Neha Bhosle - GS Static Notes PDF

GS STATIC NOTES
These are Notes I made for selective areas of the General Studies static portion, mainly from the Prelims
perspective.
Please read the following post before reading these Notes -

https://nehabhosleblog.wordpress.com/2020/08/16/my-booklist-for-general-studies/
This will provide you a complete picture of what all I read apart from these Notes.
You can download my other Notes, Class Notebooks and my checked Test Papers from:
My Telegram Channel - https://t.me/All_About_UPSC_CSE or
My Google Drive - https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1dNQwXCJWWMvOD9NmZ6fs_yn9LF4-

33Hk?usp=sharing
All the Best !
Neha Bhosle
Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Chapters 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 - India's Ancient Past - RS
Sharma
Chapter 1: The Significance of Ancient Indian History
Pre British political unity - Asoka, Samudragupta, Chalukya King Harshvardhan
Foreigners viewed it as one country hence called it Hind / India after the river Sindhu
Third century BC - Prakrit as universal lingua franca under Asoka, fourth century AD - Sanskrit, under Guptas
Ramayana and Mahabharata same respect all over - original Sanskrit and translated in other languages
Varna / caste system - even absorbed foreigners and Muslim / Christian converts
Chapter 3: Nature of Sources and Historical Construction
Pollen analysis - 6000 BC - agriculture in Rajasthan and Kashmir
14th century - paper came to India
3rd century BC - earliest inscriptions - Prakrit, 2nd century AD started Sanskrit, Prakrit also, 9th and 10th century AD - regional languages
2500 BC - Harappa seal inscriptions - non deciphered
Till 8th century AD - mostly used Brahmi script
Firozshah Tughlaq - Asoka inscriptions in Meerut - brought to Delhi and tried to decipher - failed - deciphered in 1837 by James Princep
Allahabad inscription - achievements and victories of Samudragupta
Copper plate inscriptions about land grants - Prakrit, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
1500 - 1000 BC - Rig Veda

1000 - 500 BC - others and Brahmanas, Upanishads
Mahabharata events - 10th century BC to 4th century AD - Ramayana seems to be composed after the Mahabharata
Sulvasutras - measurements for constructions of altars - beginning of mathematics and geometry
Sruatasutras (public sacrifices), Grihyasutras (family events) - 600 - 300 BC - describe rituals, ceremonies
2nd century BC - Buddhist texts compiled in Pali - Jatakas talk about the period from 5th to 2nd century BC
Jatakas are non-canonical
6th century AD - Jain texts compiled in Prakrit in Valabhi, Gujarat
500 - 200 BC - Dharmasutras - 0 - 600 AD - Smritis - secular literature - rules, laws, punishments, duties
Also literature - Arthashastra, Shakuntala (Gupta era), works of Bhasa and Banabhatta, Sangam literature (compiled in 400 - 600 AD
Tamil)
Sandiokottas - a contemporary of Alexander who invaded India in 324 BC - same as CGM who became King in 322 BC
Greek - Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, Ptolemy's Geography - 80 - 115 AD and 150 AD respectively
Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019
Ancient Page 1
Latin - Pliny's Naturalis Historia - 1st century AD - India Italy trade
Fa Hsien - Gupta - 5th century AD Hsuang Tsang - Harsha - 7th century AD (2nd quarter)
Indians lacked a historical sense - Puranas up to the Gupta era, written in future tense, only speak of the 4 ages - krita, treta, dwapar and
kali - inscriptions are still okay as they have time and place mentioned but in different eras - 58 BC started Vikram Samvat, 78 AD Saka
Era, 319 AD Gupta Era - Puranas describe cause and effect of these events but not very systematic - biographies have some historical
sense - Harshacharita by Banabhatta in 7th century AD - Sandhyakara Nandi's Ramacharita narrates the story of conflict between Kaivarta
peasants and the Pala prince Rampala and his victory - Bilhana's Vikramankacharita of the Chalukya Kalyan King Vikramaditya VI - 12th
13th century AD, even biographies of some merchants written in Gujarat - 12th century Rajatarangini by Kalhana of the Kings of Kashmir
had a good sense of history as understood today
Chapter 4: Geographical Setting
Sulaiman - Khyber and Gomal passes Kirthar - Bolan pass
Kashmir, Nepal valleys - Sanskrit manuscripts
Mahanadi - Godavari - Kalinga

Godavari - Krishna - AP - rose to fame during Satvahanas - start of AD
Krishna - Kaveri - TN - actually South Pennar - Vaigai - Cholas - start of AD
North TN - uplands - 4th - 6th centuries AD - Pallavas
Tapti - Bhima - Maharashtra
Bhima + Krishna - Tungabhadra - Karnataka
Coromandal coast - Arikamedu, Mahabalipuram, Kaveripattanam

East coast - Eastern Ghats which has too many passes - so easy to communicate between TN and AP
West coast - Western Ghats - not many passes, so Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala not much communication
West Aravali - Rajasthan, Gujarat - also Thar desert not of use - Malwa very fertile
South of Ganga Yamuna - Chambal on west, Son on east, Vindhya, Narmada in South - MP
Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Khetri - copper mines - 1000 BC and even pre Vedic
Rajasthan, Bihar - tin mines - all used up - import from Afghanistan for Harappa and from Burma and Malaya for South God statues
Ancient Page 2
Bihar, East MP, Karnataka - Iron - used by Magadha, Avanti, Satvahanas
Andhra - lead - coins by Satvahanas in 0 - 2nd century AD
Silver - Kharagpur hills in Monghyr - earliest punch mark coins of Silver - mine used as late as Akbar
Kolar - capital of Gangas of South Karnataka - started 2nd century AD - but major gold from central Asia and Roman - coins 0 - 6 century
AD
Precious stones, especially pearls - Central, South and Odisha
Chapter 7: Human Evolution: The Old Stone Age
500000 BC - unpolished, undressed, rough stones found in South India and Sohan valley of Pakistan, also Kashmir - H&G till 8000 BC
100000 BC - paleolithic tools in Chotanagpur
25000 - 10000 BC tools in Kurnool + also bone implements and animal remains
25000 BC - animal remains in Belan valley, Mirzapur - goat, sheep and cattle domesticated
Old stone age or Paleolithic culture of India developed in the Pleistocene period or the Ice Age - 3.5 million years ago, human in Africa
10000 years ago started Holocene
Early / Lower Paleolithic - hand axes and cleavers - Soan valley Pakistan, Belan valley also had caves and rock shelters
Middle - flakes, scrapers made of flakes, borers and blade like tools - Soan valley, near Narmada and also south of Tungabhadra
Upper - blades and burins - Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Chotanagpur, Bhopal, Gujarat dunes - Bhimbetka caves and rock shelters
have hand axes, cleavers, blades, scrapers and burins - Homo sapiens came - ended 8000 BC
Alluvial plains of Ganga and Indus have NO Paleolithic sites - found everywhere else in India in some or other degree
8000 BC - 4000 BC - Mesolithic age - also called late stone age - microliths - Chotanagpur, central India, south of Krishna
Chapter 8: The Neolithic Age: First Food Producers and Animal Keepers
Northern spurs of Vindhyas in the Belan valley - all three paleolithic and also Mesolithic and Neolithic found
Neolithic began in world in 7000 BC, Indian subcontinent 6000 BC, south and East India 1000 BC - polished stones - stone axes - Kashmir
Valley Burzahom lived in pits and hunting fishing, coarse grey pottery, dogs buried with master - south of Godavari, on top of granite hills,
stone axes and stone blades, fire baked earthen figurines of cattle, sheep, goat, rubbing stone querns so knew how to produce grains -
hills of Garo Meghalaya - northern Vindhya in Mirzapur and Allahabad - Balochistan
6th millennium BC - rice Allahabad
Burzahom (2400 BC) and Chirand Bihar (1600 BC) - only 2 places in India with considerable bone implements
Ancient Page 3
Later Neolithics lived in circular or rectangular houses made of mud and reed - common property - ragi and horse gram - microlith blades
Handmade pottery started in later Neolithic - later used foot wheels to turn up pots
Odisha hills - settlement and rice cultivation
Chapter 9: Chalcolithic Cultures
1800 BC - 1000 BC and 800 BC in some places - black and red wheel turned pottery and first to paint it - no thali
Early chalcolithic - SE Rajasthan (Ahar - stone axes and blades completely absent and Gilund - stone blade industry too in Banas valley),
west MP (Malwa, Kayatha and Eran), west Maharashtra (most extensive - Jorwe, Nevasa, Daimabad in Ahmadnagar, Chandoli, Songaon
and Inamgaon in Pune and also Nasik - all are semi-arid areas with brown black soil and ber babul vegetation), Navdatoli on the Narmada
and east India (Allahabad, Chirand), Pandu Rajar Dhibi in Burdwan, Mahishdar in Midnapore - both WB
Chalcolithic ingredients intruded into the Neolithic sites in Andhra but copper objects not found
Small tools and weapons made of stone, stone blade important
Flat, rectangular copper axes in Jorwe and Chandoli, Copper chisels in Chandoli
Rajasthan, MP, Maharashtra - cow, sheep, goat, pig, buffalo, deer, camel - some animal remain which is either wild ass or horse or
donkey - ate beef but not much pork - produced wheat and rice - bajra, masur, black gram, green gram, grass pea, especially in Navdatoli
and also ber and linseed
Deccan - cotton in black soil, ragi, bajra, millets
Bihar and WB - fishhooks and rice
Houses of wattle and daub, mud bricks and thatched houses - no burnt bricks
Ancient Page 4
Microliths - spindle whorls in Malwa, cotton, flax and silk threads in Maharashtra
Terracotta figures of women, unbaked nude clay figurines - worship

Mother Goddess similar to West Asia in Inamgaon
Malwa and Rajasthan bull terracotta - religious cult
Maharashtra - buried dead in urns under the house in N-S direction

Harappans had separate cemeteries
South bury E-W direction
Social inequalities began - steatite and carnelian beads, copper bangles with some dead
Kayatha, Eran and Inamgaon fortified, Chirand and Pandu Rajar Dhibi poor round houses
Bronze tools facilitated the rise of Crete, Egypt and Mesopotamia, but unknown in India
No writing, no cities, high child mortality - though younger than IVC, less developed culture
2000 BC - 1800 BC - ochre colored pottery and also copper culture - Ganga Yamuna doab - when over, no new settlement till 1000 BC -
contemporaries and neighbors of Harappans, may have traded with them
Ancient Page 5
Chapters 10, 12 and 13 - India's Ancient Past - RS Sharma
Chapter 10: Harappan Culture: Bronze Age Urbanization in the Indus Valley
Discovered 1921 Harappa - 250 sites, 6 cities 2500 BC - 1750 BC 2200 BC - 2000 BC mature phase
Jammu - Narmada - Makran coast of Baloch - Meerut - larger than Egypt and Mesopotamia
Harappa and Mohenjo - 483 kms away - linked by Indus + Chanhu daro, Lothal at head of Gulf of Cambay, Kalibangan in N Raj and Banwali
Mature Harappa - Suktagendor and Surkotada marked by citadels - later Harappan in Rangpur and Rojdi in Kathiawar
Citadel high - brick houses low - grid system - road right angle - city divided into blocks
Mohenjo largest building granary - Harappa citadel had 6 granaries, close to river bank, also circular brick platforms in south to threshing
wheat and barley and 2 roomed barracks for labourers - also brick platforms may have been used for granaries in Kalibangan
Burnt bricks in Harappan cities - Egypt dried bricks - Baked bricks in less numbers in Mesopotamia
Indus carried far more alluvial soil than Nile and deposited it in the flood plains - Sindh was very fertile - no hoe or ploughshare
discovered, probably used wooden, furrows in Kalibangan - flood farming - gabarbands or nalas enclosed by dams for storing water in
Baloch and Afghanistan, but channel or canal irrigation seems to have been absent - wheat, barley, rai, peas also sesamum and mustard
in Indus - but even as early as 1800 BC, rice in Lothal - in Mesopotamia wages were paid in barley, probably same in Harappa
Cotton by Indus people - Greeks called it sindon after Sindh
Oxen, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig were domesticated, humped bulls, also dog and cat feet signs noticed, asses and camels - horse 2000 BC in
Surkatoda - Elephants, Rhino - almost same in Mesopotamia but no rice and elephant there
Weavers - cotton and wool
Bronze images, utensils, axes, saws, knives, spears - but less as copper, tin less
Silver, gold from Afghanistan, precious stones from south India, beadmaking
Potter's wheel - glossy shiny pottery
DID NOT USE METALLIC MONEY - no idea of currency, probably barter
Imitated cosmetics used by urban people of Mesopotamia
2350 BC Mesopotamia record of trade with Meluha - Dilmun and Makan, - Bahrain and Oman
Unlike Egypt and Mesopotamia, no temples in Harappan sites - some indications of a fire cult in Lothal, but no temple
Terracotta figurines - Earth Goddess, Fertility Goddess - Egyptians were Matriarchal, not sure of Harappans - only from 6th century AD
Durga, Amba, Kali, Chandi started
Male deity on seat - three heads and horns - Yogi posture - Elephant, Tiger, Rhino - Buffalo below the throne - two deer at feet - Pasupati -
symbols of phallus and female organs made of stone also found in Harappa - pipal tree - humped bull - Amulets
Script discovered first in 1853 and complete script in 1923 - but not deciphered yet - only on seals, no long inscriptions - 250 - 400
pictographs found - no connection with West Asian scripts - 2000 seals found
16 or its multiples used in weights - 16, 64, 160, 320, 640 - sticks for measurement, one made of bronze
Pottery painted in various colours - decorated with designs of trees, circles and images of men
Ancient Page 6
Seals and images great skill upper class used - terracotta figurines unsophisticated artistic work common people used - the Harappan
culture is poor in artistic works made of stone, we do not come across any massive work of art in stone as in sculptures of Egypt and
Mesopotamia
Chapter 12: The Age of the Rig Veda
Successful inroads in West Asia from 2000 BC - 1500 BC in India - the whole region they settled first called Land of the 7 rivers
Rig Veda - prayers to Agni, Indra, Mitra, Varuna and others - 10 mandalas, 1 and 10 (mentions Shudras) added later - similar to Iranian
Avesta - Kubha, Indus and its 5 branches, Sarasvati mentioned - Indra Purandara 250 hymns rain God - Agni 200 hymns - Varuna uphold
the natural order and whatever happened in the world was a reflection of His desires - Soma God of plants - Maruts storm - Aditi, Usha
Aryan names in Kassite inscriptions 1600 BC and Mitanni inscriptions 1400 BC - Iraq - a branch moved from here to India
Possibly used socketed axes, bronze dirks and swords, found in NW India - no archaeological evidence of bronze arms
Trasadasyu - Aryan chief who defeated dasyu - indigenous people - dasa defeated Aryans (probably) - Sambara defeated by Divodasa
Divided into 5 tribes - panchajana - fought among themselves - Bharatas and Tristus ruling clans, supported by Vashishtha - Battle of 10
Kings - banks of Parushni - Sudas of Bharata clan won - Bharatas and Puru (defeated clan) joined to form Kuru clan + Panchalas - ruled
upper Ganga
Wooden ploughshare, knew sowing, harvesting, threshing - fought wars for cows - gavisthi - cow and women gifts to priests, never land
Carpenter, chariot maker, weaver, leather worker, potter, metal working - NO CLEAR EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF TRADE
Bhagwanpura- 1600 BC to 1000 BC - PGW found, but no iron or cereals - 13 roomed mud house, cattle bones
Tribal chief - Rajan - probably hereditary - sabha, samiti, vidhata, gana - sabha, vidhata had women too - purohita, Vashishta,
Vishwamitra - senani - no tax collectors, voluntary offerings of bali - no judiciary - cow thefts - spies used
The officer who enjoyed authority over the pasture ground is called vrajapati, he led the heads of families called kulapas or the heads of
fighting hordes called gramanis to battle - initially gramani head of a tribal fighting unit, but then they became settlers and so same as
vrajapati
King had no standing army - tribal groups vrata, gana, grama, sardha - militia for war times - perpetual expansion and migration
Tribe - jana - used 275 times in RV, and janapada not even once vis also stands for tribe - used 170 times - divided into grama or small
tribal fighting units - sangrama, fight of gramas
Kula mentioned rarely, griha used for family - large joint family - patriarchal like Romans - some indications of polyandry, matrilineal
Mamateya - levirate (silsila), widow remarriage - 16,17 was marriage age, no child marriage
Women slaves for domestic purposes - no slaves for agriculture or other producing activities - occupational DOL, but not very sharp
Tribal and largely egalitarian as not much scope for collecting tributes because pastoral and not food producing
Whole tribe prayed together - vegetable, barley to Indra, Agni - no ritual or sacrificial formulae yet - praja, pasu, food, health, wealth
asked
Chapter 13: The Later Vedic Phase - Transition to State and Social Orders
Ancient Page 7
1000 - 600 BC - later Vedic texts + PGW + iron implements - almost 500 sites - West UP, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan - no burnt bricks
950 BC - battle of Kurukshetra - but epic was compiled only in 4th century AD - Rama is not mentioned in Vedic literature
From around 1000 BC, iron in Gandhara, then slowly in East Punjab, West UP and Rajasthan
East UP, Videha - Iron in 700 BC and called syama or Krishna ayas in the later Vedic texts
Agriculture tools not much of iron, weapons a lot, wooden ploughshare and oxen
Satapatha Brahmana - ploughing rituals - Janak, Balarama also used plough - later upper varnas stopped using
For the first time the Vedic people came to be acquainted with rice in the doab - it is called vrihi in the Vedic texts - 800 BC Hastinapur
Weaving was confined to women but practiced on a wide scale
LVP knew 4 potteries - black and red, black slipped, PGW, red - last most popular, all over west UP - PGW for rich people
Hastinapur, Atranjikhera, Noh - excavated sites
LVP uses term Nagara - but some towns only - Hastinapur, Kaushambi - proto urban sites - refers sea also, so possibly trade too - still no
army
Sangrihitri - tax collecting official - tax collection became common
Varna became a bit strong - no upanayana for Shudras - but some like rathakaras were allowed to - so distinctions did not advance a lot
Patriarchy became stronger and hereditary in Kings - gotra started - first 3 ashramas mentioned in LV texts, 4th not well established
Guest during sacrifices - goghna - fed on cattle - land as gift to Brahmana, still not much
600 BC - Upanishads in Panchal and Videha
The fourth division called the Shudra appeared only towards the end of the Rig Vedic period, because it is mentioned for the first time in
the Purushasukta hymn of the tenth mandala or book of the Rig Veda, which is the latest addition. The Purushashukta hymn tells us that
the brahmana emanated from the mouth of the primeval man (Brahma), the kshatriya from his arms, the vaishya from his thighs and the
shudra from his feet.
The Shatapatha Brahmana describes the four classes as the four varnas. Thus, the later Vedic
Neha society-came
Bhosle Rankto15,
be UPSC
divided CSE
into four
2019varnas
Ancient Page 8
The Shatapatha Brahmana describes the four classes as the four varnas. Thus, the later Vedic society came to be divided into four varnas
called Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.
Ancient Page 9
Chapters 14 and 17 - India's Ancient Past - RS Sharma
Chapter 14: Jainism and Buddhism
Vaishyas supported Jainism and Buddhism because - varna system, nonviolence, interest on money lent
540 BC - Mahavir born, Vaishali, mother Licchavi - left at 30, 12 years - Kaivalya at 42 - went to Kosala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa and
passed away in 468 BC at Pavapuri, near modern Rajgir - do not commit violence, lie, steal, acquire property, brahmacharya - only last
added by Mahavir and he asked to discard clothes
Jainism recognized Gods but placed them lower than Jinas, did not condemn Varna (Buddhism did) - Mahavir said varna according to past
life Karma - full knowledge, action and liberation are tri ratnas
600 AD Basadis - Jain monastic establishments - in Karnataka due to CGM around 300 BC, but epigraphic evidence only from 3rd century AD
4th century BC - Jainism in Kalinga - 1st century BC, Kharavela King who had defeated Andhra and Magadha
Prakrit written in Ardhamagadhi script - compiled 6th century AD in Valabhi - many regional languages grew out of this - Sauraseni which
became Marathi - also used a bit of Sanskrit and help the growth of Kannada - Apabhramsa and its first grammar
563 BC - Sidhartha Sakya Kapilavastu - mother Kosala - left at 29 - Bodh Gaya pipal tree at 35 - first sermon in Sarnath - Kusinara 483 BC
Did not engage in soul or Brahma debates - looked at practical realities - does not recognize God and soul - attacked Varna
Avoid excess of both luxury and austerity - the middle path
Ancient Page 10
Used Pali - sangha open to anyone who can take vow of continence, poverty and faith - Magadha, Kosala, Kausambi Kings, republic Kings
By 12th century AD - disappeared from India - from 1st century AD had started idol worship - Vajrayana 7th century AD, corrupt, women
lust, greedy - Turkish invaders for the riches of monasteries, Nalanda
6th century BC - rising social inequalities - so Buddha preached not to covet wealth - early rules suggest a return to a kind of primitive
communism, a characteristic of the tribal society that had existed before - restrictions on food, dress, sex
Earliest Buddhist text - Suttanipata declares cattle to be givers of food, beauty and happiness and preaches for their protection
Chapter 17: State Structure and the Varna System in the Age of the Buddha
6th century BC marks the beginning of the Northern Black Polished Ware pottery - also iron implements of agriculture and craft and
metallic money - 3rd century BC saw beginning of burnt bricks and ringwells
NBPW marks the beginning of the 2nd urbanisation - 1500 BC, Harappa had ended
Ancient Page 11
Wooden palaces, mud brick and wood houses have been excavated around Patna
Saddalaputta in Vaishali had 500 pottery shops - 18 guild of artisans smith, carpenter, leather worker, painter specified - vessas or
merchant streets in Varanasi - street of ivory workers - specialization in crafts occurred on account of the guild system and localization -
crafts were hereditary
Nishka and Satamana - names of coins in Vedic texts, but actual coins found are only from 6th century BC - coins of metal first appeared
during time of Buddha - earliest are of silver and few copper too - punch marked because punched with marks like hill, tree, fish, bull,
elephant, crescent - earliest in east UP, Magadha and some in Taxila
Writing likely started a couple of centuries before Asoka - earliest lost because not on stone or metal - compilation of laws and rituals,
bookkeeping, tax collection, army keeping - measurement book Sulvasutra
1/6th of produce as tax - fenced fields and irrigation channels - generally no landlords but some villages as gift to Brahmanas or big
merchants - slave labour used too - rich peasants called grihapatis
Rice - east UP and Bihar in Pali and Sanskrit texts - transplantation of paddy (shali) - barley, pulses, millets, cotton, sugarcane - fertile
alluvium soil between Allahabad and Rajmahal - Rajghat Varanasi tools seem to be from Singhbhum and Mayurbhanj iron - beginning of
urban economy and surplus food production in this area - helped tax collection and maintenance of Army
Inspite of currency being used, brahmanas and merchants given grant of village revenue - but only collection not administration rights -
previous tribe heads now became village heads gramini, gramika, gramabhojaka - collected tax and maintained law and order - King
control - Brahmanas and Kshatriyas no tax - bali became compulsory and balisadhakas were appointed to collect it - some tax in coin too -
saulkika or sulkadhyaksha toll collectors from merchants - no sabha samiti - small body called parishad of only brahmanas - assemblies
Ancient Page 12
saulkika or sulkadhyaksha toll collectors from merchants - no sabha samiti - small body called parishad of only brahmanas - assemblies
existed in small republics of Shakya and Licchavi
Republics in Indus basin (possibly remaining Vedic tribes) and in East UP and Bihar - tribal oligarchy in reality - ruling classes of same varna
and clan - 7707 rajas in Vaishali Licchavi but no brahmanas - in post Maurya times, in the republics of Malavas and Kshudrakas, Brahmanas
and Kshatriyas got citizenships but not slaves and hired labourers - in a state on the Beas, citizenship only to those who could supply atleast
1 elephant to the state - Brahmanas not important, and every King had a small army with a senapati in a republic and had own store house
and apparatus of administration
Laws, punishments were different for different Varnas - untouchability started - even Jainism and Buddhism did not help - though they
could join, position remained low - Buddha visited assemblies of Brahmanas, Kshatriyas and Grihapatis, but no Shudra assembly - civil and
criminal law administered by royal agents - eye for eye
Ancient Page 13
Chapter 15: Territorial States and the Rise of Magadha
16 Mahajanapadas = Pages 166 to 168
Bimbisara contemporary of Buddha - acquired Anga and placed it under the viceroyalty of Ajatashatru - daughter of Kosala King and sister
of Prasenjit, Kasi village 100000 revenue as dowry - Chellana Licchavi princess from Vaishali - Madra clan Punjab chief daughter - at his
time whole Magadha kingdom was 80000 villages - also received an embassy and letter from Gandhara - Rajgir (Girivraja) capital - ruled
from 544 BC to 492 BC - Haryanka dynasty
Ajatashatru 494 - 460 BC - fought against Kasi and Kosala and won - got the daughter of Kosala king and sole possession of Kasi - mother
Licchavi still attacked Vaishali and destroyed it in 16 years - used a war engine to throw stones like catapults, chariot with attached mace -
by then Avanti had defeated Vatsas of Kaushambi and Ajatashatru thought they will attack Magadha next, so started fortifying Rajgir
Udayin 460 - 444 BC - built fort at confluence of Ganga and Son at Patna, because it was at centre of the Kingdom
Sisunaga dynasty - capital to Vaishali - destroyed Avanti and Ujjain - ended 100 year rivalry of Magadha and Avanti
Nandas - conquered Kalinga from where they brought an image of a Jina as a trophy - Mahapadma Nanda who claimed to be ekarat - also
won Kosala who tried to rebel - 200000 infantry, 60000 cavalry, 6000 elephants - at time of Alexander 2000 horse chariots
Magadha - Rajgir iron deposits - even Avanti had iron mines near Ujjain and so was strong - Rajgir surrounded by 5 hills - in the 5th
century Magadhan Kings shifted to Pataliputra situated at confluence of Ganga, Gandak and Son, and Poonpun, Sarayu was nearby-
Jaladurga - empire was in the centre of the middle Gangetic plain, fertile alluvium soil and good rainfall so very productive without
irrigation paddy - rise of towns and coins, so could collect tolls - first to use elephants in army - the Magadhan society was inhabited by
Kiratas and Magadhas who were held in low esteem by the orthodox brahmanas, but it underwent a happy racial admixture on account
of the advent of the Vedic people. Since it was recently aryanized, it showed more enthusiasm for expansion than the kingdomswhich
had been brought under the Vedic influence earlier
Chapter 18: The Maurya Age
CGM - Brahmins say born to Muru, a shudra woman in Nanda court, Buddhist tradition says Maurya is a kshatriya clan in Gorakhpur
Justin - Greek writer - CGM army of 600000 - in return for 500 elephants got East Afghanistan, Baloch and West Indus from Selecus
CGM - almost autocrat - concentrated power - assisted by a council but not known if advice binding - divided kingdom into provinces and
head of each was a scion prince - Pataliputra, Kausambi, Ujjain, Taxila most important cities - Pataliputra capital, six committees of 5
members each sanitation, care of foreigners, registration of birth and death, regulations of weights and measures - also around 2 dozen
departments of state which controlled social and economic activities in the areas near the capital
Roman writer Pliny - CGM had 600000 foot soldiers, 30000 cavalry and 9000 elephants, other source says 8000 chariots, had navy too
Megasthenes - army administration by 6 * 5 committee members - army, cavalry, elephants, chariots, navy and transport
Mauryan military strength was almost thrice of Nandas
Ancient Page 14
Son Bindusara continued links with the Greek princes
Asoka (273 - 232 BC) - first Indian king to directly speak to masses though inscriptions - in form of 44 royal orders - Prakrit Brahmi,
Kharoshti, Armaic, Greek - placed on ancient highways - throw light on his career, external and domestic policies and extent of his
empire - Kalinga 1 L killed and 1.5 L prisoners - berighosha replaced by dhammaghosha - 13th major rock edict about Kalinga, fought 8
years after he became king - kept the army from CGM time and used dhamma as a propaganda + army threat if need be - class of officers
known as rajukas for rewarding or punishing people - Kandhar inscription talks about how fishermen and hunter gave up killing animals
and possibly took to agriculture due to his ideas - dharma yatras are his visits to Buddhist shrines - Buddhist council under the
chairmanship of his brother - visited Lumbini 12 years after Kalinga, exempted bali (tribute), reduced bhaga to 1/8 - dharmamahamatras
Brought whole country under 1 dhamma, 1 language, 1 script - political unification - tolerant - did not force conversions - non aggression,
cultural conquest - tried to bring under 1 culture - Akhnaton of Egypt in 14th century BC had followed a similar pacific policy, but Asoka
did not know of him - after his retirement, his viceroys and vassals declared themselves independent, and also within 25 years the
neighbours conquered NWFP - dhamma policy left no lasting impression
Chapter 19: The Significance of Maurya Rule
Kautilya called the king a dharmapravartaka or promulgator of social order - control over all spheres of life - vast bureaucracy - spy
network who kept a watch on foreigners and officers, and deliberately used superstitions to collect money from credulous people
Read whole chapter well
Mahasthana inscription, Bogra, Bangladesh
80 pillar hall - Kumrahr
Ancient Page 15
Chapter 16: Iranian and Macedonian Invasions
NE India - merged with Magadha empire - but NW India - Kamboj, Gandhara and Madras fought one another - wealthy area accessible
through Hindukush
Archaemenian rulers expanded their empire at the same time as the Magadhans
516 BC - Darius annexed Punjab, west of Indus and Sindh - 20th satrapy of Iran out of 28 - very fertile 360 talents of gold as revenue - Indians
joined Iranian army - Xerxes used them in war against Greeks - continued to be a part of Iranian empire till Alexander invasion
Indo Iranian contact lasted 200 years - trade and commerce - Kharoshti script - Iranian coins found which indicates trade - 300 BC Ashokan
inscriptions in Kharoshti - script continued to be used till 300 AD - influenced Mauryan sculpture - Bellshaped capitals of Ashoka - Iranian
influence in preamble of Ashokan edicts as well as in certain words used in them - because of Iranians Greek and Alexander knew India
4th century BC - Greeks under Alexander defeated Iranians - conquered Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran - he thought eastern side of India was
continuation of Caspian sea and wanted to see it - Khyber pass was unguarded and could be crossed from Kabul - in 5 months reached Indus
and Ambhi the ruler of Taxila readily surrendered and gave his men and treasury too - between Chenab and Jhelum was Porus Kingdom -
battle at banks of Jhelum - then advanced to Beas but army refused to move, 10 years and homesick - returned - was in India for 19 months
326 - 325 BC - placed Greek governors into the 3 parts of his own territorial possessions - first contact of ancient Europe with ancient India
Herodotus - father of History
Dispatched a fleet under Nearchus to search for harbours from the mouth of Indus to that of Euphrates
Historians have left clear dates of Alexander so we can guess Indian history chronology from those dates - sati, sale of girls in market - fine
breed of oxen, sent 200000 oxen to Macedonia - carpentry chariot, boat, ships
Destroyed NW small states and made easy for CGM to win later - also it is said that CGM saw his military at work and took some tips
Chapter 20: Central Asian Contact and Mutual Impact
200 BC - Bactrian Greeks (who ruled over area south of Oxus river, which today is North Afghanistan) - to escape Scythians - Indo Greeks -
occupied a large part of NW India, bigger than Alexander - pushed as far as Ayodhya and Pataliputra, but failed to unite India - 2
simultaneous Greek dynasties were ruling at that time in India
Menander (Milinda) - most famous Indo Greek king - 165 - 145 BC - capital in Sakala (modern Sialkot) - converted to Buddhism by Nagasena
(Nagarjuna) - asked him a lot of questions - Milinda Panho or The Questions of Milinda
Indo Greeks first to issue coins which can definitely be attributed to Kings - not possible to assign the punch marked coins to any dynasty -
Ancient Page 16
Indo Greeks first to issue coins which can definitely be attributed to Kings - not possible to assign the punch marked coins to any dynasty -
first to issue gold coins in India - Hellenistic art features in NWFP which gave rise to Gandhara art
Sakas - followed Greeks and controlled bigger area - 5 branches of Sakas in Afghanistan, Punjab (Taxila capital), Mathura where they rules 2
centuries, western India where they ruled till 4th century AD and upper Deccan
58 BC - Vikramaditya of Ujjain defeated Sakas in his area - start of Vikram Samvat - name became fashion and 14 Kings in history
Saka King Rudradaman I - 130 - 150 AD - Sindh, Kutch, Gujarat - won Konkan, Narmada Valley, Malwa and Kathiawar from Satvahanas -
repaired Sudarasana lake in Kathiawar - old lake from time of Maurya, used for irrigation - first ever long inscription in Sanskrit by him
Parthians - ruled same time as Sakas and some Sanskrit texts refer era as Saka Pahlavas - from Iran, occupied smaller portion of NW India -
most famous King Gondophernes in whose reign St. Thomas came to India
Read Kushanas and Cultural Consequences - pages 213 to 222
Toprak Kala in Khorzehm - Kushana palace
Kushana - red pottery
Equestrian terracota figures of Kushana time in Begram, Afghanistan
Mathura - headless statue of Kanishka
Mathura = red sandstone
Ashvaghosha - Buddhacharita, Saundarananda (Sanskrit kavya)
Avadanas = Mahayana Buddhism = Mahavastu, Divyavadana
Embassies from India to 2 Roman Kings - Augustus 27-28 AD and Trajan 110-20 AD
Chapter 30: Cultural Interaction with Asian Countries
Indians learnt silk making from Chinese, growing betel leaf from Indonesians
Cotton growing spread from India to China and Central Asia
Begram and Bamiyan - Buddhist statues Afghanistan
Prakrit written in Kharoshti script spread by Kushanas to Central Asia - 4th century AD
Read Pages 323 to 325 - Indian Culture in Southeast Asia
Ancient Page 17
Chapter 21: The Satavahana Phase
Puranas call them Andhras
1st century BC - defeated Kanvas - first rule in Maharashtra upper Godavari
Fought Sakas - Sakas took Maharashtra and west India from them
Gautamiputra Satkarni - 106 to 130 AD - only Brahmana - defeated Nahapana - got Malwa and Kathiawar from Sakas
Vashishtiputra Pulumayi - 130 to 154 AD - capital in Paithan or Pratishtan on Godavari in Aurangabad
Rudradaman I Saka defeated Satvahanas twice 130 to 150 AD - marriage alliance also
Yajna Sri Satakarni 165 to 194 AD recovered Konkan and Malwa from Sakas - ship on his coins
Satvahanas - first people to give land grants to Brahmanas
Matrilineal but patriarchal
Karle - famous chaitya
Nasik - 3 viharas - Gautamiputra, Nahapana names
Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, Ellora
Nagarjunakonda - Ikshvakus - Brahmanical brick temples
Prakrit in Brahmi script - Satvahanas
Satvahana king Hala - Gathasaptasati
Chapter 22: The Dawn of History in the Deep South
Megaliths - buried with iron objects, black and red pottery
Tridents found in megaliths
Tamil Nadu - bury in urns made of red pottery - not many goods or surrounding stones
Pandyas - pearls, ruled by women - says Megasthenes - capital Madurai
Chola - between Pennar and Velur - Uraiyur chief center of political power, cotton trade - middle of 2nd century BC their King Elara won
SL - Karikala around 100 AD, founded Puhar and embankments on Kaveri - Puhar = Kaveripattanam capital - nothing much in 4th to 9th
century AD, their neighbours + Pallavas defeated them
Chera - Roman regiments in Muziris (Cragnanore), temple of Augustus
In 150 AD, Chera and Chola fought - Chera King and Father of Karikala Chola both dead
Senguttavan = Red Chera
2nd to 8th century AD - Chera not much
First 2 and half centuries AD - lot of trade between south and Roman empire - then declined
Ancient Page 18
First 2 and half centuries AD - lot of trade between south and Roman empire - then declined
Enadi = army captain

