Norbulingka Final

Norbulingka Institute hand crafted and hand painted.
[ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]
Approach
Approach to the building is the first phase of
circulation system.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
Approach to the site is oblique (at an angle).

[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
The path can be redirected one or more times to

delay and prolong the sequence of the approach.
An oblique approach enhances the effect of
perspective on a building’s front façade and form. [
CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
Location
The most precious pieces of art and architecture
have been found in the deepest crevices of the Oblique approach [ CITATION aut20
earth, Norbulingka Institute being one, neatly \l 16393 ]
tucked into the folds of the Dhauladhars, in the
local district of Kangra. The high road to
Norbulingka from New Delhi is a scenic byway,
passing through classic landscapes of all times..
[ CITATION wor14 \l 16393 ]
PO Sidhpur Near Dharamshala 176057 Dist.
Kangra, HP India.[ CITATION Lha15 \l 16393 ]
Onsite and Offsite Features

(maps, 2020)
Onsite features:Norbulingka is dedicated to the
preservation of tibet language and cultural
heritage. The institute contains the centre for arts,
the academy of tibetan culture, the literary and
cultural research centre and the library and
publications department.[ CITATION wor14 \l
16393 ]
Doll museum and art
Offsite features: The site of the Norbulingka is workshop
(arya, 2019)
surrounded by leeward scrub vegetation, the
expansive Himalayan River banks, dense deodar
and pine forests, light green corn and paddy fields,
tiny villages nestled along the sinewy slopes, lush
green tea gardens and serene lakes.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Entrance Typology Landscape area (Pasahan, 2016)

Entrance to the structure is through a staircase.
The entrance gateway has a symmetrical balance
and the primary colour blend perfectly with the
stone façade. Combination of many religious
symbols can be seen on the entrance gate which is
Configuration of path
Configuration of path is curvilinear and when a
building is approached at an extreme angle, its
entrance can project beyond its facade to be more
clearly visible.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Path and space relationship

This path-space relationship is used to approach
and enter functionally or symbolically important (Author, 2020)
spaces. [ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
Path-space relationship of the building is pass by
spaces that shows the integrity of each space is
maintained, the configuration of the path is
flexible and mediating spaces can be used to link
the path with the spaces.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Form of circulation space Pass by spaces(Ching, 2007)

Form of circulation space varies with the change
in level by stairs and bridges. (Author, 2020)
The circulation space is open on both sides

forming a passageway that becomes a physical
extension of the space it passes through. Within
the institute the path is random, without form or
defination and is determined by the activities and
arrangement of furnishings within the space.
Open on both sides(Author, 2020)
Proportion and scale

The proportion and scale of the site can be taken
in accordance to visual scale. We assume the scale
as to how we perceive it.
E.g.: through the size and proportion of windows
in building facade, how they are visually related to
one another as well as to spaces between them and
overall dimensions of facade.
The proportion is taken in accordance to
anthropometry (measurements of the size and (Pasahan, 2016)
proportions of human body) and human scale.
merge into a single having variety of faces.
Mass and space relationship
In comparison to the built up mass there is
sufficient open space at the site and no structure
hinder the space of the other. The basic idea to
avoid any disturbance in the natural light and
entrance pathway is fulfilled.[ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]
Zoning
The site is irregular in shape with sufficient open (Pasahan, 2016)
space. Zoning is done such that the path run by the
spaces (guest house, Norbulingka craft centre, doll
museum and administration) leading to the seat of
happiness temple at the end.[ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]
Spatial Organisation
Site has clustered organisation. The spaces are
clustered about a large defined field or volume of
space. This pattern is similar to that of a
centralized organization, but it lacks the latter’s
compactness and geometrical regularity.[ CITATION
(Author, 2020)
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Building Level
Threshold
(Ching, 2007)
Seat of happiness is built on elevated, sunny sites
facing the south. Entrance to the site is through
steps that lead to an open verandah which is
slightly projected. Red painted pillars in shape of
mandalas carved with religioussymbols mark the
entrance waywhich adds to the aesthetic of the
structure. [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Plan Shape and Form (Author, 2020)

