Module Business Mathematics

WEEK 1: FUNDAMENTAL OPERATONS ON FRACTIONS
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OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the week:
1. Define fractions
2. Adding fractions
3. Subtracting fractions
4. Multiplying and dividing fractions
DURATION: 2hrs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Evaluate fractions
2. Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on fractions
AREA OF COMPETENCY: CRITICAL THINKING
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________
https://www.mathsisfun.com/fractions
MATERIALS NEEDED/TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

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1. Pen and scratch paper for computation
Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas
Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

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Page Number 1
INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1
Fraction= part of a whole
Numerator / Denominator
 We call the top number the Numerator, it is the number of parts we have.
 We call the bottom number the Denominator, it is the number of parts the
whole is divided into.
numerator
denominator
What are the Fundamental Operations on Fractions?

 Addition  Multiplication
 Subtraction  Division
Adding Fractions
A fraction like ¾ says we have 3 out of the 4
parts the whole is divided into.
To add fractions there are Three Simple Steps:

Step 1: Make sure the bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same
Step 2: Add the top numbers (the numerators), put that answer over the denominator
Step 3: Simplify the fraction (if needed)
Example:
1 1 1+1 2 1
+ = = ∨ the answer is ½ since this is the simplified form of 2/4.
4 4 4 4 2

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Page Number 2
What if the denominators are different?
We need to make them the same before we can continue, because

we can't add them like that.
The number "6" is twice as big as "3", so to make the bottom numbers the
same we can multiply the top and bottom of the first fraction by 2, like this:
*Important: you multiply both top and bottom by the same amount,

to keep the value of the fraction the same
Now the fractions have the same bottom

number ("6"), and our question looks like this:
The denominator numbers are now the same,

so we can go to step 2.
Add the top numbers and put them over the
same denominator:
2 1 2+1 3
+ = =
6 6 6 6
Simplify the fraction so we will get 3/6 which is
equal to ½
Subtracting Fractions
There are 3 simple steps to subtract fractions
 Step 1. Make sure the bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same
 Step 2. Subtract the top numbers (the numerators). Put the answer over the
same denominator.
 Step 3. Simplify the fraction (if needed).
Example

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Page Number 3
3 1
−
4 4
Subtract the top numbers (3-1=2), since the denominator is the same, just copy it.
3 1 3−1 2
− = =
4 4 4 4
1
Simplify the fraction, you will get .
2
*If the denominators are not the same. Think of a number that if you will multiply it to the
given (numerator and denominator) it arrive with the same denominator as the other given.
A Rhyme to Help You Remember

♫ "If adding or subtracting is your aim,
The bottom numbers must be the same!
♫ "Change the bottom using multiply or divide,
But the same to the top must be applied,
♫ "And don't forget to simplify,
Before its time to say good bye"
Multiplying Fractions
“Multiply the tops (numerators), multiply the denominators. Simplify if needed”
Example
1 2
x
2 5
1 2
Step 1. Multiply the numerators x =1 x 2=2( new numerator )
2 5
1 2
Step 2. Multiply the denominators x =2 x 5=10 ( new denominator )
2 5
2 1
Step 3. Simplify (if needed) =
10 5
Dividing fractions
Turn the second fraction upside down, hen multiply
Example
1 1
÷
2 6
Step 1. Turn the second fraction upside down (it becomes a reciprocal):
1 6
becomes
6 1
Step 2. Multiply the fraction by that reciprocal:
(Multiply the tops…)
1 6 1x6 6
x = =
2 1 2 x1 2
(multiply the bottoms…)
Step 3. Simplify the fraction:

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Page Number 4
6
=3
2
Convert Fractions into decimals.
 The best way to convert fraction into decimal is by using a calculator. Divide
the numerator by the denominator.
 Another way is using a long division method
Example
5
You wish to determine the decimal form of ,
8
Calculator: 5÷8= 0.625
Long Division method
In that case we inserted extra zeroes and did 5.000 to get 0.625
8

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Page Number 5
SELF CHECK NO. 1
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
Track/Strand:____________________________ Score:_____/10
Direction: Answer the following. Write the letter of the correct answer in the space
provided in the right hand side of the paper.
1 1 1. ____
1. What is ÷ ?
12 4
1 1 c) 3 d) 48
a) b)
48 3
7 2 2. ____
2. What is ÷ ?
12 3
7 4 1 7
a) b) 2 c) 1 d)
18 7 7 8
5 4 3. ____
3. What is x ?
8 5
a) 1 b) ½ c) 1/3 d) 1/4
2 4 4. ____
4. What is x ?
7 3
8 2 4 4
a) b) c) d)
21 3 21 7
2 5. ____
∧3
5. Add 7 ?
7
1 6 5 5
a) b) c) d)
7 49 14 7
1 6. ____
∧3
6. Add 4 ?
8
5 4 1 5
a) b) c) d)
8 12 3 16
5 1 7. ____
7. What is − ?
12 12
a) 4 1 5 1
b) c) d)
12 6 3
7 3 8. ____
8. What is − ?
12 8
a) 1 b) 7/9 c) 23/24 d) 5/24
9. Convert 3/5 to a decimal 9. ____
a) 0.3 b) 0.4
c) 0.5 d) 0.6
10. What is the value of 0.75 in fraction? 10.____
1 3
a) b)
4 4
1 d) 2/3
c)
2

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Page Number 6
JOBSHEET NO. 1
Name:________________________________ Date:_____________
Track/Strand:__________________________ Score:____________
Answer the following.
16. Mr. Llagas has a class with 20 students. He is buying pizza for his class. He will
have a total of 30 slices of pizza because each large pizza has 10 slices and he
ordered 3. How many will each student get in a fraction form? Explain. (10 points).