Vallala = rich peasant
Arasar = ruling class
Kadasiyar = lowest class women
Pulaiyans = low class artisans
Cremation was introduced in early ADs
Sangam literature = Pandyas in Madurai
Ancient Page 19
Chapter 23 - India's Ancient Past - RS Sharma
Chapter 23: Crafts, Commerce, and Urban Growth (200 BC–AD 250)
200 BC to 200 AD = Post Maurya Age
Mahavastu book - 36 occupations mentioned
Dyeing vats - Uraiyur, Arikamedu
Yelleshwaram in Nalagonda - largest number of terracotta and their moulds, also in Kondapur
Broach, Sopara on west, Arikamedu, Tamralipti on east
Roman trade - luxury items not daily use ones
Arretine pottery from Romans - only in south
Pepper = yavanapriya = loved by foreigner - too much trade deficit for Romans due to Pepper and Steel imports
Pages 269 and 270 - city names
Ancient Page 20
Chapter 24: Rise and Growth of the Gupta Empire
3rd century AD - Kushanas and Satvahanas end
335 to 455 - Gupta reign - UP, probably Prayag was centre of power
More horse, less chariot and elephant - Kushanas and Guptas
Guptas rule Anuganga, Prayag, Saket, Magadha
After Kushanas, Murundas for some time and then Guptas from 275 AD
Chandragupta I - 319-20 AD accession - Gupta era calendar
335 to 380 AD = Samudragupta - Harisena court poet - inscription in Allahabad on Asoka's pillar
SL Meghavarman asked Samudragupta permission to build a Buddhist temple at Gaya
380 to 412 AD - Chandragupta II - daughter Prabhavati married to Vakataka prince - made Ujjain second capital - Amarsimha and
Kalidasa - Fa Hsien from 399 to 414 AD
Yashodharman - short rule but had defeated Guptas and Hunas
Rise of feudatories during Skandagupta
Chapter 25: Life in the Gupta Age
No primogeniture in Guptas
First time civil and criminal law clearly defined and demarcated in Gupta era
Many guilds in Bhita, Vaishali - Mandasor silk weaver guild - Bulandshahr oil presser guild
Land grants to Brahmanas increased
Shudras and women could listen to epics and Puranas and worship Krishna
4th century AD - Bhagavad-Gita
Chandragupta II - navratnas
Sultanganj near Bhagalpur - bronze image of Buddha
Buddha images at Sarnath and Mathura
Ajanta paintings
Poor temples - brick temples of Bhitargaon in Kanpur, Bhitari in Ghazipur, Deogarh in Jhansi
Nalanda - 5th century
Read Literature, Science and Technology - Pages 287 to 290

Ancient Page 21
Read Literature, Science and Technology - Pages 287 to 290
Ancient Page 22
Chapter 28: Brahmanization, Rural Expansion, and Peasant Protest in the Peninsula
From 400 AD, Sanskrit in south too
In north Maharashtra and Vidarbha, Satvahanas succeeded by Vakatakas Brahmanas - Chandragupta II daughter Prabhavati married
Vakataka
Vakataka followed by Chalukyas of Badami - ruled from beginning of 6th century AD till 757 AD and then overthrown by Rashtrakutas
Chalukya capital = Vatapi
In Eastern peninsula, Satvahanas succeeded by Ikshvakus - monuments in Nagarjunakonda and Dharanikota - replaced by Pallavas
Pallavas - Tondainadu - capital at Kanchi - fought Kadambas of north Karnataka - founder is Simhavarman
Kadamba founded by Mayurasarman - capital at Vaijayanti or Banavasi
South Karnataka - 4th century - Gangas - capital = Kolar
Revolt of Kalabhras in 6th century AD - possibly Buddhists
Read: Pages 309 to 311 - Conflict between Pallavas and Chalukyas, Temples
Ancient Page 23
Chapter 33: Legacy in Science and Civilization
4th century BC - Panini - Sanskrit grammar - Ashtadhyayi
5th century AD - decimal system
Aryabhata = 5th century AD, Varahamira = 6th century AD
Aryabhata - knew decimal system, area of triangle, cause of solar and lunar eclipse, circumference of earth, position of planets, earth
rotates sun stationery
Varahamira - Brihatasamhita - Moon and earth both rotate
Indians discovered the colour blue
Ancient Page 24
NCERT - VI - Our Pasts I
Chapter 2:
Kurnool caves = traces of ash
Ostriches were found in India during the Paleolithic period. Large quantities of ostrich egg shells were found at Patne in Maharashtra.
Designs were engraved on some pieces, while beads were also made out of them
Chapter 3:
Ancient Page 25
Chapter 4:
Chapter 7:
Buddha and Kisagotammi - the sorrowing mother story
Satyakama Jabala, named after his mother, the slave woman Jabali. He had a deep desire to learn about reality, was accepted as a
student by a brahmin teacher named Gautama, and became one of the best-known Upanishadic thinkers of the time.
Chapter 8:
Ancient Page 26
Poduca = Roman name for Arikamedu
Chapter 9:
In the Tamil region, large landowners were known as vellalar, ordinary ploughmen were known as uzhavar, and landless labourers,
including slaves, were known as kadaisiyar and adimai.
Arikamedu - stamped red-glazed pottery, known as Arretine Ware
Chapter 10:
Sangam poems mention the muvendar. This is a Tamil word meaning three chiefs, used for the heads of three ruling families, the
Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas
Vishnu as Varaha — an image from Eran, Madhya Pradesh. This magnificent statue is of a special form of Vishnu, the Varaha or boar.
Chapter 12:
A famous Tamil epic, the Silappadikaram, was composed by a poet named Ilango, around 1800 years ago. It is the story of a merchant
named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar and fell in love with a courtesan named Madhavi, neglecting his wife Kannagi. Later, he and Kannagi
left Puhar and went to Madurai, where he was wrongly accused of theft by the court jeweller of the Pandya king. The king sentenced
Kovalan to death. Kannagi, who still loved him, was full of grief and anger at this injustice, and destroyed the entire city of Madurai.
Another Tamil epic, the Manimekalai was composed by Sattanar around 1400 years ago. This describes the story of the daughter of
Kovalan and Madhavi.
Ancient Page 27
Kovalan and Madhavi.
Ancient Page 28
NCERT - XII - Themes in Indian History I
Chapter 1:
Terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and at Banawali (Haryana). Archaeologists have also fou nd
evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan (Rajasthan)
Traces of canals have been found at the Harappan site of Shortughai in Afghanistan, but not in Punjab or Sind
Alexander Cunningham, the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) - father of Indian archaeology
Copper mirrors
Nageshwar and Balakot - specialized centers for making shell objects – including bangles, ladles and inlay
Shortughai, in far-off Afghanistan, near the best source of lapis lazuli, a blue stone that was apparently very highly valued, and Lothal
which was near sources of carnelian (from Bharuch in Gujarat), steatite (from south Rajasthan and north Gujarat) and metal (f rom
Rajasthan)
There is evidence in the Khetri area for what archaeologists call the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture, with its distinctive non-Harappan
pottery and an unusual wealth of copper objects. It is possible that the inhabitants of this region supplied copper to the Ha rappans.
In 1924, John Marshall, Director -General of the ASI, announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus valley to the world
Ancient Page 29
Chapter 2:
Ancient Page 30
Mauryas - There were five major political centers in the empire – the capital Pataliputra and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjayini,
Tosali and Suvarnagiri, all mentioned in Asokan inscriptions
Ancient Page 31
Gandatindu Jataka describes the plight of the subjects of a wicked king
An agrahara was land granted to a Brahmana, who was usually exempted from paying land revenue and other dues to the king, and was
often given the right to collect these dues from the local people.
Samanta = zamindars
Archaeological evidence of a bead-making industry, using precious and semi-precious stones, has been found in Kodumanal (Tamil
Nadu). It is likely that local traders brought the stones mentioned in the Periplus from sites such as these to the coastal p orts.
Successful merchants, designated as masattuvan in Tamil and setthis and satthavahas in Prakrit
The first coins to bear the names and images of rulers were issued by the Indo-Greeks, who established control over the north-western
part of the subcontinent c. second century BCE.
The first gold coins were issued c. first century CE by the Kushanas.
Pativedakas = reporters
Ancient Page 32
Chapter 3:
Sanskritist, V.S. Sukthankar - critical edition of the Mahabharata - 1919 began and took 47 years to complete
Satvahanas - gotra exogamy not strict

Ancient Page 33
Satvahanas - gotra exogamy not strict
Shakas who came from Central Asia, were regarded as mlechchhas, barbarians or outsiders by the Brahmanas
people living in forests - nishadas - example: Eklavya
One stone inscription (c. fifth century CE), found in Mandasor (Madhya Pradesh), records the history of a guild of silk weave rs who
originally lived in Lata (Gujarat), from where they migrated to Mandasor, then known as Dashapura. It states that they undert ook the
difficult journey along with their children and kinfolk, as they had heard about the greatness of the local king, and wanted to settle in his
kingdom.
Chapter 4:
Tipitaka – literally, three baskets to hold different types of texts
Uttaradhyayana Sutta - Jain text
Hagiography is a biography of a saint or religious leader.
According to Buddhist philosophy, the world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing; it is also soulless (anatta) as th ere is nothing
permanent or eternal in it. Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence. It is by following the path of
moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence that human beings can rise above these worldly troubles.
The Buddha’s foster mother, Mahapajapati Gotami was the first woman to be ordained as a bhikkhuni
Ancient Page 34
metta (fellow feeling)
the mound of the stupas came to be elaborately carved with niches and sculptures as at Amaravati, and Shahji -ki-Dheri in Peshawar
scrolls (charanachitras)
sculpture at Sanchi - a scene from the Vessantara Jataka
Shalabhanjika - According to popular belief, this was a woman whose touch caused trees to flower and bear fruit
The paintings at Ajanta depict stories from the Jatakas. These include depictions of courtly life, processions, men and women at work,
and festivals. The artists used the technique of shading to give a three-dimensional quality. Some of the paintings are extremely
naturalistic.
Another motif is that of a woman surrounded by lotuses and elephants, which seem to be sprinkling water on her as if performi ng an
abhisheka or consecration. While some historians identify the figure as Maya, the mother of the Buddha, others identify her w ith a
popular goddess, Gajalakshmi – literally, the goddess of good fortune – who is associated with elephants.
Ancient Page 35
Miscellaneous
Harsha, South Empires - TN textbook
Harsha - 606 to 647 AD - feudal, decentralized, paying officers with land grants seems to have begun under Harsha - not too many
coins, last great Hindu emperor of North, poor law and order says Chinese pilgrim - got robbed - said shudras were agriculturists
Military camp = skandavaras example: Kannauj of Harsha
Neolithic - Burzahom - coarse grey pottery
Stone copper phase - black and red pottery - also found with the megalith burials
Vedic people - PGW
6th century BC onwards - NBP
Ancient Page 36
Chapter 1 - History of Medieval India - Satish Chandra
Important Chapters: 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13
Chapter 1: India and the World
By third quarter of sixth century:

West Europe Catholic - Slavs and Germanic tribes,
East Europe + Turkey + Syria + North Africa - Greek Orthodox Constantinople Byzantine empire which continued many Roman traditions,
trade with Arabs
West Europe - dark ages after Roman fell, revived 12th to 14th century - universities in Padua and Milan - feudalism rose - serfdom,
manor - decentralized army - iron stirrups for cavalry + new harness - absence of a powerful empire so Church took over the work of
government as well - Pope had political and moral authority too
Abbasids in Arab world - traded with India - famous caliphs Al Mamun and Harun Al Rashid - Al Mamun set up Bait Ul Hikmat House of
Wisdom at Baghdad to translate various texts into Arabic
Arab conquest of Sindh - 8th century
Decimal system from 5th century India - Al Khawarizmi took it to Arabs in 9th century - Abelard took it to Europe in 12th century
Kalila wa dimna = Panchatantra
After 14th century, Arab became orthodox
Habshis = Ethiopian Christians - close to Byzantines
China - 8th and 9th century Tang rule - 10th century Sung dynasty - 13th century Mongols united China + also had Vietnam, SK
Sailendra empire in 7th century - replaced by Sri Vijaya empire by 10th century - Sumatra, Java, Malaya, Siam, Philippines - capital was
Palembang in Sumatra - Buddhist
The rulers built magnificent temples during the period, the most famous of them being the temple of Borobodur in east Java dedicated
to the Buddha. It is a whole mountain carved into nine stone terraces, surmounted by a stupa. Indian epics, such as the Ramayana and
the Mahabharata are displayed in the panels of the temple. These epics continued to provide the themes for literature, folk-art, puppet-
plays, etc.
Kambuja empire in Cambodia and Annam (south Vietnam) - replaced the older Funan Hindu empire - Kambuja till 15th century thrived
Medieval Page 1
Port of Takkala in Malaya Peninsula, Chinese Sea - Indian traders
Medieval Page 2
Chapter 2: Northern India - Age of the Three Empires - 800 - 1000
Pala - founder Gopala 750 AD - 770 to 810 AD Dharmapala - Dharmapala defeated by Rashtrakuta Dhruva but then Dhruva returned to
Deccan and Dharmapala occupied Kanauj but again defeated, this time by Pratihara Nagabhatta II in Mongyr
Palas were patrons of Buddhism
Failure in the north compelled the Pala rulers to turn their energies in other directions. Devapala, the son of Dharmapala, w ho succeeded
to the throne in AD 810 and ruled for 40 years, extended his control over Pragjyotishpur (Assam) and parts of Orissa. Probabl y a part of
modern Nepal was also brought under Pala suzerainty.
Arabs called the Pala kingdom Ruhma - Tibetians say Dharmapala revived the Nalanda university - Dharmapala founded Vikramshila
university - Sanskrit scholars Santarakshita and Dipankara sent to Tibet - Sailendra kings built a monastery in Nalanda with Devapala
permission - trade with Arabs, Chinese, Sailendra
Palas had largest number of elephants
Pratihara - they resisted Arab incursion into Sindh, but Arabs actually defeated by Chalukyas in 738 AD - Vishnu devotee Adivaraha Mihir
Bhoja - best cavalry in the country, imported horses
Mihir Bhoja founder and greatest ruler - rebuilt Kanauj - tried to expand east but stopped by Pala Devapala - protected Malwa and some
Gujarat from Rashtrakutas - good progress in North, upto Sutlej - also east once Pala Devapala died - Mihir Bhoja died 885 AD
Mahendrapala is son of Mihir Bhoja ruled till 909 AD and extended till Magadha and North Bengal, fought King of Kashmir but l ost -
Mahipala grandson of Mihir Bhoja - Rajashekar a Sanskrit poet and dramatist lived in the court of Mahipala
915 to 918 AD Rashtrakuta Indra III attacked Kanauj and won - 963 AD Rashtrakuta Krishna III defeated Pratiharas from the North too
Rashtrakuta - founder Dantidurga and capital Manyakhet / Malkhed (Solapur) - fought Pratiharas for Gujarat and Malwa, Eastern
Chalukyas of Vengi, Pallavas of Kanchi, Pandyas of Madurai Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019
Medieval Page 3
Chalukyas of Vengi, Pallavas of Kanchi, Pandyas of Madurai
Greatest rulers Govinda III 793 to 814 AD and Amoghavarsha 814 to 878 AD
Govind III annexed Malwa defeating Pratihara Nagabhatta of Kanauj - also defeated the three south kings + Gangas of Karnataka and King
of Lanka
Amoghavarsha wrote first Kannada book on poetics - rebuilt Manyakhet - his grandson was Indra III
Indra III defeated Mahipala and won Kanauj in 915 AD
Krishna III - fought Parmars of Malwa, Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, Cholas of Tanjore - defeated Chola Parantaka I in 949 AD - also won
Rameshwaram and built a temple and pillar of victory
After Krishna III died, everyone else united against Rashtrakutas and burnt down Malkhed in 972 AD
Ellora - rock cut Shiva temple - under Rashtrakuta Krishna I
Amoghavarsha was Jain
Apabhramsha poet Swayambu and his son lived in Rashtrakuta courts
Rashtrakuta princess Chandroballabe, daughter of Amoghavarsha administered Raichur doab
All three had decentralized empire + vassal system
But chiefs always aspired to be independent and wars between them and the overlord were frequent. Thus, the Rashtrakutas had to fight
constantly against the vassal chiefs of Vengi (Andhra) and Karnataka: the Pratiharas had to fight against the Paramaras of Ma lwa and the
Chandellas of Bundelkhand.
Read Administration structure - Pages 34 to 36
Pala and Pratihara - Bhukti (uparika) --> Mandala / Visaya (Visayapati) --> Pattala (Samanta / Bhogapati)
Rashtrakuta - Rashtra (Rashtrapati) --> Visaya --> Bhukti
Medieval Page 4
Chapter 3: South India - The Chola Empire - 900 - 1200
FULL CHAPTER TO BE READ WELL - IMPORTANT: ARCHITECTURE + LITERATURE
Local self government - Rashtrakutas and Cholas
Dravida architecture = Chola
11 volumes of writings of Shaivite saints = Tirumurai = 5th Veda
Kamban - second half of 11th century and 12th century - golden period of Tamil literature - lived in court of Chola king - Tamil Ramayana
Pampa, Ponna, Ranna - 3 gems of Kannada poetry
Nanniyah - Telugu Mahabharata begun, but completed by Tikkanna
Medieval Page 5
Chapters 4 and 5 - History of Medieval India - Satish
Chandra
Chapter 4: Economic and Social Life, Education and Religious Beliefs - 800 - 1200
Harisena's Brihatkathakosh
Borobunder, Java - Buddhist

Angkorvat, Cambodia - Brahmanical
Chief port for sailing to Java, Sumatra - Tamralipti (Tamluk) in Bengal
Main sea port for foreign trade in China - Canton (Kanfu)
Indians introduced cotton in Japan, built 3 Brahmanical temples in Canton
Nalanda, Vikramshila, Uddandapura - universities in Bihar
Saiva sects and centres of learning in Kashmir
Madurai and Sringeri maths
Mathematics - Lilawati by Bhaskar II
Puri was once a Buddhist temple
Qutb complex was a Jain temple then converted to Vishnu temple
Gorakhnath - Hindu yogi mystic practices - followers were called Nath - Panthies - tantra
Chalukyas of Gujarat patronized Jainism - Dilwara temple, Mt. Abu
Paramara rulers of Malwa built huge images of Jain saints and Mahavira
Gangas of Karnataka also patronized Jainism - Jain basadis (temples) and mahastambas (pillars) set up - Sravana Belagola, 18 m high cut
from granite rock
Jain doctrine of 4 gifts - learning, food, medicine, shelter
Bhakti saints disregarded the inequalities of caste, though they did not try to oppose the caste system as such
Another popular movement which arose during the twelfth century was the Lingayat or Vir Saiva movement. Its founders were Basava
and his nephew, Channabasava, who lived at the court of the Kalachuri kings of Karnataka. They established their faith after bitter
disputes with the Jains. The Lingayats are worshippers of Siva. They strongly opposed the caste system, and rejected fasts, feasts,
pilgrimages and sacrifices. In the social sphere, they opposed child marriage and allowed remarriage of widows.
Read Sankara, Ramanuja - Pages 66, 67
Chapter 5: The Age of Conflict - 1000 - 1200
Islamized Turkish Tribes
998 to 1030 AD - Mahmud of Ghazni - in his court Firdausi a Persian poet who wrote Shah Nama
Hindushahi ruler Jayapala had tried to attack Ghazni in alliance with the son of a former governor of Ghazni - but lost twice - Mahmud
of Ghazni invaded and defeated both Jayapala and Muslim ruler of Multan - succeeded by son Anandapala - Anandapala + Multan King
Medieval Page 6
of Ghazni invaded and defeated both Jayapala and Muslim ruler of Multan - succeeded by son Anandapala - Anandapala + Multan King
fought Mahmud in 1008-9 AD in Waihind (Peshawar) - they also lost
Mahmud of Ghazni - 17 raids - butshikan or destroyer of images - Thanesar, Kanauj, Somnath, Mathura - died in 1030 AD and Seljuk
empire came
Rajput states - Gahadavalas of Kanauj, Parmars of Malwa and Chauhans of Ajmer, Kalachuris of Jabalpur, Chandelas of Bundelkhand,
Chalukyas of Gujarat, Tomars of Delhi
Bengal - Palas succeeded by Senas
Read the Architecture section - Pages 77, 78
North and Deccan - Nagara temple construction style - 10th to 12th century climax - Khajuraho, Bhubaneshwar, Parsvanath temple,
Viswanath temple and Khandarya Mahadeo temples in Khajuraho - most built by Chandelas
Odisha - Lingaraja, Sun temple, Jagannatha Puri
Ujjain, Dhara - Paramara capitals - centre of Sanskrit learning
Hemchandra - Jain scholar who wrote in Sanskrit and Apabhramsha
Hindi, Bengali, Marathi languages emerged
Towards middle of 12th century - Seljuk Turks defeated - 2 new empires: Khwarizmi empire in Iran and Ghurid empire in NW
Afghanistan
Prithviraj Chauhan - before him Chauhans had defeated Turks, captured Delhi from Tomars and were extending near Punjab which was
close to Ghanzni ruler area - Prithvi invaded Bundelkhand and defeated the Chandelas in battle of Mahoba, killing Alha and Udal
brothers - Bhima II of Gujarat defeated Prithvi, so he turned to Punjab next
Muhammad Ghuri and Prithvi - Tabarhinda - in 1191 in Tarain battle - Ghuri defeated - Prithvi captured Tabarhinda after 12 months
siege - but did not out the Ghurids from Punjab, hence Ghuri got time to regroup
1192 - second battle of Tarain - Prithvi asked all for help, most sent but not Sanjogita's father Gahadawala Jaichandra of Kanauj - love
story written by Chand Bardai - lost badly and then executed for conspiracy after being allowed to rule Ajmer for some time - son
moved to Ranthambore and founded new Chauhan empire
Qutubuddin Aibak - slave of Ghuri - left incharge of India as Ghuri returned to Ghazni
Ghuri came back and defeated Jaichandra in battle of Chandawar near Kanauj - then Ghuri destroyed Benaras
Bakhtyar Khalji destroyed Nalanda and Vikramshila
1206 - last India battle of Ghuri against Khokhars of Punjab
Medieval Page 7
Chapters 6 to 8 - History of Medieval India - Satish
Chandra
Chapter 6: The Delhi Sultanat I (1200 - 1400)
1206 - Qutubuddik Aibak takes over India, another slave Yalduz took over Ghazni
1210 - Aibak succeeded by SIL Iltutmish - had to oust many rulers who declared themselves independent example: Qubacha from Lahore,
Multan and Uchch and Ghiyasuddin of Bengal, also had to regain many Rajput states who had declared themselves independent
example: Gwalior, Bayana, Ajmer, Nagor, Ranthambore, Jalor - but lost in Mewar and also to Chalukyas of Gujarat
Sena rulers of Bengal - in the times of these Turks
1236 - Iltutmish named Raziya as the successor - only 3 year rule till 1239 - chahalgani (Turkish nobles) - disputes between monarchs and
Turkish chiefs continued
1265 - Ulugh Khan Balban a Turkish chief took over throne - since 1246 he was deputy to Nasiruddin Mahmud, puppet son of Iltutmish,
and when he died, Balban took over - had to consolidate power by ousting many other Turkish chiefs - started sijada and paibos -
strengthened monarchy and Delhi sultanate - died in 1286 - excluded non Turks from important posts - punished even powerfuls
Meanwhile Khwarizmi empire destroyed by Chengiz Khan - Mongols ruled Iran, Iraq now - India was the only left Islam state - Khwarizmi
crown prince Jalaluddin tried to seek asylum in India, but Iltutmish refused, else Chengiz Khan would have attacked India too - CK died in
1227 - till 1240 no Mongol crossed Indus
1241 - Mongols under Tair Bahadur won Lahore, 1245 Multan - Balban tried to recover, but heavy fights
1286 - Balban died - Mongols tried to attack Delhi but defeated by Jalaluddin Khalji
1299 - Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja entered Delhi - Alauddin Khilji stopped them, again in 1303 when Alauddin stayed put at Siri
After Balban's death, his son Bughra Khan stayed away from Delhi and instead became independent ruler of Bengal
Chapter 7: The Delhi Sultanat II (1200 - 1400)
Imaduddin Raihan - Indian Muslim who had been pitted as a successor instead of Balban, as other Turks did not want Balban to get too
strong
1290 - Jalaluddin Khalji took over - not a Turk - 1296 Alauddin killed his uncle and FIL and took over, had been governor of Avadh before
this - reversed Jalauddin's attempt of peaceful rule - died in 1316 - gay partner Malik Kafur raised a minor son of Alauddin to throne -
killed by palace guards and a Hindu convert Khusrau took the throne - even Nizamuddin Auliya acknowledged Khusrau and accepted his
gifts - 1320, a group of officers led by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq revolted and defeated Khusrau
Ranthambore - Hamirdeva gave refuge to Mongols - Alauddin did not like and attacked - first jauhar description in Persian - then
Padmavati, Ratan Singh, Chittor by Malik Muhammad Jiyasi
Rai Karan of Gujarat and Rai Ramachandra of Deogir - defeated by Alauddin and he married a daughter of Rai Ramachandra and gave
him title Rai Rayan and sent back to his kingdom
Malik Kafur led campaigns to south - Warangal, Dwar Samudra (Karnataka), Mabar, Madurai - looted temples example: Chidambaram
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq came to throne in 1320, then in 1324 son Muhammad Bin Tughlaq and in 1351 Ferozshah Tughlaq cousin of MBT
1328 - Kampili, the last Hindu kingdom fell to Tughlaqs
Alauddin Khaliji - strict price control of all items small and big and slaves - also collected taxes in cash and paid soldiers in cash - land
revenue assessed on basis of measuring the land under cultivation
Medieval Page 8
Jinaprabha Suri - Jain saint with whom Muhammad Bin Tughlaq conversed
MBT - capital from Delhi to Deogir (Daulatabad) 1500 kms away - created a Token currency bronze coin which will have same value as
silver tanka - had before been done by Qublai Khan in China and Ghazan Khan of Iran
1333 - Ibn Batuta of Morocco came to Delhi and stayed for 8 years in MBT's court
MBT - Khurasan, Qarachil expeditions, also Kangra - set up Diwan i Amir i Kohi to improve agriculture by giving loans to cultivators - he
had all races of Muslims and even Hindus in his administration - so not much unity
Two brothers Hari Hara and Bukka led south rebellions against MBT and slowly this became Vijayanagara empire, also Bahamanis near
Daulatabad and Bengal became independent
Ferozshah Tughlaq - appeased nobles, soldiers, religious leaders - left south and Bengal as difficult to manage - made iqta hereditary -
even army made hereditary - to please orthodox banned Muslim women worship at saint graves, persecuted certain sects - jizyah
became a separate tax, earlier it was part of land revenue and did not let Brahmanas escape jizyah - many books translated from Sanskrit
to Persian - set up public works department and dug canals - after him too much issues, nobles strong, army weak, everyone wanted
independence as central administration had been weakened
During one of his successor Nasiruddin Mahmud 1394 to 1412 - in 1398 Taimur attacked - Turk
Chapter 8: Government, and Economic and Social Life under the Delhi Sultanat
Wazir - revenue expert, separate Auditor General and Accountant General
Khwaja Jahan - wazir of MBT, Khan i Jahan, a convert - wazir of FST
Diwan i Arz - military department headed by Ariz i Mamalik, though he was not the commander in chief, that was the sultan himself -
department first set up by Balban
Diwan i Risalat - religious matters - headed by Chief Qazi - he also administered justice civil according to Sharia or Hindu Personal Law by
Panchayats + criminal by law made by rulers
Diwan i Insha - state correspondence
Intelligence agents - barids
Wakil i Dar - incharge of King's household stuff and factories / workshops to make that stuff
Iqtas (provinces, which later became subas) headed by muqtis or walis --> shiqs --> paragana headed by amil --> at village level khut =
landowner, muqaddam = headman, patwari = village accountant
Hindu rais, autonomous rajas, khuts and muqaddams were rich
Currency = silver tanka and copper dirham
Anhilwara = Patan
Paper making in India brought by Turks, also spinning wheel, Rahat, superior mortar
Royal Road = Peshawar to Sonargaon
Court of 1000 pillars = MBT's palace
Melons and pomegranates
Zimmis = protected people = Hindus who had accepted Muslim rule and agreed to pay jizyah
Not exactly an Islamic empire - militaristic and aristocratic

