International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2016, pp. 382–392, Article ID: IJCIET_07_05_041

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication

A DETAILED STUDY ON RECLAIMED ASPHALT

PAVEMENT IN PAVEMENT QUALITY CEMENT
CONCRETE
Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy
P. G. Student Civil Engineering Department,
M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India.

Suvarna P.
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil engineering,
M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India.

ABSTRACT
RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement) produced from the reconstruction of asphalt road
pavements is one of the alternative material proposed. Rap can be used as an alternative material
for both fine and coarse aggregate, it is conventionally used as coarse aggregate in asphalt
pavement. In this experimental study, Performance of Pavement Quality Cement Concrete(PQCC)
is studied when virgin aggregates are replaced by RAP by conducting experimental study in
laboratory and also performing numerical analysis on RAP concrete model cube by using ANSYS
to find out stress value at different percentage of RAP and age of concrete under loading. Fine
aggregate is replaced with RAP by 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and Coarse aggregate with RAP by
0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%.Experimental results are validated with numerical results. It is
observed that RAP will reduce the performance of concrete and affects mechanical properties of
concrete like compressive and flexural strength, density on increasing the percentage in concrete.
But for 15 % replacement, RAP concrete has fulfilled the requirements of M30 concrete and for
30%replacement compressive strength of concrete is 28.456 N/mm² which is very near to the
minimum strength value of M30 concrete. For all mix proportion of concrete flexural strength is
more than minimum required strength of M30 concrete. The results indicated that RAP can be used
as an aggregate in PQCC up to limited percentage.
Key words: RAP, ANSYS, PQCC, M30 concrete.
Cite this Article: Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P., A Detailed Study on Reclaimed
Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp.382 –392.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=5

1. INTRODUCTION
Recycling of asphalt pavements is one of the most effective and proved and also approved recycling
processes. It has been organized and being used successfully for rehabilitation processes in many countries
across the globe. The reuse of removed asphalt pavement in India has not given more importance in
20thcentury, because of the poor economic conditions and lack of updated, new technologies. The cost of

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 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P.

new asphalt mix was less compared to recycled one in India during 20th century , also the non-availability
of machinery was a constrain for not adopting this technique. In India, at end of 20th century and
beginning of 21st century people started research on the recycling of asphalt pavement. The recycling of
ruled out asphalt pavement is successfully carried out in most of the developed countries and still studies
are going on in the field of characterization of RAP.[1]
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is mainly used in three ways, first one is using RAP as an
aggregate in asphalt hot mix with original aggregate, and second one is extracting the bitumen from the
RAP, then using extracted bitumen and coarse aggregates separately in an asphalt mix and third newly
adopted is using RAP as aggregate in concrete.
The usage of RAP became very popular during 1970s due to increasing cost of crude oil because of
Arab oil embargo. From last few years, RAP is being used as an aggregate in concrete, developed
countries like USA are doing research from 15-20 years on this and they have started using RAP from
last 8-6 years. America is doing lots of research on RAP, because they are getting the tones of RAP waste
from their renovated roads every year. The first two methods are adopted in India and the third method is
not implemented practically but, it is under research from last few years to determine suitability of using
RAP as an aggregate in concrete. [2]
In the process of rehabilitation of roads, huge quantity of RAP will be produces along with some
amount of dust entrapped within ii, which causes certain percentage of environmental deterioration. This
leads to ecological imbalance of nature. Instead of dumping RAP in to open land, the material should be
reused. In this experimental work RAP material is used as substitute of fine aggregates and coarse
aggregate after proper milling processes in concrete in order make project more economical, minimize
natural resources consumption and to reduce negative impacts on an environment.
Aim of this investigation is to evaluate performance of PQCC in terms of workability, compressive
strength and flexural strength of concrete in which fine and coarse aggregates are replaced by RAP
aggregates. Numerical model of cube is analyzing by using ANSYS software to finding stress value for
validating the experimental results. ANSYS is one of the best finite element analysis software.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Baoshan Huang, Xiang Shu, Guoqiang Li (2005) are had done “Laboratory investigation of Portland cement
concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements” this paper is they are used the RAP as aggregate in both
fine and coarse, and conducted experimental study on it behavior , how it effects on the properties of the
concrete like compression ,toughness, etc.in this study they are prepared four concrete mixes with and
without RAP the RAP using percentages for mixes are 0%&0%,100%&100%,100%&0%,0%&100% both
coarse RAP and fine RAP respectively in each case. They conducted compression study on RAP concrete
with concrete made with rubber aggregates. The rubber is replace as aggregates with various percentage of
volume of aggregates they are 0%,10%,15%,25%,50%. As the percentage of rubber is increasing in the
concrete, in same manner strength of concrete also decreasing. The authors conclude that from investigation
result RAP concrete is better than the rubber concrete. The concrete made with one coarse RAP is giving
good strength than other. RAP concrete had more toughness than nominal concrete. [3]
• Athar Saeed (2008) had conducted study on the “Performance-Related Tests of Recycled Aggregates for
Use in Unbound Pavement Layers”, this study is performing test on RAP and RCP (reclaimed concrete
pavement) these to materials are used as aggregates in the unbounded base and sub base pavement layers.
He conducted different laboratory test for selection material and to find properties of material on the RAP
and RCP, test are like sieve analysis for screening, toughness test, moisture and absorption test, stiffness test
and frost susceptibility. The properties these recycled aggregates adversely affecting the performance of the
unbound base and sub base pavements like shear strength , durability, stiffness of layer..etc. Whatever the
usage of recycled aggregate like RAP, RCP..etc, in unbounded base and sub base pavement layer make
project more economical. [4]
• Michael J.Bergin, Mang Tia, and Nabil Hossiney (2010) has formed experimental study on “Concrete
Containing RAP for Use in Concrete Pavement”. In this experiment they had replaced the natural aggregate