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Page Number 7
WEEK 2: Conversion: Fraction to Decimal to Percent and V.V.
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OBJECTIVES:
1. Convert fraction into decimal into percent and vice versa
DURATION: 2hrs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Use the conversion to deal in real life problems/situations.
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________
https://www.mathsisfun.com/fractions

_________________________________________________________________

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Page Number 8
FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGE
Fractions, decimals, and percentages are just different ways of showing the same value.
Here are the table of commonly used values shown in percent, decimal, and fraction form:
PERCENT DECIMAL FRACTION
1% 0.01 1/100
5% 0.05 1/20
10% 0.1 1/10
12 ½% 0.125 1/8
20% 0.2 1/5
25% 0.25 ¼
1 0.333… 1/3
33 %
3
50% 0.5 ½
75% 0.75 ¾
80% 0.8 4/5
90% 0.9 9/10
100% 1 1
125% 1.25 5/4
150% 1.5 3/2
CONVERSIONS
FRACTIONS PERCENTAGE DECIMAL

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Page Number 9
From Percent to Decimal
To convert from percent to decimal: divide by 100, and remove the "%" sign.
The easiest way to divide by 100 is to move the decimal point 2 places to the left:
From Percent To Decimal
75% 0.75 move the decimal point 2 places to the left, and
remove the “%” sign
From Decimal to Percent

To convert from decimal to percent: multiply by 100, and add a "%" sign.
The easiest way to multiply by 100 is to move the decimal point 2 places to the right:
From Decimal To Percent
0.125 12.5% move the decimal point 2 places to the right and add
the “%” sign.
From Decimal to Fraction

To convert a decimal to a fraction needs a little more work.
From Fraction to Percentage

The easiest way to convert a fraction to a percentage is to divide the top number by
the bottom number. Then, multiply the result by 100, and add the "%" sign.
Example: Convert 3/8 to a percentage

First divide 3 by 8 : 3 ÷ 8=0.375
Then multiply by 100: 0.375 x 100=27.5
Add the “%” sign: 37.5 %
3
Answer: =37.5 %
8

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Page Number 10
From Percentage to Fraction
To convert a percentage to a fraction, first convert to a decimal (divide by 100), then
use the steps for converting decimal to fractions (like above).

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Page Number 11
SELF CHECK NO. 2
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
1. What percent of this grid is shaded?
Ans. ___________
2. Write 0.645 as a percent and as a simplified fraction. Ans. _________
3. Write 4/5 as a decimal and as a percent. Ans. __________
4. Write 4.12 as a percent and as a simplified fraction. Ans. __________
5. What is the 70% of 23? Ans. __________
6. TRUE or FALSE: 0.70 23 16.1 Ans. __________
7. Express this figure in fraction form.
Ans. __________
8. Convert 0.66… in fraction form. Ans. __________
9. Convert 5/6 into decimal. Ans. _________
10. Express 250% in decimal form. Ans. ____

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Page Number 12
JOBSHEET NO. 2
Name:________________________________ Date:_____________
1 2 1
1. In Tom’s garden, of the garden is used for potatoes, are used for beans, and is
5 15 3
used for strawberries. How much of the garden is left to grow other plants?
3
2. A. Jim gave his DVDs away to 3 of his friends. Archie received of them, and Bert
7
2
received of them. Charlie received the rest. What fraction of the games did Charlie
9
receive?
B. How many games could Jim have had altogether?
C. Is this the only number Jim could have had?
1 1
3. Farmer Joe has 14 acres to sell to property developers. “Build more homes” buy 6
2 4
3
acres and “Bricks R Us” buy 4 acres. How much land does Farmer Joe have left to sell?
5
3 3 1
4. Bob ate of ham and pineapple pizza, of pepperoni, and of four cheese pizza. How
5 8 4
much pizza in total is left over?
1 2
5. Julie spends 2 hours on her homework each night Monday to Friday. Derrick spends 1
3 3
hours on his homework every night of the week. Who spends longer on their homework?
3
6. A machine takes 2 minutes to make a microchip. How long will it take to produce 20
5
microchips?
2 1
7. Calculate the area of a rectangle of length 4 cm and width 2 cm.
5 4
1 1
8. A different rectangle has an area of 25 cm2. If the width is 4 cm, calculate the length.
2 2
2 1
9. A box is 6 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 2 cm high. Calculate the volume of the box.
3 2

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Page Number 13
WEEK 3: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS
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OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine the ratio and proportions
DURATION: 2hrs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Use ratio and proportion to deal in real life scenarios.
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________
https://www.mathsisfun.com/fratios
https://www.mathsisfun.com/proportions