Medieval Page 9
Not exactly an Islamic empire - militaristic and aristocratic
Quwwut Ul Islam mosque near Qutb Minar was a Vishnu temple
Medieval Page 10
Chapter 9: The Age of Vijayanagara and the Bahmanids, and the Coming of the Portuguese - 1350 to 1565
Vijayanagara - Harihara and Bukka - Harihara came to throne 1336 - by 1346 also got the Hoysala areas - Bukka succeeded his brother in
1356 and ruled till 1377 - by 1377 also wiped out sultan of Madurai
1347 - Bahmani kingdom founded by Alauddin Hasan, an Afghan - also called Hasan Gangu
Vijayanagara and Bahmani fought for 3 areas - Tungabhadra doab, Krishna Godavari delta and Marathwada
Bahamani aligned with Warangal and so Vijayanagar could not get Tungabhadra doab
1377 to 1404 - Harihara II
1404 to 1422 - Deva Raya I - defeated by Bahmani Feroz Shah and married daughter to him - managed to break Bahamani Warangal
alliance and then defeated Feroz Shah Bahamani
Deva Raya I built dams on Tungabhadra and Haridra
1425 to 1446 - Deva Raya II - greatest ruler of dynasty
Italian Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagar in 1420, Persian Abdur Razzak visited during Deva Raya II
1397 to 1422 - Feroz Shah Bahmani II - Hindus in administration on a large scale - built an observatory near Daulatabad - Chaul and
Dabhol were principal ports - defeated Gond Raja Narsing Rai of Kherla - annexed Warangal and killed the ruler - shifted capital from
Gulbarga to Bidar
Mahamud Gawan - Peshwa - divided kingdom into 8 tarafs and appointed tarafdars, won Dabhol and Goa - madarsa built in Bidar -
executed in 1482 as the sultan was poisoned ears by opponents - soon Kingdom disintegrated into 5 - Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmednagar,
Berar and Bidar
After Deva Raya II succession confusion - Saluva founded new dynasty - then came Tuluva dynasty founded by Krishna Deva (1509 to
1530) - won Odisha and Bahamani successor states but ignored Navy development - wrote plays in Telugu and Sanskrit
In 1543, Sadashiva Raya became King (all sons minors when Krishna Deva died) - real power Rama Raja - near Bannihatti, battle of
Talikota or battle of Rakshasa Tangadi he was defeated by combination of Bahamani successors - informally the Vijayanagara empire
ended with this defeat
Rajya or Mandalam --> Nadu --> Sthala --> Grama
Amaram - territory with fixed revenue given to military chiefs - they were called palaiyagar (palegar) or nayaks - hence weak
administration in Vijayanagara which led to defeat - many nayakas became independent
Alburquerque - captured Goa from Bijapur in 1510
Gujarat rulers joined Turks against Portuguese - gave Surat and Diu to Turks
1531 - Portuguese attacked Daman and Diu but Rumi Khan Turk defeated them - Humayun attacked Gujarat so Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
offered Bassein to Portuguese and later Diu also and then also Daman - they made pepper, arms and ammunition and war horses a royal
monopoly for trade, not even Portuguese private traders allowed
Medieval Page 11
Chapters 10 and 12 - History of Medieval India - Satish
Chandra
Chapter 10: Struggle for Empire in North India - I - 1400 - 1525
Ilyaz Khan - independent ruler of Bengal during the time of FST - his son Sikandar also - capitals Pandua and Gaur
Sri Krishna Vijaya - written by Maladhar Basu
1411 to 1443 - Ahmad Shah I founded independent Gujarat - shifted capital from Patan to Ahmedabad - for first time jizyah in Gujarat -
Mustafabad the second capital of Gujarat founded by Mahmud Begarha
Ahmad Shah destroyed Sidhpur pilgrimage center, Mahmud Begarha destroyed Dwarka
Udayaraja - Sanskrit poet in court of Mahmud Begarha
Malwa Mahmud Khalji (1436 to 1469) fought long with Mewar Rana Kumbha (1433 to 1468)
Rana Sangha - grandson of Kumbha - Mewar throne in 1508 - defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Khatoli
After Taimur's attack, Sultan Mahmud Tughlaq fled to Gujarat and then Malwa - Malik Sarwar declared independence, his capital at
Jaunpur - Sharqi sultanate - Jaunpur became Shiraz of the East - center of learning
Malik Muhamad Jiyazi - Padmavat writer - lived in Jaunpur
1484 - Bahlul Lodi annexed the Sharqi kingdom
After Taimur, Saiyid dynasty - Bahlul Lodi had got the iqta of Sirhind - he was Afghan - declared himself King once Saiyid King died - also
took help of Afghans of Roh against the Sharqis
1489 to 1517 - Sikander Lodi - contemporary of Mahmud Begarha and Rana Sangha - abolished octroi duty on grains, made highways
safe from robbers, gazz i sikandari was a new measurement of the yard - temple at Nagarkot destroyed, jizyah imposed - made Agra the
second capital - his successor was Ibrahim Lodi
Kashmir was a center of Shaivism till 14th century - 1320 Mongol Dalucha attacked and Kingdom weakened - 1420 Zainul Abidin came
to power in Kashmir - ruled till 1470
1389 to 1413 - Sikandar Shah in Kashmir - forced conversions - Zainul Abidin stopped this - tolerant - abolished jizyah, banned cow
slaughter - poetry, music - Zaina Lanka an artificial island in Woolur Lake and built palace and mosque on it - also called Bud Shah (the
Great Sultan) - defeated Mongols in Ladakh, won Baltistan, controlled Jammu, Rajauri
Chapter 12: Struggle for Empire in North India - II - Mughals and Afghans - 1525 - 1555
Sikandar Lodi died in 1517 - succeeded by Ibrahim Lodi
Around 1518-19, Babur won Bhira, 1520-21 again won it and also Sialkot - Lahore too - Daulat Khan and his son Dilawar Lodi invited
Babur to defeat Ibrahim Lodi - supposedly even Rana Sangha invited him
20 April 1526 - Babur v/s Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat
Battle of Khanwa - Babur v/s Rana Sangha - Afghans fought on Rana Sangha side as Babur was Turk / Uzbek descendent of both Chengiz
and Taimur - Sunni
1529 - Babur v/s Afghans + Nusrat Shah of Bengal + Mahmud Lodi, brother of Ibrahim who also fought at Khanwa - ended with treaty
with Afghans as Babur wanted to return to Uzbek - died on route in Lahore
Medieval Page 12
Babur wrote Tuzuk i Baburi and Masnavi - gardens with running water started by him
1530 - Humayun - Rani Karnavati the widow of Rana Sangha sent him a Rakhi when Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was planning to attack
Chittod - Humayun came and Bahadur Shah had to abandon the idea - new city at Delhi named Dinpanah - also fought Sher Khan in
Bengal / Bihar - capital was Agra - lost in 1539 at Chausa to the Afghans under Sher Khan - Humayun's brothers Kamran and Hindal had
independent ambitions and did not help him - May 1540, brothers Askari, Hindal and Humayun fought together with Sher Khan at
Kanauj, still lost
In 1555 - after the breakup of the Sur empire - Humayun again got Delhi
1540 to 1555 - Sur empire (Sher Khan = Sher Shah Suri) - SSS fought Rajputs led by Maldeo at Samel in 1544 and won - died in a battle
while capturing Kalinjar near Bundelkhand in 1545 - son Islam Shah ruled till 1553 and died - Humayun back and in 1555 won Delhi and
Agra
SSS - built 1700 sarais or lodging place for travellers - gold, silver, copper coins of uniform standard - built Purana Qila near Delhi on the
banks of Yamuna - Padmavat completed under his patronage - crop rate (ray) drawn up on the basis of productivity of land
Sher Shah paid great attention to the fostering of trade and commerce and the improvement of communications in his kingdom. Sher
Shah restored the old imperial road called the Grand Trunk Road , from the river Indus in the west to Sonargaon in Bengal. He also built
a road from Agra to Jodhpur and Chittor, evidently linking up with the road to the Gujarat seaports. He built a third road from Lahore to
Multan. Multan was at that time the staging point for caravans going to West and Central Asia
Medieval Page 13
Chapter 11: Cultural Development in India - 1300 - 1500
Read Architecture - Pages 194 to 197
Ajmer - Arhai din ka Jhopra was a monastery before
Turks - Islamic architecture - arch, dome, scrolls of flowers, verses of Quran - no human or animal figures - geometrical and floral designs -
also borrowed and used bell motif, swastika, lotus
Arch and dome - so no need of many pillars - large halls with a clear view could be constructed - used fine quality light mortar - Indians
used to use slab and beam method and Turks used that too sometimes
Example: walls of small tomb of Iltutmish near Qutb Minar - intricate carving - in 13th century, Iltutmish had completed the construction
of Qutb Minar - Alauddin Khalji added an entrance door to it, called Alai Darwaza and has arch and dome built on scientific lines
Majorly red sandstone - and also yellow sandstone and marble
Example: Ghiyasuddin and MBT built a huge palace fortress complex called Tughlaqabad - artificial lake created around it by blocking the
passage of the Jamuna
Tomb of Ghiyasuddin - upon a high platform, marble dome
Kotla = FST's fort
FST buildings - lotus, combine arch and lintel and beam
Tughlaqs did not use red sandstone but the harder grey sandstone - hence less decoration
Lodis also used the balconies, kiosks and eaves of the Rajasthani - Gujarati style
Lodis - tombs on a platform and in a garden - example: Lodi garden - some tombs octagonal
Between 8th and 10th centuries - Arabs in Sindh, Punjab, Kerala - so Turks did not bring Islam here
Albiruni - Kitab Ul Hind
Sufi mystics - Rabia, Mansur Bin Hallaj, Al Ghazzali
12 sufi silsilas - pir, murids, wali (successor) - penance, fasting, holding breath - two divisions of sufi order - bashara and beshara - Chisti
and Suharwadi silsilas were both bashara
Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti --> Bakhtyar Kaki --> Farid Ud Din whose verses are in Adi Granth
Nizamuddin Auliya and Nasiruddin Chiragh i Dilli - also Chisti saints
The Suharwardi order entered India at about the same time as the Chishtis, but its activities were confined largely to the Punjab and
Multan. The most well- known saints of the order were Shaikh Shihabuddin Suharwardi and Hamid- ud-Din Nagori. Unlike the Chishtis ,
the Suharwardi saints did not believe in leading a life of poverty. They accepted the service of the state, and some of them held important
posts in the ecclesiastical department. The Chishtis, on the other hand, preferred to keep aloof from state politics and shunned the
company of rulers and nobles. Nevertheless, both helped the rulers in their own way by creating a climate of opinion in which people
belonging to different sects and religions could live in peace and Harmony
Mahayana Buddhism - worshipped "gracious" form of Buddha - avalokita
14th century - Namdev and Ramanand took Bhakti movement of south (7th to 12th century) to north
Ramanand - follower of Ramanuja - worshipped Rama instead of Vishnu - all caste disciples - Ravidas, Kabir, Sena barber, Sadhana butcher
Medieval Page 14
Ramanand - follower of Ramanuja - worshipped Rama instead of Vishnu - all caste disciples - Ravidas, Kabir, Sena barber, Sadhana butcher
were his disciples
1469 - Nanak born in Talwandi (now Nankana) - sang to the tune of Rabab a stringed instrument played by his attendant Mardana - purity
of character and conduct, need for a guru
Akbar - inspired by both Nanak and Kabir
Turks brought somewhat liberal but traditional school of Hanafi to India
The writings of Narsinha Mehta in Gujarat, of Meera in Rajasthan , of Surdas in western Uttar Pradesh and of Chaitanya in Bengal and
Orissa reached extraordinary heights of lyrical fervour and of love which transcended all boundaries, including those of caste and creed
Most of the saint poets inspired by Vedantic philosophy, especially of Vallabha
Monist - Ibn I Arabi - doctrine of Unity of Being = Tauhid I Wajudi
Mitakshara by Vijnaneshwar - law - 12th century
Chandeshwar of Bihar - commentator - 14th century
Hemachandra Suri - Jain - wrote in Sanskrit
Love story of Yusuf and Zulaikha - Persian by Jami - translated into Sanskrit
FST - digest of law prepared in Persian
Aurangzeb - Fatawa I Alamgiri - digest of law - Arabic
Firdausi and Sadi - Persian poets
Sabaq I Hindi - style of writing invented by Amir Khusrau
Ziauddin Barani, Afif, Isami - Persian historians in India
Zia Nakshsabi - translated Sanskrit stories to Persian - Tuti Nama, Kok Shastra
Sultan Zain Ul Abidin of Kashmir got Rajatarangini and Mahabharat translated into Persian
Nusrat Shah got Mahabharata and Ramayana translated into Bengali
Rabab and Sarangi brought by Turks
Amir Khusrau introduced many Perso Arabic ragas - aiman, ghora, sanam - probably he invented the sitar, some say even tabla - no proof
FST got Ragadarpan translated into Persian
Sufi saint Pir Bodhan - musician
Man Kautuhal - book on music - under Raja Man Singh of Gwalior
Medieval Page 15
Chapter 13: Consolidation of the Mughal Empire - Age of Akbar
Bairam Khan, a Shia - helped rule when Akbar was younger
Akbar - 1556 crowned - defeated Afghans under Hemu
Adham Khan, son of Mahamanga tried to assert independence - killed - also many Uzbek rebels tried to be independent - half brother
Mirza Hakim too
Malwa ruler Baz Bahadur - love story with Rupmati - defeated by army led by Adham Khan - she killed herself
Garh Katanga ruled by Sangram Shah - DIL Durgavati - Asat Khan Mughal governor of Allahabad attacked - she killed herself
Akbar won Chittor after 6 months siege - Jaimal and Patta defeated
Qanungos, karoris - land revenue officers
1580 - Akbar started the new system of Dahsala - other systems present zabti system (also called Todar Mal's bandobast), batai, ghalla
bakhshi, nasaq
Akbar started Mansabdari - inspired from Mongols and Chengiz Khan
Mir bakshi = head of military - they were considered head of nobility, and not the diwan
Barid = intelligence officers
Waqia navis = news reporters
Mir saman = incharge of imperial household - karkhanas
Qazi headed the judicial department
Sadr = charity head
Bharamal ruler of Amber - married daughter Harkha Bai to Akbar
Man Singh, Aziz Khan Kuka - only 2 people who had Rank 7000
Akbar abolished jizyah in 1564, and also pilgrim tax, forced conversions of prisoners of war
Haldighati battle - Akbar v/s Rana Pratap of Mewar + Hakim Khan Sur's Afghans + some Bhils - though lost, Rana Pratap continued guerilla
warfare and built new capital for himself at Chavand
Mewar - Chandrasen tried to rebel - Akbar gave Jodhpur to his elder brother Udai Singh - Jagat Gosain or Jodha Bai was his daughter who
married Akbar's eldest son Salim
Uzbeks attacked NWFP - Akbar fought them for long, and finally consolidated the NW
Abul Fazal - biographer of Akbar - sul kuhl - peace to all - tolerance
Fatehpur Sikri - new capital of Akbar
Tauhid I Ilahi
Quran was translated, perhaps for first time during Akbar
Medieval Page 16
NCERT - VII - Our Pasts II
Chapter 1:
The nastaliq style is cursive and easy to read, the shikaste is denser and more difficult
ulama – learned theologians and jurists
Shia Muslims who believed that the Prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, was the legitimate leader of the Muslim community, and the
Sunni Muslims who accepted the authority of the early leaders (Khalifas) of the community
Chapter 2:
hiranya-garbha (literally, the golden womb) - When this ritual was performed with the help of Brahmanas, it was thought to lead to the
“rebirth” of the sacrificer as a Kshatriya, even if he was not one by birth.
Kadamba Mayurasharman and the Gurjara-Pratihara Harichandra were Brahmanas who gave up their traditional professions and took to
arms, successfully establishing kingdoms in Karnataka and Rajasthan respectively.
Kadamai - land revenue under Cholas
Mahmud of Ghazni - Al-Biruni - Kitab ul-Hind
Vijayalaya, who belonged to the ancient chiefly family of the Cholas from Uraiyur, captured the delta from the Muttaraiyar in the middle
of the ninth century. He built the town of Thanjavur and a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini there.
Chapter 3:
Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the
Chauhans (also referred to as Chahamanas) of Ajmer
Medieval Page 17
In 1236 Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan. The chronicler of the age, Minhaj-i Siraj, recognized that she was more able
and qualified than all her brothers. But he was not comfortable at having a queen as ruler. Nor were the nobles happy at her attempts to
rule independently. She was removed from the throne in 1240.
queen Rudramadevi (1262-1289), of the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal
Another queen, Didda, ruled in Kashmir (980-1003)
Quwwat al-Islam mosque and minaret, built during the last decade of the twelfth century. This was the congregational mosque of the firs t
city built by the Delhi Sultans, described in the chronicles as Dehli-i-Kuhna (the old city). The mosque was enlarged by Iltutmish and
Alauddin Khalji. The minar was built by two Sultans: Qutbuddin Aybak and Iltutmish.
Begumpuri mosque, built in the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, was the main mosque of Jahanpanah, the “Sanctuary of the World”, hi s
new capital in Delhi
During prayer, Muslims stand facing Mecca. In India this is to the west. This is called the qibla.
Khutba - sermon during the Friday prayer.
Bandagan - slave in Persian
Chapter 4:
Medieval Page 18
Medieval Page 19
military paymaster (bakhshi)
Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance around this idea of sulh-i kul. This principle of governance was followed by
Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019
Medieval Page 20
Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well
Chapter 5:
Roofs, doors and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns, a style of architecture called “ trabeate”
or “corbelled”. Between the eighth and thirteenth centuries the trabeate style was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs
and in buildings attached to large stepped-wells (baolis).
The Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999 by the king Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty.
Two technological and stylistic developments are noticeable from the twelfth century:
1. The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. This architectural form was
called “arcuate”.
2. Limestone cement was increasingly used in construction. This was very high-quality cement, which, when mixed with stone chips
hardened into concrete. This made construction of large structures easier and faster.
The Rajarajeshvara temple at Thanjavur - built by King Rajarajadeva
Iltutmish - constructed a large reservoir just outside Dehli-i-Kuhna. It was called the Hauz-i-Sultani or the “King’s Reservoir”
In the early ninth century when the Pandyan king Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the king, Sena I (831 -851) -
destroyed Buddhist temples
in the early eleventh century, when the Chola king Rajendra I built a Shiva temple in his capital he filled it with prized statues seized from
defeated rulers. An incomplete list included: a Sun-pedestal from the Chalukyas, a Ganesha statue and several statues of Durga; a Nandi
statue from the eastern Chalukyas; an image of Bhairava (a form of Shiva) and Bhairavi from the Kalingas of Orissa; and a Kal i statue from
the Palas of Bengal.
The central towering dome and the tall gateway (pishtaq) became important aspects of Mughal architecture, first visible in Hu mayun’s
tomb. The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge formal chahar bagh and built in the tradition known as “eight paradises” or hasht
bihisht – a central hall surrounded by eight rooms. The building was constructed with red sandstone, edged with white marble.
It was during Shah Jahan’s reign that the different elements of Mughal architecture were fused together in a grand harmonious synthesis.
His reign witnessed a huge amount of construction activity especially in Agra and Delhi. The ceremonial halls of public and private
audience (diwan-i khas o am) were carefully planned. Placed within a large courtyard, these courts were also described as chihil sutun or
forty-pillared halls.
Shah Jahan’s audience halls were specially constructed to resemble a mosque. The pedestal on which his throne was placed was
frequently described as the qibla, the direction faced by Muslims at prayer, since everybody faced that direction when court was in
session. The idea of the king as a representative of God on earth was suggested by these architectural features.
The connection between royal justice and the imperial court was emphasised by Shah Jahan in his newly constructed court in th e Red
Fort at Delhi. Behind the emperor’s throne were a series of pietra dura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek god Orpheus playing the
lute. It was believed that Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they coexisted together peaceably. The construct ion of Shah
Jahan’s audience hall aimed to communicate that the king’s justice would treat the high and the low as equals creating a world where all
could live together in harmony.
Chapter 6:
architect Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan - Rajarajeshvara temple, Thanjavur
Bronze is an alloy containing copper and tin. Bell metal contains a greater proportion of tin than other kinds of bronze. Thi s produces a
bell-like sound.
Bhillasvamin (Bhilsa or Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh)
Manigramam and Nanadesi - famous guilds of traders in south India
The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be called Bidri
Medieval Page 21
The Panchalas or Vishwakarma community, consisting of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths, masons and carpenters, were esse ntial
to the building of temples. They also played an important role in the construction of palaces, big buildings, tanks and reser voirs.
Similarly, weavers such as the Saliyar or Kaikkolars emerged as prosperous communities, making donations to temples. Some asp ects of
cloth making like cotton cleaning, spinning and dyeing became specialized and independent crafts.
Hampi - No mortar or cementing agent was used in the construction of these walls and the technique followed was to wedge them
together by interlocking.
Read - Hampi - Pages 82 to 84
Masulipatnam - on the delta of the Krishna river - most important port on the Andhra coast - The fort at Masulipatnam was built by the
Dutch.
Chapter 7:
In Punjab, the Khokhar tribe was very influential during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Later, the Gakkhars became more
important. Their chief, Kamal Khan Gakkhar, was made a noble (mansabdar) by Emperor Akbar. In Multan and Sind, the Langahs and
Arghuns dominated extensive regions before they were subdued by the Mughals. The Balochis were another large and powerful tribe in
the north-west
In the western Himalaya lived the shepherd tribe of Gaddis. The distant north-eastern part of the subcontinent too was entirely
dominated by tribes – the Nagas, Ahoms and many others.
In many areas of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand, Chero chiefdoms had emerged by the twelfth century. Raja Man Singh, Akbar’s
famous general, attacked and defeated the Cheros in 1591. A large amount of booty was taken from them, but they were not enti rely
subdued. Under Aurangzeb, Mughal forces captured many Chero fortresses and subjugated the tribe.
The Mundas and Santals were among the other important tribes that lived in this region and also in Orissa and Bengal.
The Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka were home to Kolis, Berads and numerous others. Kolis also lived in many areas of Guj arat.
Further south there were large tribal populations of Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others.
The large tribe of Bhils was spread across western and central India. By the late sixteenth century, many of them had become settled
agriculturists and some even zamindars. Many Bhil clans, nevertheless, remained hunter gatherers. The Gonds were found in gre at
numbers across the present-day states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
The Banjaras were the most important trader nomads. Their caravan was called tanda. Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to tran sport
grain to the city markets
Kutiya Kond tribe, Orissa - Koboi Naga tribe, Manipur
The Akbar Nama, a history of Akbar’s reign, mentions the Gond kingdom of Garha Katanga that had 70,000 villages.
Read - Gonds, Ahoms - Pages 97 to 100
Chapter 8:
Medieval Page 22
Medieval Page 23
Among the great Sufis of Central Asia were Ghazzali, Rumi and Sadi - They developed elaborate methods of training using zikr (chanting of
a name or sacred formula), contemplation, sama (singing), raqs (dancing), discussion of parables, breath control, etc. under the guidance
of a master or pir. Thus emerged the silsilas, a spiritual genealogy of Sufi teachers, each following a slightly different me thod (tariqa) of
instruction and ritual practice - Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki of Delhi, Baba Farid of Punjab, Khwaja
Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi and Bandanawaz Gisudaraz of Gulbarga - The Sufi masters held their assemblies in their khanqahs or hospices.
Some like Kabir and Baba Guru Nanak rejected all orthodox religions. Others like Tulsidas and Surdas accepted existing belief s and
practices but wanted to make these accessible to all. Dadu Dayal.
Surdas - Krishna devotee - Sursagara, Surasaravali and Sahitya Lahari
Shankaradeva of Assam (late fifteenth century) who emphasised devotion to Vishnu, and composed poems and plays in Assamese. He
began the practice of setting up namghars or houses of recitation and prayer, a practice that continues to date.
Mirabai was a Rajput princess married into the royal family of Mewar in the sixteenth century. Mirabai became a disciple of R avidas, a
saint from a caste considered “untouchable”.
Kabir - We get to know of his ideas from a vast collection of verses called sakhis and pads said to have been composed by him and sun g by
wandering bhajan singers. Some of these were later collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani and Bijak.
Read - Nanak - Pages 117 to 119
Chapter 9:
The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the south-western part of the peninsula, part of present-
day Kerala. It is likely that Malayalam was spoken in this area. The rulers introduced the Malayalam language and script in t heir
inscriptions. In fact, this is one of the earliest examples of the use of a regional language in official records in the subc ontinent.
Interestingly enough, a fourteenth-century text, the Lilatilakam, dealing with grammar and poetics, was composed in Manipravalam
– literally, “diamonds and corals” referring to the two languages, Sanskrit and the regional language.
Jagannatha (literally, lord of the world, a name for Vishnu) at Puri, Orissa. To date, the local tribal people make the woode n image of the
deity, which suggests that the deity was originally a local god, who was later identified with Vishnu. In the twelfth century , one of the
Medieval Page 24
deity, which suggests that the deity was originally a local god, who was later identified with Vishnu. In the twelfth century , one of the
most important rulers of the Ganga dynasty, Anantavarman, decided to erect a temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri.
Subsequently, in 1230, king Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to the deity and proclaimed himself as the “deputy” of the god.
Miniatures - small-sized paintings, generally done in water colour on cloth or paper - The earliest miniatures were on palm leaves or
wood - Mughals - also in Mewar, Jodhpur, Bundi, Kota and Kishangarh
Himachal - By the late seventeenth century this region had developed a bold and intense style of miniature painting called Basohli. The
most popular text to be painted here was Bhanudatta’s Rasamanjari. Nadir Shah’s invasion and the conquest of Delhi in 1739 re sulted in
the migration of Mughal artists to the hills to escape the uncertainties of the plains. Here they found ready patrons which led to the
founding of the Kangra school of painting. By the mid eighteenth century the Kangra artists developed a style which breathed a new spirit
into miniature painting. The source of inspiration was the Vaishnavite traditions. Soft colours including cool blues and gree ns, and a lyrical
treatment of themes distinguished Kangra painting.
Read - Bengal - Pages 130 to 135
Chapter 10:
Nadir Shah, sacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739 and took away immense amounts of wealth. This invasion was followe d by a
series of plundering raids by the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali, who invaded north India five times between 1748 and 1761.
two Mughal emperors, Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) and Alamgir II (1754-1759) were assassinated, and two others Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)
and Shah Alam II (1759-1816) were blinded by their nobles.
Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari in Awadh
Murshid Quli Khan who was appointed as the naib, deputy to the governor of the province. Although never a formal subadar, Mur shid
Quli Khan very quickly seized all the power that went with that office
Institution of the Khalsa in 1699
Under a number of able leaders in the eighteenth century, the Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called jathas, and later
on misls. Their combined forces were known as the grand army (dal khalsa). The entire body used to meet at Amritsar at the ti me of
Baisakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions known as “resolutions of the Guru (gurmatas)”. A system called rakhi was int roduced,
offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20 per cent of the produce.
Medieval Page 25
NCERT - XII - Themes in Indian History II
Chapter 1:
Al Biruni - Kitab-ul-Hind, written in Arabic
Ibn Battuta’s book of travels, called Rihla, written in Arabic - under MBT
Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi, who visited south India in the 1440s, Mahmud Wali Balkhi, who travelled very widely in the 1620s, and
Shaikh Ali Hazin, who came to north India in the 1740s
Jesuit Roberto Nobili translated Indian texts into European languages
Among the best known of the Portuguese writers is Duarte Barbosa, who wrote a detailed account of trade and society in south India.
One of the most famous was the French jeweller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, who travelled to India at least six times. He was particularly
fascinated with the trading conditions in India, and compared India to Iran and the Ottoman empire.
Some of these travellers, like the Italian doctor Manucci, never returned to Europe, and settled down in India.
François Bernier, a Frenchman, was a doctor, political philosopher and historian. Like many others, he came to the Mughal Empire in
search of opportunities. He was in India for twelve years, from 1656 to 1668, and was closely associated with the Mughal court, as a
physician to Prince Dara Shukoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan, and later as an intellectual and scientist, with Danishmand
Khan, an Armenian noble at the Mughal court - He dedicated his major writing to Louis XIV, the king of France, and many of his other
works were written in the form of letters to influential officials and ministers. In virtually every instance Bernier described what he saw
in India as a bleak situation in comparison to developments in Europe - 'Travels in the Mughal Empire'
In Daulatabad there is a market place for male and female singers, which is known as Tarababad.
Pelsaert, a Dutch traveller, visited the subcontinent during the early decades of the seventeenth century.
during the seventeenth century about 15 per cent of the population lived in towns. This was, on average, higher than the proportion of
urban population in Western Europe in the same period.
Medieval Page 26
Chapter 2:
Manikkavachakar, a devotee of Shiva who composed beautiful devotional songs in Tamil
Buddhist goddess, Marichi
Medieval Page 27
one of the major anthologies of compositions by the Alvars, the Nalayira Divyaprabandham, was frequently described as the Tamil
Veda, thus claiming that the text was as significant as the four Vedas in Sanskrit that were cherished by the Brahmanas.
Nayanar - Karaikkal Ammaiyar, a devotee of Shiva, adopted the path of extreme asceticism in order to attain her goal
By the tenth century the compositions of the 12 Alvars were compiled in an anthology known as the Nalayira Divyaprabandham (“Four
Thousand Sacred Compositions”).
The poems of Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar form the Tevaram, a collection that was compiled and classified in the tenth century on
the basis of the music of the songs - Nayanar
One of the major themes in Tamil bhakti hymns is the poets’ opposition to Buddhism and Jainism. This is particularly marked in the
compositions of the Nayanars
some of the most magnificent Shiva temples, including those at Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram, were
constructed under the patronage of Chola rulers
Chola ruler Parantaka I had consecrated metal images of Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar in a Shiva temple.
the five “pillars” of the faith: that there is one God, Allah, and Prophet Muhammad is his messenger (shahada); offering prayers five
times a day (namaz/salat); giving alms (zakat); fasting during the month of Ramzan (sawm); and performing the pilgrimage to Mecca
The Shah Hamadan mosque in Srinagar, on the banks of the Jhelum - Kashmiri wooden architecture. Spire and beautifully carved eaves.
It is decorated with papier mache.
Sufism is an English word coined in the nineteenth century. The word used for Sufism in Islamic texts is tasawwuf.
Ziyarat = pilgrimage to the grave of the sufi saint on his Urs
Medieval Page 28
The dargah of Shaikh Salim Chishti (a direct descendant of Baba Farid) constructed in Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar’s capital
Verses ascribed to Kabir have been compiled in three distinct but overlapping traditions. The Kabir Bijak is preserved by the Kabirpanth
(the path or sect of Kabir) in Varanasi and elsewhere in Uttar Pradesh; the Kabir Granthavali is associated with the Dadupanth in
Rajasthan, and many of his compositions are found in the Adi Granth Sahib. All these manuscript compilations were made long after
the death of Kabir. By the nineteenth century, anthologies of verses attributed to him circulated in print in regions as far apart as
Bengal, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Medieval Page 29
Chapter 3:
Read whole chapter for Hampi Architecture
Hampi, a name derived from that of the local mother goddess, Pampadevi
The ruins at Hampi were brought to light in 1800 by an engineer and antiquarian named Colonel Colin Mackenzie - first Surveyor
General of India
Neighbours of Vijayanagara - Brihadishvara temple at Thanjavur and the Chennakeshava temple at Belur
Krishnadevaraya also founded a suburban township near Vijayanagara called Nagalapuram after his mother
Kamalapuram tank, Hiriya canal - Tungabhadra
Hampi - It has two of the most impressive platforms, usually called the “audience hall” and the “mahanavami dibba” - the
“mahanavami dibba” is a massive platform rising from a base of about 11,000 sq. ft to a height of 40 ft. There is evidence that it
supported a wooden structure. The base of the platform is covered with relief carvings - Lotus Mahal, elephant stables, Hazara Rama
Temple, Vithhala Temple
After loss of Vijayanagar Kingdom in battle of Talikota (Rakshasi-Tangadi) - new Aravidu dynasty ruled from Penukonda and later from
Chandragiri (near Tirupati).
A large number of inscriptions of the kings of Vijayanagara and their nayakas recording donations to temples as well as describing
important events have been recovered. Several travellers visited the city and wrote about it. Notable among their accounts are those
of an Italian trader named Nicolo de Conti, an ambassador named Abdur Razzaq sent by the ruler of Persia, a merchant named Afanasii
Nikitin from Russia, all of whom visited the city in the fifteenth century, and those of Duarte Barbosa, Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz
from Portugal, who came in the sixteenth century.
Medieval Page 30
Chapter 4:
jins-i kamil (literally, perfect crops)
Maize, tomatoes, potatoes, chillies, pineapple and the papaya - came from outside
halalkhoran (scavengers), mallahzadas (literally, sons of boatmen)
Medieval Page 31
Chapter 5:
In the early twentieth century the Akbar Nama was translated into English by Henry Beveridge
Abu’l Fazl placed Mughal kingship as the highest station in the hierarchy of objects receiving light emanating from God (farr-i izadi ).
Here he was inspired by a famous Iranian sufi, Shihabuddin Suhrawardi (d. 1191) who first developed this idea. According to this idea,
there was a hierarchy in which the Divine Light was transmitted to the king who then became the source of spiritual guidance for his
subjects. Abu’l Fazl defined sovereignty as a social contract: the emperor protects the four essences of his subjects, namely, life (jan),
property (mal), honour (namus) and faith (din), and in return demands obedience and a share of resources. Only just sovereigns were
thought to be able to honour the contract with power and Divine guidance.
Mahabharata was translated as the Razmnama
Shab-i barat is the full moon night on the 14 Shaban, the eighth month of the hijri calendar, and is celebrated with prayers and
fireworks in the subcontinent. It is the night when the destinies of the Muslims for the coming year are said to be determined and sins
forgiven.
Khwajasara = slave eunuch
Medieval Page 32
Medieval Page 33
Chapters 1 and 2 - Old NCERT - Bipan Chandra
Chapter 1 - The Decline of the Mughal Empire
1707 - Aurangzeb dies - south expansion 25 years of Deccan war against Marathas - even fought with Rajputs who had been loyal - Satnami,
Jat and Sikh uprisings peasants - religion policy - Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan were secular - jizyah, temple destroy - war of succession as no
rule - lacked political, economic and social insight - nobility had become comfort loving, disloyal - corruption in army - jagirdari crisis, so
tried to exploit peasant as much as possible - reduction of khalisah land - no technology or innovation - trade and industry stagnation -
neglect of navy, overseas trade - self-sufficiency - absence of spirit of political nationalism - nobles did not even maintain troops
None of the Indian powers rose to claim the heritage of the Mughals for they were strong enough to destroy the empire but not strong
enough to unite it or create anything new in its place - all represented the same social system and the same weaknesses as the Mughals
1712 - Bahadur Shah dies - son of Aurangzeb - good person - tolerant, no temple destruction - had tried to gain control of Rajput states of
Amber and Marwar/Jodhpur (Jai Singh, Ajit Singh) but then gave up - granted Marathas sardeshmukhi of Deccan but they had wanted
Chauth and also let Shahu and Tarabai fight - made peace with Guru Gobind Singh, but after his death in 1708, Banda Bahadur led Sikhs rose
in rebellion, led a war against them, won some territories but could not get rid of Sikhs, who recovered the fort of Lohgarh in 1712 - also
good with Chatarsal of Bundela and Jat chief Churaman who helped him against Banda Bahadur - treasury emptied of 13 crores
1713 - Jahandar Shah defeated in Agra - son of Bahadur Shah, weak and degenerate - his wazir was Zulfiqar Khan, very strong - Jizyah
abolished - Jai Singh Amber made Mirza Sawai and appointed governor of Malwa - Ajit Singh Marwar made Maharaja and appointed
governor of Gujarat - his deputy Daud Khan Panni treaty with Shahu in 1711 Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of Deccan will be collected by
Mughals and given to Marathas - Chatarsal and Churaman friends - Banda Bahadur continue to suppress - he encouraged ijarah or revenue
farming as opposed to the Todar Mal land revenue settlement
1719 - Farrukh Siyar killed - nephew of Jahandar Shah, also useless - Saiyid brothers (Abdullah Khan and Husain Ali Khan Baraha) helped him
win initially - made them wazir and mir bakshi and then tried to overthrow them many times - finally they killed him (with help of Peshwa)
1720 - Saiyid brothers overthrown - they were religiously tolerant - Rajput, Maratha, Jats friends - abolished Jizyah and pilgrim tax - allowed
Shahu to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of Deccan - too many internal quarrels during their time - Nizam Ul Mulk and his father's cousin
Muhammad Amin Khan conspired against them - called them anti Islam - finally Husain Ali killed and Abdullah defeated near Agra - King
makers no more - Muhammad Shah played active role in getting rid of them
1719 - 1748 - the rule of Muhammad Shah (till his death) - 18 years old and was put after 2 young prices died in succession quickly - weak,
ease and luxury, neglected state affairs, even shared bribes - Wazir Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jah gets annoyed and leaves - Bengal, Hyderabad,
Avadh and Punjab started acting independent - Marathas attacked and won Malwa, Gujarat and Bundelkhand
1738 - 1739 - Nadir Shah of Persia attack - entered very easily as NWFP not protected, only when he reached Lahore, Delhi started
preparing - even then the nobles kept fighting and no plan, no strategy, no trust, all jealousy - Karnal, 13 February 1739 Mughal army lost -
Muhammad Shah was taken prisoner, Delhi looted and destroyed - 70 crores, Kohinoor, Peacock Throne of Shahjahan and made
Muhammad Shah give him all provinces west of Indus - Marathas and others realized Mughals weak - nobles started fighting and exploiting
even more to recover lost wealth - loss of Kabul made the north defence weak
1748 - 1767 - multiple attacks by Ahmed Shah Abdali, including the third battle of Panipat in 1761 - general of Nadir Shah who ruled
Afghanistan after Nadir Shah's death - right down till Lahore, Delhi and Mathura - but no empire - did not even keep Punjab, lost it to Sikhs
1759 - Shah Alam II ascended the throne, 1761, for all reasons Mughal Empire no longer all India, only Delhi - decent man, but scared of his
wazir - in 1764 joined in Buxar, and made pensioner in Allahabad after defeat - came back to Delhi in 1772 under Marathas
1803 - Delhi captured by British army and till 1857, Mughals were just a front for the EIC
Modern Page 1
1803 - Delhi captured by British army and till 1857, Mughals were just a front for the EIC
Chapter 2 - Indian State and Society in the 18th Century
Read Social and Economic Conditions of the People (pages 43 - 52)
Hyderabad
1720 - 1722 - Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jah was the viceroy of Deccan, rewarded for the help in overthrowing the Saiyid brothers
1722 - 1724 - Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jah was the wazir of Muhammad Shah, then got annoyed and left to found Hyderabad, did not formally
declare independence
1724 - Hyderabad founded - tolerant - Dewan Puran Chand - kept the zamindars under control and Marathas away
1748 - Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jah dies
1766 - Nawab of Hyderabad alliance with EIC to help against Haider Ali in return of Northern Sarkars - because Haider Ali attacked Kerala
Carnatic was a subah of Deccan and actually came under authority of Nizam of Hyderabad but even he started acting independent - Nawab
Saadutullah Khan Nawab of Carnatic Deputy Governor of Carnatic - made his nephew Dost Ali his successor without Nizam approval
Bengal
1700 - Murshid Quli Khan appointed Dewan of Bengal and his rule virtually begins
1717 - Murshid Quli Khan appointed Governor of Bengal - acts independent - established peace - only 3 major uprisings in his time by
zamindars - Sitaram Ray, Udai Narain, Ghulam Muhammad - Shujat Khan - Najat Khan - defeated all 3 and gave their zamindari to Ramjivan
1727 - Murshid Quli Khan dies
1727 - 1739 - Shuja Ud Din rules till his death - son in law of Murshid Quli Khan
1739 - Alivardi Khan kills Sarfaraz Khan, the son of Shuja Ud Din and becomes the Nawab - fresh revenue settlement - made large part of
land Khalisa - revenue farming introduced - gave loans (taccavi) to poor cultivators - increased the revenue collection, but though fixed
revenue, too much cruelty in collection and many big zamindars got displaced by revenue farmers - did not let English and French fortify
Calcutta and Chandranagar factories - gave Odisha to Marathas
All 3 nawabs were tolerant, encouraged trade and industry, foreign merchants, safety of roads and rivers, thanas and chowkies - did not let
EIC evade taxes or custom duties, but underestimated the military power of EIC as they thought they are just traders - did not have strong
armies - could not check corruption among their officials, EIC bribed everyone
Avadh
1722 - Avadh founded by Saadat Khan Burhan Ul Mulk who had been appointed as its Governor - bold and intelligent - waged wars against
the rebellious zamindars who had erected forts, raised own armies and refused to pay taxes - but did not replace them and just made sure
that they paid taxes - hence whenever they got an opportunity, they again rebelled
1723 - Saadat Khan Burhan Ul Mulk carried out fresh land settlement and levied equitable land revenue to protect peasants from
zamindars - tolerant - good administration and strong army, well trained and paid
1739 - Saadat Khan Burhan Ul Mulk dies, succeeded by nephew Safdar Jang
1748 - Safdar Jang also made Wazir of the Empire and given the province of Allahabad - long period of peace - kept zamindars in check and
truce with Marathas - war with Bangash Pathans in 1750-51, Marathas and Jats helped him for money - wanted to make a treaty with
Maratha for protection against Afghans, Pathans and Rajputs, but Peshwa went to his enemies in Delhi for governorship of Allahabad and
Awadh - tolerant - Maharaja Nawab Rai the highest position in government - Lucknow developed as a centre of art and culture
1754 - Safdar Jang dies

