Example: Cracked Prestressed Cross-Section: Rak.43-3110 Halkeillut Poikkileikkaus 1

Rak.
43-3110 Halkeillut poikkileikkaus 1
Example:
Cracked prestressed cross-section
Check if the prestresses ledge-beam satisfy the requirements of the cracked limit state
Depth of the beam h := 1250⋅ mm

Width of the compression side b := 400⋅ mm
Width of the bottom flange ba := 700⋅ mm
Transformed cross-section values

2
Area Am := 604400⋅ mm
Centroid from the bottom pp := 544⋅ mm

8 3
Section modulus about the bottom side Wa := 1.594⋅ 10 ⋅ mm
8 3
Section modulus about the top side Wy := 1.224⋅ 10 ⋅ mm
Rak.43-3110 Halkeillut poikkileikkaus 2
Loading at the service limit state

kN
-dead load gk := 35⋅ (includes the weight of the beam)
m
kN combination coefficient ψ 1 := 0.7

- live load qk := 25⋅ for frequent laod combination
m
combination coefficient
for quasi-permanent load combination ψ 2 := 0.3
Frequent laod conbination

kN
p := gk + ψ 1⋅ qk p = 52.5
m
Quasi-permanent load combination

kN
ppitkä := gk + ψ 2⋅ qk ppitkä = 42.5
m
Span L := 21⋅ m
Bending moments
2
ppitkä⋅ L
Quasi-permanent load combination Mquasi := Mquasi = 2343 kNm
8
2
p⋅ L
Frequent load combination Mfreq := Mfreq = 2894 kNm
8
Concrete C 30/40
fck := 30⋅ MPa
characteristic cylinder strength
0.667
§ fck ·
average tensile strength fctm := 0.3⋅ ¨ ¸ ⋅ MPa
© MPa ¹
fctm = 2.9 MPa
0.3
§ fck + 8⋅ MPa ·
elastic modulus Ecm := 22000⋅ MPa⋅ ¨ ¸
© 10⋅ MPa ¹
4
Ecm = 3.284 × 10 MPa
creep factor φ := 2 χ := 0.8 ageing coefficient
Exposure class XC1

Elastic modulus of the strands Ep := 195000⋅ MPa

distancies from the bottom side
Bottom strands in two layers 12+12 φp7 12,5 c1 := 40⋅ mm c2 := 90⋅ mm
2 2
Area of the bottom strands Ap := 24⋅ 93⋅ mm Ap = 2232 mm
centroid of the bottom strands from the bottom side cs := 65⋅ mm
Prestress after the long-term losses σ p∞1 := 1287⋅ MPa

= initial prestress - losses due to shrinkage, creep and relaxation
Top strands 2 φp7 12,5 c3 := 40⋅ mm distance from the top side
2 2
Area of the top strands Apy := 2⋅ 93⋅ mm Apy = 186 mm
Prestress after the long-term losses σ p∞2 := 1072⋅ MPa
Prestress force after the long-term losses at the final stage
3
P∞ := Ap⋅ σ p∞1 + Apy⋅ σ p∞2 P∞ = 3.072 × 10 kN
Distance of the resultant of the prestress force from the bottom side
ª¬ Ap⋅ σ p∞1⋅ cs + Apy⋅ σ p∞2⋅ (h − c3) º¼

cp :=
(Ap⋅ σ p∞1 + Apy⋅ σ p∞2) cp = 0.139 m
Eccentricity of the prestress force ep := pp − cp ep = 404.682 mm

Cracking moment
Cracking limit state when the bending moment Mcr produce the tensile stress at the bottom fibre
which is exactly the average tensile strength of concrete
N Mcr
σ ct := + σ ct := fctm
A W
N Mcr N Mr
+ ≤1 => + ≤1
A⋅ fctm W⋅ fctm Ncr0 Mcr0
where Ncr0 := A⋅ fctm is the cracking ressitance for tensile force, when M = 0
Mcr0 := W⋅ fctm is the cracking moment when N = 0
By solving § N·
Mcr := ¨ fctm − ¸ ⋅ W
§ W·
Mcr := ¨ 1 − N⋅ ¸ ⋅ W⋅ fctm
© A¹ © A ¹
N N⋅ e Mcr
In the case of an eccentric normal force σ ca := + +
A W W
Mcr := fctm⋅ W − N⋅ §¨ + e¸·

W
© A ¹
N := −P∞ M := Mquasi
§ Wa ·
Mcr := fctm⋅ Wa + P∞ ⋅ ¨ + ep¸ Mcr = 2515.6 kNm
© Am ¹
Mquasi = 2342.8 kNm < Mcr = 2515.6 kNm
− P∞ −P∞ ⋅ ep Mquasi
Concrete stress at σ ca := + + σ ca = 1.816 MPa
the bottom fibre Am Wa Wa
< fctm = 2.9 MPa
Cross-section does not crack under the quasi-permanent laod combination
Frequent load combination
Mfreq = 2894.1 kNm > Mcr = 2515.6 kNm
Cracking at the bottom side under the frequent load combination =>
the characteristic crack width should be calculate
We calculate first the concrete stresses and the location of the neutral axis for the
uncracked cross-section
(So we get the initial value for the location of the neutral axis. The real depth of the compression
zone in the cracked cross-section cannot be greater than the one in the uncracked cross-section)
− P∞ −P∞ ⋅ ep Mfreq
Concrete stress at σ ca := + + σ ca = 5.274 MPa
the bottom fibre Am Wa Wa
> fctm = 2.9 MPa
Concrete stress at − P∞ −P∞ ⋅ ep Mfreq

teh top fibre σ cy := − − σ cy = −18.57 MPa
Am Wy Wy
−σ cy
Location of the neutral axis x := ⋅h x = 973.511 mm
from the top side= −σ cy + σ ca
depth of the compression zone
Due to cracking the neutral axis moves upward when there is no creep.
Estimate the depth of the comression zone x, assuming the cross-section as a rectangle
and without the top strands
Effective dept of the bottom strands ds := h − cs ds = 1185 mm

"Effective depth" of the prestress force
=distance of the prestress force resultant dp := h − cp dp = 1111 mm
from the too side
First calculation cycle is done without creep
Ep
Ratio of the elastic modulies α e := ne := α e α e = 5.939
Ecm
Ap
Relative amount of ρ := ρ = 0.00471
the tensile reinforcement b⋅ ds
α e⋅ ρ = 0.028
Apy −4
Relative amount of the reinforcement ρ 1 := ρ 1 = 3.924 × 10
in the compression zone b⋅ ds
(α e − 1)⋅ ρ 1 = 1.938 × 10− 3
Mfreq − P∞ ⋅ dp
kp := kp = −0.142
P ∞ ⋅ ds
(
k2 := 6⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 + kp ) k2 = 0.144
By solving the relative depth of the comression zone ξ=x/ds form the equation of 3.-degree
(BY 16 appendix (Liite) S15)
3 2
ξ + 3⋅ k p⋅ ξ + k2 ⋅ ξ − k2 = 0
3 2
f (ξ ) := ξ + 3⋅ kp⋅ ξ + k2⋅ ξ − k2
Initial value of ξ:
Given
x
ξ := ξ = 0.822
ds
ξ 1 := root (f (ξ ) , ξ ) ξ 1 = 0.593
Depth of the compression zone x := ξ 1⋅ ds x = 703.051 mm
The neutral axis moved about 6 mm upward
Concrete stress at the top fibre
− P∞ 2⋅ ξ 1
σ cy := ⋅
b⋅ ds § c3 · σ cy = −23.094 MPa
2
( ) (
ξ 1 − 2⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 − ξ 1 + 2⋅ α e − 1 ⋅ ρ 1⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸)
© ds ¹
The concrete stress is greater in the cracked cross-section than in the uncracked corss-section
Change of steel stress ∆σ s :=