_________________________________________________________________

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Page Number 14
Ratio
A ratio compares values.
A ratio says how much of one thing there is compared to
another thing.
There are 3 blue squares to 1 yellow square
Ratios can be shown in different ways:
Use the ":" to separate the values: 3:1
Or we can use the word "to": 3 to 1
3
Or in a fraction
1
A ratio can be scaled up:
Here the ratio is also 3 blue squares to 1 yellow square, even though
there are more squares.
Using Ratios
The trick with ratios is to always multiply or divide the numbers by the same value.
Example:
4 : 5 is the same as 4 x 2 : 5 x 2 = 8: 10
Proportions
Proportion says that two ratios (or fractions) are equal.
Example:
So 1-out-of-3 is equal to 2-out-of-6

The ratios are the same, so they are proportion.
Sizes
When shapes are "in proportion" their relative sizes are the
same
Here we see that the ratios of head length to body length are
the same in both drawings.
So they are proportional.
Making the head too long or short would look bad!
Working with Proportions:

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Page Number 15
Example: You want to draw the dog’s head … how long should it be?
Let us write the proportion with the help of the 10/20 ratio
from above:
? 10
=
42 20
Now we solve it using a special method:
“Multiply across the known corners,

Then dividw by the third number”
And we get
( 42 x 10 )
?=
20
420
?=
20
?=21, so you should draw the head 21 long.

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Page Number 16
SELF CHECK NO. 3
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
1. In the given diagram, what is Ans. _____

the ratio of orange squares to
white squares? 6. What fraction of the squares are
red?
Ans. _____
Ans. _____
2. I the given diagram, what is the
ratio of green balls to red balls?
7. What is the ratio of yellow triangles
to all triangles?
Ans. _____
Ans. _____
3. A class of 32 students has 12
girls. What is the ratio of girls to 8. The ratio of black cars to colored
boys? cars in the car park is 3:7. What
Ans. _____ fraction of the cars in the car park
are black?
4. Jim can run a mile in 5 minutes Ans. _____
and 50 seconds. John can run a
mile in 6 minutes and 40 9. A coin is tossed several times
and the ratio of heads to tails is
seconds. What is the ratio of
24 : 26. What fraction of the
Jim’s time to John’s time? tosses are tails?
Ans. _____ Ans. _____
5. The distance between two 10. The two glasses are in

towns on a map is 5cm. if the proportion. What is the width of
real distance between two
towns is 25km, what is the scale
of the map?

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Page Number 17
the larger glass? Ans. _____
JOBSHEET NO. 3
Name:________________________________ Date:_____________
_____1. The ratio of boys to girls in a class room is 7 to 11. If there are a total of 49
boys in the classroom, then how many boys and girls are there altogether?
_____2. The ratio of marbles to stones in a large pot is 6 to 7. If there are 42

marbles, then how many stones are there?
_____3. The ratio of coins to notes in a bag is 3 to 8. If there are total of 24 coins,
then how many notes are there?
_____4. The ratio of black bags to blue bags is 5 to 3. If there are a total of 10 black
bags, then how many blue bags are there?
_____5. The ratio of trucks to cars is 7 to 8. If there are a total of 21 trucks, how
many cars are there?
_____6. Preston drove to his new college and then back home. Round trip he
traveled 212 miles. Preston drives a Honda Civic and gets 35 miles for every gallon
of gas. If Preston needs to make 12 round trips a year how much will it cost him in
gas? Assuming the price of gas stays at P.36.00 a gallon.
_____7. Oscar loves cheese burgers. He enters a 24 hour cheese burger eating
contest. During the contest Oscar eats a cheese burger every 15 minutes. How
many cheese burgers will he eat during the entire contest?
_____8. In the Philippines the risk of a child developing cancer is approximately 3 in

1,500. If there are approximately 11,721,722 children in Australia, how many have
cancer? Round your answer down.
_____9. Mark leads the baseball league with a batting average of .420. He struck out
1 time for every 5 hits he got. If went to bat 500 times. How many times did he strike
out?
_____10. A dentist sees a patient every 20 minutes? He works an average 60 hours

per week. How many patients does he see in a year? He takes 3 weeks of vacation.
Round your answer down.

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Page Number 18
WEEK 4: PROPERTIES OF PROPORTIONS
_________________________________________________________________
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine the ratio and proportions
DURATION: 2hrs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Use ratio and proportion to deal in real life scenarios.
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________
https://www.mathsisfun.com/fratios
https://www.mathsisfun.com/proportions

_________________________________________________________________

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Page Number 19
PROPERTIES OF PROPORTIONS
Property 1 (Means‐Extremes Property, or Cross‐Products Property):

If a/b = c/d, then ad =bc. Conversely, if ad = bc ≠ 0, then and ..
8/10 =4/5 is a proportion

Property 1 states
(8)(5)=(10)(4)
40 = 40
Example 1: Find a if a/12=3/4
By property 1:
(a)(4)=(12)(3)
4a=36
a= 36/4
a=9
Example 2: is 3:4 = 7:8 a proportion?