Modern Page 2
1754 - Safdar Jang dies
Mysore
Early in 18th century, 2 ministers, Nanjaraj and Devraj (Sarvadhikari and Dulwai) had seized power and Chikka Krishna Raj king puppet
1761 - Haidar Ali comes to power in Mysore after overthrowing Nanjaraj - army officer - in 1755 modern arsenal in Dindigul with French
help - controlled rebel poligars - conquered Bidnur, Sunda, Sera, Canara and Malabar - tolerant, Hindu Dewan - also continued wars with
Nizam and Marathas
1769 - First Anglo Mysore War - defeated British (+ Nizam) and reached the walls of Madras and forced Madras to sign treaty - Treaty of
Madras, saying EIC will help him if third party attacks - but 1771 Marathas attacked Haider Ali and EIC did not help
1780 war - Warren Hastings bribed Nizam to not support Haider Ali anymore + 1782 peace with Marathas, so now army free against Haider
Ali - 1781 Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at Porto Novo and saved Madras - 1782 - Haidar Ali dies in this second Anglo Mysore War - peace
signed by Tipu in 1784, Treaty of Mangalore
1782 - 1799 - Tipu's rule - innovator - new coins, calendar, weights and measures - interested in religion, history, military science, medicine,
mathematics, French revolution - planted a 'Tree of Liberty' at Srirangapatnam and became a member of a Jacobin club - 1/3rd of gross
produce as revenue but tried to do away with zamindars and hereditary land - checked illegal cesses and gave remissions - infantry armed
with muskets and bayonets made in Mysore - 1796 tried to build a navy - the only one who recognized the English threat - industries -
embassies to France, Iran and Pegu (Myanmar) - trade - gave money for construction of idol of goddess Sarda in Shringeri Temple which
had been destroyed by Marathas in 1791
1789 - 1792 - Third Anglo Mysore war in which Tipu lost half the territory - Cornwallis had isolated him from Marathas, Nizam, Travancore
and Coorg - Treaty of Seringapatam 3.3 crores paid as indemnity
Tipu invited Zaman Shah of Kabul, negotiated for an alliance with Revolutionary France, sent missions to Arabia and Turkey to fight EIC - but
lost - 4 May 1799, his army remained loyal till the end - Seringapatam - then the old Kings were restored and signed subsidiary alliance - half
territory given to Nizam for his help to Brits
4th Anglo Mysore war resulted in complete elimination of French threat to British supremacy in India
Haider Ali rule - 1761 to 1782

Tipu - 1782 to 1799
Four wars were fought with Mysore (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799).
Travancore
Beginning of 18th century Calicut - Zamorin, Chirakkal, Cochin and Travancore
1729 - King Martand Varma - Travancore - brave - conquered Quilon and Elayadam, defeated the Dutch and ended their power in Kerala -
strong army on western model with the help of European officers and armed it with modern weapons, modern arsenal - extended from
Kanyakumari to Cochin - irrigation, canals, foreign trade - by 1763 only 3 states in Kerala; Cochin, Travancore and Calicut - 1766 Haider Ali
invasion of Kerala - got Cochin and Zamorin province of Calicut
Rajput
1699 - 1743 - Jai Singh rule of Amber - statesman, lawmaker and reformer - science - Jaipur
Nehafrom Jats and
Bhosle made
- Rank it aUPSC
15, centre CSE
of science
2019and
Modern Page 3
1699 - 1743 - Jai Singh rule of Amber - statesman, lawmaker and reformer - science - Jaipur from Jats and made it a centre of science and
arts - planned city, scientific model, broad roads at right angle - tried to promote widow remarriage but failed
Rajputs were divided and kept fighting amongst themselves - Ajit Singh Marwar killed by own son
Jat
Jats were peasants - Delhi, Agra, Mathura - revolted under the leadership of Jat zamindars in 1669 and again in 1688 - crushed, but areas
remained disturbed - after death of Aurangzeb turned plunderers - Bharatpur set up by Churaman and Badan Singh
1756 - 1763 - Surajmal rule of Jats - good ruler and statesman - Agra, Mathura, Meerut and Aligarh - after his death again petty zamindars
and plunderers - plundered Agra
Muhammad Khan Bangash - Farrukhabad, Ali Muhammad Khan - Rohilkhand with capital at Aolan in Bareily and then in Rampur - Rohelas
clashed with Avadh, Delhi and Jats
Sikh
End of 15th century - Sikhism founded - Jat peasants and lowers castes of Punjab - made militant by Guru Hargobind (1606 - 1645)
1664 - 1708 - Leadership of Guru Gobind Singh, 10th and last - from 1699 in war with Aurangzeb - but joined Bahadur Shah and fought with
him in Deccan where he was murdered by his own Pathan - after his death Banda Bahadur fought for 8 years - killed in 1715
1765 - 1800 - Sikhs ruled over Punjab and Jammu - 12 misls - took advantage of weakness due to Afghans - then unity lost due to fights -
plundered Sarhind
End of 18th century - Ranjit Singh - able and skilled - chief of Sukerchakia Misl - captured Lahore in 1799 and Amritsar in 1802 - Punjab,
Kashmir, Peshawar, Multan - old chiefs made zamindars and same system as Mughals for revenue collection - 50% of gross produce -
tolerant - most trusted minister Fakir Azizuddin, Finance Minister Dewan Dina Nath - 1809 Brits forbade him to cross Sutlej - he agreed and
saved the kingdom - after his death war for succession, Brits came and conquered
Maratha
Since 1689 - Shahu prisoner of Aurangzeb - released in 1707 - war for succession with aunt Tarabai (widow of Raja Ram) and her minor son
Shivaji II ruling from 1700 in Kolhapur
1713 - Balaji Vishwanath becomes the Peshwa of Shahu - Zulfikar Khan deal for ChauthNeha
and Sardeshmukhi of Deccan
Bhosle - Rank - dealCSE
15, UPSC with Saiyid
2019
Modern Page 4
1713 - Balaji Vishwanath becomes the Peshwa of Shahu - Zulfikar Khan deal for Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of Deccan - deal with Saiyid
brothers to recognize Shahu and accompanied them in overthrowing Farrukhsiyar - Maratha sardars had private armies
1720 - 1740 - Baji Rao I - Malwa, Gujarat, Bundelkhand - rise of Gaekwad, Holkar, Scindia and Bhosle - fought with Nizam for long, and
Nizam took help from Kolhapur, Maratha sardars and Mughals against him - 2 battles and both Nizam lost - 1733 defeated Sidis of Janjira -
captured Salsette and Bassein from Portuguese in 1739
1740 - 1761 - Nanasaheb (Balaji Baji Rao) - 1749 Shahu dies and Peshwas become true rulers - 1751 won Odisha - Mysore had to pay
tribute - 1760 Nizam defeated at Udgir - 1752 helped Imad Ul Mulk to become Wazir - died due to illness shortly after Panipat
14 January 1761 - Third Battle of Panipat lost - Ahmedshah Abdali alliance with Najib Ud Daula of Rohilkhand and Shuja Ud Daula of Avadh -
cousin Sadashiv Rao Bhau, infantry and artillery commander Ibrahim Khan Gardi, son Vishwas Rao all dead
1772 - Power struggle between Raghunath Rao the younger brother of Nanasaheb and Narayan Rao the younger brother of Madhav Rao -
1773 Narayan Rao killed and succeeded by son - First Anglo Maratha War as Raghunath Rao sought Brit help - 1775 to 1782 - in the
beginning Marathas defeated Brits at Talegaon and forced them to sign the Convention of Wadgaon - war soon restarted but very difficult
plus Haider Ali and Nizam also declared war on Brits at the same time - around same time American independence - Brits under Goddard
captured Ahmedabad - standstill - Mahadji Scindia helped arrive at a treaty - 1782 Treaty of Salbai to maintain status quo and Marathas
promised to help against Haider Ali, this war had started in 1780
1773 - 1795 - Sawai Madhav Rao - Nana Phadnis versus supporters of Raghunath Rao - Gaekwad Baroda, Bhosle Nagpur, Holkar Indore,
Scindia Gwalior almost independent
Mahadaji Scindia - strong army with French help and established control over emperor Shah Alam in 1784 - Peshwa appointed as emperor's
deputy as long as Scindia acts on Peshwa behalf - enemy of Phadnis and Holkar - died in 1794 and Phadnis in 1800 - last great Marathas
Parshuram Bhau - a Maratha general who tried to promote widow remarriage but failed
1795 - Baji Rao II, son of Raghunath Rao - utterly worthless
1803 - 1805 - Second Anglo Maratha War
1816 - 1819 - Third Anglo Maratha War
Same systems as Mughals - no science technology economy trade industry - not a modern state
1766 - 1796 - Ahilyabai Holkar rule of Indore
In the first war that ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai, there was no clear victor. The Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-05) was
fought on different fronts, resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.
Finally, the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power. The Peshwa was removed and sent away to Bithur near Kanpur
with a pension. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.
Modern Page 5
Modern Page 6
Chapter 3 - The Beginnings of European Settlements
India had trade relations with Europe from Greek time - by sea along Persian Gulf, Iraq Turkey and again sea to Venice and Genoa - Red
Sea, Alexandria, sea to Venice and Genoa - Arab merchants and Italians - 1453 Turkish control of these routes after winning Constantinople
Portugal and Spain sought to break the trade monopoly and start spice trade - new route - ship building and navigation
1494 - Columbus of Spain discovered America while looking for India
Portuguese
1498 - Vasco Da Gama arrived here - Calicut
16th century - Africa slave trade by Spain and Portugal and later Brits, France and Dutch - triangular trade - finished goods from Europe to
Africa, slaves from Africa to plantations (sugar, cotton, tobacco) and mines - and then raw material back to Europe - 15-50 million slaves
1510 - Alfanso D Albuquerque captured Goa - strong ships, took advantage of internal fights among princes - Hormuz in Persian Gulf to
Malaca in Malaya and Spice Islands in Indonesia under Portuguese control - constant wars and piracy and plunder by them too - clashed
with Mughals in Bengal in 1631 and lost Hugli
Portugal had a population of less than a million - autocratic and decadent court - merchants had less power and prestige compared to
landed aristocrats - no invention in shipping - intolerant - 15th century and first half of 16th century, Portugal and Spain were more
powerful, later rose the Brits, French and Dutch - 1580 Portugal became a Spanish dependency - 1588 English defeated Spanish Armada
Dutch
1595 - 4 Dutch ships to India via Cape of Good Hope - 1602 Dutch EIC - but more interested in Java, Sumatra and spice islands - defeated
Portuguese from Malay Straits and Indonesian Islands and in 1623 defeated the English attempts
English - Phase I
31 December 1600 - EIC granted the Royal Charter and exclusive privilege to trade in the East by Queen Elizabeth
1608 - Wanted to open a factory in Surat and Captain Hawkins came to Jahangir's court - initially treated well but then expelled from Agra
due to Portuguese influence
1612, 1614 - 2 battles where Brits defeated Portuguese in Swally near Surat and so got Mughal farman to open factories on the West
Coast - Mughals wanted to use them against the Portuguese navy
1615 - Thomas Roe got farman to open factories over all Mughal areas - pressurized Mughals and also harassed Indian traders shipping to
Red Sea and Mecca
1620 - Another Brit Portuguese battle, where British won and hostilities ended by 1630
Modern Page 7
1620 - Another Brit Portuguese battle, where British won and hostilities ended by 1630
1662 - Charles II got Bombay as a dowry, eventually Portuguese remained only in Goa, Daman and Diu - Brits fortified Bombay by 1668 and
soon it replaced Surat as the headquarters
1654 - 1667 Dutch British wars which ended with Dutch concentrating on Indonesia and Brits on India
English - Phase II
Till 1687, Surat was the center of trade for Brits, petitioners before the Mughal authorities - trade and diplomacy + war and control
1611 - First factory in south Masulipatam - easy because weak kings and no Mughals
1625 - tried to fortify Surat factory, Mughals defeated them, and when Brits attacked Mughal ships, they imprisoned Brit employees
1639 - Madras factory and fort by Francis Day
By 1623, also had factories in Broach, Ahmedabad and Agra - Thomas Roe
1633 - Odisha factory - first factory in East
1651 - Hugli trade permission, soon opened factories in Patna, Balasore, Dacca and other places in Bengal and Bihar
Gerald Aungier - Governor of Bombay
1686 - English had sacked Hugli and declared a war on Mughals, lost - factories in Bengal, Surat, Masulipatam and Vizagapatam seized,
Bombay fort under siege - finally Aurangzeb allowed them to continue after paying Rs. 150000 as compensation and also because trade
was good for Indians + strong navy
1687 - first municipal corporation in India was set up at Madras
1691 - for Rs. 3000 a year, granted exemption from payment of custom duties in Bengal
1698 - zamindari rights to Sutanati, Kalikata and Govindpur - built Fort William and became Calcutta - Job Charnock
Imports from India to England in pounds - 5 lakhs in 1708 to 17.95 lakhs in 1740
By middle of 18th century population - Madras 3 lakhs, Calcutta 2 lakhs, Bombay 70000
EIC - Governor, Deputy Governor and 24 members elected by a general body of merchants = Court of Directors
1609 - 1676 - King Charles II

1688 - William III and Mary
Bribed, gave loans to keep their monopoly and kept getting their exclusive charter extended from the Monarchs - 1694 the House of
Commons allowed free trade to East Indies - 1702 restructuring between old and new company and now called 'The Limited Company of
Merchants of England trading to the East Indies' - and here in India low salaries but lot of private trade to make money
Anglo French Wars
1744 - 1763 - Three French Brit wars in India - English could win as wealthier, better navy and longer in India so better fortified
French were established in Chandernagore and Pondicherry, some more along East and West Coast of India + Mauritius and Reuni on -
largely government controlled - from 1723 government even appointed the company's directors - more interested in quick profit than
lasting commercial success - only cared about dividends and not success or soundness of ventures - corrupt, inefficient and unstable
1742 - War in Europe between England and France over rivalry in America and India
1745 - English captured French ships in south east coast of India and threatened Pondicherry - Dupleix retaliated - 1746 occupied Madras -
English appealed to Nawab of Carnatic as Madras was under him - Nawab 10000 army versus 230 French and 700 Indian soldiers - Nawab
Modern Page 8
English appealed to Nawab of Carnatic as Madras was under him - Nawab 10000 army versus 230 French and 700 Indian soldiers - Nawab
defeated at St. Thome on the banks of Adyar river
1748 - Europe war ended so France returned Madras - and now Dupleix had the idea to use Indian rulers against one another
1748: 2 wars of succession:

Carnatic - Chand Sahib conspiring against Nawab Anwaruddin
Hyderabad - After death of Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jah, between son Nasir Jang and grandson Muzaffar Jang
French supported Chand Sahib and Muzaffar Jang
1749 - killed Anwaruddin at Ambur and Chand Sahib got Carnatic and rewarded the French with 80 villages in Pondicherry, also killed Nasir
Jang and put Muzaffar Jang in Hyderabad - got Masulipatam and money - Dupleix put Bussy in Hyderabad with the French army - Muzaffar
Jang died in an accident and then Bussy put Salabat Jang to throne and now French got Northern Sarkar (Mustafanagar, Ellore,
Rajahmundry, Chicacole)
1750 - Brits, backing Anwaruddin's son Muhammad Ali, and under Robert Clive, killed Chand Sahib - battle at Arcot - siege of Trichinopoly
1754 - Negotiations and French agreed to call back Dupleix because they feared losing American colonies
1756 - another War, French tried to win, send Count de Lally, but Brits were too strong after getting Bengal - Carnatic won, put Brit in
Nizam court, got Masulipatam and Northern Sarkars
22 January 1760 - Wandiwash - Eyre Coot defeated de Lally and within a year, French almost out of India
1763 - Treaty of Paris - French got their factories in India but only as trade centre, no fortification
Chapter 4 - The British Conquest of India
Bengal
1717 - had got a Mughal farman for trading in Bengal without paying taxes and the right to issue passes or dastaks for movement of
goods - the Nawabs of Bengal had long detested and made them pay lump sums - was being misused for private trade
1756 - grandson of Alivardi Khan, Siraj Ud Daula comes to power - irritated as Brits charged heavy duties on goods entering Calcutta which
was under their control, were favouring his rivals for the throne and started fortifying Calcutta without his permission beca use French
were strengthening Chandernagore
20 June 1756 - seized the Brit factory in Karimbazar and occupied Fort William - Brits escaped with ships - they just waited in Fulta for help
from Madras plus planning against Siraj with Mir Jafar, Manik Chand, Ami Chand, Jagat Seth, Khadim Khan - Watson and Clive reconquered
Calcutta in the beginning of 1757
23 June 1757 - Plassey, after which Mir Jafar became Nawab of Bengal - Brits got almost 30 million rupees from the new Nawab + free
trade rights of Bengal, Bihar, Odisha + zamindari of 24 paraganas + understood that no tax on private trade either - only Mir Madan and
Mohan Lal fought loyally for Siraj
October 1760 - Brits put his son in law Mir Qasim in his place as he could not pay enough + got zamindari of Burdwan, Midnapore and
Chittagong - but he was no puppet, able ruler wanted to free himself from the Brits - tried to build army, remove corruption - he even
abolished all duties on internal trade so that honest Indian manufacturers could get a level playing field as dastaks were be ing misused
22 October 1764 - Buxar - Mir Qasim + Shuja Ud Daula of Avadh + Shah Alam II
From 1765 got the Diwani rights for Bengal, Bihar, Odisha from Shah Alam II + signed an alliance with Avadh to protect them f rom enemies
for money - new Nawab of Bengal Nizam Ud Daula, son of Mir Jafar, made to disband army and carry all administration on advice of
company appointed deputy Subahdar (police + judiciary) - Avadh as a buffer between Bengal and Marathas
Same person acted as deputy Diwan for EIC and deputy Subahdar for Nawab - dual government - power without responsibility for EIC
1766, 1767, 1768 - 5.6 million pounds drained from Bengal - 1770 - Bengal famine
1767 - British government ordered EIC to pay 4 lakh pounds per year to them
Modern Page 9
Robert Clive was the first Governor of Fort William under the Company’s rule. He was succeeded by Verelst and Cartier. In 177 2, the
Company appointed Warren Hastings as the Governor of Fort William.
1757 - 1760; 1765 - 1767 - Robert Clive
1772 - 1785 - Warren Hasting
1786 - 1793 - Cornwallis
1793 - 1798 - John Shore was Governor General
1798 - 1805 - Lord Wellesley - Subsidiary alliance
1828 - 1835 - Bentinck
1848 - 1856 - Dalhousie
1856 - 1862 - Canning
1798 - Hyderabad was the first to sign the subsidiary alliance, 1801 - Avadh signed - Brits will maintain an army and king will pay for it or
give part of his land - lost independence in administration, foreign affairs - British Resident in their courts - their army men became
pindarees - no incentive to do good for people as fully protected by British - 1801 new treaty with puppet Nawab of Carnatic and Madras
created with parts of Mysore and Malabar
Maratha
By 1800 - all capable Marathas were dead - Mahadji Scindia, Tukoji Holkar, Ahilyabai Holkar, Peshwa Madhav Rao II, Nana Phadnis
25 October 1802 - Yeshwant Rao Holkar defeated combined army of Peshwa Baji Rao II and Daulat Rao Scindia - Peshwa signed subsidiary
alliance - treaty of Bassein
But still Maratha sardars did not unite - when Scindia and Bhosle fought Brits, Holkar stayed away and Gaekwad helped Brits - when Holkar
fought Brits, Scindia and Bhosle stayed away
September 1803 - Arthur Wellesley defeated the combined army of Scindia and Bhosle at Assaye, and at Argaon in November
In the North, Lord Lake routed Scindia at Laswari on the first of November and occupied Aligarh, Delhi and Agra - Mughal made pensioner -
both sardars signed subsidiary alliance and Brits got Odisha and area between Ganga Jamuna
Holkar and Jats inflicted losses on Lake, Scindia was considering joining Holkar too
January 1806 - Wellesley called back as too much debt (17 million to 31 million in pounds from 1797 to 1806) due to wars + Napoleon was
also again becoming strong so less money - treaty of Rajghat for peace with Holkar
November 1817 - last Anglo Maratha war, but no strategy so easily defeated - Peshwa attacked the British Residency in Poona, Appa Sahib
in Nagpur and Madhav Rao Holkar was preparing for war - Hastings made Scindia accept British suzerainty and defeated other 3 - Peshwa
pensioned to Kanpur, other 2 subsidiary alliance - small part Satara given to descendants of Shivaji to rule
By 1818 - almost all India except Punjab and Sindh were under Brits
Remaining India
Sindh conquest started because fear Russia can attack through there - 1839 Amirs of Sindh signed the subsidiary alliance - 1843 Sindh
annexed under Sir Charles Napier
June 1839 - Maharaja Ranjit Singh had died and instability thereafter - 1809 he had signed a treaty of perpetual friendship with the Brits -
November 1844 Major Broadfoot hostile to Sikhs appointed British agent in Ludhiana - Punjabis heard that Lord Gough and Lord Hardinge
were marching towards Ferozepur, and so they attacked on 13 December 1845 - 8 March 1846 Treaty of Lahore after the defeat of the
Modern Page 10
were marching towards Ferozepur, and so they attacked on 13 December 1845 - 8 March 1846 Treaty of Lahore after the defeat of the
Punjab army - Prime Minister Raja Lal Singh and Commander in Chief Misar Tej Singh were traitors - 16 December 1846, another treaty and
now Punjab almost totally under British control - Mulraj of Multan and Chattar Singh Attariwala of Lahore tried to fight - again defeated
and then Dalhousie annexed Punjab in 1849
British annexed Jalandhar doab and handed over J&K to Raja Gulab Singh Dogra for 5 million rupees
Doctrine of Lapse - 1848 - Satara, Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi (1854).
Dalhousie refused to pay pensions to heirs - Nawabs of Carnatic, Surat, Raja of Tanjore, Peshwa who was made the Raja of Bithur
1856 - annexation of Avadh on grounds of misgovernance - Nawab Wajid Ali Shah
1853 - Dalhousie took Berar from Nizam - cotton growing area
Modern Page 11
Chapter 5 - The Structure of the Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757 - 1857
Administration
Middle of 18th century - industrial revolution
1765 - 1772 - dual government in Bengal - Indians had responsibility but no power, Brits had power but no responsibility - both were
corrupt
1772 - direct rule of Bengal - by Warren Hasting - The East India Company decided to act as Diwan and to undertake the collection of
revenue by its own agents. Hence, the Dual System introduced by Robert Clive was abolished.
1767 - parliament passed an act mandating EIC to pay 4 lakh pounds per year
Latter half of 18th century - EIC and its retired officials brought seats in House of Commons - others worried that using money from India
EIC will rule England too, and so wanted to control India and EIC
Company needed loan of 10 lakh pounds - put a little control over EIC to satisfy the other British
Regulating Act of 1773 - changes in the constitution of the Court of Directors and subjected their actions to the supervision of the British
Government - civil, military and revenue - also Bombay and Madras war and peace under Bengal control - Governor General of Bengal + 4
councilors - Warren Hastings kept quarreling with them, difficult to administer - and British Government did not have effective and decisive
control over EIC - SC in Calcutta
1784 - Pitt's India Act - Board of Control (6 commissioners, including 2 cabinet ministers) over the Court of Directors - British Government
got control as the Board will guide and control the Court of Directors - in important matter, they could directly send orders to India
through a secret committee of Directors - retained monopoly over India and China trade and to hire employees - Governor General and a
council of 3 - clearly subordinated Bombay and Madras in matters of war, diplomacy and revenues
1786 - Governor General could veto the 3 councilors in matters affecting safety, peace or interest of England in India
Charter Act 1813 - only trade in tea and trade with China remained monopoly of EIC, rest to all British citizens - but still had revenue and
administration rights for India - 1 lakh to be spent for education in India - but this amount was made available only in 1823
Charter Act 1833 - all trade monopoly ended - EIC debt taken over by the Indian government and 10.5% dividend mandated - all law
making power given to Governor General in Council
Charter Act 1853 - exam for CS, but only British
Economics
From 1600 - too much export of Indian goods in England, their manufacturers jealous and lobbied - by 1720 laws were passed banning
wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth - heavy duties were imposed on imported plain cloth - but still cotton and silk sold well
After 1757 - forced Bengal peasants to sell goods for cheap, work for cheap, used revenues collected to buy Indian goods - monopolized
raw cotton, Indian weaver forced to pay very high price - Indian industries destroyed slowly, also they had to pay heavy duty to export
The real blow on Indian handicrafts fell after 1813 when they lost not only their foreign markets, but also domestic ones
Industrial revolution + colonies as raw material supplier and market for manufactured goods + capital abundance so the mercha nts
invested in more industrialization + 1740 - 1780 England population doubled so labour available + science progress - Hargreaves, Watt,
Crompton, Cartwright
1769 - made mandatory for EIC to export goods worth 3.8 lakh pounds every year - industrialists had demanded this
1793 - forced EIC to grant 3000 tons of shipping every year to industrialists to carry their goods
Modern Page 12
1793 - forced EIC to grant 3000 tons of shipping every year to industrialists to carry their goods
Export of British cotton goods to East, mostly India increased from 156 pounds in 1794 to 1.1 lakh pounds in 1813 - 700 times - to 63 lakh
pounds in 1856
One way trade - captured new areas as market and raw material supplier - reduce revenue so farmers can buy more - westernize them
High duty on goods exported from India - 1824 - 67.5% on Indian calicos and 37.5% on Indian muslins
1856 exports in pounds - 43 lakh raw cotton, 8.1 lakh cotton manufactures, 29 lakh food grains, 17.3 lakh indigo, 7.7 lakh raw silk
1757-1857 - estimated annual drain of wealth of 2-3 million pounds
1839-1850 - Grand Trunk Road from Calcutta to Delhi
1814 - Railway started in England George Stephenson, 1853 - Bombay Thana rail started - 5% rate of interest - by 1869, 4000 miles of
railway - by 1905, 28000 miles of railway - 350 crores investment total
1853 - First telegraph line between Calcutta and Agra, Dalhousie also introduced postal stamps and half anna uniform rate for any di stance
By 1870 - a submarine cable had been laid through the Red Sea between England and India. Orders from London could now reach India in a
matter of hours
1857 - Universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
1773 - Warren Hastings had annually auctioned the right to collect land revenue to the highest bidders, but collections not very sta ble
1793 - Cornwallis - Permanent Settlement in Bengal and Bihar - converted zamindars and revenue collectors into Landlords - owners of the
land now, hereditary and transferable - 10/11th of the Zamindari collection to be paid to EIC - changed this to a fixed amount for
perpetuity, and you can keep whatever is the surplus
John Shore planned the Permanent Settlement system and succeeded Cornwallis as the Governor General - later extended the system to
Odisha, North Madras and Varanasi, Central India and Avadh - same system but the rates were revised periodically
Created a wealthy class who owed wealth to British and so became allies + revenue stability + less people to deal with for co llection
Ryotwari - Reed, Munro - parts of Madras and Bombay in beginning of 19th century - also revised periodically after 20-30 years
Mahalwari - also revised periodically - Gangetic valley, NWFP, parts of Central India and Punjab - Punjab village system
Chapter 6 - Administrative Organization and Social and Cultural Policy
Cornwallis brought CS, police - earlier zamindars maintained law and order - also, courts given a start by Hasting but stabilized by
Cornwallis in 1793 - India got a police system even before Britain, thanas headed by Indian darogas and a British DSP at the district level
Wellesley - college at Fort Williams to train CS - replaced by college in Haileybury
1853 - CS open competition, but only Brits
1793 - official law that all higher posts in administration making more than 500 pounds annually would be only reserved for Brits
Cornwallis separated district collector and civil judge - in each district he made a Diwani Adalat or civil court headed by district judge who
was also from CS - Read Pages 118 to 120 - Police, Judiciary
1831 - Bentinck abolished Provincial Courts of appeal and circuit and work given to district judges, collectors - Indians appointed as deputy
magistrates, subordinate judges, principal sadar amins
1865 - HC established Calcutta, Madras and Bombay to replace the circuit courts of Diwani and Nizamat
1833 - charter act conferred all law making power on the governor general in council - Macaulay came to make laws
Modern Page 13
1833 - charter act conferred all law making power on the governor general in council - Macaulay came to make laws
Till 1813 - noninterference in religion, social and culture
Policy of no change in Indian tradition - Hastings, Edmund Burke, Munro, Malcolm, Elphinstone and Metcalfe
James Mill, Bentinck - wanted to modernize India - Radicals, and also Willian Wilberforce and Charles Grant (from the Court of Directors)
who wanted to spread religion
Rationalism, humanism and doctrine of progress
1829 - Sati banned by Bentinck
1795, 1802 - regulations banning female infanticide - but implemented strictly by Bentinck and Hardinge
Hardinge also stopped human sacrifices among the Gonds
1856 - widows can remarry
1781 - Hastings set up Calcutta Madrasa
1791 - Jonathan Duncan - Sanskrit College at Varanasi
1813 - spend 1 lakh for education- actually happened only in 1823
1835 - decided to teach western sciences and literature and in English as a medium
1854 - downward filtration theory was officially abandoned but in reality it continued till 1947 - the 'Educational Dispatch' of 1854 asked
the government of India to assume responsibility for the education of the masses
1857 - universities at Bombay, Calcutta and Madras
1858 - Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was among the first two graduates of the Calcutta university
1844 - mandatory for applicants to government jobs to know English
But neglected female education - 1919 only 490 girls in schools all over Bengal
1857 - only 3 medical colleges in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras and 1 engineering at Roorkee
1886 - only 1 crore out of net revenue of 47 crores spent on education
Modern Page 14
Chapter 7 - Social and Cultural Awakening in the First Half of the 19th Century
Raja Ram Mohun Roy
Regarded as the first great leader of modern India
1809 - wrote 'Gift to Monotheists' in Persian - proposed monotheism
1814 - Calcutta, started Atmiya Sabha - opposed idol worship, rituals, Sati and caste and priests - translated Vedas and 5 Upanishads in
Bengali to prove monotheism was preached in them
Caste system bad because creates inequality and deprives of patriotic feeling - religious reform needed for political uplift
Power of human reason, Vedas not infallible - depart from traditions if they are harmful for society
1818 - started a movement against Sati, showed they are not in Vedas, and also appealed to reason, humanity and compassion of the
people to ban it - visited burning ghats
Also supported banning polygamy, demanded right to inheritance and property for women
1820 - wrote 'Precepts of Jesus' - rationalism needed in any religion - separated moral and philosophical message of New Testament
Wanted renovation of Indian thought and culture not imposition of Western culture on India - renovate Hinduism - no blind reliance on the
past or copying west
1829 - founded the Brahmo Samaj - purify Hinduism and preach monotheism based on twin pillars of reason and Vedas and Upanishad -
First secretary was Tarachand Chakravarti
1817 - David Hare, a Dutch watchmaker, founded the Hindu College, RRMR supported him
1817 - also started an English school in Calcutta where Mechanics and Voltaire was taught
1825 - started the Vedanta College - Indian learning + western physical and social sciences
Compiled Bengali grammar
Pioneer of Indian journalism - Bengali, Persian, Hindi, English - initiator of public agitation on political questions in India
Condemned zamindars - maximum rent should be fixed permanently for cultivators also in a Permanent Settlement system - abolish EIC
trading rights - remove duties from Indian exports - Indians in services - separation of judiciary and executive - trial by jury - judicial equality
His supporters - Scottish missionary Alexander Duff, Dwarkanath Tagore, Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Chandrashekhar Deb
Henry Vivian Derozio
Young Bengal Movement - Henry Vivian Derozio who taught at Hindu College from 1826 to 1831 - perhaps the first nationalist poet of
Modern India
Radical ideas from French Revolution - think rationally and freely - question all authority - love liberty, equality and freedom - worship truth
Kashi Prasad Ghosh - his student who was also a poet
Modern Page 15
Debendranath Tagore(father of Rabindranath)
1839 - Tatvabodhini Sabha - to propagate the ideas of RRMR (he died in 1833) - with time started including followers of RRMR, Derozio and
also thinkers like PICV and Akshay Kumar Dutt
Tatvabodhini Patrika - study India's past systematically in Bengali - rational outlook in intellectuals
1843 - reorganized Brahmo Samaj - widow remarriage, abolish polygamy, women education, ryot condition, temperance (no alcohol)
Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
1851 - Became principal of Sanskrit College - but open to western thought too - blend of Indian and Western culture - evolved new
technique of teaching Sanskrit
PICV wrote a Bengali primer which is still used - evolved modern prose style in Bengali
Opened the Sanskrit college to non-Brahmins + taught western thought too
1855 - started the movement for widow remarriage
7 December 1856 - first legal upper caste Hindu widow remarriage under his inspiration and supervision in Calcutta
1855 - 1860 - he conducted 25 widow remarriages
1850 - protested against child marriage
Also campaigned against polygamy and for women education
As a Government Inspector of Schools, he organized 35 girls' schools
Secretary to the Bethune School - higher education for women
1849 - Calcutta - Bethune School founded by JED Bethune - became Bethune college in 1879
West India
Modern Page 16
More quick reforms in Bengal as they had come under British rule much earlier and West India came under British only in 1818
1849 - Paramhansa Mandali founded in Maharashtra - one God, break caste rules, food cooked by lower caste eaten in meetings - also fight
idolatry
1848 - Students' Literary and Scientific Society - 2 branches - Gujarati and Marathi Dnyan Prasarak Mandalis - lectures on popular science
and social questions - wanted to start schools for girls
1851 - Phules started a girls' school in Poona, Phule was also pioneer of widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra - lifelong campaign
against upper caste domination and Brahmanical supremacy
Jagannath Shankar Seth, Bhau Daji Lad - supported Phule's girls' schools
1850s - Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded the Widow Remarriage Association
1852 - Karsondas Mulji started Satya Prakash in Gujarati to advocate widow remarriage
Lokahitawadi Gopal Hari Deshmukh - advocated reorganization of Indian society on rational principles and modern humanistic and secular
values - attacked orthodoxy and preached religious and social equality
Dadabhai Naoroji - Parsi Law Association - uniform laws of inheritance and marriage for Parsis - legal status to women
Chapter 13 - Growth of New India - Religious and Social Reform After 1858
Brahmo Samaj
1843 - Devendranath Tagore 1866 - Keshub Chandra Sen
Every individual can interpret and decide what is right and wrong in a religious book or principle - no priests needed - best of modern
western thought also encouraged
Caste system, child marriage, widow remarriage, modern education for men and women
Second half of 19th century - internal differences - influence limited to urban educated
Maharashtra
1867 - Prarthana Samaj - reform Hindu religious thought and practice in the light of modern knowledge - one God - free from caste and
priests - influenced by Brahmo Samaj - spread to south by Telugu reformer Viresalingam
RG Bhandarkar Sanskrit scholar and historian Mahadev Govind Ranade were a part of Prarthana Samaj
Rationalist thinker Gopal Ganesh Agarkar also lived and worked in same time - advocated power of human reason - criticized blind
dependence on tradition or false glorification of India's past
Ramakrishna and Vivekanand
Ramkrishna Paramhansa - renunciation, meditation and devotion - lived with mystics of other faiths - many roads to God and salvation -
service of man was service of God as man was an embodiment of God
Vivekanand - his disciple - popularized his message - tried to put it in the form that would suit contemporary India - social action -
knowledge without action was useless - all religions one - convinced of superior approach of Indian philosophical tradition - subscribed to
Vedanta and said it was a fully rational system
Criticized Indians for losing touch with rest of the world - isolation is the cause of degeneration - liberty, equality, free thinking - opposed
caste system, rituals, superstitions
1896 - Vivekanand founded the Ramkrishna Mission for humanitarian relief and social work - many branches all over India - schools,
Modern Page 17
1896 - Vivekanand founded the Ramkrishna Mission for humanitarian relief and social work - many branches all over India - schools,
hospitals, orphanages, libraries - emphasis not on personal salvation but on social good or social service
Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj
1875 founded
Hinduism corrupted by priests and Puranas - false teachings - Vedas infallible - though his approach had a rationalist aspect - Vedas have to
be interpreted by humans only, so individual reason was a decisive factor
Every person has a right to direct access to God - attacked orthodoxy - opposed idolatry, rituals, priests, caste system, brahmins
He also directed attention towards the problems of men as they lived in this real world and away from the traditional belief in the other
world - also favoured western studies
Lala Hansraj - led in starting schools and colleges teaching western thoughts and Arya Samaj philosophy
1902 - Swami Shradhananda started a Gurukul near Hardwar to propagate more traditional ideals of education
Muslims
1863 - Calcutta - Muhammedan Literary Society - to promote discussion of religious, social and political questions in the light of modern
ideas and encouraged upper and middle class Muslims to take to western education
1875 - Syed Ahmad Khan - Muhammedan Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh - became AMU later - Chirag Ali, Altaf Hussain Hali, Nazir
Ahmad, Maulana Shibli Nomani were other Aligarh school followers
Muhammad Iqbal - Saare Jahaan se Accha poet
Sikhs
Modern Page 18
Women
1880s - Dufferin hospitals for women
1927 - All India Women's Conference
1955 - Hindu Marriage Act permitted dissolution of marriage on specific grounds
1956 - Hindu Succession Act made the daughter an equal co - heir with the son
Rahnumai Mazdasyan Sabha - Naoroji Furdonji and SS Bengalee cofounders with Dadabhai
Modern Page 19
Chapter 9 - Old NCERT - Bipan Chandra
Chapter 9 - Administrative Changes after 1858
Act of 1858
Act of 1861
Read from Page 161 to Page 164 - Provincial Administration and Local Governments
1861 - Imperial Legislative Council + legislative councils in 3 provinces
1860 - budget was formally introduced in India
1833 to 1861 - attempt to centralize provincial legislation
1870 - attempt to separate central and provincial finances by Mayo - police, jail, medical services, education, roads to provinces -
lumpsum grant from center for this
Modern Page 20
1877 - finance to provinces in land revenue, excise, general administration, law and justice - Lytton - fixed part of stamps, excise tax,
income tax from the provinces to be given for these additions
1882 - Ripon - fixed grant concept removed - gave whole revenue under certain heads to provinces and part of some too - now all revenue
in three categories: general, provincial and to be divided between both
Education, health, sanitation, water supply - local bodies can tax - local bodies formed between 1864 and 1868 - nominated members and
presided by district magistrate
1882 - Ripon - local bodies with non-official members, elected wherever possible, Chairman to be non-official - success in Bombay,
Madras, Calcutta, elsewhere government control over local bodies was stronger
Lord Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 was hailed as the ‘Magna Carta’ of local government. Lord Ripon is regarded as the ‘father of local self
government in India.’
Army
European to Indian - 1:2 in Bengal, 2:5 in Madras and Bombay
Artillery, tanks and armored corps only Europeans
1904 - 52% of Indian revenue went to Army
Civil Services
1863 - Satyendranath Tagore - first Indian in ICS - brother of Rabindranath
Exam in London - Greek and Latin - maximum age in 1859 was 23, reduced in 1878 to 19
Princely States
Labour Laws
Modern Page 21
Modern Page 22
Chapter 10: India and her Neighbours
Revise this chapter after reading World History - LOT of interlinkages
1870 - 1914 - Intense struggle for colonies in Asia and Africa
War with Nepal - 1814
Gurkha tribe had conquered Nepal in 1768 - empire from Bhutan to Sutlej - British conquered Gorakhpur in 1801, border issue - October
1814 open war - Gurkhas fought very well, but in long run British had more men, money and materials - April 1815 British took Kumaon -
15 May 1815, army commander Amar Singh Thapa defeated - started peace talks but government refused to agree to a British Resident in
Katmandu - no subsidiary alliance - fighting started again in 1816 and British reached within 50 miles of Katmandu - Nepal accepted a
British Resident, gave Garhwal and Kumaon + withdrew from Sikkim - peace and many joined the British Indian army too
Burma - pages 175 to 181
Manipur, Assam, Arakan were taken by Burma - Arakan fugitives used to hide in Brit Chittagong - Shahpuri islands - Ava capital
First War 1824-1826 - Feb 1826 - Treaty of Yandabo - Brits won Arakan, Manipur, Assam, Cachar (back) - General Maha Bandula
Second 1852 - Dalhousie had just come, Commodore Lambert - guerilla warfare for long - no treaty - Rangoon, Bassein, Pegu, Prome by
Brits - now control whole coast line
Third 1885 - King Thibaw defeated - 1935 Brits separated Burma from India - Jan 1948 independence
Afghanistan - pages 181 to 186
Dost Mohamed, Captain Burns
prolonged war with Afghanistan between 1838 and 1842 and established indirect Company rule there
29 June 1838 - Treaty of Lahore - Shah Shuja, Ranjit Singh, Brits
Feb 1839 First - to put Shah Shuja on throne - unpopular - 11 Dec 1841 Brits forced to put back Dost Mohamed - lot of army dead
1855 - treaty of noninterference, friendship between Dost Mohamed and Brits
1878 - May, Sher Ali's son Yakub Khan signed the Treaty of Gandamak - Lytton
Sep 1879 - Major Cavagnari British Resident killed by Afghans - Ripon - again noninterference only foreign policy not independent
1921 - Afghans free - Amanullah
Tibet - pages 186 and 187
Sikkim
Modern Page 23
Bhutan
Modern Page 24
Chapter 11 - Economic Impact of the British Rule
Agriculture
1901 - 1941 - population dependent on agriculture increased from 63% to 70%
Cities ruined due to ruin of industries - Dacca, Surat, Murshidabad
In 1911 - total rural debt was 300 crore rupees, in 1937 - 1800 crore rupees
Government, zamindars and money lenders - all 3 ruined the peasants
Zamindars, landlords, moneylenders and princes - the only people who wanted British to stay - though some joined freedom struggle due
to rising nationalism
Commodification of land - multiple intermediaries came in due to subletting of land - absentee landlords
Very little irrigation developed - in 1951, only 930000 iron ploughs in use, 31.8 million wooden ploughs
1939 - only 6 agriculture colleges with 1306 students
Industries
Modern Page 25
Mostly British owned as Indian found difficult to access capital and had to pay higher interests, plus less favoured by gover nment
Cotton to some extent and 1930s Sugar - Indian industries
Slowly Indian banks started growing - 1914, 70% Indian deposits in foreign banks - 1937 decreased to 57%
Lack of heavy or capital goods industry - so difficult for Indian industries to be set up - only in 1913 Steel made in India
1939 - only 7 engineering colleges with 2217 students
Read Poverty and Famines Pages 202 and 203
Modern Page 26
Chapter 12 - Growth of New India - The Nationalist Movement - 1858 - 1905
Read 3 sections - Western Thought and Education, Press and Literature and Discovery of India's Past - Pages 208 to 210
Immediate Factors - Pages 211, 212 - Lytton's 1876 - 1880 rule + Ilbert Bill 1883
Students in Poona and in other towns of Maharashtra publicly burnt foreign clothes in 1896 as part of the larger swadeshi campaign
1837 - Landholders' society - Bengal, Bihar, Odisha - earliest public association in Modern India
1843 - Bengal British Indian Society
Both merged in 1851 to form British India Association - slowly became pro landlord and conservative
1852 - Madras Native Association, Bombay Association
Scientific Society - Sayid Ahmad Khan
1866 - East India Association in London by Dadabhai Nowroji - 3 times Cong president - 1886 session
1870s - Poona Sarvajanik Sabha by Justice Ranade
1881 - Madras Mahajan Sabha
1885 - Bombay Presidency Association
Indian Association of Calcutta - most important of pre Cong organizations - 1876 - Surendranath Banerjee, Anandmohan Bose - CS age, Arms
and Vernacular Press Act, Rent Bill in 1883-85, plantation workers - in 1883 they organized All India National Conference - merged with Cong
in 1886
1879 - Ramoshi uprising - Vasudev Balwant Phadke