(
− 1 − ξ1 ) ⋅α ⋅σ ∆σ s = 94.014 MPa
e cy
ξ1
∆σ s
Change of the steel strain ∆ε s := ∆ε s = 0.482 %o
Ep
σ cy
Compressive strain ε c := ε c = −0.703 %o
of concrete Ecm
−ε c
Check: x := ⋅d x = 703.051 mm
−ε c + ∆ε s s
x − c3
Compressive strain of concrete at the ∆ε sy := ⋅εc ∆ε sy = −0.663 %o
location of the top strands x
Beacuse the top strands do not taken into account in the calculation (in the 3.-degree equation)
so the equilibrium is checked
b⋅ x⋅ σ cy 3
Concrete stress resultant Nc := Nc = −3.247 × 10 kN
2
Change of the force in

the top strands
(
∆Npy := Apy⋅ ∆ε sy⋅ Ep − Ecm ) ∆Npy = −20.006 kN
Change of the force in ∆Np := Ap⋅ ∆ε s⋅ Ep ∆Np = 209.839 kN

the bottom strands
ΣN := Nc + ∆Npy + ∆Np ΣN = −3057.4 kN ~ P∞ = 3072 kN
Bending moment
Nc⋅ §¨ kp⋅ ds + ¸· + ∆Npy⋅ kp⋅ ds + c3 + ∆Np⋅ ds + kp⋅ ds = 2.335 kNm

x
© 3¹
( ) ( )
A small inaccuracy of the equilibrium is the consequence of the fact that the top strands are
not taken into account in the 3.-degree equation
2. calculation cycle: Taking account creep and making new calculation:
Ecm
Effective elastic modulus of Eceff := Eceff = 14306 MPa
concrete with effect of creep Mquasi
1+ ⋅χ⋅φ
Mfreq
Ep
Ratio of the elastic modulies α e := α e = 13.63
Eceff
α e⋅ ρ = 0.064 (α e − 1)⋅ ρ 1 = 4.956 × 10− 3
Mfreq − P∞ ⋅ dp
kp := kp = −0.142
P ∞ ⋅ ds
(
k2 := 6⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 + kp ) k2 = 0.33
3 2
f (ξ ) := ξ + 3⋅ kp⋅ ξ + k2⋅ ξ − k2
Given
x
ξ := ξ = 0.593
ds
ξ 1 := root (f (ξ ) , ξ ) ξ 1 = 0.67
Depth of the compression zone x := ξ 1⋅ ds x = 793.763 mm x1 := x
Depth of the compression zone increases due to creep
Conrete compression stress at the top fibre
− P∞ 2⋅ ξ 1
σ cy := ⋅
b⋅ ds § c3 · σ cy = −20.877 MPa
2
( ) ( )
ξ 1 − 2⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 − ξ 1 + 2⋅ α e − 1 ⋅ ρ 1⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸
© ds ¹
Concrete compression stress decreases du eto creep
Change of the stress in ∆σ s :=

(
− 1 − ξ1 ) ⋅α ⋅σ ∆σ s = 140.256 MPa
ξ1 e cy
the bottom strands
∆σ s
Change of the strain ∆ε s := ∆ε s = 0.719 %o
in bottom strands Ep
Tension steel stress increases due to creep

σ cy
Compressive strain ε c := ε c = −1.459 %o
of concrete Eceff
−ε c
Check: x := ⋅d x = 793.763 mm
−ε c + ∆ε s s
x − c3
Compression strain of concrete ∆ε sy := ⋅εc ∆ε sy = −1.386 %o
at the point of the top strands x
Because the top strands do not taken into account in the computing the location of the neutral axis, t
equilibrium is checked.
b⋅ x⋅ σ cy
Compression resultant of Nc := Nc = −3314 kN
concrete 2
Change of the force in

the top strands
∆Npy := Apy⋅ ∆ε sy⋅ Ep − Eceff( ) ∆Npy = −46.573 kN
Change of the force in ∆Np := Ap⋅ ∆ε s⋅ Ep ∆Np = 313.052 kN

the bottom strands
ΣN := Nc + ∆Npy + ∆Np ΣN = −3047.8 kN > P∞ = 3072 kN

error ~0,8 %
Moment about the compression line (kp):
Nc⋅ §¨ kp⋅ ds + ¸· + ∆Npy⋅ kp⋅ ds + c3 + ∆Np⋅ ds + kp⋅ ds = 6.036 kNm

x
© 3¹ ( ) ( )
the error to the bending moment Mlyhyt under the frequent loading combination is about 0,2 %
Crack width
h − x − c1
Strain in the lowest steel layer ∆ε s1 := ⋅ ∆ε s ∆ε s1 = 0.765 %o
ds − x
Change in the stress in the lowest steel layer ∆σ s1 := ∆ε s1⋅ Ep ∆σ s1 = 149.219 MPa
Amount of the effective reinforcement

Ratio of the bond strength between bonded tendons and ribbed steel
(EC2 table 6.2):
Pre-tensioned strands => ξ := 0.6
Adjusted ratio of the bond strength between bonded tendons and ribbed steel taking into
account the different diameters of the prestressing strands and ordinary reinforcement
(EC2 equation 7.5)
φs
ξ 1 := ζ⋅
φp
φs is the largest diameter of ordinary reinforcement with high bond ribbed steel
φp is the largest dameter or equivalent diameter of prestressing steel
φp=1,6 (Ap)^0.5 for bundled bars
φp=1,75*φwire for single 7 wire strand where φwire is the wire diameter
φp=1,20*φwire for single 3 wire strand
Strands used are 7 wire strand.

2
Area of one 7-wire strand Ap1 := 93⋅ mm
Ap1 2
Area of one wire Awire := Awire = 13.286 mm
7
4⋅ Awire
Diameter of the wire φ wire := φ wire = 4.113 mm
π
The largest nominal diameter of the strands φ p := 1.75⋅ φ wire φ p = 7.198 mm
Tension reinforcement consists only the prestressing strands, no ordinary reinforcement =>
φ s := φ p
φs
ξ 1 := ξ⋅ ξ 1 = 0.775
φp
Depth of the effective tension zone (

hef := 2⋅ h − ds ) hef = 130 mm EC2 fig. 7.1
2
Area of the effective tension zone Aceff := ba⋅ hef Aceff = 91000 mm
2
Amount of an ordinary reinforcement As := 0⋅ mm
2
As + ξ 1 ⋅ Ap
Proportional amount of the reinforcement ρ peff :=
in the effective tension zone Aceff
ρ peff = 0.015
φp
Concrete cover c := c1 − c = 36.401 mm
2
Factor for bond characteristic k1 := 1.6 prestressing strand
Bended and compressed structure =>