No. if this were a proportion, Property 1 would produce
(3)(8)=(4)(7)
24=28, which is not true.
Property 2 (Means or Extremes Switching Property): If a/b =c/d and is proportion,
then both d/b=c/a and a/c=b/d are proportions.
Example 3. 8/10=4/5 is a proportion. Property2 says that if you were to switch the 8
and 5 or switch the 4 and 10, then the new statement is still a proportion.
If 8/10=4/5, then 5/10=4/8, or if 8/10=4/5, then 8/4=10/5.
Example 4. If x/5=y/4, find the ratio of x/y.

x/5=y/4
use the switching property of proportions and switch the means positions, the 5 and
the y
x/y=5/4
Property3 (Upside-down property): If a/b=c/d, then b/a=d/c
Example 5. If 9 a=5b ≠0, find the ratio of a/b

First, apply the converse of the cross products property and obtain the following:

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Page Number 20
b
∧9
9 a 5
= =
5 b a
Next, proceed in one of the following two ways.
 Apply property 3 to 9/5=b/a
 Turn each side upside down
 5/9=a/b, or a/b=5/9
 Apply property 2 to 9/b=5/a
 Switch the 9 and the a.
 a/b=5/9
Property4 (Denominator Adiition/ Subtraction Property): If a/b =c/d, then

(a+b)/b=(c+d)/d or (a-b)/b=(c-d)/d
Example 6: If 5/8 = x/ y, then 13/8 = ?
5/8=x/y
Apply property 4. (5+8)/8=(x+y)/y
13/8=(x+y)/y
Example 7: A map is scaled so that 3 cm on the map is equal to 5 actual

miles. If two cities on the map are 10 cm apart, what is the actual distance
the cities are apart?
Let x = the actual distance.

The cities are 16⅔ miles
Apply the Cross‐Products Property
apart.

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Page Number 21
SELF CHECK NO. 4
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
Answer the following. Show your complete Solution. (5 points each)
1. Simplify: (4/x + 3/x)/2
2. Simplify: (4/5 + 2/3)/(5/8 - 1/4)
3. Simplify: (3/5)/(5/12 - 1/4)
1 6
4. Find x . =
x 60
18 108
5. Find x, =
x 150

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Page Number 22
JOBSHEET NO. 4
Name:________________________________ Date:_____________
Proportions word problems. Show your computation. (10 points each)
1. Aiden found 6 pieces of milk chocolate in two boxes of assorted chocolate. How
many pieces of milk chocolate would he probably find in 12 boxes of assorted
chocolate?
2. A bookstore sold 16 books in 5 days. At this rate of sales, how many days will it take
the store to sell 96 books?
3. Steve washed 15 cars in 3 hours. How many cars can he wash in 7 hours?

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Page Number 23
WEEK 5: Buying and Selling: A. Selling
_________________________________________________________________
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine the mark up mark down and mark on.
DURATION: 2hrs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Use mark on mark up and mark down on selling.
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________
http://michelleraedelgado.blogspot.com/2015/12/markupmarkdown-and-markon.html

_________________________________________________________________

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Page Number 24
Mark Up - is the amount that a seller of goods or services charges over and above
the total cost of delivering its product or service in order to make a desired profit.
Mark Down - is a reduction in the price and value of an asset. It is the opposite to a
markup.
Mark On – The original price of the goods or services.
Selling - is first and foremost a transaction between the seller and the prospective
buyer or buyers (the target market) where money (or something considered to have
monetary value) is exchanged for goods or services.
Selling Price - is defined as the price at which a good or service is sold by the seller
to the buyer. It is generally expressed as currency units.
Example
1. If a wallet sells for Php30 and has a markup of Php18, what is the cost of the
item?
Find: Cost
Solution: Selling Price – markup = cost
x = P30 – P18
x= P12
Answer: Cost of wallet is Php12.
2. What is the selling price for a cassette that costs the retailer Php10.00 and is
marked up 70% based on cost?
Find: Selling Price
Solution: Rate of selling Price = rate of cost + rate of markup
Selling price = Rate of selling price x cost
x= 0.7 xP10.00
x= 7+10
Answer: Selling price is Php17.00
3. A computer software retailer used a markup rate of 40%. Find the selling price
of a computer game that cost the retailer Php250.00
Solution:
markup= (percentage)(cost)
markup= (0.40)(250)

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Page Number 25
markup= Php100.00
Selling Price= markup +cost
Selling price= 100 + 250
Answer: Php350.00 is the selling price.
4. An expensive cropped top originally priced at Php550 is marked 25% off.

What is the sale price?
Solution:
markdown= (percentage)(cost)
markdown= (0.25)(550)
markdown= Php 137.50
Selling Price= cost - markdown
Selling Price= 550 – 137.50 = 412.50
Answer: Php 412.50 is the sale price
5. A Gibson guitar is marked down by 20%; the sale price is Php 28, 000.00.
What is the original price?
Solution: let x = original price
x – 0.20x = 28000
1x – 0.20x = 28000
0.8x = 28000
x = 28000/0.80
= 35000
Answer: Php 35000.00 is the original price
6. An item from XMax that regularly sells for Php 3000 per piece and sells it for
Php 8100 for 3 items. What is the discount rate from the original total cost?
Solution:
3000 x 3 = 9000 (original total cost)
9000 – 8100 (discounted total cost) = 900
let x = percentage
900 = (x)(9000)
x= 900/9000 = 0.10
Answer: 10% is the mark down rate.

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Page Number 26
SELF CHECK NO. 5
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
Answer the following. Show your solution.
1. An old book was marked down by 43% and sold for Php 20,000. How much was the
original value of the book?
2. A collectible item that originally priced at Php 18,500 was sold for Php 12,000 due to
damage. Find the markdown rate.
3. You want to sell your old phone that is worth Php 16,000. Your cousin wants to buy it
for only Php 10,000. How much is the marked down.
4. The shop's overall sales for 2014 was Php 2,500,000 and flunk by 15% this year.
What is the overall sales for this year?
5. You want to sell your apartment that cost 1 million pesos. You added a markup rate
of 27%. How much is the total cost of the apartment?