Modern Page 27
1890 - Kadambini Ganguli - first female graduate of Calcutta University addressed a Cong session
1897 - Tilak supported Natu brothers - arrested for sedition
Modern Page 28
Chapter 14 - Nationalist Movement - 1905 - 1918
Chapter 15 - Struggle for Swaraj
1898 - offence to excite feeling of disaffection towards the government
1899 - Indians in Calcutta Corporation reduced
1904 - official secrets act - restricted freedom of press
1904 - Indian Universities Act
1893 - Ganpati, 1895 - Shivaji
15 August 1906 - National Council of Education
National College - Aurobindo Ghose principal
Rajani Kant Sen, Mukund Das - Bengal partition poets + Tagore also
Abdul Rasul, Liaqat Hussain, Guznavi, Hasrat Mohani - opposed Bengal partition, joined Swadeshi movement
Modern Page 29
Modern Page 30
Modern Page 31
Modern Page 32
Surendranath Banerjee and some others wanted to accept Montagu Chelmsform reforms - left Cong and founded Indian Liberal
Federation
Jinnah, MMM and Mazhar Ul Haq resigned from Central Legislative Council to protest Rowlatt Act
1917 - Champaran, Bihar - Indigo farmers - Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar Ul Haq, JB Kriplani, Mahadev Desai - civil disobedience
1918 - Ahmedabad Mill Strike - Fast
The origins of UPSC can be traced to 1919 Act
1920 Nagpur Session - Provincial Congress Committees reorganized on linguistic basis
1921-22 - Jinnah, Besant, Bipin Chandra Pal, GS Khaparde left Cong because did not like new unconstitutional methods
1917 - Hindu Maha Sabha formed
1928 - First All Bengal Student Conference - J Nehru presided
MN Roy - first Indian to be elected to the leadership of Communist International
1924 - Kanpur Conspiracy, March 1929 - Meerut Conspiracy - Commies
1928 - Patel - Bardoli Satyagraha - no tax campaign for peasants
1924 - Hindustan Republican Association founded - became HSRA under Azad in 1928
Modern Page 33
1924 - Hindustan Republican Association founded - became HSRA under Azad in 1928
1925 - Kakori
April 1929 - Central Legislative Assembly bomb
April 1930 - Chittagong
1927 - Simon Commission protests - ML had agreed to joint electorates with reservations for Muslims
During CDM, Garhwali soldiers refused to fire on protestors
Nagaland - Rani Gaidinliu - 13 year old who took part in CDM - jailed in 1932
1930 - First RTC, March 1931 - Gandhi Irwin Pact, September 1931 - Second RTC, November 1932 - Third RTC
Karachi Session - FR and National Economic Programme
1936 - AI Kisan Sabha formed
1938 - Medical Mission headed by Dr. M Atal went to work with Chinese armed forces
1921 - Chambers of Prince created
December 1927 - All India States Peoples Conference formed - 1939, J Nehru was its President
March 1942 - Cripps
INA Trials - Shah Nawaz, Gurdial Singh Dhillon and Prem Sehgal
Armed Forces Mutiny - Jabalpur Signal Corps
March 1946 - Cabinet Mission Plan
Modern Page 34
India's Struggle for Independence - Bipan Chandra
Chapter 2 - CIVIL REBELLIONS AND TRIBAL UPRISINGS
1763 to 1800 - Sanyasi Rebellion
1766 to 1772 and 1795 to 1816 - Chuar Uprising in 5 districts of Bengal and Bihar
Rangpur and Dinajpur, 1783; Bishnupur and Birbhum, 1799; Orissa zamindars, 1804-17; and Sambalpur, 1827-40.
The Raja of Vizianagram revolted in 1794, the poligars of Tamil Nadu during the 1790s, of Malabar and coastal Andhra during the first
decade of the 19th century, of Parlekamedi during 1813- 14. Dewan Velu Thampi of Travancore organized a heroic revolt in 1805. The
Mysore peasants too revolted in 1830-31. There were major uprisings in Visakhapatnam from 1830-34, Ganjam in 1835 and Kurnool in
1846-47.
In Western India, the chiefs of Saurashtra rebelled repeatedly from 1816 to 1832. The Kolis of Gujarat did the same during 1824-28,
1839 and 1849. Maharashtra was in a perpetual state of revolt after the final defeat of the Peshwa. Prominent were the Bhil uprisings,
1818-31; the Kittur uprising, led by Chinnava, 1824; the Satara uprising, 1841; and the revolt of the Gadkaris. 1844.
The present states of Western U.P. and Haryana rose up in arms in 1824. Other major rebellions were those of Bilaspur, 1805; the
taluqdars of Aligarh, 1814-17; the Bundelas of Jabalpur, 1842; and Khandesh, 1852. The second Punjab War in 1848- 49 was also in the
nature of a popular revolt by the people and the army.
1855-56 - Santhal - Sido and Kanhu
1820 - 1837 - Kols of CN
March 1879 - Rampa tribes in coastal Andhra
1899 to 1919 - Munda ulgulan - Birsa captured in Feb 1900, died in jail in June
Chapter 3 - PEASANT MOVEMENTS AND UPRISINGS AFTER 1857
1859-1860 - Indigo Revolt - Hem Chandra Kar, DM of Kalaroa - Digambar and Bishnu Biswas of Govindpur Village in Nadia ex-employees
of Indigo planters - Harish Chandra Mukherjee, editor of Hindu Patriot - Din Bandhu Mitra’s play, Neel Darpan
May 1873 - Yusufshahi Pargana in Pabna - legal resistance against enhanced rents - Bengal Tenancy Act passed in 1885 - Bankim
Chandra Chatterjee and RC Dutt supported the peasants - in the early 1880s, during the discussion of the Bengal Tenancy Bill, the Indian
Association, led by Surendranath Banerjee, Anand Mohan Bose and Dwarkanath Ganguli, campaigned for the rights of tenants, helped
form ryot unions, and organized huge meetings of up to 20,000 peasants in the districts in support of the Rent Bill
1875 - Pune and Ahmednagar - Ryotwari revolt - cotton prices fell, but land revenue raised 50% + money lenders usury Marwari, Guj -
started in Kardab village in Sirur Taluq - social boycott - also spread to Solapur and Satara - Supa, in Bhimthari - Deccan Agriculturists’
Relief Act of 1879
1873-74, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, led by Justice Ranade, had organized a successful campaign among the peasants, as well as at
Poona and Bombay against the land revenue settlement of 1867.
Peasant resistance also developed in other parts of the country. Mappila outbreaks were endemic in Malabar. Vasudev Balwant Phadke
raised a Ramosi peasant force of about 50 in Maharashtra during 1879, and organized social banditry on a significant scale. The Kuka
Revolt in Punjab was led by Baba Ram Singh and had elements of a messianic movement. It was crushed when 49 of the rebels were
blown up by a cannon in 1872. High land revenue assessment led to a series of peasant riots in the plains of Assam during 1893-94.
Scores were killed in brutal firings and bayonet charges.
Chapter 5 - FOUNDATION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Modern Page 35
Chapter 5 - FOUNDATION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
Chapter 6 - SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORMS AND THE NATIONAL AWAKENING
Sahadaran Ayyapan - ‘no religion, no caste and no God for mankind.’
Lex Loci Act (proposed in 1845 and passed in 1850 provided the right to inherit ancestral property to Hindu converts to Christianity).
Chapter 7 - AN ECONOMIC CRITIQUE OF COLONIALISM
Romesh Chandra Dutt, a retired ICS officer, published The Economic History of India at the beginning of the 20th century in which he
examined in minute detail the entire economic record of colonial rule since 1757.
Indian People - Sachidanand Sinha
Dadabhai Naoroji - Speaking on the drain at the International Socialist Congress in 1904, he put forward the demand for ‘self-
government’ and treatment of India ‘like other British Colonies.” A year later in 1905, in a message to the Benares session of the Indian
National Congress, Dadabhai categorically asserted: ‘Self-government is the only remedy for India’s woes and wrongs.’ And, then, as the
President of the 1906 session of the Congress at Calcutta, he laid down the goal of the national movement as “self-government or
Swaraj,” like that of the United Kingdom or the Colonies.’
Chapter 8 - THE FIGHT TO SECURE PRESS FREEDOM
Modern Page 36
Section 124A of the IPC started in 1870
Surendranath Banerjea was the first Indian to go to jail in performance of his duty as a journalist
Tilak founded his newspapers along with GG Agarkar
1897 - Tilak arrested on charges of sedition - Rand assassination by Chaphekar brothers
In 1898, the Government amended Section 124A and added a new Section 153A to the penal code, making it a criminal offence for
anyone to attempt ‘to bring into contempt’ the Government of India or to create hatred among different classes, that is vis-a-vis
Englishmen in India.
Once again, on 24 June 1908, Tilak was arrested - 6 years to Mandalay
Gandhi - 1922 - sedition - Young India - but Gandhi pleaded guilty to the charge while Tilak did not, both times
Chapter 9 - PROPAGANDA IN THE LEGISLATURES
The Indian Councils Act of 1861 enlarged the Governor-General’s Executive Council for the purpose of making laws. The Governor-
General could now add from six to twelve members to the Executive Council. At least half of these nominations had to be non-officials,
Indian or British. This council came to be known as the Imperial Legislative Council. It possessed no powers at all. It could not discuss the
budget or a financial measure or any other important bill without the previous approval of the Government. It could not discuss the
actions of the administration. It could not, therefore, be seen as some kind of parliament, even of the most elementary kind. As if to
underline this fact, the Council met, on an average, for only twenty-five days in a year till 1892 - in thirty years, from 1862 to 1892, only
forty-five Indians were nominated to it.
Only a handful of political figures and independent intellectuals such as Syed Ahmed Khan (1878-82), Kristodas Pal (1883), V.N. Mandlik
(1884-87), K.L. Nulkar (1890-91) and Rash Behari Ghosh (1892) were nominated.
Raja Dig Vijay Singh of Balarampur, Maharaja Jotendra Mohan Tagore, Durga Charan Laha, Peary Mohan Mukherjea and Dinshaw Petit -
British supporting Indian members
Indian Councils Act of 1892. The number of additional members of the Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils was increased from
the previous six to ten to ten to sixteen. A few of these members could be elected indirectly through municipal committees, district
boards, etc., but the official majority remained. The members were given the right to discuss the annual budget but they could neither
vote on it nor move a motion to amend it. They could also ask questions but were not allowed to put supplementary questions or to
discuss the answers.
Surendranath Banerjea, Kalicharan Banerjee, Ananda Mohan Bose, Lal Mohan Ghosh, W.C. Bonnerji and Rash Behari Ghosh from
Modern Page 37
Surendranath Banerjea, Kalicharan Banerjee, Ananda Mohan Bose, Lal Mohan Ghosh, W.C. Bonnerji and Rash Behari Ghosh from
Bengal, Ananda Charlu, C. Sankan Nair and Vijayaraghavachariar from Madras, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Ayodhyanath and Bishambar
Nath from U.P., B.G. Tilak, Pherozeshah Mehta, R.M. Sayani, Chimanlal Setalvad, N.G. Chandravarkar and G.K. Gokhale from Bombay,
and G.M. Chitnavis from Central Provinces were some of served as members of the Provincial or Central Legislative Councils from 1893
to 1909.
In 1901, a Bill was brought in the Bombay Legislative to take away the peasant’s right of ownership of land to prevent him from
bartering it away because of his thriftlessness. When the Government insisted on using its official majority to push through the Bill,
Pherozeshah Mehta along with Gokhale, G.K. Parekh, Balachandra Krishna and D.A. Khare took the unprecedented step of organizing
the first walk-out in India’s legislative history.
Gokhale - budget speeches - Ranade and GV Joshi taught him Economics
Chapter 10 - THE SWADESHI MOVEMENT— 1903-08
Bengal partition - Curzon Viceroy, Risley Home Secretary
December 1903 - partition proposal became openly known
Surendranath Banerjea, Krishna Kumar Mitra, Prithwishchandra Ray and other leaders launched a powerful press campaign against the
partition proposals through journals and newspapers like the Bengalee, Hitabadi and Sanjibani
19 July 1905 - the decision to partition Bengal was announced
The formal proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was made on the 7 August 1905, in meeting held at the Calcutta
On September 1, the Government announced that partition was to be effected on 16 October 1905
Abdul Rasul, President of Barisal Conference, April 1906
Swadeshi call at the Banaras Session, 1905, presided over by G.K. Gokhale - extremists were in favour of extending the movement to the
rest of India and carrying it beyond the programme of just Swadeshi and boycott to a full-fledged political mass struggle
1906 Calcutta session - Naoroji - goal of the Indian National Congress was ‘self-government or Swaraj like that of the United Kingdom or
the Colonies.
Swadesh Bandhab Samiti set up by Ashwini Kumar Dutt, a school teacher, in Barisal - 159 branches - unparalleled mass following among
the predominantly Muslim Peasantry of the region. The samitis took the Swadeshi message to the villages through magic lantern
lectures and Swadeshi songs, gave physical and moral training to the members, did social work during famines and epidemics, organized
schools, training in Swadeshi craft and arbitration courts
Bengal National College was founded, with Aurobindo as the principal
August 1906, the National Council of Education was established Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019
Modern Page 38
August 1906, the National Council of Education was established
Bengal Technical institute was set and funds were raised to send students to Japan for advanced learning
Acharya P.C. Ray’s Bengal Chemicals Factory
The songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajani Kanta Sen, Dwijendralal Ray, Mukunda Das, Syed Abu Mohammed
Palligeet and Jan Gàn - folk music
Thakurmar Jhuli(Grandmother’s tales) written by Daksinaranjan Mitra Majumdar
Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination of Victorian naturalism over Indian art and sought inspiration from the rich indigenous
traditions of Mughal, Rajput and Ajanta paintings.
Nandalal Bose - the first recipient of a scholarship offered by the Indian Society of Oriental Art founded in 1907.
Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, and others pioneered original research
Nawab Salimullah of Dacca - supported partition of Bengal
Between 1907 and 1908, nine major leaders in Bengal including Ashwini Kumar Dutt and Krishna Kumar Mitra were deported, Tilak was
given a sentence of six years imprisonment, Ajit Singh and Lajpat Rai of Punjab were deported and Chidambaram Pillai and
Harisarvottam Rao from Madras and Andhra were arrested. Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh retired from active politics
Chapter 11 - THE SPLIT IN THE CONGRESS AND THE RISE OF REVOLUTIONARIES
Dufferin Viceroy and George Hamilton Secretary of State when the Cong was formed
1906 Calcutta session - Four compromise resolutions on the Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, and Self-Government demands
were passed
Tilak and Gokhale wanted to avoid the split - 1907 session president Rash Behari Ghose
1914 - Tilak released
The Indian Councils Act of 1909 increased the number of elected members in the imperial Legislative Council and the provincial
legislative councils. Most of the elected members were still elected indirectly. An Indian was to be appointed a member of the
Governor-General’s Executive Council. Of the 68 members of the Imperial Legislative Council, 36 were officials and 5 were nominated
non-officials. Out of 27 elected members, 6 were elected by big landlords and 2 by British capitalists. The Act permitted members to
introduce resolutions; it also increased their power to ask questions. Voting on separate budget items was allowed. But the reformed
councils still enjoyed no real power and remained mere advisory bodies. They also did not introduce an element of democracy or self-
government. The undemocratic, foreign and exploitative character of British rule remained unchanged - Separate Muslim electorate
The Yugantar wrote in April 1906, after the police assault on the peaceful Barisal Conference: ‘The thirty crores of people inhabiting
India must raise their sixty crores of hands to stop this curse of oppression. Force must be stopped by force.’
Modern Page 39
Chapter 12 - WORLD WAR I AND INDIAN NATIONALISM: THE GHADAR
effective restriction on Indian immigration into Canada in 1908
Tarak Nath Das, an Indian student, and one of the first Indian leaders in North America to start a paper - Free Hindustan
1907, Ramnath Puri, a political exile on the West Coast, issued a Circular-e-Azadi (Circular of Liberty) in which he pledged support to the
Swadeshi Movement
G.D. Kumar set up a Swadesh Sevak Home in Vancouver on the lines of the India House in London and also began to bring out a
Gurmukhi paper called Swadesh Sevak which advocated social reform and also asked Indian troops to rise in revolt against the British
In 1910, Tarak Nath Das and G.D. Kumar, by now forced out of Vancouver, set up the United India House in Seattle
The first fillip to the revolutionary movement was provided by the visit to Vancouver, in early 1913, of Bhagwan Singh, a Sikh priest who
had worked in Hong Kong and the Malay States. He openly preached the gospel of violent overthrow of British rule and urged the
people to adopt Bande Mataram as a revolutionary salute.
Komagata Maru - To fight for the rights of the passengers, a ‘Shore Committee’ was set up under the leadership of Husain Rahim, Sohan
Lal Pathak and Balwant Singh
Chapter 13 - THE HOME RULE MOVEMENT AND ITS FALLOUT
Annie Besant had come to India in 1893 to work for the Theosophical Society - New India and Commonwealth her newspapers
June 1914 - Tilak released
Modern Page 40
1915 - Extremists readmitted to Cong but Annie Besant did not succeed in getting the Congress and the Muslim League to support her
decision to set up Home Rule Leagues. She did manage, however, to persuade the Congress to commit itself to a programme of
educative propaganda and to a revival of the local level Congress committees - if Cong did not do this till Sep 1916, she was free to set
up her own League
Tilak set up the Home Rule League at the Bombay Provincial Conference held at Belgaum in April 1916, Besant in Sep 1916
Jamnadas Dwarkadas, Shankerlal Banker and Indulal Yagnik set up a Bombay paper Young India
Tilak’s League was to work in Maharashtra, (excluding Bombay city), Karnataka, the Central Provinces and Berar, and Annie Besant’s
League was given charge of the rest of India.
Over 200 branches of Besant, 6 of Tilak - Arundale, C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar, and B.P. Wadia with Besant
June 1917 - Besant and her associates, B.P. Wadia and George Arundale, under arrest - S. Subramania Aiyar renounced his knighthood
Montague 20 August, 1917 - ‘The policy of His Majesty’s Government is that of the increasing association of Indians in every branch of
the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realization of responsible
government in India as an integral part of the British Empire' - hence demand for Home Rule or self- government could no longer be
treated as seditious
Chapter 14 - GANDHI‘S EARLY CAREER AND ACTIVISM
1893 - Gandhi landed in SA, returned in January 1915
1894 to 1906 - Moderate Gandhi - setting up of the Natal Indian Congress and starting a paper called Indian Opinion
Passive resistance or civil disobedience or Satyagraha - first used when the Government enacted legislation making it compulsory for
Indians to take out certificates of registration which held their finger prints
April 1919 - Jallianwala - Rowlatt Act in Feb 1919
Chapter 15 - THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT— 1920-22
Khilafat Conference in November 1919 - Gandhi was a special invitee
Treaty of Sevres signed with Turkey in May 1920 - dismemberment of the Turkish Empire
On 9 June 1920, the Khilafat Committee at Allahabad unanimously accepted the suggestion of non-cooperation and asked Gandhi to
lead the movement
1 August 1920 - NCM launched
May 1921 - Gandhi - Reading talks
July 1921 - Mohammed Ali, at the All India Khilafat Conference held at Karachi on 8 July, declared that it was ‘religiously unlawful for the
Muslims to continue in the British Army’ - Cong agreed and expanded it to ALL people
Visit of the Prince of Wales began on 17 November, 1921 - Hartal in Bombay - riots targeting Parsis, Christians and Anglo Indians
The Congress granted permission to the PCCs to sanction mass civil disobedience wherever they thought the people were ready and in
some areas, such as Midnapur district in Bengal, which had started a movement against Union Board Taxes and Chirala-Pirala and
Pedanandipadu taluqa in Guntur district of Andhra, no-tax movements were already in the offing.
Avadh - became difficult to distinguish between a Non-cooperation meeting and a kisan meeting - J Nehru
Malabar became communal, Assam tea plantation strike, streamer, railway strike, Andhra forest law break, Akalis Punjab
Modern Page 41
December 1921 - Congress Volunteer Corps declared illegal and arresting all those who claimed to be its members - CR Das, wife
In the next two months, over 30,000 people were arrested from all over the country, and soon only Gandhi out of the top leadership
remained out of jail. In mid-December, there was an abortive attempt at negotiations, initiated by Malaviya, but the conditions offered
were such that it meant sacrificing the Khilafat leaders, a course that Gandhi would not accept.
Jan 1922 - Gandhi demanded release all else CDM will start from Bardoli - 5 Feb 1922 Chauri Chaura - 12 Feb NCM ends - Gandhi
arrested in March 1922
Chapter 16 - PEASANT MOVEMENTS AND NATIONALISM IN THE 1920’S
The Kisan Sabha and Eka movements in Avadh in U.P., the Mappila rebellion in Malabar and the Bardoli Satyagraha in Gujarat.
The U.P. Kisan Sabha was set up in February 1918 through the efforts of Gauri Shankar Misra and lndra Narain Dwivedi, and with the
support of Madan Mohan Malaviya - a large number of kisan delegates from U.P. attended the Delhi and Amritsar sessions of the Indian
National Congress in December 1918 and 1919 - Tinguri Singh, Durgapal Singh, Baba Ramchandra - social boycott nai dhobi bandh -
between June and August 1920, J Nehru made several visits to rural areas and developed close contacts with Kisan Sabha movement -
The Kisan Sabha at village Roor in Pratapgarh district became the centre of activity - exorbitant rents, illegal levies, renewal fees or
nazrana, and arbitrary ejectments or bedakhli issues - started becoming violent and plundering from Jan 1921 Rae Bareili, Faizabad,
Sultanpur - government suppression + Oudh Rent (Amendment) Act
Towards the end of the year, peasant discontent surfaced again in Avadh, but this time the centres were the districts of Hardoi,
Bahraich, and Sitapur in the northern part of the province. The initial thrust here was provided by Congress and Khilafat leaders and the
movement grew under the name of the Eka or unity movement. The main grievances here related to the extraction of a rent that was
generally fifty per cent higher than the recorded rent, the oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent- collection was farmed out
and the practice of share-rents - The Eka Movement soon developed its own grassroots leadership in the form of Madari Pasi and other
low-caste leaders who were no particularly inclined to accept the non-violence that the Congress and Khilafat leaders urged - By March
1922, however, severe repression on the part of the authorities succeeded in bringing the Eka Movement to its end - unlike the earlier
Kisan Sabha movement that was based almost solely on tenants, the Eka Movement included in its ranks many small zamindars who
found themselves disenchanted with the Government because of its heavy land revenue demand.
August 1921 - Mapilla - lack of any security of tenure, renewal fees, high rents, and other oppressive landlord exactions - Khilafat +
tenant agitation - took communal and violent colours - repressed by December 1921
The no-tax movement that was launched in Bardoli taluq of Surat district in Gujarat in 1928 - Kalyanji and Kunverji Mehta, Dayalji Desai,
Keshavji Ganeshji - upliftment of the low-caste untouchable and tribal inhabitants
Patel to lead the not to pay tax at Bardoli - women activists like Mithuben Petit, Bhaktiba, the wife of Darbar Gopaldas, Maniben Patel,
the Sardar’s daughter, Shardaben Shah and Sharda Mehta - if anyone thought of paying, social boycott - members of the Bombay
Legislative Council like K.M. Munshi and Laiji Naranji, the representatives of the Indian Merchants Chamber resigned their seats -
initially 30% raise in tax, then had agreed to 22%, finally 6% after report by revenue officer and judicial officer - The report of the
Committee constitutes the worst rebuff which any local government in India has received for many years and may have far-reaching
results
Chapter 17 - THE INDIAN WORKING CLASS AND THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT
In 1878, Sorabjee Shapoorji Bengalee tried unsuccessfully to introduce a Bill in the Bombay Legislative Council to limit the working hours
for labour. In Bengal, Sasipada Banerjea, a Brahmo Social reformer, set up a Workingmen’s Club in 1870 and brought out a monthly
journal called Bharat Sramjeebi, with the primary idea of educating the workers. In Bombay, Narayan Meghajee Lokhanday brought out
an Anglo-Marathi weekly called Dina Bandhu in 1880, and started the Bombay Mill and Millhands’ Association in 1890.
First organized strike by any section of the working class - the signallers’ strike in May 1899 in the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railway
The Swadeshi upsurge of 1903-8 - strikes increased - Four prominent names among the Swadeshi leaders who dedicated themselves to
labour struggles were Aswinicoomar Banerjea, Prabhat Kumar Roy Chowdhuri, Premtosh Bose and Apurba Kumar Ghose - graduated
from relatively unorganized and spontaneous strikes on economic issues to organized strikes on economic issues with the support of
the nationalists and then on to working class involvement in wider political movements
Modern Page 42
In Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu, Subramania Siva campaigned for a strike in February-March 1908 in a foreign-owned cotton mill +
Chidambaram Pillai
In Rawalpindi, in Punjab, the arsenal and railway engineering workers went on strike as part of the 1907 upsurge in the Punjab which
had led to the deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh.
Resurgence of working class activity in the years from 1919 to 1922
All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) formed in 1920 - Lala Lajpatrai President, Dewan Chaman Lal General Secretary - C.R. Das
presided over its third and fourth sessions, and among the other prominent names were that of C.F. Andrews, J.M. Sengupta, Subhas
Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Satyamurti. The Indian National Congress at its Gaya session in 1922 welcomed the formation of the AITUC
and formed a committee consisting of prominent Congressmen to assist its work.
Founding in 1918 by Gandhi of the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association (TLA) which, with 14,000 workers on its rolls, was perhaps the
largest single trade union of the time - trusteeship
It was in the second half of the 1920s that a consolidation of various Left ideological trends occurred and began to have a significant
impact on the national movement - S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, P.C. Joshi and Sohan Singh Josh - WPPs
By working within a broad Left from under the WPPs, Communist influence in the trade union movement, marginal till early 1927, had
become very strong indeed, by the end of 1928
In Bombay, following the historic six-month-long general strike by the textile workers (April-September 1928), the Communist led Girni
Kamgar Union (KU) acquired a pre-eminent position.
In the AITUC too, by the time of the 1928 Jharia session, the broad Left including the Communists had acquired a dominating position.
This resulted in the corporatist trend led by people like N.M. Joshi splitting away from the AITUC at the subsequent session presided
over by Jawaharlal Nehru.
From about the end of 1928, the Communists reversed their policy of aligning themselves with and working within the mainstream of
the national movement. This led to the isolation of the Communists from the national movement and greatly reduced their hold over
even the working class. The membership of the GKU fell from 54,000 in December 1928 to about 800 by the end of 1929. Similarly, the
Communists got isolated within the AITUC and were thrown out in the split of 1931.
Nevertheless, workers participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement all over the country. The textile workers of Sholapur, dock
labourers of Karachi, transport and mill owners of Calcutta, and the mill workers of Madras
Feb 1930 - Bombay railway workers strike
There was a dip in the working class movement between 1931 and 1936. Neither did the workers take an active part in the Civil
Disobedience Movement of 1932-34. The next wave of working class activity came with provincial autonomy and the formation of
popular ministries during 1937-1939.
Commies supported Brits during QIM as WW2 was going on and important to defeat Fascists
Modern Page 43
Commies supported Brits during QIM as WW2 was going on and important to defeat Fascists
Chapter 18 - THE STRUGGLES FOR GURDWARA REFORM AND TEMPLE ENTRY
Akali - From 1920 to 1925 more than 30,000 men and women underwent imprisonment, nearly 400 died and over 2,000 were wounded
December 1920 - SAD formed
Kerala - Sri Narayan Guru, N. Kumaran Asan and T.K. Madhavan
30 March 1924 - Vaikom, a village in Travancore - Satyagrahis, led by K.P. Kesava Menon, marched from the Satyagraha camp towards
the temple - On the death of the Maharaja in August 1924, the Maharani, as Regent, released all the Satyagrahis - In early March 1925,
Gandhi began his tour of Kerala and met the Maharani and other officials. A compromise was arrived at. The roads around the temple
were opened to avarnas but those in the Sankethan of the temple remained closed to them
Guruvayur on 1st November 1931 - poet Subramanian Tirumambu, the ‘Singing Sword of Kerala,’ - K Kelappan fast unto death in Sep
1932 - 1st of November was observed as All-Kerala Temple Entry Day - P Krishna Pillai and A.K. Gopalan - did not succeed
In November 1936, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a proclamation throwing open all Government-controlled temples to all Hindus
irrespective of caste. Madras followed suit in 1938 when its Ministry was headed by C. Rajagopalachari
Chapter 19 - THE YEARS OF STAGNATION — SWARAJISTS, NO-CHANGERS AND GANDHI
CR Das, Motilal Nehru - 1 January 1923 announced the formation of the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party - Patel, Rajendra Prasad, C
Rajagopalachari opposed - in a special session in September 1923, the Congress suspended all propaganda against council entry and
permitted Congressmen to stand as candidates and exercise their franchise in forthcoming elections - Nov 1923 elections - Gandhi
released in Feb 1924 - endorsed Swarajists in Dec 1924 session at Belgaum
Brits promulgated an ordinance on 25 October 1924 under which it conducted raids on Congress offices and house searches and
arrested a large number of revolutionary nationalists and Swarajists and other Congressmen including Subhas Chandra Bose and two
Swarajist members of the Bengal legislature, Anil Baran Roy and S.C. Mitra.
1919 - elected majority in legislature - but not the executive - In March 1925, they succeeded in electing Vithalbhai Patel, a leading
Swarajist, as the President of the Central Legislative Assembly.
1923-24, Congressmen captured a large number of municipalities and other local bodies - The no-changers actively joined in these
ventures since they believed that local bodies could be used to promote the constructive programme.
To prevent further dissolution and disintegration of the party, the spread of parliamentary ‘corruption,’ and further weakening of the
moral fibre of its members, the main leadership of the party reiterated its faith in mass civil disobedience and decided to withdraw from
the legislatures in March 1926.
Modern Page 44
Public Safety Bill 1928 - defeated - Government had proposed to acquire the power to deport ‘undesirable’ and ‘subversive’ foreigners -
believed were being sent by Communist International - spread of socialist and communist ideas and influence - In March 1929, having
failed to get the Bill passed, the Government arrested thirty-one leading communists, trade unionists and other leftwing leaders and put
them on trial at Meerut
The Swarajists finally walked out of the legislatures in 1930 as a result of the Lahore Congress resolution and the beginning of CDM
All this time no changers promotion of khadi and spinning, national education and Hindu-Muslim unity, the struggle against
untouchability and the boycott of foreign cloth
Chapter 20 - BHAGAT SINGH, SURYA SEN AND THE REVOLUTIONARIES
Oct 1924 - HR Association / Army formed
Bandi Jiwan - Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjea, Sachindranath Sanyal
9 August 1925 - Karori - Ashfaqulla Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri hanged
Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Varma and Jaidev Kapur in U.P. - Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan Vohra and Sukhdev in Punjab set out to
reorganize the HRA - leader Azad - Sep 1928 made it HSRA
30 Oct 1928, Lahore - Simon protest Lala Lajpat Rai - 17 December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders
Bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929 - Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill - Bhagat Singh, BK Dutt
Congress leadership in Bengal got divided into two wings, one led by Subhas Chandra Bose and the other by J.M. Sengupta, the
Yugantar group joined forces with the first and Anushilan with the second
Attempt to assassinate Charles Tegart, the hated Police Commissioner of Calcutta, by Gopinath Saha in January 1924
Surya Sen - Anant Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Lokenath Baul - 18 April 1930 Chittagong - Indian Republican Army - Jallalabad hills and
surrounding villages - Surya Sen was finally arrested on 16 February 1933, tried and hanged on 12 January 1934
Pritilata Waddedar died while conducting a raid, while Kalpana Dutt Joshi was arrested and tried along with Surya Sen and given a life
sentence - In December 1931, two school girls of Comilla, Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chowdhury, shot dead the District Magistrate. In
February 1932, Bina Das fired point blank at the Governor while receiving her degree at the Convocation
Chittagong IRA cadre included Sattar, Mir Ahmad, Fakir Ahmad Mian, Tunu Mian
The draft of the famous statement of revolutionary position, The Philosophy of the Bomb, was written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra
Modern Page 45
The draft of the famous statement of revolutionary position, The Philosophy of the Bomb, was written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra
at the insistence of Azad and after a full discussion with him, also Yashpal
Chapter 21 - THE GATHERING STORM — 1927-29
Koya tribals in Andhra heroically fought the armed might of the colonial state under the leadership of Ramachandra Raju from 1922-24
Nagpur 1923 - Flag satyagraha
Liberal Federation led by Tej Bahadur Sapru
Muslim League split on the issue of Simon Commission 1927 - Jinnah carrying the majority with him in favour of boycott
The Congress had resolved on the boycott at its annual session in December 1927 at Madras, and in the prevailing excitable
atmosphere, J Nehru had succeeded in getting passed a snap resolution declaring complete independence as the goal of the Congress
3 February 1928 - Simon landed in Bombay
T. Prakasam - police firing in Madras protests
J Nehru had returned from Europe in 1927 after representing Cong at the Brussels Congress of the League against Imperialism
1928 Calcutta session - if the Government did not accept a constitution based on Dominion Status by the end of the year the Congress
would not only adopt complete independence as its goal, but it would also launch a civil disobedience movement to attain that goal.
On 20 March, 1929 the Government arrested thirty-one labour leaders, most of them Communists - Meerut conspiracy
May 1929, a Labour Government headed by Ramsay MacDonald took power in Britain
Chapter 22 - CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE— 1930-31
6 April 1930 - salt picked up
In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajagopalachari, led a salt march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast
Malabar - K. Kelappan, the hero of the Vaikom Satyagraha, walked from Calicut to Payannur to break the salt law
Sylhet in Assam to Noakhali on the Bengal Coast - make salt
14 April J Nehru arrested, 4 May Gandhi arrested when Dharasana Salt Works
Peshawar - KAGK - Garhwal rifles
It was in Sholapur, in Maharashtra, that the response was the fiercest. The textile workers, who dominated the town went on strike
from 7 May, and along with other residents, burnt liquor shops and proceeded to attack all symbols of Government authority - the
railway station, law courts, police stations and municipal buildings. They took over the city and established a virtual parallel government
which could only be dislodged with the imposition of martial law after 16 May.
Dharsana - Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb (Gandhi friend from SA), Manilal Gandhi - police attacked
Wadala, Bombay - Sanikatta, Karnataka - Madras - Midnapore - Balasore, Puri, Cuttack - salt
East India - Chowkidara Tax - Monghyr, Saran and Bhagalpur - Rajendra Prasad injured
Anti-Chowkidara and Anti-Union Board - Bengal, once rains started
Bardoli, Jambusar Broach - no land revenue to be paid - Karamsad village Patel's mother - villagers moved to neighbour princely states -
truce in March 1931, so villagers returned
Modern Page 46
Maharashtra, Karnataka and the Central Provinces - forest law break
In Assam, a powerful agitation led by students was launched against the infamous ‘Cunningham Circular’ which forced students and
their guardians to furnish assurances of good behaviour
Bundur, on the Andhra Coast, Tota Narasaiah Naidu - Calicut, P. Krishna Pillai - flag protest
UP - no revenue, no rent campaign - no revenue from zamindar to Brits, and no rent from kisan to zamindar
Prabhatpheris, vanar senas, magic lanterns, patrikas, manjari sena
5 March 1931 - Gandhi Irwin Pact - CDM ended
Chapter 23 - FROM KARACHI TO WARDHA: THE YEARS FROM 1932-34
Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme - Karachi 1931
Gandhi sailed for London on 29 August 1931 to attend the 2nd RTC
Irwin was replaced by Willingdon as the Viceroy
The British policy was now dominated by three major considerations:

(a) Gandhi must not be permitted to build up the tempo for a massive and protracted mass movement, as he had done in 1919, 1920
and 1930
(b) The Government functionaries - village officials, police and higher bureaucrats - and the loyalists - ‘our friends’ - must not feel
disheartened that Gandhi was being ‘resurrected as a rival authority to the Government of India,’ and that the Government was losing
the will to rule
(c) In particular, the nationalist movement must not be permitted to gather force and consolidate itself in rural areas, as it was doing all
over India, especially in U.P., Gujarat, Andhra, Bihar, Bengal and NWFP.
Gandhi landed in Bombay on 28 December 1931 - J Nehru already arrested, Martial law and ordinances in UP, Bengal, NWFP - Viceroy
refused to meet Gandhi - restart CDM - 4 Jan Gandhi arrested - reign of repression - the movement continued to linger till early April
1934 when the inevitable decision to withdraw it was taken by Gandhi
The colonial policy of negotiations by Irwin had failed earlier, so had the policy of ruthless suppression by Willingdon - Congress
captured a majority in six out of eleven provinces in the elections in 1937 despite the restricted nature of the franchise
Communal Award in August 1932 - added depressed classes to it - 20 Sep Gandhi fast unto death - Poona Pact seats reserved for them
in the provincial legislatures were increased from 71 in the Award to 147 and in the Central Legislature to 18% of the total
Starting from Wardha on 7 November 1933 and until 29 July 1934, for nearly nine months, Gandhi conducted an intensive ‘Harijan tour’
of the country - collect funds for Harijan Sewak Sangh
On 25 June 1934, at Poona, a bomb was thrown on a car believed to be carrying Gandhi
The Government defeated the Temple Entry Bill in the Legislative Assembly in August 1934 - supported by orthodox
Chapter 24 - THE RISE OF THE LEFT-WING
In Bombay, S.A. Dange published a pamphlet Gandhi and Lenin and started the first socialist weekly, The Socialist - in Bengal, Muzaffar
Ahmed brought out Navayug and later founded the Langal in cooperation with the poet NazruI Islam - in Punjab, Ghulam Hussain and
others published Inquilab; and in Madras, M. Singaravelu founded the Labour-Kisan Gazette.
Trade union and peasant movements grew rapidly throughout the 1920s. Socialist ideas became even more popular during the 1930s as
the world was engulfed by the great economic depression.
Within the Congress the left-wing tendency found reflection in the election of J Nehru as president for 1936 and 1937 and of Bose for
1938 and 1939 and in the formation of the Congress Socialist Party.
Modern Page 47
1938 and 1939 and in the formation of the Congress Socialist Party.
In 1928, Jawaharlal joined hands with Subhas to organize the Independence for India League to fight for complete independence and ‘a
socialist revision of the economic structure of society.’
M.N. Roy, who along with Lenin, helped evolve the Communist International’s policy towards the colonies - seven such Indians, headed
by Roy, met at Tashkent in October 1920 and set up a Communist Party of India
Independently of this effort, a number of left-wing and communist groups and organizations had begun to come into existence in India
after 1920. Most of these groups came together at Kanpur in December 1925 and founded an all-India organization under the name the
Communist Party of India (CPI) - S.V. Ghate emerged as the general secretary of the party - called upon all its members to enroll
themselves as members of the Congress, form a strong left-wing in all its organs, cooperate with all other radical nationalists, and make
an effort to transform the Congress into a more radical mass-based organization.
Modern Page 48
Leftist deviation around 1929 - thought Cong was a bourgeoisie party - dismantled WPP - formed independent and centralized
Communist Party - declared illegal in 1934
The situation underwent a radical change in 1935 when the Communist Party was reorganized under the leadership of P.C. Joshi - to
fight fascism - again joined Cong and occupied important places - During 1936-42, they built up powerful peasant movements in Kerala,
Andhra, Bengal and Punjab.
The theoretical and political basis for the change in communist politics in India was laid in early 1936 by a document popularly known as
the Dun-Bradley Thesis. According to this thesis, the National Congress could play ‘a great part and a foremost part in the work of
realizing the anti-imperialist people’s front.’
Modern Page 49
M.N. Roy came back to India in 1930 and organized a strong group of Royists
1939 - Forward Bloc
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, and various Trotskyist groups also functioned during
the 1930s. There were also certain prestigious left-wing individuals, such as Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Professor N.G. Ranga, and
Indulal Yagnik, who worked outside the framework of any organized left-wing party.
The resolutions on economic policy passed at the Faizpur session in 1936, the Election Manifesto of the Congress in 1936, the setting up
of a National Planning Committee in 1938 (under Bose)
First All-India States’ People’s Conference in 1936
Chapter 25 - THE STRATEGIC DEBATE 1935-37
Dr. M.A. Ansari, Asaf Ali, Satyamurthy, Bhulabhai Desai and B.C. Roy - the new Swarajists
In October 1934, Gandhi announced his resignation from the Congress ‘only to serve it better in thought, word and deed.
Elections to the Central Legislative Assembly were held in November 1934. Of the seventy-five elected seats for Indians, the Congress
captured forty-five.
Linlithgow, Chairman of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Act of 1935 and the Viceroy of India from 1936
Feb 1937 - elections to provincial councils - Cong won 716 out of 1,161 seats it contested. It had a majority in most of the provinces. The
exceptions were Bengal, Assam, the NWPF, Punjab and Sind, and single largest party in first three
Chapter 26 - TWENTY-EIGHT MONTHS OF CONGRESS RULE
Modern Page 50
Tenancy reforms, lower interests, returned land that had been captured, arbitration for industrial disputes, upliftment work
Congressmen like C. Rajagopalachari and K.M. Munshi did not hesitate to use their respective state apparatuses in a politically
repressive manner
Took recourse to Section 144 of the Criminal Code against agitating workers and arrested peasant and trade union leaders
The Congress Ministries resigned in October 1939 because of the political crisis brought about by World War 2
Chapter 27 - PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN THE 1930s AND ‘40s
All-India Kisan Congress in Lucknow in April 1936 which later changed its name to the All- India kisan Sabha. Swami Sahajanand, the
militant founder of the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (1929), was elected the President, and N.G. Ranga, the pioneer of the kisan
movement in Andhra and a renowned scholar of the agrarian problem, the General Secretary.
The defeat of many zamindar and pro-zamindar candidates in the 1937 elections by Congress candidates dealt a blow to the zamindars
prestige and gave confidence to the zamindari ryots. Struggles were launched against the Bobbili and Mungala zamindaris, and a major
struggle erupted against the Kalipatnam zamindari over cultivation and fishing rights.
Organization of Summer Schools of Economics and Politics for peasant activists - Andhra
Chapter 28 - THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN PRINCELY INDIA
December 1927 - All India States’ People’s Conference - Balwantrai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari and G.R. Abhayankar.
1920 Nagpur session - a resolution calling upon the Princes to grant full responsible government in their States had been passed
In 1929 Jawaharlal Nehru, in his presidential address to the Lahore Congress, declared that ‘the Indian states cannot live apart from the
rest of India… the only people who have a right to determine the future of the states must be the people of those states’
Ramanand Tirth - Hyderabad
Chapter 29 - INDIAN CAPITALISTS AND THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Jamnalal Bajaj, Vadilal Lallubhai Mehta, Samuel Aaron, Lala Shankar Lal - fully identified with the movement
Did not join the Congress but readily gave financial and other help to the movement - G.D. Birla, Ambalal Sarabhai and Waichand
Hirachand
Chapter 30 - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONALIST FOREIGN POLICY
Chapter 31 - THE RISE AND GROWTH OF COMMUNALISM
Chapter 32 - COMMUNALISM-THE LIBERAL PHASE
Chapter 33 - JINNAH, GOLWALKAR AND EXTREME COMMUNALISM
Chapter 34 - THE CRISIS AT TRIPURI TO THE CRIPPS MISSION
1939 - after Bose resigned, Rajendra Prasad elected
End of 1940 - limited satyagraha - Bhave and J Nehru - Delhi chalo