strain in the less tensionsioned point of ε 2 := 0
the effective tension zone
h−x
strain in the most tensioned point of ε 1 := ⋅ ∆ε s ε 1 = 0.839 %o
the effective tension zone ds − x
ε1 + ε2
k2 := k2 = 0.5
2⋅ ε 1
k3 := 3.4 k4 := 0.425
φp
Crack space srmax := k3⋅ c + k1⋅ k2⋅ k4⋅ srmax = 290 mm
ρ peff
ε sm − ε cm
Average steel strain
Average steel strain εsm in he cracked cross-section at the point of the crack
Average concrete strain εcm between the cracks
The diffrence ε m := ε sm − ε cm can be obtained from the equation EC2 7.9
Factor dependent on the duration of the load kt := 0.6 for short tem loading
For pre-tensioned members with bonded strands σs in the equation (7.9) may be replaced by ∆σs1
the stress variation in the pre-tensioned strands from the state of zero strain of the concrete
(decompression) at the level of the strand
As an effective tensile strength of concrete can be used the average tensile strength
fcteff := fctm
EC2 equation (7.9)
ª fcteff º
« ∆σs1 − k1⋅ ⋅ (1 + α e⋅ ρ peff ) »
« ρ peff ∆σ s1»
ε m := max « , 0.6⋅ ε m = 0.459 %o
Ep Ep »
¬ ¼
wk := ε m⋅ srmax wk = 0.13 mm
Characteristic crack width
wksall := 0.2⋅ mm
The characteristic crack width fulfill the requirement of exposure class XC1
There is no requirements in EC2 for a quasi-permanent load combination is the exposure

classes XC1.
In the exposure classes XC2, XC3, XC4 the cross-section should be compressed under the
quasi-permanent load combination.
In the of this example under the quasi-permanent load combination there is tension which is
smaller than the tensile strength of concrete.
The cross-section is cracked under the frequent load combination. Then concrete is
damaged so that at the point of cracks concrte has no tension resistance. If the load is
removed cracks will close but will open again when there exist any tension stresses. The
cracks wil open again with smaller bending moment than the cracking moment calculated
before.
If the cross-section cracks under the characteristic or the frequent load combination the
cross-section should be treated forward as a cracked cross-section also under smaller
loads if this load produce any tension stress. The cross-section which is craked before can
be treated as an uncracked section only if it is fully compressed.
So the crack width should be calculated also under the quasi-permanent load combination
The cracking moment (= moment of decompression) when a cross-section has cracked

before under a greater load combination
§ Wa ·
Mcr1 := P∞ ⋅ ¨ + ep¸ Mcr1 = 2053.4 kNm < Mquasi = 2342.8 kNm
© Am ¹
When a short-term load is removed and there is only quasi-permanet loads left and this load
produce tension in the uncracked section (bending moment due to quasi-permanent load is
greater than the decompression moment), so cracks do not close and the cross-section
must be treatet as a cracked cross-section => crack width under the quasi-permanent load
combination should be checked.
Mquasi = 2342.8 kNm < Mcr = 2515.6 kNm
− P∞ −P∞ ⋅ ep Mquasi
Stress at the bottom σ ca := + + σ ca = 1.816 MPa
fibre Am Wa Wa
tension
Stress at the top fibre − P∞ −P∞ ⋅ ep Mquasi

σ cy := − − σ cy = −14.067 MPa
Am Wy Wy
−σ cy
Depth of the compression zone x := ⋅h x = 1107.1 mm
initial value −σ cy + σ ca
Ecm
Effective elastic modulus of Eceff := Eceff = 12629.4 MPa
concrete Mquasi
1+ ⋅χ⋅φ
Mquasi
Ep
Eceff
Ap
Relative amount of the tension reinforcement ρ := ρ = 0.00471
b⋅ ds
α e⋅ ρ = 0.073
Mquasi − P∞ ⋅ dp
kp := kp = −0.294
P ∞ ⋅ ds
(
k2 := 6⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 + kp ) k2 = 0.308
3 2
f (ξ ) := ξ + 3⋅ kp⋅ ξ + k2⋅ ξ − k2
Given
x
ξ := ξ := 0.934
ds
ξ 1 := root (f (ξ ) , ξ ) ξ 1 = 0.914
Dept of the comression zone x := ξ 1⋅ ds x = 1082.9 mm
Concrete compression stress at the top fibre
− P∞ 2⋅ ξ 1
σ cy := ⋅
b⋅ ds § c3 · σ cy = −14.21 MPa
2
( ) ( )
ξ 1 − 2⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 − ξ 1 + 2⋅ α e − 1 ⋅ ρ 1⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸
© ds ¹
Change of the steel stress ∆σ s :=

(
− 1 − ξ1 ) ⋅α ⋅σ ∆σ s = 20.681 MPa
ξ1 e cy
∆σ s
Change of the steel strain ∆ε s := ∆ε s = 0.106 %o
Ep
σ cy
Concrete compression ε c := ε c = −1.125 %o
strain Eceff
−ε c
Check: x := ⋅ ds x = 1082.9 mm
−ε c + ∆ε s
x − c3
Concrete strain at point of the ∆ε sy := ⋅εc ∆ε sy = −1.084 %o
top strands x
b⋅ x⋅ σ cy 3
Concrete stress resultant Nc := Nc = −3.078 × 10 kN
2
Change of the force of the

top strands
(
∆Npy := Apy⋅ ∆ε sy⋅ Ep − Eceff ) ∆Npy = −36.758 kN
Change of the force of the ∆Np := Ap⋅ ∆ε s⋅ Ep ∆Np = 46.16 kN

botton strands
Equilibrium:
ΣN := Nc + ∆Npy + ∆Np ΣN = −3068.4 kN > P∞ = 3072 kN
Moment about the compression line (kp) :
Nc⋅ §¨ kp⋅ ds + ¸ + ∆Npy⋅ kp⋅ ds + c3 + ∆Np⋅ ds + kp⋅ ds = 10.148 kNm

x·
© 3¹
( ) ( )
error about 0,4 %
Crack width under the quasi-permanent load combination
h − x − c1
Change of strain in the lowest steel layer ∆ε s1 := ⋅ ∆ε s ∆ε s1 = 0.132 %o
ds − x
Change of steel stress in the loewst layer ∆σ s1 := ∆ε s1⋅ Ep ∆σ s1 = 25.746 MPa
ª fcteff º
« ∆σs1 − k1⋅ ⋅ (1 + α e⋅ ρ peff ) »
« ρ peff ∆σ s1»
ε m := max « , 0.6⋅ ε m = 0.079 %o
Ep Ep »
¬ ¼
Characteristic crack width wk := ε m⋅ srmax wk = 0.02 mm
wksall := 0.2⋅ mm
The crack width fulfill the requirement for the exposure class XC1
Deflection
Deflection under the frequent load combination is checked
Bending moment under the frequent load combination Mfreq = 2894.1 kNm
Influence of creep on the deflection is taken into account by using the effective elastic modulus of
concrete
Ecm
Effective elastic modulus of Eceff := Eceff = 14306 MPa
concrete Mquasi
1+ ⋅χ⋅φ
Mfreq
Ep
Eceff
Under the frequent load combination the cross-sections which are near the maximum
bending moment where the bending moment is greater than the cracking moment are
cracked but the cross-section which are near the supports where the bending moment is
smaller than the cracking moment remain still uncracked.
So the flexural rigidity of the cross-section varies along the span and the deflection
must be calculated by interpolating between the deflections calculated with the rigidities of
an uncracked and a cracked cross-section with respect to the cracking moment.
Cracked zone of the span is calculated under the characteristic load combination because of the
explanation above (it is possible that the beam is loaded by the characteristic load combination
and cracks exist at a certain zone of the span and afterwards this zone remain
cracked also under the smaller load combinations (frequent and quasi-permanent load
combinations)
Uncracked cross-section
(α e − 1)⋅ ρ = 0.059 (α e − 1)⋅ ρ 1 = 4.956 × 10− 3