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Page Number 27
JOBSHEET NO. 5
Name:________________________________ Date:_____________
Answer the following. Show your complete solution and box your final answer.
1. Jenna bought a car in Toyota Company that cost 2 million pesos. The
company gave her a voucher that she can use to save a 13% of the total cost.
After a year, she sell it to Luis with 5% markup rate from its cost. How much
Luis paid to Jenna?
2. You want to sell your lot property in Tagaytay that cost 1.2 million pesos. Your
friend told you that your property’s cost will increase eventually increase as
much as 12% every year. How much is your lot if you are going to sell it after
5 years?

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Page Number 28
WEEK 6: Buying and Selling: B. Buying
_________________________________________________________________
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine the mark up mark down and mark on.
DURATION: 2hrs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Use mark on mark up and mark down on buying
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

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Page Number 29
Mark Up - is the amount that a seller of goods or services charges over and above
the total cost of delivering its product or service in order to make a desired profit.
Mark Down - is a reduction in the price and value of an asset. It is the opposite to a
markup.
Mark On – The original price of the goods or services.
Buying - to acquire possession, ownership, or rights to the use or services of by
payment especially of money
Buying Price : the price for which you can buy something.
Example
1. You bought a wallet with a price of Php 120 with a discount of 10%. How
much you will buy the wallet?
Solution:
Discount = Original price x discount rate
Discount = (120)(10%)
Discount = (120)(0.10)
Discount= 12
Selling Price = Original Price – discount
Selling Price = 120 – 12
Selling Price = Php 108
2. A golf store pays its wholesaler PHP40 for a certain club, and then sells it to a
golfer for PHP75. What is the markup rate?
Solution:
Cost Price = Php 40
Selling Price= Php 75
Markup Value= 75 – 40 = 35
Mark up rate= (35/40) x (100%) = 87.5%
Answer: 87.5% is the markup rate.
3. A product is originally prices at Php 55 is marked up at 25% off. What is the

sale price?
Solution:
“The marked up rate is 25% which is equal to the ¼ value of the original
product”
Selling price =( Original Price) x ( 100% - Marked up rate)
Selling price = (55) x( 100% - 25%)
Selling price = (55) x (75%)

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Page Number 30
Selling price = 55 x 0.75
Selling price = Php 41.25
4. A product is bought for Php 425. After a week the same product is marked
down to 318.75. How much is the marked down rate?
Solution:
Regular price = 425
marked down price = 318.75
Marked down value = 425-318.75 = 106.25
Marked down rate = (106.25/425) x 100%
Marked down rate = 25%
5. You want to buy a new rice cooker that cost Php 1200. You used your
advantage card and got 5.5% discount. How much did you save?
Solution:
Original price: 1200
Marked down rate : 2.5% = 0.055
Buying price = 1200 – 5.5%
100%-5-5% = 94.5%
(1200)x(0.945)=1,134
1200-1134= 66
Mark down = Php 66 (total discount)

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Page Number 31
SELF CHECK NO. 6
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
Answer the following. Show your solution.
1. A product is originally priced at Php550 is marked 25% off. What is the sale
price?
2. A product is marked down 15%; the sale price is Php127.46. What was the
original price?
3. A sells to B an item at 15% profit. B sells the same item to C at 20% profit. If C
pays Php1656 for it. What is the price at which A bought the item?
4. If good are purchased for Php 1500 and one fifth of them sold at a loss of 15%.
Then at what mark up rate should the rest be sold to obtain a overall mark up rate
of 15%?
5. A person wants to get 20% mark up rate after selling his object at 20% discount.
Find the required percentage increase in marked price.
6. The selling price of 10 articles is the cost price of 15 articles. Find profit or loss
percentage.
7. On selling 20 units of an item, the profit is equal to cost price of 5 units. Find the
mark mark up rate.
8. Difference between the cost price of two products is Php10. Difference between
the selling price is Php20. If one is sold at 20% profit and other one is sold at
20% loss, find the cost price of each product.
9. A golf store pays its wholesaler Php400 for a certain club, and then sells it to a
golfer for Php750. What is the markup rate?
10. By selling 20 articles, a trader gained the selling price of 5 articles. Find the mark
up rate.

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Page Number 32
JOBSHEET NO. 6
Name:________________________________ Date:_____________
Find the Selling Price of each item.
1. Cost of sled: Php 99.50
Mark up: 95%
2. Cost of a comic book Php 39.50
Markup : 20%
3. Cost of an change oil Php 180.00
Mark up: 70%
4. Cost of laundry Php 150.00
Mark up 10%
5. Cost of ice cream Php 240.00
Mark up: 23%
Find the Markup rate
1. Original Cost Php 250.00
Selling Price Php 300.00
2. Original Cost Php 123
Selling Price Php 153
3. Original Cost Php 20,000.00
Selling Price Php 25,000.00
4. Original Cost Php 1,200,500.00
Selling Price Php 2,000,000.00
5. Original Cost Php 5,000.00
Selling Price Php 5,500.00
Find the original price
1. Selling price Php 650.00
Markup rate Php 12%
2. Selling price Php 5,550.00
Markup rate Php 10%
Markup rate Php 23%
Markup rate Php 25%
Markup rate Php 9%

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Page Number 33
WEEK 7: Sales Forecast
_________________________________________________________________
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine sales forecast
DURATION: 2hrs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Use mark on mark up and mark down on buying
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

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Page Number 34
What is a Sales Forecast?