Shape refers to the characteristic outline of a plane
figure or the surface configuration of a volumetric
form.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
Plan of the building is culmination of various

shapes which includes squares, rectangle and
circle.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ] It has clustered
form in which shapes interlock their volumes and
(Ching,
2007)
Form type
A form is transformed by the addition of

elementsto its volume. [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
The nature of the additive process and thenumber
and relative sizes of the elements being
attacheddetermine whether the identity of the
initial form isaltered or retained.[ CITATION Fra07 \l
16393 ]
The form is additive in nature, because of the
additional element to the structure and is also (Ching,
centralised.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ] 2007) (Author,
Form is transformed by relating or physically
2020)
attaching one or more subordinate form to its
volume.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Building Geometry
When two forms differing in geometry or
orientation collide and interpenetrate each other’s
boundaries, each will view for visual supremacy
and dominance. In this situationtwo forms retain
(Ching,
their individual identities and share the 2007)
interlocking portion of their volumes.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Zoning and Circulation
Form and space
Circulation
Semi-public spaces
Private spaces
Walls
The building has a clustered form which is
additive in nature. Form depicts that the space
within the building is not more or less. There is
sufficient space. There is no illusion in form and
space. So, the form of the building defines the
space.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Plans and various levels [ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
Ground Floor Plan

The ground plan is based on the proportions of
Avalokitesvara, the thousand-armed god of
compassion, with the temple as the head. The plan
is approached by a foyer marked by red painted
pillars. To the left of the foyer is the washroom
and to its right is the staircase that leads to the
mezzanine floor which further leads to the first
floor through a spiral staircase.2 meters door is
placed centrally. The door leads to a double height
prayer hall. Stupa is placed on a platform of height
1.4 m. doglegged staircase is approached through
a platform.
(sidhu, 2010)
The walls of the structure are 2 brick thick which
completely makes it a load bearing structure. It
also consists of curved walls.[ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]
First Floor Plan

The spiral staircase leads to stair hall which
connects to the prayer hall. The inner corridor of
the first floor is recessed through the prayer area.
The library, prayer area along with the inner
courtyard and the stair hall are interconnected.
The windows of the outer wall of prayer area are
projected and are covered with yellow painted
wooden jaalis.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
(sidhu, 2010)
Second Floor Plan

The second floor is roughly divided into 2 blocks. Daylighting inside Tibetan architecture is
achieved by means of doors, windows, patios, and
First block consists of exhibition room, workshop corridors.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
and office which are accessed through the rear
Types of areas Area (sqm.)
Wall area 65sqm
Floor area 410sqm Shade and Shadow
Circulation 76sqm Chajjas above the windows acts as a shading

device.Huge Celtis tetrandras act as a canopy to
this open space and provides shade to the
staircase.
building. [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Second block consists of the reading area and
terrace.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Wall to floor ratio

Third Floor Plan The wall to floor ratio of a building = external wall area /
The staircases lead to the terraces. internal floor area.
The terraces through steps further leads to a Ground floor plan

[ CITATION
centrally placed room located on the second floor.[ Jas10 \l 16393 ]
CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Wall area 73sqm

Floor area 252sqm
Circulation 70sqm Light Wall floor ratio: 0.15[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
and
ventilation First Floor Plan
A slightly projected row of windows is placed

centrally on the first floor. The windows are
decorated with ladder shaped black framewhich
means "ox horn" and is said to bring good luck to
Types of areas Area (sqm.) people.
Some
Wall area 85sqm say
black Wall floor ratio: 0.28[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Floor area 305sqm absorbs
the
Circulation 153sqm Second floor plan
sunlight, but others say it repels evil spirits.

Wall floor ratio: 0.14[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Third floor plan

Wall area 40sqm
Floor area 245sqm
Circulation 190sqm
Wall floor ratio: 0.16[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]

Window floor ratio Window floor ratio: 0.11[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
The window-to-floor ratio of a building =Total glazing area

/ total floor area
Ground floor plan

Wall area 65sqm
Floor area 410sqm
Window area 19.06sqm
Window floor ratio: 0.13[ CITATION Aut20 \l

16393 ]
First Floor Plan

Wall area 73sqm
Floor area 252sqm
Window area 34.38sqm
Window floor ratio: 0.13[ CITATION Aut20 \l

16393 ]
Second floor plan

Wall area 85sqm
Floor area 305sqm
Window area 32sqm
Window floor ratio: 0.10[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Third floor plan

Wall area 40sqm
Floor area 245sqm
Window area 28sqm

Views
Views seen through the openings become part of
the spatial experience.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
The inner courtyard on the first floor provides an

aesthetically appealing view of the 14 feet tall
Buddha statue.The terraces provide a view of the
lush green spaces that surround the building.
Z-Analysis
Facade Treatment
The façade of the building is symmetrical in
nature which shows its balanced form and makes
it stable and adds to the aesthetics of the façade.
The top-down decoration of the lintel of the