Cross-section values of the transformed cross-sectio with the elastic modulus Eceff:
centroid from the bottom side pp := 533⋅ mm
2
Cross-section area Am := 620540⋅ mm
9 4
Second moment of area Im := 90.482⋅ 10 ⋅ mm
3 2
Flexural rigidity of the uncracked cross-section Kc := Eceff ⋅ Im Kc = 1.294 × 10 MN⋅ m
Deflection due to the prestressing P∞
3
P∞ = 3.072 × 10 kN eccentricity ep := pp − cp ep = 0.394 m
2
(
1 −P∞ ⋅ ep ⋅ L
apI := ⋅
) apI = −51.501 mm
8 Kc
2
5 Mfreq⋅ L
Deflection due to imposed load aqI := ⋅ aqI = 102.703 mm
48 Kc
Total delflection aI := apI + aqI aI = 51.202 mm

Cracked cross-section
Seth of the compression zone is calculated before x1 = 793.763 mm

In the cracked cross-section the effective cross-section consists only the compression zone
at the height x1 and bottom and top strands.
The cross-section values are calculated
Area of the
cracked cross-section
( )
Acr := b⋅ x1 + α e − 1 ⋅ Apy + α e⋅ Ap
Acr = 3.503 × 10 mm
5 2
2
x1
b⋅
2
( )
+ α e − 1 ⋅ Apy⋅ c3 + α e⋅ Ap⋅ ds
Centroid from pcr := pcr = 462.939 mm
the top side Acr
Second moment of area
3 2
b⋅ x 1 § x1 · 2 2
Icr := + b⋅ x1⋅ ¨ pcr − ¸ + (α e − 1)⋅ Apy⋅ (pcr − c3) + α e⋅ Ap⋅ (pcr − ds)
12 © 2¹
4
Icr = 0.034 m
2
Flexural rigidity of the cracked cross-section Kr := Eceff ⋅ Icr Kr = 491.251 MN⋅ m
Deflection due to prestress

The eccentricity of the prerstress force is different in the cracked cross-section than
in the uncracked cross-section
epcr := h − cp − pcr epcr = 647.743 mm
2
(
1 −P∞ ⋅ epcr ⋅ L
apII := ⋅
) apII = −223.288 mm
8 Kr
2
Deflection due to the 5 Mfreq⋅ L
imposed load aqII := ⋅ aqII = 270.628 mm
48 Kr
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
For a cracked cross-section without a normal force the flexural rigidity obtained for
the equation
§ x1 · 2
Kr1 := Ap⋅ Ep⋅ ¨ ds − ¸ ⋅ ds − x1
( ) Kr1 = 156.73 MN⋅ m
© 3¹
is valid. But this equation is not valid for a prestressed cross-section because the
neutral axis is not located at the centroid of the cross-section due to a normal force or
a prestress force. In the above equation is taken into account the fact that the neutral axis lies
at the level of tyhe centroid if there is pure bending no normal force.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Total deflection for aII := apII + aqII aII = 47.339 mm

fully cracked beam
Steel stress σsr for the cracking moment used in the interpolation equation of the deflection
is in this case the change of steel stress due to the cracking moment Mcr = 2515.6 kNm
The change of the steel stress and the depth of the compression zone are calculated
when the bending moment is the cracking moment
Mcr − P∞ ⋅ dp
kp := kp = −0.246
P ∞ ⋅ ds
(
k2 := 6⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 + kp ) k2 = 0.29
3 2
f (ξ ) := ξ + 3⋅ kp⋅ ξ + k2⋅ ξ − k2
The initial value of ξ:

Given
x
ξ := ξ := 0.934
ds
ξ 1 := root (f (ξ ) , ξ ) ξ 1 = 0.818
Depth of the compression zone xcr := ξ 1⋅ ds xcr = 0.969 m
Concrete compression stress at the top fibre
− P∞ 2⋅ ξ 1
σ cy := ⋅
b⋅ ds § c3 · σ cy = −16.182 MPa
2
( ) ( )
ξ 1 − 2⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 − ξ 1 + 2⋅ α e − 1 ⋅ ρ 1⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸
© ds ¹
Change of the steel stress ∆σ sr :=

(
− 1 − ξ1 ) ⋅α ⋅σ ∆σ sr = 49.111 MPa
ξ1 e cy
In the interpolation equation the steel stress σs is the change of the steel stress
under the characteristic load combination
Bending moment due to the characteristic load combination
2
Mk :=
( g k + q k) ⋅ L Mk = 3307.5 kNm
8
Steel stress due to this moment
Mk − P∞ ⋅ dp
kp := kp = −0.029
P ∞ ⋅ ds
(
k2 := 6⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 + kp ) k2 = 0.374
3 2
f (ξ ) := ξ + 3⋅ kp⋅ ξ + k2⋅ ξ − k2
The initial value of ξ:

Given
x
ξ := ξ := 0.934
ds
ξ 1 := root (f (ξ ) , ξ ) ξ 1 = 0.573
Depth of the compression zone xcr := ξ 1⋅ ds xcr = 0.679 m

Concrete compression stress at the top finbre under the characteristic load combination
− P∞ 2⋅ ξ 1
σ cy := ⋅
b⋅ ds § c3 · σ cy = −26.228 MPa
2
( ) (
ξ 1 − 2⋅ α e⋅ ρ ⋅ 1 − ξ 1 + 2⋅ α e − 1 ⋅ ρ 1⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸ )
© ds ¹
Change of the steel stess under ∆σ s :=