A sales forecast is a prediction of future sales revenue. Sales forecasts are
usually based on historical data, industry trends, and the status of the current sales
pipeline. Businesses use the sales forecast to estimate weekly, monthly, quarterly,
and annual sales totals.
Just like a weather forecast, your team should view your sales forecast as a
plan to work from, not a firm prediction.
Sales forecasting is also different than sales goal-setting. While a sales goal

describes what you want to happen, a sale forecast estimates what will happen,
regardless of your goal.
Requirements for Accurate Sales Forecasts

1. Your sales process - Without a clearly documented sales process describing
the actions and steps it takes to close a deal, you’ll have difficulty predicting
whether any single deal will close.
2. Your sales goals or quotas - While your forecast may be different from your
goals, you won’t know if your forecast is good or bad unless you first have a
target. So each rep needs an individual quota, as does the entire sales team.
3. A benchmark or a current average of some basic sales metrics - Having
easily accessible measures of the following basic metrics will make
forecasting much easier:
 The time it takes the customer to express interest
 How long it takes to close a deal
 The average price of a deal
 The duration of the customer on-boarding process
 Average renewal or rates, or how frequently you get repeat business
 Conversion rates at each stage of the sales process
Essentially, you want to define the average duration and performance
of your sales process.
4. Your current sales pipeline - Make sure you understand what’s in your
current pipeline, and that your CRM is accurate and up-to-date. If you don’t
have a CRM, forecasting is more difficult, but not impossible.
How to Forecasts Sales?

Here are the common sales forecasting methods.

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Page Number 35
1. Relying on Sales reps’ opinions. Many sales managers simply ask their
reps: “when will this deal close, and how much will it close for?”
While this is a method you could use to try to create a sales forecast,
it’s not recommended. Sales reps tend to overestimate sales forecasts, and
there is no repeatable process to generate a consistent forecast with this
method. Unfortunately, many businesses still rely on this method to estimate
future sales.
2. Using historical data. With this method, you use a record of your past
performance under similar conditions to estimate how you’ll perform in the
present. For example, you may know that your business typically grows at
15% year over year and that you closed Php100k of new business this month
last year. That would lead you to forecast Php115,000 of revenue this month.
This method is slightly more accurate but ignores other factors that
may have changed in the last year, like the number of sales reps you have, or
how your competitors are doing.
Example.
Let’s say that last month, you had Php150,000 of monthly recurring revenue
and that for the last 12 months, sales revenue has grown 12% each month.
Over the same period, your monthly churn has been about 1% each month.
Your forecasted revenue for next month would be Php166,500.
You multiply last month’s revenue by your expected growth, and
subtract your expected churn:
(Php150,000 * 1.12) – (Php150,000 * .01) = Php166,500
3. Using deal stages - In this forecasting method, you assign a probability of

closing a deal to each stage in your sales process. Then, at any given time,
you can multiply that probability by the size of an opportunity to generate an
estimate of the revenue you can expect.
This forecasting method is better still and is very popular because of its
simplicity. However, it does have a weakness: it ignores the age of the
opportunity. If two opportunities have booked a sales demo, but one is three
weeks old and the other is three months old, are they really equally likely to
close?
Example
Let’s say you have three open opportunities this month:
One where you’ve just had a quick phone call, with an expected value
of Php1,000.
One that has received a full demo, with an expected value of
Php1,500.
And one with an offer, with an expected value of Php1,200.
You’ve done your math, and you know that in each of these stages,
any given opportunity has the following likelihood of closing:
“Connect Call” = 30% chance of closing

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Page Number 36
“Demo” = 40% chance of closing
“Offer” = 70% chance of closing
You multiply that probability with the forecasted value of the deal, and
sum them all up to come up with a total sales forecast of Php1,740, like in this
example:
Stage Win Value Forecasted
Probability Amount
Opportunity #1 Connect call 30% Php1,000 Php300
Opportunity #2 Demo 40% Php1,500 Php600
Opportunity #3 Offer 70% Php1,200 Php840
Total Php1,740
4. Using a custom forecast model with lead scoring and multiple variables
- This forecasting method relies on a combination of all of the above. Usually,
you’d need an analytics tool or advanced CRM reports set up to help create
these forecasts.
If you have those resources, this method of sales forecasting can be
most accurate. Also, you can take into account the age of an opportunity, its
current stage in the sales process, the characteristics of the prospect that
make them more likely to purchase, and more.
Example.
You’ve really done your research, and have lead scoring set up in your
CRM. You group your leads into three groups of varying quality: A, B, and C.
These determine how likely an opportunity is to close.
You also know that companies with less than 50 employees close at a
slightly lower rate, and companies larger than 50 employees are more likely to
close.
You could then use average opportunity sizes to calculate the
forecasted value of any given opportunity, using a table like this:
Expected value per opportunity created
Lead Score Close rate Close rate (average sales Price = Php 4000)
Company size: Company size: 51-
0-50 51-100 0-50 members 100 employees
A 25% 50% Php1,000 Php2,000
B 12.50% 25% Php500 Php1,000
C 2.50% 3.80% Php100 Php150