(sidhu, 2010)
entrance gate consists of five layers at a time, such
as lion’s head, beam panel, jump beam, rafters and
so on.
The windows are decorated with ladder shaped

black frame which means "ox horn" and is said to
bring good luck to people.
Crossed pattern iron railing can be seen in the
façade of the building. The façade has exposed
brick parapet with decorative eaves.
The building facade is made in stone.
The blend of primary colors with stone façade
makes it aesthetically pleasing.[ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]
(sidhu, 2010)
Architectural Expression
Transformation
Design is a generative process of analysis and
synthesis, of trial and error, of trying out
possibilities and seizing opportunities.[ CITATION Balance
Fra07 \l 16393 ]
The façade of the building is symmetrical in
Building is designed by addition of block to get nature which shows its balanced form and makes
the design concept which adds to the volume of it stable and adds to the aesthetics of the façade.
the structure.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ] [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
(Author,
2020)
Rhythm The column and capital are made up of three
wooden members, with the column supporting a
Continuity is maintained as there is flow in capital made up of two pieces, of which the first
repetition of windows on the first floor.[ CITATION piece, called the shu-chung, supports the second
Aut20 \l 16393 ] Columns of symbolic themes
and top piece, called the shu-chen.
Emphasis Parapet Details Column at the entrance
Point of emphasis in the building is slightly

projected foyer which is centralized and enhances
the visual weights of the structure.[ CITATION Aut20
\l 16393 ]

brick parapet with decorative eaves.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Cornice Details
Building Heights
Plinth level: 300mm
First floor level: 5300mm
Second floor level: 8800
Third floor level: 10340mm
Fourth floor level: 20900mm Square shaped decorative eave painted in red,
yellow, green and blue highlights the border of
[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ] parapets.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Staircase Details
Details
The ground floor staircase leads to the mezzanine
floor which further leads to the first floor through
Flooring Details a spiral staircase.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Flooring of the structure is in original state at all

the places.The open space surrounding the
building has stone flooringand slate flooring is
used in temple .Flooring conveys character.
Column Details
Red painted pillars carved with religious symbols
mark the entrance waywhich adds to the aesthetic
of the structure.
Paintings
The main temple, Deden Tsuklagkhang, flanked
by thangka frescoes and a two-storey high
applique thangka to its left. Large monastery and
temple thangkas are made with applique instead of
paint. The guidelines for composition, form, and
colour, however, remain the same.
Front view of the applique thangka at the
Institute’s main temple. The composition,
comprising of Buddha and 16 arhats or saints, is a
labour of love by dozens of the Institute’s artists
and took thousands of hours to create.
[ CITATION Ram19 \l 16393 ]
Exposed brick work

with block eaves
detail
The decorative
patterns of
Eaves detail [ CITATION
Tibetan [ CITATION Aut20
Buddhist \l 16393 ]
monastery
Iron railing detail
architecture are
very
rich, mainly
divided into two
categories
Architectural Elements
Tibetan Buddhist monastery architecture is
produced by the combination of religious culture
and architectural art. The general outer door frame
of the gate will have two or three layers of convex
door frame decorated with carved curly grass,
Buddha statues, lotus petals, scriptures etc.
The decorative patterns mainly divided into two

categories
Symbolic theme: Symbolic themes include

animals, plants, utensils, text and geometric
patterns
Character theme: Character theme display the

Buddha and the 16 arhats, 1,173 murals of Buddha,
frescoes of all the Dalai Lamas and drawings
chronicling the life of the 14th Dalai Lama.
In Tibetan Buddhist culture, the specific color has

its specific meaning. The colors such as red thick,
Detail in elevation
golden rich, yellow noble, White pure, blue solemn,
green quiet, black majesty and so on are mainly used
in the building.
In both the Tibetan temple and dwelling, these

framing members are also richly decorated with
carved and painted motifs, giving them a special
status within the iconography of Tibetan
architecture. Use of Japanese pagoda can be seen in
Religious symbols
the building façade which is mostly wooden
structure. [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Structure System
Use of Japanese pagoda can be seen in the Religious symbols [ CITATION
building façade which is mostly wooden structures
which were found to be less vulnerable to
earthquakes.
The structure of traditional Tibetan buildings has

always been stable and firm, by means of
thickening walls and increasing building heights,
in order to improve the ability to resist natural
disasters and ensure safety.
The exterior walls are constructed of rammed

earth, mud block or stone with few openings and
topped by flat roofs,
Japanese Pagoda
The interior structure is made up of a rectilinear
system of wood columns, capitals and beams.
The walls are thicker at the base than the top.