(
− 1 − ξ1 ) ⋅α ⋅σ ∆σ s = 266.282 MPa
e cy
the characteristic load combination ξ1
∆σ sr Mcr
Remark! = 0.184 < = 0.761 for a prestressed structure
∆σ s Mk
Mcr ∆σ sr
For prestressed structures it is not allowed to use instead of
Mk ∆σ s
Mcr ∆σ sr
For normally reinforced sructures without normal force can be used instead of
Mk ∆σ s
β := 0.5 for long-term load combination (the load combination considered includes long-term
load)
2
§ ∆σsr ¸·
Interpolation factor ξ a := 1 − β ⋅ ¨ ξ a = 0.983
¨ ∆σs ¸
© ¹
Deflection (
a := ξ a⋅ aII + 1 − ξ a ⋅ aI ) a = 47.405 mm
Rak-43.3111 Spalling reinforcement 1
Spalling reinforcement of the end block (anchor block) of post-tensioned members
The prestressing force affect to the member by an anchor. The size of the anchor is small
compared to the dimensions of the member; so the prestressing force is a concentrated
load which spread at a certain distance over the whole cross-section. The prestress force is
assumed to spread at the inclination of 1:2. The spreading causes transversal tensile
stresses which are taken by spalling reinforcement.
Nearby the anchor about at the distance which corresponds the dept of the member
is a local disturbace region, so called D-region where the stress distibution is not linear (so the
Bernoulli's principle is not valid). The stress distribution in this region can be calculated by
plate theory. This phenomena is called St. Venant's principle.
Forces in te disturbance region can be examined with so call the strut-and tie.method
(a modified truss theory). Compressed strut members and tension tie members can be
made according to elastic stress distribution (stress trajectories). Compression is taken to
concrete by the compressed struts and reinforcement acts as tensile ties. The disturbance region
is assumed to be separated from the rest of the structure (B-region; Bernoulli region).
Then at the separation line there is a linear stress distribution. At the other end of the D-region
there is the concentrated laod which cause the disrturbation. The D-region can be treated
as a deep beam which is supported by the concetrated loads (prestressing forces) and
loaded by the linear stress distribution at the other end of the region.
The concentrated load (point load, prestressing force) is divided by two parts P/2.
The force P/2 is assumed spread to one direction at the inclination 1:2. From the resultant of
P/2 is drawn the force vector in the inclination 1:2.
The stress distribution at the other end of the D-region is also divided into two parts which
resultants are P/2. From the point of the resultant of P/2 is drawn the force vector parallel to the
stresses to the intersection of the inclined force vector of P/2. In this intersection point (so called
node point) the components of force resultants parallel to the stresses reverse each other but
in the perpendicular direction the equilibrium requires tension force
(spalling force) which may cause cracking in concrete. The intersection points of two halves is
connected by tensile tie member. The tensile force of this tie corresponds the resultant of the
spalling stresses caused by the concentrated load. The value of this tensile force is 0.5*P/2.
The required spalling reinforcement is calculated for this force.
The part of the stress distribution which is at the area of the anchor is assumed to go straight
from the anchor without any spreading and it does not cause any spalling stresses. This is
taken into account by the reduction factor bo/b, where bo is the dimension of the anchor and b
is the dimension of the distrubution afre of the stresses.
According the above the spalling force due to concentrated load can be obtained form
from the equation
tension!
§ b0 ·
Ft := 0.25⋅ γ p.unfav⋅ P⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸
© b¹
where b0 is the side of the loading area (anchor) in the direction of dimension b of the structure
P is the prestress force at the anchor at the time of tensioning
γp.unfav =1.15 partial safety factor for prestress force, when the prestress force is
unfavourable
Ft is the spalling force in the direction of b
§ b0 ·
The part γ p.unfav⋅ P⋅ ¨ ¸ of the total prestress force goes through and does not cause spalling
© b ¹ stresses.
The side dimension of the distribution area is not more than 2*the smallest dimension a of the
loading area
It is supposed that the resultant of the stress distribution is at the same level than the concentrate
load. So in the case of an eccentric load the stresses are supposed to distributed equally for the
distance 2*a.
According to EC2 (EN-1992-1-1)

Considered region
Eccentric point load at the end of a member, distribution width 2*a
If a structure is loaded by several concentrated loads, the structure may be divided to the regions
which centroid is at the same level than the load. If these regions do not cross each others the
dimensiong spalling force is the greatest spalling force in these regions. The spalling
reinforcement is distributed to the distance which represents the depth of the member.
Several point loads (anchors) at the end of a member
Sub-regions
Example:
Two loads Py := 200⋅ kN a1 := 300⋅ mm from the top side and
Pa := 500⋅ kN a2 := 150⋅ mm from the bottom side
Partial safety factor of prestress force (unfavourable) γ p.unfav := 1.2
Dimension of the anchor b0 := 150⋅ mm
Depth of the cross-section d := 900⋅ mm
Spalling force due to Py: Dimension of the distribution area b1 := 2⋅ a1 b1 = 600 mm
§ b0 ·
Zy := 0.25⋅ γ p.unfav Py⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸ Zy = 45 kN
© b1 ¹
Spalling force due to Pa: Dimension of the distribution area b2 := 2⋅ a2 b2 = 300 mm
§ b0 ·
Za := 0.25⋅ γ p.unfav⋅ Pa⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸ Za = 75 kN
© b2 ¹
Dimensiong spalling force (

Zd := max Zy , Za ) Zd = 75 kN
Partial safety factor for reinforcement γ s := 1.1
500⋅ MPa
Spalling reinforcemnent A500 HW fyd := fyd = 454.545 MPa
γs
Zd 2
Spalling reinforcement As.spall := As.spall = 165 mm
fyd
Spalling reinforcement is distributed to the distance 600 mm

2 2
stirrups 3 T 6 k 200 As.spall := 3⋅ 2⋅ 28.3⋅ mm As.spall = 170 mm
Splitting force due to eccentricity of the concentrated load at the very end of the structure
top tendons e1 := 150⋅ mm
bottom tendons e2 := 300⋅ mm
§ Py Pa ·
Ft2Ed := 0.015⋅ γ p.unfav⋅ ¨ + ¸ Ft2Ed = 57.563 kN
¨ e1 e2 ¸
¨ 1 − 2⋅ 1 − 2⋅ ¸
© d d ¹
Ft2Ed 2
As.split := As.split = 126.639 mm
fyd
Splitting reinforcement can be included to the amount of the spalling reinforcement so that
a part of the spalling reinforcement which represtents the amount of the located at the very end of
the structure and the rest of the spalling reinforcement is distributed to the distance of h.
In this case 3 T 6 strirrups are located at the very end of the structure and then 2 T 6 k 200
When concentrated loads are located so that the stress distribution cannot be divided to the
regions which centroid coinside to the loads, so the whole depth cannot be used as the
distribution area.
If the concentrated loads are located inside of the resultant if the distribution area, the local
spalling force is calculated for each concentrated load and then another spalling force Z3 due
to the interaction of the concentrated loads far from the end of the structure.
If the concentrated laods are located so that the distribution areas cross each other the whole
depth can be use as a distiribution area.
Two point loads close to each others
Sub-region
Z1 and Z2 are the spalling froces in the sub-regions
The local spalling forces Z1 and Z2 due to concentrated loads V1 and V2 are calculated as
before.
In addition of these forces the interaction of the both loads causes spalling force Z3 far from the
anchors. Spalling force Z3 is calcultated for the total load V1+V2 with the side of the loading area
3/8 d.
§ 3 ·
⋅d
¨ 8 ¸ 5
=> Z3 := 0.25⋅ (V1 + V2)⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸ Z3 := (
⋅ V1 + V2 )
© d ¹ 32
Example.
Two prestressing forces P1 := 500⋅ kN distance a1 := 700⋅ mm from the top side
P2 := 500⋅ kN distance a2 := 400⋅ mm from the bottom side
Dimension of the anchor b0 := 150⋅ mm

Depth of the cross-section h := 1300⋅ mm
The location of the resultant of the loads a := 500⋅ mm from the bottom side
=> eccentricity h
e := −a e = 150 mm
2
Stress at the bottom fibre: bσca :=

(
− P1 + P2 ) + −(P1 + P2)⋅ e⋅ 6 bσca = −1.302
MN
h 2 m
h
Stress at the top fibre: bσcy :=

(
− P1 + P2 ) − −(P1 + P2)⋅ e⋅ 6 bσcy = −0.237
MN
h 2 m
h
h is the depth of the member and b is the width of the member
The stress distribution can be divided into parts so that the stress resultant corresponding P1 is
located at the distance 850 mm from the top side and the stress resultant corresponding P2 is
located at the distance 450 mm from the bottom side.
The stress resultant of the upper part is located at the distance 509 mm from the top side and
the stress resultantt of the lower part is located at the distance 213 mm from
the bottom side. The concentrated loads P1 and P2 are located between these resultants so.
indside. In this case the locations of the stress resultants corresponding the loads P1 and P2 do
not coincide the forces P1 and P2.
The distance between the concentrated loads is 200 mm. The distance of the point loads from
the bottom side is 500 mm and the distance of the individual load from the stress resultant is
100 mm.
Suppose that the distance of the individual force is d/8=100 mm .