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Page Number 37
SELF CHECK NO. 7
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
Direction: Analyze the sales of the different brand of smart phones. Choose at
least one quarter to present the sales of smart phones. You may use any graphical
representation (ex. pie chart, line graph, or bar graph, etc.) to make a comparison
between the sales. Make a brief explanation.
GLOBAL SALES OF SMART PHONE 2018-2019 (In Millions)
2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
41. 46. 65. 42. 36. 44. 72.
Apple 52.20 30 90 90 00 50 80 30
54. 52. 59. 59. 56. 66. 56.
Huawei 39.30 20 00 70 10 60 80 20
78. 71. 72. 69. 72. 76. 78. 70.
Samsung 20 50 30 80 00 30 20 40
28. 32. 33. 25. 27. 32. 31. 32.
Xiaomi 10 00 30 60 80 30 70 90
24. 29. 33. 31. 25. 30. 32. 31.
Oppo 20 60 90 30 70 60 30 40
18. 26. 30. 26. 23. 27. 31. 31.
Vivo 90 50 50 50 90 00 30 50

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Page Number 38
JOBSHEET NO. 7
Name:________________________________ Date:_____________
Direction: Choose one brand of Smart phone then make a sales forecast of
this brand for the following year. Use the Historical method data to forecast sale. You
may use the table from the last activity (self-check #6) as your reference.

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Page Number 39
WEEK 8: SALES FORECASTING
_________________________________________________________________
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine sales forecast through Microsoft excel
DURATION: 2hrs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Use Microsoft excel for making sales forecast
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/create-a-forecast-in-excel-for-windows-22c500da-
6da7-45e5-bfdc-60a7062329fd

_________________________________________________________________
1. Microsoft excel

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Page Number 40
How Sales Forecasting Works
Sales forecasting works by calculating your future revenue based on
multiplying the value of the sales opportunities in your pipeline by the probability that
each deal will close. This helps cut down on uncertainty and helps you make realistic
plans for upcoming work. For instance, if you’re an owner of a construction company
and your sales manager forecasts an increase in sales for the upcoming quarter,
you’ll need to ensure that you have the available resources to fulfill your closed
deals.
It’s also an important part of any sales management strategy as it gives

business owners and managers an idea of the revenue that will be generated over a
certain time period. This is helpful to determine whether or not additional sources of
revenue are needed to achieve financial goals or to cover expenses. If your forecast
shows that you will be above or below your goals, you can take corrective action to
increase sales or make plans to reinvest additional revenue.
Sales forecasting can help you become more familiar with factors influencing
your sales process while keeping those areas top of mind as you’re executing your
sales plans. For instance, if you’re predicting a seasonal decline in sales, you can
factor this into your forecast, do research to figure out the exact key drivers, and plan
to counterbalance this. If your sales decline in the summer, you can prospect
additional customers to fill in the gap.
Sales Forecasting Techniques & Strategies

There are three common types of sales forecasting. The first is trend-based, which is
where your results are based on historical sales performance. There are also sales
intelligence-based forecasts, where you meet with your sales team and use their
sales predictions based on opportunities in their pipelines or that may exist in their
sales territories. Finally, there is deal-based forecasting, where you forecast sales
deal-by-deal based on their likelihood to close.
Here are more details of each type of sales forecast:
Trend-based Sales Forecasting

With trend-based sales forecasting, you look at past performance and make
predictions about what your revenue could look like in the future. This helps
businesses determine sales growth, plan for potential losses, and come up with
strategies for boosting sales based on what has happened in the past.
Intelligence-based Sales Forecasting

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Page Number 41
Sales intelligence forecasting is where you rely on your sales reps’ knowledge of
their current opportunities. This type of sales forecast focuses on predictions based
on input from sales reps and where their deals are in the sales pipeline. However, its
accuracy isn’t always consistent because it’s based on how well your team predicts
deals will close.
Deal-based Sales Forecasting

Likelihood to close is a type of deal-based sales forecast where you go through your
pipeline deal by deal and base future projected revenue on deals likely to close. It
uses historical data to estimate how much revenue you should expect within a
certain time period.
The type of sales forecast you create depends on the type of business you
have and what you’re looking to achieve. Many sales forecasts use a variety of
strategies to come up with the most accurate sales forecast. The most important
thing is to know what your purpose is and to use a step-by-step approach to predict
future sales. To jump-start the process, check out our sales forecasting template.
How to Create a Sales Forecast Within Your Sales Pipeline

If your sales management process involves moving deals through a series of
pipeline stages, one of the simplest ways to forecast sales is to evaluate the
likelihood of winning the deals currently in your pipeline and determining the value
overall. The three primary variables in this model are the time period you are
forecasting, the total value of deals at each stage, and the probability of winning
those deals.
Here are the six steps on how to forecast sales for your pipeline:
1. Evaluate Your Sales Cycle

If you haven’t already broken your sales cycle into specific stages, look at how you
currently interact with deals and determine the stages of your sales pipeline. For
example, you may have a simple cycle that includes the following stages: Incoming
Deal, Qualified, Proposal, Negotiation, and Won/Lost. These stages are defined by
specific action steps that you take to keep the deal moving forward.
2. Examine Historical Sales Performance

This can be based on specific pipeline stages or seasonal sales, depending on your
sales cycle. For both, look at what your previous sales have been for each stage or
time frame. This helps you determine the probability of your current sales pipeline
converting into sales revenue, or in the case of consumer products, it helps you
evaluate your peak sales opportunities.
As you look at your past sales, look for how your performance changes over time,
and how the probability increases as you move a deal through your sales process.