Material of construction
Primary materials used in construction are slates,
wood and stone.
The open space surrounding the building has stone

flooring and slate flooring is used in temple.
Flooring conveys character.
[ CITATION
brick parapet with decorative eaves.
Columns are made of wooden members

Kalachakra Temple Path and space relationship
Approach This path-space relationship is used to approach
and enter functionally or symbolically important
circulation system.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ] spaces. [ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
Path space relationship is pass by spaces. The
Approach to the site is oblique (at an angle). building is centralised and path runs around the
[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ] structure and shows the integrity of each space is
The path can be redirected one or more times to maintained and mediating spaces can be used to
delay and prolong the sequence of the link the path with the spaces.[ CITATION Aut20 \l
zapproach.An oblique approach enhance the effect 16393 ]
of perspective on a building’s front façade and
form.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ] Form of circulation space
Location The circulation space is open on one side forming
gallery that provides visual and spatial continuity
At a distance of 3 km from Dharamshala and 6 km
with the spaces it links.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
from McLeod Ganj, Namgyalma Stupa is an old
Buddhist structure situated at Uparli Barol. Passing through the gallery one can spin the
Namgyalam stupa is located inside the Thekchen prayer wheel a religious Tibet symbol which has a
Chöling temple complex on the west side of the special connection with Dalai Lama.[ CITATION
Tsuglagkhang Temple.[ CITATION Lha15 \l 16393 ] Aut20 \l 16393 ]

Onsite and Offsite Features The proportion and scale of the site can be taken
in accordance to visual scale. The stupa is built at
Namgyalam stupa is part of the Thekchen Chöling large scale thus the building enclosing it has a
temple complex. The offsite features include the
larger scale than the Tsuglagkhang Temple.
main McLeod Ganj square and the Dalai Lama’s
monastery.[ CITATION Lha15 \l 16393 ] The proportion of the gateway of structure is taken
in accordance to anthropometry (measurements of
the size and proportions of human body) and
human scale.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Entrance Typology
Entrance to the structure is through steps at the
four corners. Main entrance to the temple is from Mass and Space
south-east and is slightly projected. The entrance
gateway is painted in red colour and two pillars While considering the whole structure the space
supporting the entrance have thangka artwork on surrounding it is a small gallery and the mass
it and upper portion of the entrance has religious enclosing the stupa is in accordance to the space
Tibetan chants inscribed on it.[ CITATION Aut20 \l in which the stupa is built. [ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ] 16393 ]
Configuration of path Spatial Organisation
The site has a linear path that is axially segmented The site has centralised organisation as the path
or branched. Path runs at both the front and back runs at both front and back of the site. The
of the building. The road to the Dalai Lama’s Tsuglagkhang Temple and the stupa are linearly
monastery is at the front and to the main McLeod placed which are alike in form and function but
Ganj square is at back.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ] differ in size. Each space along the sequence has
an exterior exposure.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Building Level
Threshold
The building is accessed by steps. At the entrance
there are two snow lions on each side. It is a
celestial animal of Tibet. It symbolizes
fearlessness and unconditional cheerfulness .In
Buddhism the snow lion is the protector of
Buddha.
The foyer lead to the door of Tsuglagkhang

Temple and the gallery of the stupa to the right is
accessed by a step. [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Plan Shape and Form

Plan of the building is culmination of two

rectangles which interlock their volumes and
merge into a single form that serves the same
function.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Form type
The form is transformed by the addition of

elements to its volume. [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
The nature of the additive process and the number
and relative sizes of the elements being attached
determine whether the identity of the initial form
is altered or retained.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
additional cuboid to the structure.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Building Geometry
Two cuboids join to form a building block and
they differ in size of the geometry and have a
common boundary each will view for visual
supremacy and dominance. Thus, two forms retain
their individual identity.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Zoning and circulation
Plans and various levels
Ground Floor Plan

Entrance to the structure is through steps at four
corners. The temple and the stupa have different
entries. Plan of the building is culmination of two
rectangles. Plan consists of a chorten, temple,
kitchen and store the area of the Tsuglagkhang
Temple is 24sqm and the stupa is 115sqm. Passing
through the gallery one can spin the prayer wheel
a religious Tibet symbol which has a special
connection with Dalai Lama. The temple has a
prayer wheel of dia 570 mm located at the centre.
The staircase is located near the chorten.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
First Floor Plan

The first floor is open and double height from the
centre and is provided with the galleries to have
the view of stupa. A cantilevered gallery runs
along the front façade of the structure which
provides a cover to the gallery beneath it.
Second Floor Plan
The second floor is open from the centre and is
provided with the galleries to have the view of
stupa. The terrace is present on both the sides out
of which one terrace has the staircase. There are
chorten present at every corner of the terrace.
Third floor plan