So the distiribution width is d = 800 mm.
Stresses are supposed to distributed over this distance uniformly.
d := 800⋅ mm
Spalling force due to P1:

§ d − 100⋅ mm·
b1 := 2⋅ ¨
Width of the distribution area ¸ b1 = 600 mm
©2 ¹
h − a1 = 600 mm
§ b0 ·
Z1 := 0.25⋅ γ p.unfav⋅ P1⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸ Z1 = 112.5 kN
© b1 ¹
Spalling force due to P2:
b2 := 2⋅ §¨ − 100⋅ mm¸·
d
Width of the distribution area b2 = 600 mm
© 2 ¹
§ b0 ·
Z2 := 0.25⋅ γ p.unfav⋅ P2⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸ Z2 = 112.5 kN
© b2 ¹
Local spalling force near the anchors (
Z := max Z1 , Z2 ) Z = 112.5 kN
500⋅ MPa
Spalling reinforcement A500HW fyd := fyd = 454.545 MPa
γs
Z 2
As1 := As1 = 247.5 mm
fyd
2 2
3T8 As1 := 3⋅ 2⋅ 50.3⋅ mm As1 = 301.8 mm
Reinforcement s distributed to the distance 200 mm => 3 T 8 k 100
Spalling force due to the total force P1 + P2 = 1000 kN

5
Z3 := ⋅γ (
⋅ P + P2
32 p.unfav 1 ) Z3 = 187.5 kN
Z3 2
As3 := As3 = 412.5 mm
fyd
2 2
5T8 As3 := 5⋅ 2⋅ 50.3⋅ mm As3 = 503 mm
Reinforcement is divided to the distance 800 mm-200 mm= 600 mm
5 T 8 k 100
Total amount of reinforcement is 8 T 8 at the distance 0 ... 800 mm
Splitting force due to the eccentricity in the very end of the structure
top tendons e1 := 50⋅ mm
bottom tendons e2 := 250⋅ mm
§ P1 P2 ·
Ft2Ed := 0.015⋅ γ p.unfav⋅ ¨ + ¸ Ft2Ed = 56.896 kN
¨ e1 e2 ¸
¨ 1 − 2⋅ 1 − 2⋅ ¸
© d d ¹
Ft2Ed 2
As.end := As.end = 125 mm
fyd
From the spalling reinforcement As3 2 T 10 (157 mm2) vertical links is located in the very end
of the structure and stirrups 3 T 10 k100 and then stirrups 5 T 8 k100.
If the point loads are far from each other and near the edge, the point loads are outside the
the cenroid of the region of the stress diagram corresponding these point loads. Point loads
arise both local spalling forces Z1 near the point loads and also near the end of the structure
tensile forces (Z) between the point loads.
Tensile force Zp can be calculated by treating the end of the structure as a deep beam which
span is the distance between the point loads and the depth is the depth of the structure.
The support reactions of this deep beam are the point loads (prestress force P) and the
distributed loading is the stress distribution bσcox due to the point loads.
The breadth of the support is the dimension of the loading area (anchor size).
Two point forces (anchors) which are close to the corners far from each others
Three point loads which affect outside there compression stress zones
Sub-region for the load V
Tension zone at the edge

End block of the structure as a deep beam
Deep beam
Depth H Inner lever arm d’ Location of

= 1,0
Span l the tension resultant do
a a a a a
= 0,05...0,25 = 0,05 = 0,25 = 0,05 = 0,25
" " " " "
Continuous beam, n spans
- support moment 0,31⋅l 0,38⋅l 0,01⋅l 0,04⋅l
- field moment 0,46⋅l 0,46⋅l 0,06⋅l 0,06⋅l
2-span continuous beam
- support moment at the 0,42⋅l 0,48⋅l 0,02⋅l 0,07⋅l
middle support
- field moment 0,63⋅l 0,63⋅l 0,08⋅l 0,08⋅l
Simply supported beam 0,67⋅l 0,67⋅l 0,11⋅l 0,11⋅l
Example.
2 tendons P1 := 800⋅ kN distance from the top side a1 := 150⋅ mm
P2 := 800⋅ kN distance from the bottom side a2 := 150⋅ mm
Anchor dimension a0 := 200⋅ mm b0 := 200⋅ mm
Depth of the beam d := 1200⋅ mm
The point loads are symmetrical about the centroid line of the beam
P1 + P2 kN
Stress*b at the distance d from the anchor bσx := bσx = 1333.3
d m
Deep beamm the span L := d − a1 − a2 L = 900 mm
Depth of the deep beam d1 := d d1 = 1200 mm
Bending moment considering the stress distribution as the load of the deep beam
2
γ p.unfav⋅ bσx⋅ L
MEd := MEd = 162 kNm
8
The end block is treated as a simply supported deep beam

Breadth of the support is the dimension of the anchor a0 = 200 mm
Lever arm of the deep beam z := 0.67⋅ L z = 603 mm

MEd
Tensile force ZEd := ZEd = 268.657 kN
z
500⋅ MPa
Splitting reinforcement A500 HW fyd := fyd = 454.545 MPa
γs
ZEd 2
As := As = 591 mm
fyd
2 2 2
4 T 12 vertical links + 1 T 10 stirrup As := 4⋅ 113⋅ mm + 2⋅ 78.5⋅ mm As = 609 mm
s s
Comparing:
Eccentricity of the both prestress force e := 450⋅ mm
§ P1 P2 ·¸
From the equation: Ft2.Ed := 0.015⋅ γ p.unfav⋅ ¨ + Ft2.Ed = 171.48 kN
¨ e e¸
¨1 − 2⋅ 1 − 2⋅ ¸
© h h¹
At the corners the spalling reinforcement for the spalling forces Z1:
Size of the distribution area b := 2⋅ a1 b = 300 mm
§ a0 ·
Z1Ed := 0.25⋅ γ p.unfav⋅ P1⋅ ¨ 1 − ¸ Z1Ed = 80 kN
© b¹
Z1Ed 2
Spalling reinfrocement As1 := As1 = 176 mm
fyd
The same vertical links between the point loads is adequite also for the spalling reinforcement in
the corners.
Spalling reinforcement in pre-tensioned members with bonded strands
Reinforcement for spalling forces due to a group of pre-tensioned strands is dimensioned for a
shear force Fd, which is difference between the total prestressing force and the stress resultant in
the part Ac of the concrete section below the centroid of the prestessing strands
Spalling force due to a group of the pre-tensioned strands
Shear force Fd is obtained from the equation
Fd := Pd − σ cm ⋅ Ac
where Pd := γ p.unfav⋅ P0 prestressing force at the considered time
σcm is the average stress in Ac