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Page Number 42
This will help you assign the right weight to each stage and give you a better picture
of what a deal is worth throughout your pipeline.
3. Determine Your Time Frame

The difference between your pipeline value and a sales forecast is that a forecast is
connected to a specific time frame you want to measure. Businesses commonly use
sales forecasting to help them prepare for expected sales in the next month, next
quarter, or even the next year. In order to determine your forecast, you’ll have to
decide which time frame you want to measure.
For example, to determine the next month’s sales forecast, you would select all of
the deals that are expected to close. If you wanted to know what your forecast is for
this quarter, you would include all of the deals closed so far, as well as the forecast
value of the deals expected to close during the remainder of the quarter. Regardless
of when you want to forecast sales, you have to start by defining the range of time
you want to include.
4. Add Up Deals by Stage

Once you’ve chosen your time frame, you can look at the deals in your pipeline that
fall within it and add up the value of each stage. The reason it’s important to
calculate the value by stage is that each stage represents a different probability of
closing. In order to get an accurate forecast, you need to make sure you reflect that
probability within your calculations, but first, we have to start with knowing what the
value of deals is by stage.
5. Multiply by Probability Factor

For each stage, you now multiply the total dollar amount you added by the probability
factor to determine the actual forecast value of deals in that stage. For example, if
you have PHP1,000 worth of deals in the “Proposal” stage, and you generally close
deals in that stage 55% of the time, your forecast value for that stage is PHP550
(PHP1,000 x 0.55).
6. Calculate Your Total Pipeline Value

Once you’ve determined your stages and the probability of closing a deal at each
stage, you can use that information to calculate your pipeline value. This lets you
forecast future sales based on the estimated closing date, the probability of winning
the deal, and deal value. The simplest way to do this is to look at all of the deals that
are expected to close within the time frame you are forecasting, add up each stage’s
value, and multiply them by the probability factor.
As an example, let’s say you have five active deals. For simplicity’s sake, we’ll say
they are all worth PHP1,000. Two of them are in your proposal stage and have a
probability factor of 55%, and the other three are in your negotiation stage, to which

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Page Number 43
you have assigned a 75% chance of closing. You would add up the first two deals
and multiply the total by 0.55, for a total of PHP1,100.
(PHP1,000 + PHP1,000) x 0.55 = PHP1,100
Next, add up the other three deals, and multiply by 0.75 for a total of PHP2,250.
(PHP1,000 + PHP1,000 + PHP1,000) x 0.75 = PHP2,250
Finally, add up the totals to get your sales forecast of PHP3,350.
PHP1,100 + PHP2,250 = PHP3,350
Notice that while the total value of your deals is actually PHP5,000 if they were all to
close, your sales forecast is PHP3,350 based on the likelihood that you won’t win
every deal. This formula can be used for any sales pipeline—you’ll just have to
calculate for each stage and then add up the totals, or use a CRM to do the math for
you.
For example copy and open this link and have your copy
(https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cUMi9GTi--
VLgJD3ATLS9Qiwb8nbCEuAqHb-n53t-T4/edit?usp=sharing)

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Page Number 44
SPREADSHEET/JOB SHEET NO. 8
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
Direction: Open the link below, make your own copy. Input your answer. Have a print out
and attach here.
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1tKn7xR5Llr08uap0rlmUtmRQvxHPk1-
IUo8Y3x6SYn8/edit?usp=sharing

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Page Number 45

Module Business Mathematics

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WEEK 1: FUNDAMENTAL OPERATONS ON FRACTIONS

MATERIALS NEEDED/TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

What are the Fundamental Operations on Fractions?

To add fractions there are Three Simple Steps:

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

We need to make them the same before we can continue, because

*Important: you multiply both top and bottom by the same amount,

Now the fractions have the same bottom

The denominator numbers are now the same,

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

A Rhyme to Help You Remember

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

MATERIALS NEEDED/TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

FRACTIONS PERCENTAGE DECIMAL

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

From Decimal to Percent

From Decimal to Fraction

From Fraction to Percentage

Example: Convert 3/8 to a percentage

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

2. Write 0.645 as a percent and as a simplified fraction. Ans. _________

3. Write 4/5 as a decimal and as a percent. Ans. __________

4. Write 4.12 as a percent and as a simplified fraction. Ans. __________

5. What is the 70% of 23? Ans. __________

6. TRUE or FALSE: 0.70 23 16.1 Ans. __________

7. Express this figure in fraction form.

8. Convert 0.66… in fraction form. Ans. __________

9. Convert 5/6 into decimal. Ans. _________

10. Express 250% in decimal form. Ans. ____

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

MATERIALS NEEDED/TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

So 1-out-of-3 is equal to 2-out-of-6

Working with Proportions:

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

Now we solve it using a special method:

“Multiply across the known corners,

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed June 2020 Business Mathematics

1. In the given diagram, what is Ans. _____