The terrace is present on both the sides and
chortens are present at every corner of the terrace.
The shrine (the pedestal on which lord Buddha is
seated) is centrally placed.
Light and ventilation

Passing through the gallery one can spin the
prayer wheel a religious Tibet symbol therefore;
there are no windows on the ground floor. The
light and wind passes through the gaps between
the payer wheels. The windows of the triple height
lobby provide a passage to the natural light to fall
directly on the stupa. The window is located on
the rear wall of the temple. [ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]
Shade and Shadow

The roof of the entrance and the gallery of the first
floor provide shade to the ground floor . Large
overhangs of pagoda on upper floors acts as a
shading device. The gallery of the first floor is
projected which provides shade to the ground
floor.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Wall to floor ratio

Wall to floor ratio of a building = external wall area /
internal floor area.
Ground floor plan
Wall area 44sqm
Floor area 202sqm

Wall floor ratio: 0.21 [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
First Floor Plan
Wall area 15sqm

Floor area 145sqm
Second floor plan

Wall area 10sqm

Floor area 125sqm
Third floor plan

Wall area 6sqm

Floor area 70sqm
Window floor ratio

The window-to-floor ratio of a building =Total glazing area
/ total floor area
First floor plan
Wall area 15sqm
Floor area 145sqm
Window area 2.1sqm
Window floor ratio: 0.06 [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393

]
Second floor plan by its vertical tiers of cornices and curved roof &
eave lines.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Wall area 10sqm
Floor area 125sqm
Window area 3.3sqm
Window floor ratio: 0.02 [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393

]
Third floor plan
Wall area 6sqm
Floor area 70sqm
Window area 1.3sqm
Window floor ratio: 0.018 [ CITATION Aut20 \l

16393 ]
Z-Analysis
Facade Treatment
The entrance gateway is painted in red colour and
two pillars supporting the entrance have thangka
artwork on it.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Railing at ground floor has flower and leaves and

first floor railing has shell painted conch pattern
which are symbol of Buddhism.[ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]
The base colour of the elevation is red and use of

primary colours can be widely seen and golden
and white colour adds to the aesthetics of the
façade.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
With the increase in height there is a decrease in

the surface area of upper floor plans.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Columnar treatment of the temple is an exquisite
example of the fineness and nimble skill of the
Buddhist monks. [ CITATION Swa10 \l 16393 ]
The pagoda seen in the facade is essentially the

skyscraper version of a stupa. It is distinguished
The roofs of Japanese pagodas tend to be more Tsuglagkhang Temple is 3292mm. [ CITATION
exaggerated and elongated making the towers Aut20 \l 16393 ]
seem more horizontal than vertical.[ CITATION
Mar18 \l 16393 ]
Architectural Expression
Transformation
Design is a generative process of analysis and
synthesis, of trial and error, of trying out
possibilities and seizing opportunities.[ CITATION
Fra07 \l 16393 ]Building is designed by addition of
block to get the design concept which adds to the
volume of the structure.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Balance
The façade of the Namgyalam stupa is
symmetrical in nature which shows its balanced
form and makes it stable and adds to the aesthetics
of the façade.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Rhythm
Continuity is maintained as there is flow in
repetition of prayer wheels on ground floor.
Repetition
There is repetition of chortens and thangka
painted columns on the front façade.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Emphasis
The key focus of the temple is the Japanese
pagoda with large overhangs which decreases in
size with increase in height.
Building Heights
The stupa is built at large scale thus the building
enclosing it has a larger scale than the
Tsuglagkhang Temple. The plinth level of the
structure is at 300mm, ground floor is at 2715mm,
first floor is at 3591mm, second floor is at
3133mm and total height of the Namgyalam stupa
is 15747 mm. The height of the central chorten of
the structure is 6600 mm. The height of the
Details
Flooring Details
Flooring of the structure is in original state at all
the places. The step at the entrance and the inner
flooring of the structure is of marble but gallery at
the ground floor has terrazzo flooring.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Column Details
Columnar treatment of the temple is an exquisite
example of the fineness and nimble skill of the
Buddhist monks.
The extrusions and embossed detailing on the

columns is done through brick ballast and plaster
of Paris.
The entablature on the columns is different on

every floor. Whether it be the inside or outside of
the floor.
One common element that is common in all the

