Components description
2.3. Circuit diagram
2.4. Working principle
2.5. Program

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

FUTURE SCOPE

REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION

Ever heard of Hugh Herr? He is a famous American rock climber who

has shattered the limitations of his disabilities; he is a strong believer that
technology could help disabled persons to live a normal life.

In one of his TED talk Herr said “Humans are not disabled. A person can
never be broken. Our built environment, our technologies, is broken and
disabled. We the people need not accept our limitations, but can transfer
disability through technological Innovation”.

These were not just words but he lived his life to them, today he uses
Prosthetic legs and claims to live to normal life. So yes, technology can
indeed neutralize human disability; with this in mind let us use the power
of Arduino and simple sensors to build a Blind man’s stick that could
perform more than just a stick for visually impaired persons.

1.1 OBJECTIVES

This Smart stick will have an Ultrasonic sensor to sense distance from any
obstacles. All the feedbacks will be given to the blind man through a
Buzzer. Of course, you can use a vibrator motor in place of Buzzer and
advance a lot more using your creativity.

1.2. PURPOSE

Accurately predict and sense any obstacle. Guides the person very well. 
Enables intelligent decisions using data, including real–time status
applications and historical analytics reports. Smart Blind Stick plays a
major role in enhancing the life of blind people. Smart blind stick enables
better and real time monitoring and helping the blind person.
 1.3. APPLICATION

 Ultrasonic sensors are great tools to measure distance without actual

contact and used at several places like water level measurement,
distance measurement etc.
 This is an efficient way to measure small distances precisely.

1.4. ADVANTAGES

• Accurately predict and sense any obstacle.

• Guides the person very well. 

• Enables intelligent decisions using data, including real–time status

applications and historical analytics reports.

• Smart Blind Stick plays a major role in enhancing the life of blind
people.

• Smart blind stick enables better and real time monitoring and helping
the blind person.

• It is a cost effective as it works on simple 9v battery.

2. SYSTEM DESIGN
 2.1. COMPONENTS LIST AND SPECIFICATION

Serial no. Component Name Specification Quantity

1 ARDUINO Genuino UNO 1

2 BREAD BOARD - 1
3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR HC-SR04 1
4 BATTERY 9V 1
5 BUZZER - 1
6 PUSH BUTTON - 1
7 CONNECTING WIRES - As per requirement

2.2. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

1. ARDUINO -

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user

community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital
world. Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that
simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default
bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the Opti boot bootloader. Boards are loaded
with program code via a serial connection to another computer. In our project
we have used Arduino UNO.

2. BATTERY-

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells

with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as
flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying
electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is
 the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when
connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external
device. When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able
to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the
separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the
movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of
the battery to perform work.

3. ULTRASONIC SENSOR-
Ultrasonic transducers or ultrasonic sensors are a type of acoustic sensor
divided into three broad categories: transmitters, receivers and transceivers.
Transmitters convert electrical signals into ultrasound, receivers convert
ultrasound into electrical signals, and transceivers can both transmit and
receive ultrasound. In a similar way to radar and sonar,
ultrasonic transducers are used in systems which evaluate targets by
interpreting the reflected signals. For example, by measuring the time between
sending a signal and receiving an echo the distance of an object can be
calculated. Passive ultrasonic sensors are basically microphoning that detect
ultrasonic noise that is present under certain conditions.

4. BUZZER –

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device,[1] which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and
beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or keystroke. These are used in bell, indicators etc.

2.3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.4. WORKING PRINCIPLE
This Arduino Smart Blind Stick is the main circuit which will be
mounted on the blind man’s stick.

As we can see an Arduino UNO is used to control all the sensors. The
complete board is powered by a 9V battery or by the USB cable.

The Ultrasonic sensor is powered by 5V and the trigger and Echo

pin is connected to Arduino UNO pin 8 and 9.

When the supply gets ON, the Arduino Supplies power to Ultrasonic
sensor so that the sensor gets ON…and the GROUND pin is
connected to the GROUND pin of the Arduino so as to provide a
negative potential to the circuit.
There are two openings in Ultrasonic sensor first is transmitter (or
Trigger) and second is receiver (or Echo).
Ultrasonic sensor sends high frequency pulses, these pulses reflects
from object and takes as Echo, time between echo and Trig is
measured by the microcontroller or Arduino which is directly
proportional to distance.

The speed of sound is 341 meter per second in the air, and the
distance between sensor and object is equal to time multiplied by
speed of sound divided by two.
Distance = (Time * Speed of Sound) ÷ 2

After the distance measurement, Arduino makes a beep format using

buzzer, when distance is high, frequency of beep is decreased and
beep frequency is increased when distance is low as per the program.
 Program used in Arduino

#define trigPin 8

#define echoPin 9

#define buzzer 12

int sound = 250;

void setup() {

Serial.begin (9600);

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

);

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

void loop()

int i=20;

long duration, distance;

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = (duration*341) / 2;

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.print("cm");

Serial.print("\n");

if (distance<=75 && distance >=1)

i=distance*i;

digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);

delay(i);

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);

delay(i);

delay(10);

RESULTS
 Our effort to make such a device which is simple to construct and
effective to use to safeguard properties and keep a check on unauthorised
entries is a success. There is no issue is operating the device and running
it. We are satisfied with our efforts to make this device.

CONCLUSIONS

Sound amplification is required for variety of reasons. It has many

applications in our day to day life. There are a variety of sound
amplication techniques and each technique is employed depending on
where and what kind of environment we are present.

An integrated valve amplifier with excellent characteristics has resulted.

In part credit should be given to available electric simulators that allowed
a much easier optimization procedure.
FUTURE WORK

While this project was successful in designing and implementing but there
are many additional areas that can be explored to complement the idea.

While working the dissertation, some gaps were detected in the area of
valve amplifiers that could be further investigated. Judging by the
experience obtained from the work that existent triode valve SPICE
models have good degree of accuracy, but pentode models can probably
be improved
REFERENCES

1. We took reference from you tube.

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOk3h3s507o&t=3s)

2. From some thesis

(https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-
smart-blind-stick)

3. Also, from slide share for the making of this mini project

(https://circuitdigest.com)