Ac is the part of the concrete section below the centroid of the group of the predstressing
strands
The term σcmAc corresponds in the equation of the spalling force for post-tension members the
term b0/b. So the part of the prestressing force which corresponds the stress in the area of the
anchor and does not induce spallimng stresses.
Total amount of reinforcement As for the spalling force is obtained from the equation
Fd
As := 0.3⋅
fyd
where the design strength of spalling reinforcement fyd is not greater than 300 MPa.
Spalling reinforcement is divided equally at the distance of the transmission length;
one or two stirrups is located at the very end of the member for taking the splitting force due to
eccentricity.
Splitting force due to te eccentricity at the end of the member is calculated in the same way than
for post-tensioned structures for the equation
0.015⋅ Pd
Ft2.Ed :=
e
1− 2⋅
h
Example of the spalling force due to pre-tensioned strands
Number of the strands n := 10

2
Area of one strand Ap1 := 93⋅ mm
Prestressing just after the transfer σ p0 := 1230⋅ MPa
Prestress force P0 := n⋅ Ap1⋅ σ p0 P0 = 1143.9 kN
Partial safety factor for prestressing γ p.unfav = 1.2
Design value of the restressing force Pd := γ p.unfav⋅ P0 Pd = 1372.7 kN
Eccentricity of the prestressing force e := 612⋅ mm
I-profile depth h := 1350⋅ mm
width of the bottom flange bbot := 400⋅ mm

2
Area of the cross-section of the I-beam A := 0.2498⋅ m
3
Section modulus about bottom side Wbot := 0.0890⋅ m
3
Section modulus about top side Wtop := 0.08984⋅ m
Sresses due to prestressing:

− Pd P d⋅ e
Stress at the top fibre σ ctop := + σ ctop = 3.856 MPa
A Wtop
− Pd P d⋅ e
Stress at the bottom fibre σ cbot := − σ cbot = −14.934 MPa
A Wbot
Cenroid of the strands from the bottom side cp := 65⋅ mm
Concrete stress at the centroid of the strands

cp
(
σ cp := σ cbot + σ ctop − σ cbot ⋅
h
) σ cp = −14.03 MPa
Average concrete stress below the centroid of the strands (so at the height of 65 mm)
σ cm :=
(σ cbot + σ cp) σ cm = −14.482 MPa
2
2
Area of the cross-section below the centroid of the strands Ac := bbot⋅ cp Ac = 0.026 m
Spalling force Fd := Pd − σ cm ⋅ Ac Fd = 996.151 kN

Spalling reinforcement A500 HW §

fyd := min ¨ 300⋅ MPa ,
500⋅ MPa ·
fyd = 300 MPa
γs ¸
© ¹
Fd 2
Spalling reinforcement As.spall := 0.3⋅ As.spall = 996 mm
fyd
Spalling reinforcement is divided equally at the distance of the transission length lpt2 := 700⋅ mm
2 2
7 T 10 k 100 stirrups As.spall := 7⋅ 2⋅ 78.5⋅ mm As.spall = 1099 mm
Splitting force in the web at the end of the member due to the eccentricity of the strands
0.015⋅ Pd
Ft2.Ed := Ft2.Ed = 430.671 kN
e
1− 2⋅
h
500⋅ MPa
Splitting reinforcement fyd := fyd = 454.545 MPa
γs
Ft2.Ed 2
As.split := As.split = 947 mm
fyd
At the of the member vertical links 2 T 16 + stirrups 4 T 10 k50

2 2 2
As.split := 2⋅ 201⋅ mm + 4⋅ 2⋅ 78.5⋅ mm As.split = 1030 mm
The splitting reinforcement As.split can be included to the spalling reinforcement As.spall,
so there is at the end the vertical links 2 T 16 and the stirrups 4 T 10 k 50 and then
the stirrups 5 T 10 k 100.
Spalling stress at the end of the HC500-slab (no spalling reinforcement)

(according to the standard EN-1168 Precast concrete products, Hollow core slabs)
Depth of the slab h := 500⋅ mm
Cross-section values without the strands:
2
Area of concrete Ac := 0.2760323⋅ m
4
Second moment of area Ic := 0.0084639⋅ m
Centroid from the bottom fibre ppc := 250.5⋅ mm
Total width of the webs bw := 343.8⋅ mm
kN kN
Self-weight of the slab g := Ac⋅ 25⋅ g = 6.901
3 m
m
Length of the slab L := 17⋅ m

2
g⋅ L
Bending moemnt due to self-weight Mg := Mg = 249.292 kNm
8
Diameter of the strand φ := 12.5⋅ mm

2
Ap1 := 93⋅ mm
Area of one strand number of the strands in the
layers
Distance of the 1. layer cp1 := 35⋅ mm np1 := 13
from the bottom.
cp2 := 72⋅ mm np2 := 8
Distance of the 2. layer
from the bottom.
np := np1 + np2 np = 21
Total number of the strands
2
Ap := np⋅ Ap1 Ap = 1953 mm
Total area of the strands
np1⋅ cp1 + np2⋅ cp2

cp := cp = 0.049 m
Centroid of the strands from np
the botttom
Ep := 195000⋅ MPa
Elastic modulus of concrete
Initial prestress σ p0 := 1000⋅ MPa
Concrete grade C60/75
Characteristic compressive strength fck := 60⋅ MPa
Average compressive strength fcm := fck + 8⋅ MPa fcm = 68 MPa

Concrete strength at transfer 70 % of the average nominal strength (strength at 28 days)
fcm.ti := 0.7⋅ fcm fcm.ti = 47.6 MPa

Average comressive strength
at the time of transfer
fcm.ti
β cc := β cc = 0.7
Develoment coefficient for fcm
concrete compressive strength
0.3
§ fcm · 4
Elastic modulus of concrete Ecm := 22000⋅ ¨ ¸ ⋅ MPa Ecm = 3.91 × 10 MPa
© 10⋅ MPa ¹
0.3
§ fcm.ti · 4
Ecm.ti := ¨ ¸ ⋅ Ecm Ecm.ti = 3.513 × 10 MPa
Elastic modulus of concrete
at transfer © fcm ¹
§ fcm ·
Average tensile strength fctm := 2.12⋅ ln ¨ 1 + ¸ ⋅ MPa fctm = 4.355 MPa
of concrete © 10⋅ MPa ¹
Average tensile strengt fctm.ti := β cc⋅ fctm fctm.ti = 3.048 MPa

at transfer
fctk.ti := 0.7⋅ fctm.ti fctk.ti = 2.134 MPa

Characteristic tensile strength
at transfer
γ c := 1.5
Partial safety factor for concrete
fctk.ti
Design value of tensile strength fctd.ti := fctd.ti = 1.423 MPa
γc
Transformed cross-section values