columnar treatment is that a religious aspect is
given to these pillars by inculcating all the
religious symbols in one column. [ CITATION Swa10
\l 16393 ]
The religious symbols namely being the:
Lotus flower
Conch shell
Wheel of dharma
Parasol
Golden fish (pair)
Victory banners, and
Treasure vase[ CITATION ins20 \l 16393 ]
Actual thickness of R.C.C column is 330mm

approximately. Overall thickness of R.C.C column
including the extrusions on the capital part 370-
400mm. In section the carvings are of 50-75mm
thick at the most.[ CITATION Swa10 \l 16393 ]
Parapet Details
A symmetric iron railing pattern run along the
periphery of the ground floor and is painted in red
and green colour. The pattern of the flower and
leaves can be seen which is symbol Buddhism.
First floor railing conch shell pattern painted in
white.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Cornice Details
Use of Japanese pagoda can be seen in elevation.
The pagoda is essentially the skyscraper version
of a stupa. It is distinguished by its vertical tiers of
cornices and curved roof & eave lines.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Paintings
With mesmerizing interior decorations, the temple
features a contemporary Tibetan Buddhist mural
on cotton applique, which depicts 722 deities and
the central Kalachakra image. All of the temple's
columns and walls are painted with Tibetan
"thangka" symbols.[ CITATION ins20 \l 16393 ]
The temple has a statue of Shakayamuni Buddha,

which is surrounded by stunning fresco
decorations of seven hundred and seventy two
deities of the mandala, and there is also a central
Kalachakra image. [ CITATION ins20 \l 16393 ]
Architectural Elements
Tibetan Buddhist monastery architecture is
produced by the combination of religious culture
and architectural art.
Main shrine: The pedestal on which lord Buddha

is seated is a combination of a lot of religious
symbols. Such as:
Victory banner- The victory banner is embossed

into the pedestal, like at the corners of the roof
and balconies of monastery. The victory banner
was adopted by early Buddhism as an emblem of
the Buddha’s enlightenment, heralding the
triumph of knowledge over ignorance.
Wheel of Dharma- The wheel’s motion is a

metaphor for the rapid spiritual change by the
teachings of Buddha. [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Lotus- Lord Buddha’s statue is placed on top of
the lotus because due to strength of the stem it
rises eight to twelve inches above the surface.
The snow lion- It is a celestial animal of Tibet. It

symbolizes fearlessness and unconditional
cheerfulness .In Buddhism the snow lion is the
protector of Buddha and in paintings and sculpture
is seen holding Buddha’s throne.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Chorten or stupa on the ground floor:
The chorten is segmented into 13 tapering rings, a

parsol and a twin symbol of the sun and moon.
The rings represent fire and the thirteen steps of
enlightenment. The parasol represents wind,
wards off evil. At the top of the steeple is the twin
symbol of the sun and the moon, which represents
wisdom and method respectively .A flaming jewel
on the top is the symbol of highest enlightenment.
Columns on the façade: In the entablature number

of Tibet symbols can be seen.
Lotus- Lotus is placed in the centre of the

entablature. Lotus signifies the progress of the
soul from the primeval mud of materialism,
through the waters of experience and into the
bright sunshine of enlightenment. [ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Golden pair of fishes- Two fishes usually appears

standing vertically with head inwards towards
each other are placed on top of lotus. The fishes
are originated as a ancient Buddhist symbol of two
sacred rivers of India, Ganga and Yamuna.
The capital part of the column is combination of

two or more religious symbols.
There is a lotus in cuboidal shape surrounding the

column and there are conch shells on each face- 2
big and 2 small. The conch is used in Buddhism to
call together religious assemblies.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
A Pagoda is a pyramidal tower (multi-storied

tower-like structure) with an upward curving roof
which is built in traditions originating as stupa
near Viharas to honour Gautam Buddha.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
They have a decorated finial at the top of the
structure. The finial is designed in such a way as
to have symbolic meaning within Buddhism; for
Example, it may include designs representing a
lotus.[ CITATION Mar18 \l 16393 ]
Structure System
Many pagodas have a decorated finial at the top of
the structure.The finial functions as a lightning
rod, and thus help to both attract lightning and
protect the pagoda from lightning damage. Early
pagodas were constructed out of wood, but
steadily progressed to sturdier materials, which
helped protect against fires and rot.
The pagoda is essentially the skyscraper version

of a stupa. It is distinguished by its vertical tiers of
cornices and curved roof & eave lines.[ CITATION
Mar18 \l 16393 ]

of Paris. [ CITATION Swa10 \l 16393 ]
The plan clearly shows that the building is a load