Modern Page 51
End of 1940 - limited satyagraha - Bhave and J Nehru - Delhi chalo
March 1942 - Cripps - dominion status, constituent assembly prince nominees, any prince can be independent
Churchill, the Secretary of State Amery, the Viceroy Linlithgow, and the Commander-in-Chief Wavell, did not want Cripps to succeed
and constantly opposed and sabotaged his efforts to accommodate Indian opinion
Chapter 35 - THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT AND THE INA
Underground networks were being consolidated in with prominent members such as Achyut Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar
Lohia, Sucheta Kripalani, Chootubhai Puranik, Biju Patnaik, R.P. Goenka and later, Jayaprakash Narayan
Sumati Mukherjee helped Patwardhan evade arrest
Congress Radio - Lohia
Resignation of the three Indian members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council, M.S. Aney, N.R. Sarkar and H.P. Mody - when Gandhi
started fast in Feb 1943
Parallel governments - The first one was proclaimed in Ballia, in East U P, in August 1942 under the leadership of Chittu Pande but only
few weeks - In Tamluk in the Midnapur district of Bengal, the Jatiya Sarkar came into existence on 17 December, 1942 and lasted till
September 1944 - Satara, in Maharashtra, emerged as the base of the longest lasting and effective parallel government Nani Patil, YB
Chavan till 1945
Gandhi release on 6 May 1944
June 1945, all leaders released - Wavell Plan, Shimla Conference - All members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council except the viceroy and
commander-in-chief were to be Indians, 'Caste Hindus' and Muslims would have equal representation, the Executive would work within
the existing constitution (i.e., it would not be responsible to the Central Assembly), but the door would be kept open for discussions on
a new Constitution once the War had been finally won, But the Conference really broke down due to Jinnah's intransigent demands that
the League had an absolute right to choose all the Muslim members and that there should be a kind of communal veto in the Executive,
with decisions opposed by Muslims needing a two-third majority, The Congress objected to the plan as “an attempt to reduce it to a
‘Caste Hindu’ Party and insisted on its right to include members from all communities.
Mohan Singh and Niranjan Singh Gill - founding INA
Bose returned to Singapore and set up the Provisional Government of Free India on 21 October 1943
One INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz was allowed to accompany the Japanese Army to the Indo-Burma front and participate
in the Imphal campaign
Chapter 36 - POST-WAR NATIONAL UPSURGE
The defence of the INA prisoners was taken up by the Congress and Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru, K.N. Katju, Nehru and Asaf Ali
appeared in court at the historic Red Fort trials
INA Day was observed on 12 November and INA Week from 5 to 11 November 1945
The RIN revolt started on 18 February when 1100 naval ratings of HMIS Talwar struck work at Bombay to protest against the treatment
meted out to them - B.C. Dutt - Castle and Fort Barracks - In the RIN revolt, Karachi was a major centre, second only to Bombay HMIS
Hindustan on 19 Feb
Cabinet Mission on 19 February 1946
Chapter 37 - FREEDOM AND PARTITION
The Mission Plan conceived three sections, A - comprising Madras, Bombay, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, C.P. and Orissa; B - consisting of
Punjab, NWFP and Sind; and C - of Bengal and Assam - which would meet separately to decide on group constitutions. There would be a
Modern Page 52
Punjab, NWFP and Sind; and C - of Bengal and Assam - which would meet separately to decide on group constitutions. There would be a
common centre controlling defence, foreign affairs and communications.
The Interim Government was formed on 2nd September 1946 with Congress members alone with Nehru as de facto head
The Mountbatten Plan - 3rd June, 1947 - he had arrived in Feb 1947
Chapter 38 - THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Chapter 39 - THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT: THE IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSION
Modern Page 53
NCERT - VIII - Our Pasts III
Chapter 1
Rennel - prepared maps of India for Clive
In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published a massive three-volume work, A History of British India. In
this he divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British
Chapter 2
Captain Hodson - arrested Bahadur Shah Zafar after 1857
The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the Company as the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal
1792, attacked by the combined forces of the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Company, Tipu was forced to sign a treaty
with the British by which two of his sons were taken away as hostages
Lord Hastings (Governor-General from 1813 to 1823) a new policy of “paramountcy” was initiated Kitoor (in Karnataka today), Rani
Channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement. She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829. But
Rayanna, a poor chowkidar of Sangoli in Kitoor, carried on the resistance.
From 1772 a new system of justice was established. Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil
court (diwani adalat ). Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil
courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under the supervision of the collectors. To bring about uniformity, in
1775 eleven pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws. N.B. Halhed translated this digest into English. By 1778 a code of
Muslim laws was also compiled for the benefit of European judges. Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Court was
established, while a court of appeal – the Sadar Nizamat Adalat – was also set up at Calcutta.
By 1857 the Company came to exercise direct rule over about 63 per cent of the territory and 78 per cent of the population of the Indian
subcontinent.
Chapter 3
1793 - Permanent Settlement
In the North Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency (most of this area is now in Uttar Pradesh), an Englishman called Holt
Mackenzie devised the new system which came into effect in 1822. He felt that the village was an important social institution in north
Indian society and needed to be preserved. Under his directions, collectors went from village to village, inspecting the land, measuring
the fields, and recording the customs and rights of different groups. The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to
calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay. This demand was to be revised periodically, not permanently fixed. The
charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the village headman, rather than the zamindar. This system
came to be known as the mahalwari settlement.
Kalamkari - Andhra
European cloth manufacturers depend on another plant called woad to make violet and blue dyes. Being a plant of the temperate zones,
woad was more easily available in Europe. Cloth dyers, however, preferred indigo as a dye. Indigo produced a rich blue colour, whereas
the dye from woad was pale and dull.
In 1792 France abolished slavery in the French colonies. These events led to the collapse of the indigo plantations on the Caribbean
islands.
There were two main systems of indigo cultivation – nij and ryoti. Within the system of nij cultivation, the planter produced indigo in
Modern Page 54
There were two main systems of indigo cultivation – nij and ryoti. Within the system of nij cultivation, the planter produced indigo in
lands that he directly controlled. He either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars and produced indigo by directly employing
hired labourers. Nij cultivation on a large scale also required many ploughs and bullocks. One bigha of indigo cultivation required two
ploughs. This meant that a planter with 1,000 bighas would need 2,000 ploughs. Investing on purchase and maintenance of ploughs was
a big problem. Nor could supplies be easily got from the peasants since their ploughs and bullocks were busy on their rice fields, again
exactly at the time that the indigo planters needed them. Till the late nineteenth century, planters were therefore reluctant to expand
the area under nij cultivation. Less than 25 per cent of the land producing indigo was under this system. The rest was under an
alternative mode of cultivation – the ryoti system.
Under the ryoti system, the planters forced the ryots to sign a contract, an agreement (satta). At times they pressurised the village
headmen to sign the contract on behalf of the ryots. Those who signed the contract got cash advances from the planters at low rates of
interest to produce indigo. But the loan committed the ryot to cultivating indigo on at least 25 per cent of the area under his holding.
The planter provided the seed and the drill, while the cultivators prepared the soil, sowed the seed and looked after the crop. When the
crop was delivered to the planter after the harvest, a new loan was given to the ryot, and the cycle started all over again. Peasants who
were initially tempted by the loans soon realised how harsh the system was. The price they got for the indigo they produced was very
low and the cycle of loans never ended. There were other problems too. The planters usually insisted that indigo be cultivated on the
best soils in which peasants preferred to cultivate rice. Indigo, moreover, had deep roots and it exhausted the soil rapidly. After an
indigo harvest the land could not be sown with rice.
1859 - Bengal Indigo revolt
Chapter 4
Dongria Kandha tribe in Orissa - Khonds also in Orissa hunter gatherers - Baigas of Central India forest - The Van Gujjars of the Punjab
hills and the Labadis of Andhra Pradesh were cattle herders, the Gaddis of Kulu were shepherds, and the Bakarwals of Kashmir reared
goats - Nishi of North East
Bewar = Jhum in MP
Revolt of Songram Sangma in 1906 in Assam, and the forest satyagraha of the 1930s in the Central Provinces.
The Kols rebelled in 1831-32, Santhals rose in revolt in 1855, the Bastar Rebellion in central India broke out in 1910 and the Warli Revolt
in Maharashtra in 1940
Birsa Munda - forest of Bohonda - born in mid 1870s - missionary school teachers + Vaishnav preacher - against both religions as they
destroying Munda culture - white flag as symbol
Chapter 5
1857 - In Lucknow, Birjis Qadr, the son of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, was proclaimed the new Nawab
In the Mandla region of Madhya Pradesh, Rani Avantibai Lodhi of Ramgarh raised and led an army of four thousand against the British
who had taken over the administration of her state - after initial victory in Kheri, chose to embrace death when surrounded by the
British on all sides
A member of the British Cabinet was appointed Secretary of State for India and made responsible for all matters related to the
governance of India. He was given a council to advise him, called the India Council. The Governor-General of India was given the title of
Viceroy, that is, a personal representative of the Crown. Through these measures the British government accepted direct responsibility
for ruling India.
Henry Lawrence, the Chief Commissioner of Awadh - killed
Chapter 6
Dargah – The tomb of a Sufi saint
Khanqah – A sufi lodge, often used as a rest house for travellers and a place where people come to discuss spiritual matters, get the
blessings of saints, and hear sufi music
Modern Page 55
blessings of saints, and hear sufi music
Idgah – An open prayer place of Muslims primarily meant for id prayers
Jama Masjid - the first mosque in India with minarets and full domes.
Gulfaroshan – A festival of flowers
1792 - Delhi college established - 1830 to 1857 - Delhi Renaissance
In 1877, Viceroy Lytton organized a Durbar to acknowledge Queen Victoria as the Empress of India - Delhi
In 1911, when King George V was crowned in England, a Durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the occasion. The decision to shift the
capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced at this Durbar.
Chapter 7
Patola was woven in Surat, Ahmedabad and Patan
Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. Often a mixture of cotton and
gold thread was used. The most important centres of jamdani weaving were Dacca in Bengal and Lucknow in the United Provinces.
Printed design on fine cloth (chintz) produced in Masulipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, mid-nineteenth century
Bandanna patterns were mostly produced in Rajasthan and Gujarat
Dacca in Eastern Bengal (now Bangladesh) was the foremost textile centre in the eighteenth century. It was famous for its mulmul and
jamdani weaving
The tanti weavers of Bengal, the julahas or momin weavers of north India, sale and kaikollar and devangs of south India are some of the
communities famous for weaving.
The first cotton mill in India was set up as a spinning mill in Bombay in 1854
Special type of high carbon steel called Wootz which was produced all over south India - Tipu sword
Agaria - smelters from Central India

Modern Page 56
Agaria - smelters from Central India
Meiji - 1868 Japan
Chapter 8
William Jones, Henry Thomas Colebrooke and Nathaniel Halhed - Asiatic Society of Bengal
Following Macaulay’s minute, the English Education Act of 1835 was introduced. The decision was to make English the medium of
instruction for higher education, and to stop the promotion of Oriental institutions like the Calcutta Madrasa and Benaras Sanskrit
College
In 1854, the Court of Directors of the East India Company in London sent an educational despatch to the Governor-General in India.
Issued by Charles Wood, the President of the Board of Control of the Company, it has come to be known as Wood’s Despatch. Outlining
the educational policy that was to be followed in India, it emphasized once again the practical benefits of a system of European learning,
as opposed to Oriental knowledge.
Serampore - Dutch area - missionaries college in 1818
1854 - primary education focus too - pandits to supervise 4-5 pathshalas, run by gurus - timetable, textbook, etc. to get grant from Brit
Shantiniketan - 1901
Chapter 9
In the Telugu-speaking areas of the Madras Presidency, Veerasalingam Pantulu formed an association for widow remarriage.
Mumtaz Ali - women education reformer
Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain started schools for Muslim girls in Patna and Calcutta
Tarabai Shinde, a woman educated at home at Poona, published a book, Stripurushtulna
In 1929 the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed - According to the Act no man below the age of 18 and woman below the age of 16
could marry.
The Prarthana Samaj adhered to the tradition of Bhakti
Madigas were an important untouchable caste of present-day Andhra Pradesh. They were experts at cleaning hides, tanning them for
use, and sewing sandals.
The Satnami movement in Central India was founded by Ghasidas who worked among the leatherworkers and organised a movement to
improve their social status. Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019
Modern Page 57
improve their social status.
In eastern Bengal, Haridas Thakur’s Matua sect worked among Chandala cultivators. Haridas questioned Brahmanical texts that
supported the caste system
In 1873, Phule wrote a book named Gulamgiri - American slavery
Ambedkar led three movements for temple entry between 1927 and 1935
orthodox Hindu society also reacted by founding Sanatan Dharma Sabhas and the Bharat Dharma Mahamandal in the north, and
associations like the Brahman Sabha in Bengal.
Modern Page 58
Chapter 10
European artists - realism, oil painting
Damayanthi - Raja Ravi Verma
Picturesque landscape painting - This style of painting depicted India as a quaint land, to be explored by travelling British artists; its
landscape was rugged and wild, seemingly untamed by human hands. Thomas Daniell and his nephew William Daniell were the most
famous of the artists who painted within this tradition - Their large oil paintings on canvas were regularly exhibited to select audiences
in Britain, and their albums of engravings were eagerly bought up by a British public keen to know about Britain’s empire - image of
British rule bringing modern civilization to India is powerfully emphasized in the numerous pictures of late-eighteenth-century Calcutta
drawn by the Daniells
Another tradition of art that became immensely popular in colonial India was portrait painting. The rich and the powerful, both British
and Indian, wanted to see themselves on canvas - Unlike the existing Indian tradition of painting portraits in miniature, colonial portraits
were life-size images that looked lifelike and real.
Portraiture – The art of making portraits
One of the most famous of the visiting European painters was Johann Zoffany
Muhammad Ali Khan - After a war with the British in the 1770s he became a dependant pensioner of the East India Company. But he
nonetheless commissioned two visiting European artists, Tilly Kettle and George Willison, to paint his portraits, and gifted these
paintings to the King of England and the Directors of the East India Company.
There was a third category of imperial art, called “history painting”. This tradition sought to dramatize and recreate various episodes of
British imperial history, and enjoyed great prestige and popularity during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries - One of the
first of these history paintings was produced by Francis Hayman in 1762 and placed on public display in the Vauxhall Gardens in London.
The British had just defeated Sirajuddaulah in the famous Battle of Plassey and installed Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Murshidabad. It was a
victory won through conspiracy, and the traitor Mir Jafar was awarded the title of Nawab. In the painting by Hayman this act of
Modern Page 59
victory won through conspiracy, and the traitor Mir Jafar was awarded the title of Nawab. In the painting by Hayman this act of
aggression and conquest is not depicted. It shows Lord Clive being welcomed by Mir Jafar and his troops after the Battle of Plassey.
The Storming of Seringapatam, painted by Rober Kerr Porter
The discovery of the body of Sultan Tipu by General Sir David Baird, 4 May 1799, painted by David Wilkie
In Mysore, Tipu Sultan not only fought the British on the battlefield but also resisted the cultural traditions associated with them. He
continued to encourage local traditions, and had the walls of his palace at Seringapatam covered with mural paintings done by local
artists. Example: mural painting commissioned by Tipu Sultan at the Dariya Daulat palace at Seringapatam, commemorating Haidar Ali’s
victory over the English army at the battle of Polilur of 1780
Murshidabad - local artists inspired by European art - used realism and perspective (The way that objects appear smaller when they are
further away and the way parallel lines appear to meet each other at a point in the distance)
Read - The New Popular Indian Art and The Search for a National Art- Pages 132 to 139
Chapter 11
Veer Lakhan Nayak - tribal leader of Odisha
The Congress’s rejection of the League’s desire to form a joint Congress- League government in the United Provinces in 1937 also
annoyed the League.
16 August 1946 - “Direct Action Day”
Chapter 12
Gandhi Sagar bandh - This was the first of the four dams built on the Chambal river in Madhya Pradesh. It was completed in 1960.
The Bhilai steel plant was set up with the help of the former Soviet Union in 1959.
Led by statesmen from Egypt, Yugoslavia, Indonesia, Ghana and India - the non-aligned movement
Modern Page 60
NCERT - XII - Themes in Indian History III
Chapter 1
Mehtab Chand helped the British during the Santhal rebellion and the 1857 revolt - Raja of Burdwan
It was only during the Great Depression of the 1930s that zamindars finally collapsed and the jotedars consolidated their pow er in the
countryside - else benami transactions, fraud auctions to get back own land before
Fifth Report
Francis Buchanan - organised a zoo that became the Calcutta Alipore Zoo; he was also in charge of the Botanical Gardens for a short
period.
The Santhals had begun to come into Bengal around the 1780s. Zamindars hired them to reclaim land and expand cultivation, and British
officials invited them to settle in the Jangal Mahals. Having failed to subdue the Paharias and transform them into settled agriculturists,
the British turned to the Santhals. The Paharias refused to cut forests, resisted touching the plough, and continued to be tu rbulent. The
Santhals, by contrast, appeared to be ideal settlers, clearing forests and ploughing the land with vigour. The Santhals were given land
and persuaded to settle in the foothills of Rajmahal. By 1832 a large area of land was demarcated as Damin-i-Koh. This was declared to
be the land of the Santhals. They were to live within it, practise plough agriculture, and become settled peasants.
It was after the Santhal Revolt (1855-56) that the Santhal Pargana was created, carving out 5,500 square miles from the districts of
Bhagalpur and Birbhum.
Modern Page 61
David Ricardo economics - surplus from land should be collected as tax else they become rentiers - logic behind ryotwari - also Bengal
losing revenue as permanent settlement, ryotwari revise 30 years
1832-34 - famine in Deccan - 1820s ryotwari had started with huge tax, hence debt
Deccan cotton boom - Between 1860 and 1864 cotton acreage doubled - 1865 American Civil War ended and again cotton from America
preferred - cotton price and export down - around same time new revenue set at 50-100% more than previous + now moneylenders not
lending anymore
In 1859 the British passed a Limitation Law that stated that the loan bonds signed between moneylenders and ryots would have validity
for only three years - moneylenders previous interest + principal = new principal
1878 - Deccan Riots Report
Chapter 2
Modern Page 62
Chapter 2
Captain Hearsey of the Awadh Military Police had been given protection by his Indian subordinates during the mutiny 1857
1857 - Shah Mal mobilised the villagers of pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh - 84 villages; Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Singhbhum in
Chotanagpur, became a rebel leader of the Kol tribals of the region.
Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah - popularly called Danka Shah - fought in the famous Battle of Chinhat in which the British forces under Henry
Lawrence were defeated
Summary settlement - when Avadh was annexed - displaced taluqdars
When the rebel forces besieged Lucknow, Henry Lawrence, the Commissioner of Lucknow, collected the Christian population and t ook
refuge in the heavily fortified Residency. Lawrence was killed but the Residency continued to be defended under the command o f
Colonel Inglis. On 25 September James Outram and Henry Havelock arrived, cut through the rebel forces, and reinforced the Bri tish
garrisons. Twenty days later Colin Campbell, who was appointed as the new Commander of British forces in India, came with his forces
and rescued the besieged British garrison
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan: “Khoob lari mardani woh to Jhansi wali rani thi”
Chapter 3
Jawaharlal Nehru’s grandfather, Ganga Dhar Nehru, was the kotwal of Delhi before the Revolt of 1857
Regional capitals – Lucknow, Hyderabad, Seringapatam, Poona (present-day Pune), Nagpur, Baroda (present day Vadodara) and Tanjore
(present-day Thanjavur)
The European commercial Companies had set up base in different places early during the Mughal era: the Portuguese in Panaji i n 1510,
the Dutch in Masulipatnam in 1605, the British in Madras in 1639 and the French in Pondicherry (present-day Puducherry) in 1673.
The first all-India census was attempted in 1872. Thereafter, from 1881, decennial (conducted every ten years) censuses became a
regular feature. - The Survey of India was established in 1878.
Modern Page 63
In the forty years between 1900 and 1940 the urban population increased from about 10% of the total population to about 13%.
There were only 2 proper “industrial cities”: Kanpur, specializing in leather, wool and cotton textiles, and Jamshedpur, in s teel
Simla (present-day Shimla) was founded during the course of the Gurkha War (1815-16); the Anglo-Maratha War of 1818 led to British
interest in Mount Abu; and Darjeeling was wrested from the rulers of Sikkim in 1835.
In 1864 the Viceroy John Lawrence officially moved his council to Simla, setting seal to the practice of shifting capitals du ring the hot
season - Simla also became the official residence of the commander-in-chief of the Indian army
Modern Page 64
Madras - Chintadripet was an area meant for weavers. Washermanpet was a colony of dyers and bleachers of cloth. Royapuram was a
settlement for Christian boatmen who worked for the Company
Modern Page 65
Garden houses first started coming up along the two main arteries – Mount Road and Poonamalee Road – leading from the Fort to the
cantonment.
Kolkata - After Wellesley’s departure the work of town planning was carried on by the Lottery Committee (1817) with the help of the
government
Bombay - opium to China - grown in Malwa, Rajasthan and Sindh
Pitched roof is a term used by architects to describe a sloping roof. By the early twentieth century pitched roofs became les s common in
bungalows, although the general plan remained the same
Read: Architecture in Bombay - Pages 82 to 86
Modern Page 66
Chapter 4
opening of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in February 1916.
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay had persuaded Gandhi not to restrict the protests to men alone. Kamaladevi was herself one of numero us
women who courted arrest by breaking the salt or liquor laws.
Cripps - Talks broke down after the Congress insisted that if it was to help the British defend India from the Axis powers, then the
Viceroy had first to appoint an Indian as the Defence Member of his Executive Council.
Modern Page 67
Chapter 5
On 23 March 1940, the League moved a resolution demanding a measure of autonomy for the Muslim majority areas of the
subcontinent. This ambiguous resolution never mentioned partition or Pakistan.
Wavell - Jinnah’s unrelenting demand that the League had an absolute right to choose all the Muslim members of the Executive Council
and that there should be a kind of communal veto in the Council, with decisions opposed by Muslims needing a two thirds major ity.
About 10 to 12 percent of the population enjoyed the right to vote in the provincial elections and a mere one per cent in the elections
for the Central Assembly.
Provincial elections were again held in 1946. The Congress swept the general constituencies, capturing 91.3 per cent of the n on-Muslim
vote. The League’s success in the seats reserved for Muslims was equally spectacular: it won all 30 reserved constituencies i n the Centre
with 86.6 per cent of the Muslim vote and 442 out of 509 seats in the provinces.
Cabinet Mission - The League wanted the grouping to be compulsory, with Sections B and C developing into strong entities with the right
to secede from the Union in the future. The Congress wanted that provinces be given the right to join a group.
Modern Page 68
Chapter 6
The Socialists too were initially unwilling to join, for they believed the Constituent Assembly was a creation of the British , and therefore
incapable of being truly autonomous
+ Ambedkar, KM Munshi and Alladi Krishnaswamy Aiyar - all lawyers
CS - B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor to the Government of India, Chief Draughtsman, S. N. Mukherjee
13 December 1946 - Nehru Objective Resolution
On 27 August 1947, B. Pocker Bahadur from Madras made a powerful plea for continuing separate electorates - Patel, Goving Ballabh
Modern Page 69
On 27 August 1947, B. Pocker Bahadur from Madras made a powerful plea for continuing separate electorates - Patel, Goving Ballabh
Pant, R.V. Dhulekar, Begum Aizaas Rasul opposed
While welcoming the Objectives Resolution, N.G. Ranga, a socialist who had been a leader of the peasant movement, urged that the
term minorities be interpreted in economic terms - “The real minorities are the masses of this country”
Dhulekar - make Hindi national language, not just official language - Gandhi had thought of Hindustani as the national language
Modern Page 70
Miscellaneous
18th century Kerala poet - Kunchan Nambiar
Tayaumannavar - 1706 - 1744 - Tamil sittar poetry
Second half of 18th century - Dayaram - lyrics Gujarat
18th century - Heer Ranjha by Warris Shah - Punjab
Sindhi literature - 18th century - Shah Abdul Latif wrote Risalo. Sachal and Sami were other poets.
1876 - Queen Victoria became Empress of India
1835 - Charles Metcalfe removed restrictions on press
Annie Besant - 1898 Central Hindu School in Benaras - MMM made it BHU
Danish colonies in India included the towns of Tranquebar(Tamil Nadu), Serampore (West Bengal) and the Nicobar Islands.
The Dutch, during their stay in India, tried their hands on the minting of coinages. As their trade flourished they established mints at
Cochin, Masulipattam, Nagapatam Pondicherry and Pulicat. Even more, Gold pagoda with an image of Lord Venkateswara, (god
Vishnu) was issued at Pulicat mint. The coins issued by the Dutch were all modelled on the local coinages.
Portuguese hold over the coastal areas and superiority in naval power helped them significantly. By the end of the 16th century, the
Portuguese captured not only Goa, Daman, Diu, and Salsette but also a vast stretches along the Indian coast.
The French establishments included Pondicherry, Karikal and Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahe on the Malabar Coast and
Chandernagor in Bengal.
Jinnah 14 points - separate electorate, provincial autonomy, residual power for states, federal constitution and One-third Muslim
representation in Central legislative assembly - Joint electorate in place of separate electorates with reservation for Muslims was
proposed by Muslim league in Delhi proposals but Jinnah rejected the principle of joint electorate in 14 point demand
The Congress Socialist Party was launched in 1934, to work within the Congress, to strengthen it, to mould and shape its policies.
Mountbatten Plan - Immediate transfer of power on the basis of grant of dominion status with a right to secession, According to 3rd
June Plan, date of freedom was fixed on August 15, 1947 and until the time of framing of new constitution, the new dominions and
the provinces thereof were to be governed by the Government of India Act 1935, Accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan was ruled out
by Mountbatten.
August offer 1940 - Lord Linlithgow made a fresh offer that promised the expansion of the governor-general's Executive Council to
include more Indians, For the first time, the inherent right of Indians to frame their constitution was recognised, No future
constitution to be adopted without the consent of minorities. Congress rejected the August Offer.
March 1942 - Freedom to provinces to choose to retain its existing constitutional provision and not to join Indian Union. An Indian
Union with Dominion status. Independent India could withdraw from Commonwealth, if it desired.
The Cripps Mission was sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the War. Both the Congress and the
Muslim League were not satisfied with one or the other proposals of Cripps Mission. The Cripps proposals were rejected by the
Congress in its meeting on 11th April, 1942. The Working Committee reiterated the demand for freedom before the people could
participate in the defence of the country on a national basis. The Working Committee expressed its disapproval of the proposed
Composition of the Constitution making body and the right of the rulers of the Indian States to decide the future of millions of
Modern Page 71
Composition of the Constitution making body and the right of the rulers of the Indian States to decide the future of millions of
people living in these states. This was a 'negation of both democracy and self determination'. The proposals therefore were rejected
by the Congress as Vague and incomplete. The Muslim League welcomed the implicit recognition of the possibility of Pakistan but
rejected the proposals because it had given greatest importance and priority to the creation of one Indian Union. The League
reaffirmed its conviction that the 'only solution of India's constitutional problem is the partition of India into independent Zones.'
Shimla, June 1945 - As per the Wavell's plan, the Indian representation in the Viceroy's executive council was not just half. It
proposed that except for governor general and commander in chief, all the members of executive council to be Indians. Hindus and
Muslims to have equal representation and the league demanded that all the Muslim representatives to be its nominees. It did not
propose for immediate setting up of constituent assembly. It proposed for new constitution once the war is won.
Cabinet Mission went out to India in March 1946 to negotiate the setting up of a national government and to set into motion a
machinery for transfer of power. Cabinet Mission was convinced that Pakistan was not viable and wanted that minority autonomy
must be safeguarded within the framework of a united India.
Clement Attlee's statement in February 1947 - The Attlee's statement did not provide for partition. It was the Mountbatten plan
which provided for partition of India and Pakistan. As per the statement of Attlee, the deadline for transfer of power was fixed as
June 30, 1948. Mountbatten plan fixed an early withdrawal on 15th of August. As per the statement, powers and obligations with
respect to the princely states would lapse with transfer of power but these would not be transferred to the successor government.
Woods Dispatch 1854, is considered as the magna carta of English education in India. This came in the background of failure of
Downward Filtration Theory. It rejected this theory and asked government to assume responsibility for the education of the masses.
It also declared teaching of Western Education as the aim of Government's educational policy. Its main recommendations include:
• Department of Education: The Wood's Dispatch, for the first time, recommended the creation of a Department of Public
Instruction in each of the five provinces of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the Punjab and the North Western provinces. The D.P.I.
had to submit an annual report to the government about the educational progress in his province.
• Medium of instruction: It declared English language as the medium of instruction for higher education. It also emphasised the
importance of vernacular languages, for it was through this medium that Western knowledge could infiltrate the masses.
• Establishment of Universities: The Dispatch recommended the establishment of universities in the three Presidency towns of
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The universities were to be modelled after the London University.
• Grants-in-aid system: It recommended a system of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.
• Training of Teachers: The Wood’s Dispatch recommended the establishment of teacher training schools in each of the
provinces.
• Education of Women: The Dispatch recommended that the government should always support education for women.
• Vocational Education: It emphasized the importance of vocational education and need for establishing technical colleges and
schools.
In 1882 government appointed a commission under the chairmanship of W. W. Hunter to review the progress of education in the
country since the dispatch of 1854. Its main recommendation were:
• Primary instructions to be given through the vernacular in such subjects as will best fit them for their position in life. Lo cal
bodies to manage primary education by levying cess for the same.
• There should be two divisions at the secondary education level- one for literary leading up to the entrance exam of University
and other of a practical character preparing students for vocational career.
• Private enterprises should be encouraged in the field of the education. It recommended to extend and liberalize grants -in-aid
system. Recognize aided schools as equal to govt. Institution in matters of status and privileges etc. and government to
withdraw from direct management of secondary and collegiate education.
• It drew attention to the inadequate facilities for female education and recommended for the spread of the same.
Raleigh commission was appointed in 1902 to inquire into the condition and prospects of universities in India and recommended
improving the same. With an idea to bring the Universities under control, Lord Curzon appointed Raleigh Commission under Sir
Thomas Raleigh. This commission submitted its report in 1902 and this followed introduction of a Bill called Raleigh Bill. The Raleigh
Bill when became an act, it was called Indian Universities Act 1904.
• The Act increased Government's control over the universities. It could veto the regulations passed by the Senate of the
University. It allowed the Government to appoint a majority of the fellows in a university. The Governor General was now
empowered to decide a University’s territorial limits.
• Also, it increased University control over private colleges by laying down stricter
Nehaconditions
Bhosle - for affiliation
Rank and periodical
15, UPSC CSE 2019
Modern Page 72
• Also, it increased University control over private colleges by laying down stricter conditions for affiliation and periodical
inspection. Here also, the government approval was necessary for grant of affiliation and disaffiliation of colleges.
• However, for better education and research a grant of Rs. 5 Lakh per year for 5 years was also accepted.
During the National Conference on Education ,1937 in Wardha ,resolutions regarding education in India were passed. Based on the
resolutions passed here, Zakir Hussain Committee formulated a detailed National Scheme (known as Wardha Scheme) for basic
education which was based on the principle of 'learning through activity'. According to this scheme first seven years of schooling
should be an integral part of a free and compulsory nationwide education system.
Both Wardha Scheme and Hunter Commission laid importance on Vernacular languages (mother tongue) .
Sadler Commission - It reviewed the entire field from school education to university education. to inquire into the 'conditions and
prospects of the University of Calcutta,' an inquiry that was in reality nationwide in scope. Covering a wide field, the commission
recommended the formation of a board with full powers to control secondary and intermediate education; the institution of
intermediate colleges with two-year courses; the provision of a three-year degree course after the intermediate stage; the institution
of teaching and unitary universities; the organization of postgraduate studies and honours courses.
MacDonnell Commission - It was related to development of famine policy and was appointed by Lord Curzon in 1901. This
commission came out with a 'Moral Strategy', distribution of advances and loans to the peasants and setting up a Famine
Commissioner in the famine affected provinces. It also stressed the better transport facility, opening of agricultural banks etc.
Modern Page 73
NCERT - VI - The Earth - Our Habitat
Saptarishi - forms a part of Ursa Major Constellation
Torrid Zone (till tropics) - Temperate Zone (till circles) - Frigid Zone
Cardinal points - direction symbols of maps
North America is linked to South America by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama.
The Himalayan Mountains and the Alps are young fold mountains with rugged relief and high conical peaks. The Aravali range in India is
one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the world. The range has considerably worn down due to the processes of
erosion. The Appalachians in North America and the Ural mountains in Russia have rounded features and low elevation. They are very
old fold mountains.
Block Mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically. The uplifted blocks are termed as horsts an d the
lowered blocks are called graben. The Rhine valley and the Vosges mountain in Europe are examples of such mountain systems.
Volcanic mountains - Mt.Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt.Fujiyama in Japan
Mauna Kea (Hawaii) in the Pacific Ocean is an undersea mountain. It is higher than Mount Everest being 10,205 metres high.
Hundru falls in the Chhotanagpur plateau on the river Subarnarekha
Migratory Birds Some birds such as Pintail Duck, Curlews, Flamingo, Osprey and Little Stint migrate to our country in winter season
every year. Smallest migratory bird Little Stint Weighing as low as 15 gram, from Arctic region travel over 8000 km to reach India.
Geography Page 1
NCERT - VII - Our Environment
The crust forms only 1 per cent of the volume of the earth, 84 per cent consists of the mantle and 15 per cent makes the core.
The highest waterfall is Angel Falls of Venezuela in South America. The other waterfalls are Niagara falls located on the border between
Canada and USA in North America and Victoria Falls on the borders of Zambia and Zimbabwe in Africa
Stratosphere layer is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon, making conditions most ideal for flying aeroplanes
The upper most layer of the atmosphere is known as exosphere. This layer has very thin air. Light gases like helium and hydrogen float
into the space from here.
Terrarium: It is an artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants.
March 22 is celebrated as World Water Day
The Indira point in the Andaman and Nicobar islands got submerged after the tsunami in 2004
The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway system connecting St. Petersburg in Western Russia to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast
Bromeliads are special plants that store water in their leaves. Animals like frogs use these pockets of water for laying their eggs
In the fresh waters of River Ganga and River Brahmaputra, a variety of dolphin locally called Susu (also called blind dolphin) is found.
The presence of Susu is an indication of the health of the river. The untreated industrial and urban wastes with high amount of
chemicals are killing this species.
The Sahara desert touches eleven countries
Geography Page 2
Ladakh is also known as Khapa-chan which means snow land
Ladakh famous monasteries are Hemis, Thiksey, Shey and Lamayuru
The National Highway 1A connects Leh to Kashmir Valley through the Zoji la Pass
Manali - Leh highway crosses four passes, Rohtang la, Baralacha la Lungalacha la and Tanglang la.
Geography Page 3
NCERT - VIII - Resources and Development
Page 22 - Soil Conservation
Chapter 3 - All Energy Types - Flowcharts and Diagrams
Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese and chromites contain iron. A non-ferrous mineral does not contain iron but may contain
some other metal such as gold, silver, copper or lead.
The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara
The average density of population in the whole world is 51 persons per square km. Average density of population in India is 382
persons per square km
Geography Page 4
NCERT - IX - Contemporary India I
Read Chapters 2 and 3 well
Standard Meridian of India (82°30'E) passing through Mirzapur
South of about 22° north latitude, India begins to taper
The Gondwana land included India, Australia, South Africa, South America and Antarctica
bharal (blue sheep)
Kiang (Tibetan wild ass)
Plus - Kacchh, Cold Desert, Sesachalam and Panna
10 - The Sundarbans, Nanda Devi, the Gulf of Mannar, the Nilgiri, Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Manas, Simlipal, Pachmarhi and Achanakmar-
Amarkantak have been included in the world network of biosphere reserves.
Biome : Plant communities occurring in distinct groups in areas having similar climatic conditions
Geography Page 5
NCERT - X - Contemporary India II
Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as s heet
erosion
Over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of flora are found in this country so far. Of the estimated 47,000 plant species, about
Geography Page 6
Over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of flora are found in this country so far. Of the estimated 47,000 plant species, about
15,000 flowering species are endemic (indigenous) to India.
madhuca insignis (a wild variety of mahua) and hubbardia heptaneuron,(a species of grass)
Examples of endemic species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh
According to Falkenmark, a Swedish expert, water stress occurs when water availability is between 1,000 and 1,600 cubic metre per
person per year.
It is jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of
Chhattishgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Geography Page 7
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are ca lled veins
and the larger are called lodes
Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near M anikarn in
Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
Geography Page 8
Miscellaneous