Ep
Ratio of the elastic modulies α p := α p = 5.55
Ecm.ti
Area of the transformed 2

cross-sectoon (
A := Ac + α p − 1 ⋅ Ap ) A = 0.285 m
Ac⋅ ppc + Ap⋅ cp

Centroid from the bottom pp := pp = 0.243 m
A
Second moment of area

2 2 2
( ) + (α p − 1)⋅ np1⋅ Ap1⋅ (pp − cp1) + (α p − 1)⋅ np2⋅ Ap1⋅ (pp − cp2)
I := Ic + Ac⋅ pp − ppc
−3 4
I = 8.816 × 10 m
I 3
Section modulus about the Wy := Wy = 0.034 m
top fibre h − pp
Section modulus about the I 3

bottom fibre Wa := Wa = 0.036 m
pp
Section modulus about the I 3

centroidal axis Wp := Wp = 0.045 m
pp − cp
Wy
Size of the core k := k = 120.414 mm
A
σ p0 := 1000⋅ MPa
Initial prestress
Prestress losses before the transfer about 3 %
Prestress just before the transfer σ p1 := 0.97⋅ σ p0 σ p1 = 970 MPa
3
Prestress force P1 := σ p1⋅ Ap P1 = 1.894 × 10 kN
Eccentricity of the prestress force e0 := pp − cp e0 = 193.928 mm
Concrete stress at the level of the centroid of the strands

−P1 −P1⋅ e0 Mg
σ cp := + + σ cp = −9.246 MPa
A Wp Wp
Sress in the strands just after the transfer
σ pm0 := σ p1 + α p⋅ σ cp σ pm0 = 918.678 MPa
Transmission length of prestress
Bond coefficient at transfer η p1 := 3.2
η 1 := 1
Coefficient for good bond condition
Bond strength fbpt := η p1⋅ η 1⋅ fctd.ti fbpt = 4.552 MPa
Coefficient for rapid transfer α 1 := 1.25
Ap1
α 2 := α 2 = 0.189
Coefficient for 7-wire strands 2
π⋅φ
σ pm0
Basic value of the transmission length lpt := α 1⋅ α 2⋅ φ ⋅ lpt = 597.419 mm
fbpt
Lower design value of the transmission length lptd := 0.8⋅ lpt lptd = 477.935 mm
Average spalling stress
Factor due to the eccentricity e0 − k

α e := α e = 0.147
h
3
Prestress force just after the transfer Pm0 := σ pm0⋅ Ap Pm0 = 1.794 × 10 kN
Pm0
= 26.91 MPa
bw⋅ e0
2.3
Pm0 15⋅ α e + 0.07
σ sp := ⋅ σ sp = 3.195 MPa
Spalling stress bw⋅ e0 1.5
§ lptd ·
1+¨ ¸ (
⋅ 1.3⋅ α e + 0.1 ) fctk.ti = 2.134 MPa
© e0 ¹
fctm.ti = 3.048 MPa
Isolated web, where is 5 strands
Width of the web bw1 := 70⋅ mm
3⋅ cp1 + 2cp2
Centroid of the strand cp11 := cp11 = 49.8 mm
in one web from the bottom 5
Prestress force in one web Pm01 := σ pm0⋅ 5⋅ Ap1 Pm01 = 427.185 kN
e01 := pp − cp11 e01 = 193.223 mm

Eccentricity
e01 − k
Parameter due to the α e1 := α e1 = 0.146
eccentricity h
Pm01
= 31.583 MPa
bw1⋅ e01
2.3
Pm01 15⋅ α e1 + 0.07
Max. spalling stress σ sp1 := ⋅ σ sp1 = 3.692 MPa
in one web bw1⋅ e01 1.5
§ lptd ·
1+¨
e01
¸ (
⋅ 1.3⋅ α e1 + 0.1 ) fctk.ti = 2.134 MPa
© ¹
fctm.ti = 3.048 MPa

Example: Cracked Prestressed Cross-Section: Rak.43-3110 Halkeillut Poikkileikkaus 1

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Example: Cracked Prestressed Cross-Section: Rak.43-3110 Halkeillut Poikkileikkaus 1

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Rak.

43-3110 Halkeillut poikkileikkaus 1

Depth of the beam h := 1250⋅ mm

Width of the bottom flange ba := 700⋅ mm

Transformed cross-section values

Centroid from the bottom pp := 544⋅ mm

Loading at the service limit state

kN combination coefficient ψ 1 := 0.7

Frequent laod conbination

Quasi-permanent load combination

fctm = 2.9 MPa

creep factor φ := 2 χ := 0.8 ageing coefficient

Exposure class XC1

Elastic modulus of the strands Ep := 195000⋅ MPa

centroid of the bottom strands from the bottom side cs := 65⋅ mm

Prestress after the long-term losses σ p∞1 := 1287⋅ MPa

Prestress after the long-term losses σ p∞2 := 1072⋅ MPa

Prestress force after the long-term losses at the final stage

ª¬ Ap⋅ σ p∞1⋅ cs + Apy⋅ σ p∞2⋅ (h − c3) º¼

Eccentricity of the prestress force ep := pp − cp ep = 404.682 mm

Mcr0 := W⋅ fctm is the cracking moment when N = 0

Mcr := fctm⋅ W − N⋅ §¨ + e¸·

Quasi-permanent load combination

Mquasi = 2342.8 kNm < Mcr = 2515.6 kNm

< fctm = 2.9 MPa

Cross-section does not crack under the quasi-permanent laod combination

Frequent load combination

Mfreq = 2894.1 kNm > Mcr = 2515.6 kNm

> fctm = 2.9 MPa

Concrete stress at − P∞ −P∞ ⋅ ep Mfreq

Effective dept of the bottom strands ds := h − cs ds = 1185 mm

First calculation cycle is done without creep

(α e − 1)⋅ ρ 1 = 1.938 × 10− 3

Depth of the compression zone x := ξ 1⋅ ds x = 703.051 mm

The neutral axis moved about 6 mm upward

Concrete stress at the top fibre

Change of steel stress ∆σ s :=

Change of the force in

Change of the force in ∆Np := Ap⋅ ∆ε s⋅ Ep ∆Np = 209.839 kN

ΣN := Nc + ∆Npy + ∆Np ΣN = −3057.4 kN ~ P∞ = 3072 kN

Nc⋅ §¨ kp⋅ ds + ¸· + ∆Npy⋅ kp⋅ ds + c3 + ∆Np⋅ ds + kp⋅ ds = 2.335 kNm

2. calculation cycle: Taking account creep and making new calculation:

α e⋅ ρ = 0.064 (α e − 1)⋅ ρ 1 = 4.956 × 10− 3

Depth of the compression zone x := ξ 1⋅ ds x = 793.763 mm x1 := x

Depth of the compression zone increases due to creep

Conrete compression stress at the top fibre

Concrete compression stress decreases du eto creep

Change of the stress in ∆σ s :=

Tension steel stress increases due to creep

Change of the force in

Change of the force in ∆Np := Ap⋅ ∆ε s⋅ Ep ∆Np = 313.052 kN

ΣN := Nc + ∆Npy + ∆Np ΣN = −3047.8 kN > P∞ = 3072 kN

Moment about the compression line (kp):

Nc⋅ §¨ kp⋅ ds + ¸· + ∆Npy⋅ kp⋅ ds + c3 + ∆Np⋅ ds + kp⋅ ds = 6.036 kNm

Amount of the effective reinforcement

Strands used are 7 wire strand.

The largest nominal diameter of the strands φ p := 1.75⋅ φ wire φ p = 7.198 mm

Depth of the effective tension zone (

Factor for bond characteristic k1 := 1.6 prestressing strand

Bended and compressed structure =>

The diffrence ε m := ε sm − ε cm can be obtained from the equation EC2 7.9

There is no requirements in EC2 for a quasi-permanent load combination is the exposure

The cracking moment (= moment of decompression) when a cross-section has cracked