bearing structure as all the load is equally
transferred to the columns. Actual thickness of
R.C.C column is 330mm approximately. Overall
thickness of R.C.C column including the
extrusions on the capital part 370-400mm. In
section the carvings are of 50-75mm thick at the
most.[ CITATION Swa10 \l 16393 ]
Materials of Construction
The step at the entrance and the inner flooring of
the structure is of marble but gallery at the ground
floor has terrazzo flooring.[ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]

of Paris. [ CITATION Swa10 \l 16393 ]
Pagoda is a hollow structure made of stone, brick

and wood. A symmetric iron pattern can be seen
on the railing. The construction of the structure is
done in brick wall.
Stupa is built of earth material covered with stone

and brick.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Gaiety Theatre, Shimla
Approach
circulation system.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
Approach to the site is oblique (at an angle).

The path can be redirected one or more times to

delay and prolong the sequence of the
approach.An oblique approach enhance the effect
of perspective on a building’s front façade and
Location
Gaiety Theatre Shimla is a significant tourist
hotspot of Shimla.
It is a prominent landmark of the city of Shimla
which is located between The Mall Road and the
Ridge. It is the hub of cultural events of the state.
Onsite and Offsite Features

The gaiety theatre shimla is built on a contoured
site. Area at the back of the site has an open air
theatre which can accommodate around 100
people.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
The structure surrounding the gaiety heritage

cultural complex include the town hall complex,
Daulat Singh park and Jawali Devi temple. The
mall runs along the front façade whereas the ridge
is runs along the back.[ CITATION Lha15 \l 16393 ]
Entrance Typology
Entrance to the building is recessed which
involves the act of penetrating a vertical plane that
distinguishes one space from another.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
A recessed entrance provides shelter and receives

a portion of exterior space.[ CITATION Fra07 \l
16393 ]
Configuration of path
The site has a linear path that is axially segmented
or branched.
A straight path, however, can be the primary

organizing element for a series of spaces. In
addition, it can be curvilinear or segmented,
intersect other paths, have branches, or form a
loop. [ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
Path and space relationship

The path-space relationship is used to approach
and enter functionally or symbolically important
spaces. [ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
The path running inside the building is Pass
through Spaces as the path passes though a space
axially, obliquely, or along its edge and cutting
through a space, the path creates patterns of rest
and movement within it.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Form of circulation space

Form of circulation space is enclosed that forms a
private corridor that relates to the spaces it links
though entrances in a wall plane.
A narrow, enclosed path naturally encourages

forward motion. To accommodate more traffic as
well as to create spaces for pausing, resting, or
viewing, sections of a path can be widened.
[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
The path can also be enlarged by merging with the

spaces it passes through.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]

Proportion and scale in architecture is to create
forms that are functional and pleasing to the eye.
It is used to create balance between the structures.

As the building is built on the contoured site so,
when sited at different heights it has different
impacts on the hillside due to varying height.
Thus, façade of the building on mall road side is
visually taller than the facade along the ridge.
Mass and Space
Initially the gaiety theatre was part of the town
hall complex but the two masses are separated
through a space in between that is a stairway and
it connects the mall road and the ridge. Area at the
back of the site has an open air theatre which can
accommodate around 150 people.
Zoning
Being the hub of Shimla’s social and cultural life
Gaiety Theatre is sited on a busy street of Shimla
that is mall road .Town hall complex is built
adjacent to it and there is a museum which is part
of the theatre. Area at the back of the structure has
an open air theatre.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Spatial Organisation
The building has a linear organisation.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
A linear organization consists essentially of a

series of spaces. These spaces can either be
directly related to one another or be linked
through a separate and distinct linear space.
Building Level
Threshold
The building has two entrances one for theatre
complex and other for city museum. Entrance to
the theatre is marked by gothic archway which is
accessed through steps. Entrance to the city
museum is through gothic arcade (three arches
supported on piers and columns). The central arch
has the larger span.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Plan Shape and Form

The basic shape of the plan is rectangular. Form
is built as a result of irregular composition of
regular forms in which shapes interlock their
volumes and merge into a single form having
variety of faces. (Author, 2020)
Form Type
A form is transformed by the addition of elements
to its volume. [ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
The nature of the additive process and the number
and relative sizes of the elements being attached
determine whether the identity of the initial form
is altered or retained.[ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]
additional element to the structure.[ CITATION
Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Building Geometry
When multiple forms differing in geometry collide
and interpenetrate boundary of the principle form,
they will add up to the volume of the form.
Zoning and circulation