Geography Page 9
Geography Page 10
To Read
Laxmikanth - Fifth Edition:
Pages 402 - 409
Pages 437 - 443
Pages 489 - 507
Pages 516 - 520
Pages 645 - 650
Pages 677 - 679
Pages 688 - 694
Pages 714 - 717
Pages 836 - 838
Pages 887 - 897
Pages 1039 - 1043
Polity Page 1
Union and its Territory
1 November 1956 - 14 states, 6 UTs
1953 - Andhra
1960 - Gujarat
1963 - Nagaland
1966 - Haryana
1971 - HP
1972 - Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya
1975 - Sikkim
1987 - Mizoram, Arunachal, Goa
2000 - CG, UK, Jharkhand
2014 - Telangana
1961 - D & NH
1962 - Goa, D & D
1962 - Puducherry
1966 - Chandigarh
Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa, which are states today were formerly union territories
Andaman and Nicobar Islands—1956

Delhi—1956
Lakshadweep—1956
In 1992, Delhi was redesignated as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Lieutenant Governor - Delhi, Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Administrator - Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Lakshadweep.
Puducherry (in 1963) and Delhi (in 1992) are provided with a legislative assembly and a council of ministers headed by a chief minister -
can make laws on state and concurrent list - except public order, police and land for Delhi
Polity Page 2
Fundamental Rights
Rights outside Part III
1. No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law (Article 265 in Part XII).
2. No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law (Article 300-A in Part XII).
3. Trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free (Article 301 in Part XIII).
4. The elections to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly shall be on the basis of adult suffrage (Article 326 in Part XV).
Polity Page 3
DPSP
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. They require the State:
1. To secure opportunities for healthy development of children (Article 39).
2. To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (Article 39 A).
3. To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries (Article 43 A).
4. To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life (Article 48 A).
The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added one more Directive Principle, which requires the State to minimize inequalities in income,
status, facilities and opportunities (Article 38).
The 86th Amendment Act of 2002 changed the subject-matter of Article 45 and made elementary education a fundamental right under
Article 21 A. The amended directive requires the State to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete
the age of six years.
The 97th Amendment Act of 2011 added a new Directive Principle relating to co-operative societies. It requires the state to promote
voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies (Article 43B).
DPSPs outside Part IV:
Article 335 - Claims of SCs and STs to Services
Article 350 A - Instruction in mother tongue
Article 351 - Development of the Hindi Language
Polity Page 4
Inter - State Relations
Polity Page 5
Centre - State Relations
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred five subjects to Concurrent List from State List, that is,
(a) education,
(b) forests,
(c) weights and measures,
(d) protection of wild animals and birds, and
(e) administration of justice; constitution and organization of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high courts.
Polity Page 6
Parliamentary Forums
At present, there are eight Parliamentary forums
1. Parliamentary Forum on Water Conservation and Management (2005)

2. Parliamentary Forum on Youth (2006)
3. Parliamentary Forum on Children (2006)
4. Parliamentary Forum on Population and Public Health (2006)
5. Parliamentary Forum on Global Warming and Climate Change (2008)
6. Parliamentary Forum on Disaster Management (2011)
7. Parliamentary Forum on Artisans and Crafts-people (2013)
8. Parliamentary Forum on Millennium Development Goals (2013)
The Speaker of Lok Sabha is the ex-officio President of all the Forums except the Parliamentary Forum on Population and Public Health
wherein the Chairman of Rajya Sabha is the ex-officio President and the Speaker is the ex-officio Co-President. The Deputy Chairman of
Rajya Sabha, the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, the concerned Ministers and the Chairmen of Departmentally-Related Standing
Committees are the ex-officio Vice-Presidents of the respective Forums.
Each Forum consists of not more than 31 members (excluding the President, Co-President and Vice-Presidents) out of whom not more
than 21 are from the Lok Sabha and not more than 10 are from the Rajya Sabha.
Members (other than the President, Co-President and Vice-Presidents) of these forums are nominated by the Speaker/Chairman from
amongst the leaders of various political parties/groups or their nominees, who have special knowledge/keen interest in the subject.
The duration of the office of members of the forum is co-terminus with their membership in the respective Houses.
Polity Page 7
Governor
The governor has constitutional discretion in the following cases:
1. Reservation of a bill for the consideration of the President.

2. Recommendation for the imposition of the President’s Rule in the state.
3. While exercising his functions as the administrator of an adjoining union territory (in case of additional charge).
4. Determining the amount payable by the Government of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to an autonomous Tribal District
Council as royalty accruing from licenses for mineral exploration
5. Seeking information from the chief minister with regard to the administrative and legislative matters of the state.
1. Maharashtra—Establishment of separate development boards for Vidarbha and Marathwada.

2. Gujarat—Establishment of separate development boards for Saurashtra and Kutch.
3. Nagaland—With respect to law and order in the state for so long as the internal disturbance in the Naga Hills–Tuensang Area
continues.
4. Assam—With respect to the administration of tribal areas.
5. Manipur—Regarding the administration of the hill areas in the state.
6. Sikkim—For peace and for ensuring social and economic advancement of the different sections of the population.
7. Arunachal Pradesh—With respect to law and order in the state.
8. Karnataka – Establishment of a separate development board for Hyderabad-Karnataka region.
If the chief minister has lost the majority support in the assembly, Governor has three options.
• Dismiss the government under Article 164 (1) of the constitution.
• Send a report to the president invoking Article 356.
• Call the session of the assembly under Article 174(1).
Polity Page 8
State Legislature
The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Act, 2010 has not come into force.
The 7th Amendment Act of 1956 provided for a Legislative Council in Madhya Pradesh. However, a notification to this effect ha s to be
made by the President. So far, no such notification has been made.
Andhra Pradesh got the legislative council created in 1957 and got the same abolished in 1985. The Legislative Council in And hra
Pradesh was again revived in 2007, after the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Act, 2005.
The legislative council of Tamil Nadu had been abolished in 1986 and that of Punjab and West Bengal in 1969.
The legislative assembly consists of representatives directly elected by the people on the basis of universal adult franchise . Its
maximum strength is fixed at 500 and minimum strength at 60.
However, in case of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Goa, the minimum number is fixed at 30 and in case of Mizoram and Nagaland, it is
40 and 46 respectively. Further, some members of the legislative assemblies in Sikkim and Nagaland are also elected indirectl y.
The state legislature is authorized to decide whether to continue or discontinue English as a floor language after the comple tion of
fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution (i.e., from 1965). In case of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya an d
Tripura, this time limit is twenty-five years and that of Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Mizoram, it is forty years.
The Hyderabad – Karnataka region includes the six backward districts of Northern Karnataka, viz., Gulbarga, Bidar, Raichur, Koppal,
Yadgir and Bellary
Polity Page 9
Local Government
Exempted States and Areas: The act does not apply to the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram and
certain other areas.
These areas include,

(a) the scheduled areas and the tribal areas in the states;
(b) the hill area of Manipur for which a district council exists; and
(c) Darjeeling district of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists.
At present (2016), ten states of India have scheduled areas. These are:
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and
Rajasthan.
Presently (2016), there are a total of ten tribal areas (autonomous districts) in the four states of Assam (3), Meghalaya (3), Tripura (1)
and Mizoram (3).
In 1687-88, the first municipal corporation in India was set up at Madras.
Lord Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 has been hailed as the ‘Magna Carta’ of local self-government. He is called as the father of local self-
government in India.
Metropolitan area means an area having a population of 10 lakh or more, in one or more districts and consisting of two or more
municipalities or panchayats or other contiguous areas.
Polity Page 10
Constitutional Bodies
Polity Page 11
EC - 1 CEC, 2 ECs
UPSC - 1 chairman, other members
NC for SCs / STs - chairperson, vice chairperson, 3 members
Polity Page 12
Non - Constitutional Bodies
NITI / PC - not statutory
NHRC: statutory body - chairman and 4 members - The chairman should be a retired chief justice of India, and members should be
serving or retired judges of the Supreme Court, a serving or retired chief justice of a high court and two persons having knowledge or
practical experience with respect to human rights. In addition to these fulltime members, the commission also has four ex-officio
members—the chairmen of the National Commission for Minorities, the National Commission for SCs, the National Commission for STs
and the National Commission for Women.
The chairman and members are appointed by the president on the recommendations of a six-member committee consisting of the
prime minister as its head, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, leaders of the Opposition in both the
Houses of Parliament and the Central home minister. Further, a sitting judge of the Supreme Court or a sitting chief justice of a high
court can be appointed only after consultation with the chief justice of India.
The chairman and members hold office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier
SHRC - chairperson and 2 members - The chairperson should be a retired Chief Justice of a High Court and members should be a serving
or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a minimum of seven years' experience as District Judge and a person
having knowledge or practical experience with respect to human rights.
CIC - statutory under RTI Act - The Commission consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information
Commissioners. They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as
Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. They should be
persons of eminence in public life with wide knowledge and experience in law, science and technology, social service, management,
journalism, mass media or administration and governance. They should not be a Member of Parliament or Member of the Legislature of
any State or Union Territory. They should not hold any other office of profit or connected with any political party or carrying on any
business or pursuing any profession - 5 years or 65, not eligible for reappointment
CVC - statutory - consisting of a Central Vigilance Commissioner (chairperson) and not more than two vigilance commissioners. They are
appointed by the president on the recommendation of a three-member committee consisting of the prime minister as its head, the
Union minister of home affairs and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. They hold office for a term of four years or until they
attain the age of sixty five years, whichever is earlier. After their tenure, they are not eligible for further employment under the Central
or a state government.
CBI - not a statutory body. It derives its powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946. The Central Government shall
appoint the Director of CBI on the recommendation of a three-member committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the
Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of India or Judge of the Supreme Court nominated by him.
The National Development Council consists of - The Prime Minister, all Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all the states,
Administrators of union territories and the members of the NITI Aayog
Polity Page 13
Polity Page 14
Polity Page 15
Parties
Polity Page 16
Miscellaneous
Article 265 = No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law
Article 266 = Consolidated Fund of India
Article 267 = Contingency Fund of India
Ashok Mehta Committee: Panchayati Raj institutions

1. Creation of a two-tier system
2. Reservation of seats for SCs and STs
3. Compulsory powers of taxation to Panchayati Raj institutions
4. Open participation of political parties in Panchayati Raj affairs
G.V.K. Rao Committee = Existing administrative arrangements for Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Programmes
L.M. Singhvi Committee = Revitalisation of PRIs for democracy and development
Balwantray Mehta Committee: Community Development Programme and National Extension Service
1. Genuine transfer of power and responsibility to the Panchayati Raj institutions.
2. District Collector should be the Chairman of the Zila Parishad.
3. Panchayat Samiti to be the executive body.
The need for a separate parliamentary committee on public undertakings was first visualised by Lanka Sundaram
Polity Page 17
NCERT - IX - Economics
Chapter 1: The Story of Village Palampur
Factors of production - natural resources, labour, physical capital (fixed capital - infra | working capital which is used in production - raw
materials and money) and human capital to bind them all together.
One hectare equals the area of a square with one side measuring 100 metres.
Persian wheels were used by farmers to draw water from the wells and irrigate small fields.
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping
State of Indian Agriculture 2015-16;
Directorate of Economics and Statistics,

Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and
Farmers Welfare.
Yield is measured as crop produced on a given piece of land during a single season.
in units of million tonnes
Chapter 2: People as Resource
Education, training and healthcare - to utilize the demographic dividend.
Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining, and quarrying.
Manufacturing is included in the secondary sector.
Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance etc. are included in the tertiary s ector.
Economic activities have two parts — market activities and non-market activities.
Economics Page 1
Economic activities have two parts — market activities and non-market activities.
The expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP rose from 0.64% in 1951–52 to 3.0% in 2015–16
The literacy rates have increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11.
The 12th plan endeavoured to raise the country's Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education of the 18 to 23 years age gr oup to
25.2% by 2017-18 and to reach target of 30% by 2020-21 which would be broadly in line with world average.
Increased the life expectancy to over 68.3 years in 2014.
Infant mortality rate (IMR) has come down from 147 in 1951 to 37 in 2015. Crude birth rates have dropped to 20.8 and death rates to 6.5
within the same duration of time.
Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge
Every fourth person in India is poor. This means, roughly 270 million (or 27 crore) people in India live in poverty 2011 -12 (~ 22%)
Poverty line - income or consumption (also should see vulnerability)
The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories in urb an areas.
43 out of 100 people belonging to STs in rural areas are not able to meet their basic needs. Similarly, 34 per cent of casual workers in urban
areas are below poverty line. About 34 per cent of landless agricultural workers and 29 per cent of SCs are also poor.
defined by the World Bank as living on less than $1.90 per day
Economics Page 2
defined by the World Bank as living on less than $1.90 per day
1. promote economic growth 2. targetted anti-poverty programmes
Chapter 4: Food Security in India
Availability, accessibility (Amartya Sen) and affordability
A Famine is characterized by wide spread deaths due to starvation and epidemics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying
food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation.
The most devastating famine that occurred in India was the FAMINE OF BENGAL in 1943. This famine killed thirty lakh people.
Hunger is not just an expression of poverty, it brings about poverty. The attainment of food security therefore involves elim inating current
hunger and reducing the risks of future hunger.
Chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and/or quality.
There are about 5.5 lakh ration shops all over the country.
PDS in 60s, ICDS in 1975, Food for work in 1977. Up to 1992, PDS was universal
MSP - only wheat and rice plus only Punjab, Haryana, UP, Andhra and WB - stopped cultivating coarse grains + rice needs too much water
94% FPS in TN are run by cooperatives
Academy of Development Science - Maharashtra - grain banks
Economics Page 3
See the timeline of food security programmes
Economics Page 4
NCERT - X - Understanding Economic Development
CHAPTER I : DEVELOPMENT
Abidjan - a city in Ivory Coast
World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank: Countries with per capita income of US$ 12236 per annum and above in
2016, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 1005 or less are called low -income countries. India comes in the
category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2016 was just US$ 1840 per annum.
Not just income, but also desire - security, respect for others, equal treatment, freedom
Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health sta tus and
per capita income.
“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have borrowed it from our children.”
About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 metres during the past 20 years.
CHAPTER 2: SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the s ector for that
year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It i s the value of all
final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year.
Economics Page 5
Classification methods -
1. primary, secondary, tertiary
2. organized, unorganized
3. public, private
CHAPTER 3 : MONEY AND CREDIT
In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential f eature.
Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits.
Debt trap
Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment together comprise what is called the terms of credit.
Thus, it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their lending particularly in the rural areas, so that the depende nce on informal
sources of credit reduces.
Economics Page 6
sources of credit reduces.
Secondly, while formal sector loans need to expand, it is also necessary that everyone receives these loans.
SHGs - women save monthly, and once they have saved for a year or two they become eligible for bank loans, bank gives loan on the na me
of the SHG - help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral. They can get timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a
reasonable interest rate. Moreover, SHGs are the building blocks of organization of the rural poor. Not only does it help wom en to become
financially self-reliant, the regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health ,
nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
Started in the 1970s as a small project, Grameen Bank in October 2014 has over 8.63 million members in about 81,390 villages spread
across Bangladesh. Almost all of the borrowers are women and belong to poorest sections of the society. These borrowers have proved that
not only are poor women reliable borrowers, but that they can start and run a variety of small income -generating activities successfully.
CHAPTER 4 : GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY
MNCs set up production where it is close to the markets; where there is skilled and unskilled labour available at low costs; and where the
availability of other factors of production is assured
Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, has bought over smaller Indian companies such as Parakh Foods. Parakh Foods had bui lt a large
marketing network in various parts of India, where its brand was well-reputed. Also, Parakh Foods had four oil refineries, whose control has
now shifted to Cargill. Cargill is now the largest producer of edible oil in India, with a capacity to make 5 million pouches daily!
The result of greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade has been greater integration of production and markets across countries.
Globalization is this process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.
More and more goods and services, investments and technology and human resources are moving between countries.
Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier.
Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as liberalization.
As on July 2016, nearly 165 Countries of the world are currently members of the WTO.
Companies who set up production units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of five years.
The small industries in India employ the largest number of workers (20 million) in the country, next only to agriculture.
Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products, and vegetable oil are some examples of industries where the sma ll manufacturers
have been hit hard due to liberalization.
Helped consumers who are rich as more choice and lower prices and quality, helped some Indian companies as they invested in t echnology
and themselves became MNCs, learned from competition, but small manufacturers need help in technology, factors of production and
credit access to sustain and improve
CHAPTER 5 : CONSUMER RIGHTS
Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an
organized form in the 1960s.
In 1985 United Nations adopted the UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection. This was a tool for nations to adopt measures to pr otect
consumers and for consumer advocacy groups to press their governments to do so. At the international level, this has become t he
foundation for consumer movement. Today, Consumers International has become an umbrella body to over 220 member organizations
from over 115 countries.
Consumer Protection Act 1986 - India - also called COPRA
The consumer movement in India has led to the formation of various organizations locally known as consumer forums or consumer
protection councils. They guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer court. On many occasions, they also represent individual
consumers in the consumer courts. These voluntary organizations also receive financial support from the government for creati ng
Economics Page 7
consumers in the consumer courts. These voluntary organizations also receive financial support from the government for creati ng
awareness among the people.
Under COPRA, a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state and national levels was set up for redressal of consumer disputes.
The district level court deals with the cases involving claims up to Rs 20 lakhs, the state level courts between Rs 20 lakhs and Rs 1 crore and
the national level court deals with cases involving claims exceeding Rs 1 crore. If a case is dismissed in district level cou rt, the consumer can
also appeal in state and then in National level courts. Thus, the Act has enabled us as consumers to have the right to repres ent in the
consumer courts.
India has been observing 24 December as the National Consumers’ Day
Economics Page 8
Ramesh Singh - Tenth Edition
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Distribution network models of an economy - state, market and state - market mixed
Page 41 - Washington Consensus
Depreciation rate decided by Ministry of Commerce and Industry - to calculate NDP
GNP includes - net private remittances, interest on external loans, external grants
GNP is the ‘national income’ according to which the IMF ranks the nations of the world in terms of the volumes—at purchasing power
parity
NNP is the ‘National Income’ (NI) of an economy. Though, the GDP, NDP and GNP, all are ‘national income’ they are not written with
capitalized ‘N’ and ‘I’. When we divide NNP by the total population of a nation we get the ‘per capita income’ (PCI) of that nation.
Page 50 - The change in the base year of GDP calculation
Chapter 2: GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND HAPPINESS
Economic growth is a quantitative progress, while economic development is quantitative as well as qualitative progress
UNDP - Human Development Report - Human Development Index - The first such team which developed the HDI was led by Mahbub ul
Haq and Inge Kaul - The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called goalposts, and then shows where each country
stands in relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 - India Rank 130 out of 188 in 2015 report - Gender
Development Index is also a part of this report - The HDI value for females in India is 0.525 in 2014
The three indicators used to develop the composite index are as given below:
The Education component of the HDI is now measured by two other indicators–
(i) Mean of years of schooling (for adults aged 25 years): This is estimated based on educational attainment data from census es and
surveys available in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics database and Barro and Lee (2010) methodology.
(ii) Expected years of schooling (for children of school entering age): These estimates are based on enrolment by age at all levels of
education
and population of official school age for each level of education. Expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
The Health component is measured by the life expectancy at birth component of the HDI and is calculated using a minimum value of 20
years
and maximum value of 83.57 years. This is the observed maximum value of the indicators from the countries in the time series, 1980–2012.
Thus, the longevity component for a country where life expectancy birth is 55 years would be 0.551.
The Standard of Living component is measured by GNI (Gross National Income/Product) per capita at ‘Purchasing Power Parity in US
Dollars’ (PPP $) instead of GDP per capita (PPP $) of past.
Bhutan - GNH since 1972 - Real per capita income, Good governance, Environmental protection, Cultural promotion (inculcation of ethical
and spiritual values in life without which, it says, progress may become a curse rather than a blessing)
UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network - World Happiness Report since 2012- GDP per capita (at PPP), Healthy life expectancy at
birth, Social support (someone to count on), Freedom to make life choices, Perception of corruption and Generosity - In 2017, India is at
122 rank (118th in 2016)
A household's income counts for life satisfaction, but only in a limited way - other things that matter - community trust, mental and
physical health, the quality of governance and rule of law
Page 64 - gyaan on happiness
Economics Page 9
Pages 70, 71 - behavioral economics examples
Chapter 3: EVOLUTION OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
1947 - 17% literacy, 32.5 life expectancy
Aggregate real output during the first half of the 20th century was less than 2% a year
1938 - National Planning Committee - had envisioned industry as the prime mover of the economy
2002 - government said instead of industry, agriculture will be the prime moving force of the economy - 10th FYP
Chapter 4: ECONOMIC PLANNING
Family planning, town / urban planning, financial planning, agricultural planning, industrial planning, irrigation planning, road planning,
house planning
It was the USA which started the first regional planning after the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was set up in 1916—for a large-scale
rehabilitation in south-eastern USA covering parts of seven states.
The official experiment in the area of national planning is rooted in the Bolshevik Revolution of Russia (1917) —the Soviet Union.
Dissatisfied with the pace of industrialization, it was in 1928 that Joseph Stalin announced its policy of central planning f or the Soviet
Union. Soviet Union went for its first five year plan for the period 1928–33 and the world was to have its first experience of national
planning
Imperative planning (Russia, China) - The planning process followed by the state economies (i.e., the socialist or communist) is known as
the imperative planning. Such planning is also called as directive or target planning.
Indicative planning (mixed economies) - example Monnet Plan in France
Normative planning gives due importance to the socio - institutional factors - advocated by ES 2010-12 - until a program / scheme run by
the government is not able to connect with the customs, traditions and ethos of the population, their acceptability will not be of the
desired levels among the target population v/s The type of planning which gives less emphasis upon the social and institutional dimensions
is known as systems planning
Chapter 5: PLANNING IN INDIA
Visvesvaraya Plan - 1934 - idea of democratic capitalism for India, with emphasis on industrialization - book The Planned Economy of India
1934 - the FICCI proposal - laissez faire not good, state involvement needed - President N.R. Sarkar
1938 - J Nehru - National Planning Committee
1944-45 - Bombay Plan - by 8 industrialists
1944 - Gandhian Plan - decentralized economic structure with self-contained villages - no focus on centralized planning, state active role or
industrialization - Sriman Narayan Agarwal
1945 - The People's Plan by MN Roy - Marxist socialism
Jan 1950 - Sarvodaya Plan - JP - constructive work by the community and trusteeship and Vinoba Bhave's idea of Sarvodaya - Gandhian
ideas
6 major objectives of planning in India - economic growth, poverty alleviation, employment generation, controlling economic inequality,
self-reliance, modernization
Planning Commission - started in 1950 - extra constitutional and non-statutory
Economics Page 10
Page 110 - functions of the old PC
Page 124 - 12th FYP
Planning - Central ---> State ---> District ---> Block ---> Local (village / hill area / tribal area)
Page 125 - 12th FYP monitorable targets
Page 140 - Investment Models
Page 149 - NITI
Chapter 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS
Chapter 7: INFLATION AND BUSINESS CYCLE
Page 187 - Effects of Inflation - very detailed
Page 205 - Abenomics
Chapter 8: AGRICULTURE AND FOOD MANAGEMENT
Rapid read the whole chapter for history + key points for technology
Chapter 9: INDUSTRY AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Rapid read the whole chapter for history + big schemes
Chapter 10: SERVICES SECTOR
Chapter 11: INDIAN FINANCIAL MARKET
Chapter 12: BANKING IN INDIA
Quickly refer for all definitions
Page 350 - Narasimhan I
Page 352 - Narasimhan II
Page 354 - NPAs
Page 358 - SARFAESI
Page 359 - Capital Adequacy and BASEL
Page 375 - Small and Payment Banks
Chapter 13: INSURANCE IN INDIA
Scan the whole chapter for keywords
Economics Page 11
Chapter 14: SECURITY MARKET IN INDIA
Page 409 - P notes
Plus an overview of small topics
Chapter 15: EXTERNAL SECTOR OF INDIA
Page 434 - Convertibility
Page 437 - GAAR
Page 444 - RTAs
Chapter 16: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS AND INDIA
Chapter 17: TAX STRUCTURE IN INDIA
Taxation types - progressive, regressive, proportional
Page 468 - old VAT
Page 474 - MAT
Grandfather Clause – a clause in a new law that exempts certain persons or businesses from abiding by it. Example, suppose a country
passes a law stating that it is illegal to own a cat. This clause would allow persons who already own cats to continue to kee p them, but
would prevent people who do not own cats from buying them.
Page 476 - 14th FC
Page 481 - Tax statistics
Chapter 18: PUBLIC FINANCE IN INDIA
Page 486 - Budget
Page 498 - History of deficits
Page 501 - FRBM Act 2003
Page 504 - Fiscal consolidation
Page 506 - ZBB
Page 508 - Types of budget
Chapter 19: SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE - INDIA AND THE WORLD
Read the whole chapter well for keywords
Chapter 20: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
Scan the whole chapter for key statistics and schemes

Economics Page 12
Scan the whole chapter for key statistics and schemes
Chapter 21: BURNING SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
Economics Page 13

Neha Bhosle - GS Static Notes PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Neha Bhosle - GS Static Notes PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

GS STATIC NOTES

Please read the following post before reading these Notes -

My Telegram Channel - https://t.me/All_About_UPSC_CSE or

My Google Drive - https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1dNQwXCJWWMvOD9NmZ6fs_yn9LF4-

All the Best !

Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Chapter 1: The Significance of Ancient Indian History

Pre British political unity - Asoka, Samudragupta, Chalukya King Harshvardhan

Chapter 3: Nature of Sources and Historical Construction

Pollen analysis - 6000 BC - agriculture in Rajasthan and Kashmir

14th century - paper came to India

2500 BC - Harappa seal inscriptions - non deciphered

Till 8th century AD - mostly used Brahmi script

Allahabad inscription - achievements and victories of Samudragupta

1500 - 1000 BC - Rig Veda

Sulvasutras - measurements for constructions of altars - beginning of mathematics and geometry

Jatakas are non-canonical

6th century AD - Jain texts compiled in Prakrit in Valabhi, Gujarat

Chapter 4: Geographical Setting

Sulaiman - Khyber and Gomal passes Kirthar - Bolan pass

Kashmir, Nepal valleys - Sanskrit manuscripts

Mahanadi - Godavari - Kalinga

Coromandal coast - Arikamedu, Mahabalipuram, Kaveripattanam

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Andhra - lead - coins by Satvahanas in 0 - 2nd century AD

Precious stones, especially pearls - Central, South and Odisha

Chapter 7: Human Evolution: The Old Stone Age

100000 BC - paleolithic tools in Chotanagpur

10000 years ago started Holocene

6th millennium BC - rice Allahabad

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Odisha hills - settlement and rice cultivation

Chapter 9: Chalcolithic Cultures

Small tools and weapons made of stone, stone blade important

Deccan - cotton in black soil, ragi, bajra, millets

Bihar and WB - fishhooks and rice

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Terracotta figures of women, unbaked nude clay figurines - worship

Maharashtra - buried dead in urns under the house in N-S direction

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Cotton by Indus people - Greeks called it sindon after Sindh

Weavers - cotton and wool

Potter's wheel - glossy shiny pottery

DID NOT USE METALLIC MONEY - no idea of currency, probably barter

Imitated cosmetics used by urban people of Mesopotamia

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Chapter 12: The Age of the Rig Veda

Weaving was confined to women but practiced on a wide scale

Hastinapur, Atranjikhera, Noh - excavated sites

Sangrihitri - tax collecting official - tax collection became common

600 BC - Upanishads in Panchal and Videha

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Chapter 14: Jainism and Buddhism

Avoid excess of both luxury and austerity - the middle path

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Chapter 15: Territorial States and the Rise of Magadha

16 Mahajanapadas = Pages 166 to 168

Chapter 18: The Maurya Age

Mauryan military strength was almost thrice of Nandas

Neha Bhosle - Rank 15, UPSC CSE 2019

Chapter 19: The Significance of Maurya Rule