Form and space
The form and enclosure of each space in a
building either determines, or is determined by,
the form of the spaces around it.[ CITATION Fra07 \l
16393 ]
The auditorium in the building has specific

functional and technical requirements, and
requires specific forms that will affect the forms
of the spaces around them.[ CITATION Aut20 \l
16393 ]
Plans and various levels
Ground Floor Plan

The ground floor has a reception, an admin office
and a ticket booking counter.
The ground floor houses the Old Theatre Hall

which has seating capacity of 320 people. It is
equipped with stage lights as well as the unique
and traditional curtain system that used sand bags
and pulleys.
This floor also has the Tavern Hall that hosts

exhibitions on art, photography and sculpture.
First Floor Plan
The first floor houses an art gallery managed by
the Lalit kala academy, New Delhi, exhibiting
contemporary as well as traditional works of art,
and a conference hall. It also has a small book
library.
The steps on the first floor lead to the ridge which

connects at the back side of the building as
building is built on a contoured site.
Second Floor Plan

The second floor has a multi-purpose hall
equipped with the state of art equipment for
lighting, sound and projection with a seating
capacity of 450 people which leads to a verandah.
It also has a small open air theatre for enacting

street plays with the seating arrangement for 100
people.
Light and ventilation

The building is planned such that the areas that
require light are placed towards the exposed
facades of the building and have large Victorian
style glass windows. As the auditorium requires
minimum light thus, retaining walls are built at the
back and side walls of it. There are large gothic
style windows on all the facades of first floor
which provides cross ventilation inside the
building.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Shade and Shadow

Five identical dormer roofs are seen on the front
façade which provide shade to the entrance. The
canopy at the first floor acts as a shading device to
the ground floor. Projected roof at the second
floor acts as a shading device for the lower floors.[
CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Wall to floor ratio
Wall to floor ratio of a building = external wall area /
internal floor area.
Ground floor plan

Views
As the building is built on the contoured site so,
when sited at different heights it has different
impacts on the hillside due to varying height.
Thus, façade of the building on mall road side is
visually taller than the facade along the ridge.
From upper floors of the theatre there is scenic
view of valley. From oat one can have the view of
Mall road.[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]
Z-Analysis
Facade Treatment
This restored Gothic intimate theatre adorned with
beautiful papier Mache panels is reminiscent of
the old colonial era.

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Norbulingka Institute hand crafted and hand painted.

Approach to the site is oblique (at an angle).

The path can be redirected one or more times to

Onsite and Offsite Features

Entrance Typology Landscape area (Pasahan, 2016)

Path and space relationship

Form of circulation space Pass by spaces(Ching, 2007)

The circulation space is open on both sides

Proportion and scale

Plan Shape and Form (Author, 2020)

Plan of the building is culmination of various

A form is transformed by the addition of

Plans and various levels [ CITATION Fra07 \l 16393 ]

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

Wall area 65sqm

Floor area 410sqm Shade and Shadow

Circulation 76sqm Chajjas above the windows acts as a shading

Wall to floor ratio

The terraces through steps further leads to a Ground floor plan

Types of areas Area (sqm.)

Wall area 73sqm

A slightly projected row of windows is placed

sunlight, but others say it repels evil spirits.

Third floor plan

Wall area 40sqm

Floor area 245sqm

Wall floor ratio: 0.16[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]

The window-to-floor ratio of a building =Total glazing area

Ground floor plan

Wall area 65sqm

Floor area 410sqm

Window area 19.06sqm

Window floor ratio: 0.13[ CITATION Aut20 \l

First Floor Plan

Wall area 73sqm

Floor area 252sqm

Window area 34.38sqm

Window floor ratio: 0.13[ CITATION Aut20 \l

Second floor plan

Wall area 85sqm

Floor area 305sqm

Window area 32sqm

Window floor ratio: 0.10[ CITATION Aut20 \l 16393 ]

Third floor plan

Wall area 40sqm

Floor area 245sqm

Window area 28sqm

The inner courtyard on the first floor provides an

The top-down decoration of the lintel of the

The windows are decorated with ladder shaped

Emphasis Parapet Details Column at the entrance

Point of emphasis in the building is slightly

Crossed pattern iron railing can be seen in the

Flooring of the structure is in original state at all

Exposed brick work

Tibetan [ CITATION Aut20

The decorative patterns mainly divided into two

Symbolic theme: Symbolic themes include

Character theme: Character theme display the

In Tibetan Buddhist culture, the specific color has

In both the Tibetan temple and dwelling, these

The structure of traditional Tibetan buildings has