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 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete

with the RAP in concrete. The concrete it’s containing Rap in percentages 0, 10, 20, 40 were casted in
laboratory and evaluate performance of replaced concrete. The investigation results shows that, the RAP is
adversely affecting on concrete properties they are compressive & flexural strength, elastic modulus. These
properties are decreasing with increasing the percentage of RAP, but it didn’t affected the thermal
expansion, dry shrinkage of the concrete. The evaluation is carried with software analysis, the analysis was
performed on both RAP concrete and normal concrete. The software was used for analysis is finite element
analysis of concrete slab, of version four (FEACONS IV). This software has developed by university of
Florida for transportation department to analyze performance of PCC pavements under load and thermal
effect conditions. The analysis says that maximum stress to flexural ratio is decreasing with increasing RAP
content. [5]

3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION IN LABORATORY

In this study, the effect of RAP in Pavement quality cement concrete in terms of compressive strength and
flexural strength after 7,14,28 days curing. RAP were used as both fine and coarse aggregate in concrete.

3.1. Material used and Properties

The physical and chemical properties of various materials use to carry out this experimental study. The
materials are Cement, Fine aggregate (F.A), Coarse aggregate (C.A) RAP (Reclaimed asphalt pavement).
M-sand was used as fine aggregate in this study, test on the RAP performed after gradation into fine and
coarse for both cases, all the test are performed according to Indian standards. Various test results of
cement are in the table 1 Sieve analysis results of M-sand and fine RAP are shown in table 2, the sieve
analysis results of coarse aggregate and coarse RAP are shown in table3. Specific gravity and water
absorption of m-sand, coarse aggregate, fine and coarse RAP are shown table 4 respectively. [6]

Table 1 Tests on cement

Sl.no Properties Cement (OPC 43 )

1 Specific gravity 3.15 g/cc

2 Initial setting time 56 min
3 Final setting time 363 min
4 Standard consistency 27%
5 Fineness modulus 9%

Table 2 Sieve analysis results of M-sand and fine RAP

Percentage of passed
Sl.No Size of sieve in mm
M-sand Fine RAP
1 10 100 100
2 4.75 100 100
3 2.36 91.0 62
4 1.18 73.2 40
5 0.600 57.2 31
6 0.300 35 25
7 0.150 18.6 22
Fineness modulus 2.25 3.2

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 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P.

Table 3 Sieve analysis results of coarse aggregate & coarse RAP

Percentage of passed
Sl.No Size of sieve in mm
Coarse aggregate Coarse RAP
1 40 100 100
2 20 95.6 97.6
3 16 73.5 88
4 12.5 57.4 75.5
5 10 45 57.8
6 4.75 6.8 14.4
Fineness modulus 2.22 1.66

Table 4 Test on fine and coarse aggregate

Coarse Coarse
Sl.no Properties m-sand Fine RAP
aggregate RAP
1 Specific gravity 2.63 g/cc 2.68 g/cc 2.161 g/cc 2.42 g/cc
2 Apparent specific gravity 2.62 g/cc 2.63 g/cc 2.11 g/cc 2.48 g/cc
3 Water absorption 4.08% 0.32% 1.01% 1.06%

3.2. Concrete Mix Proportions

Based on the test results of material mix design is prepared for mix 1(0% RAP), mix 2(15% RAP), mix
3(30% RAP), mix 4 (45% RAP), mix 5 (60% RAP).Both m-sand and coarse aggregate is replacing by
RAP,0% RAP mix is nominal mix. Details of concrete mix proportion are shown in table 5all value are in
Kg/m3. [7]

3.3. Method of Curing

All batch of mixes are prepared by using mechanical concrete mixer and a stand size rod was used for
application of compaction. All the specimen were cured in a curing tank until the day of testing

Table 5 details of concrete mix proportion

Name of Percentage Coarse Coarse Fine

replacement Cement Fine Water
mix aggregate RAP RAP
of RAP aggregate

Mix 1 0% 394.32 1150.50 - 683.10 - 208.30

Mix 2 15% 394.32 1001.4 158.14 525.456 81.145 198.737

Mix 3 30% 394.32 824.668 316.772 461.174 162.291 199.161

Mix 4 45% 394.32 648 475.158 334.580 243.420 197.273

Mix 5 60% 394.32 471.008 633.544 264.451 324.582 197.072

3.4. Tests Proceedings

Workability of concrete is find out by slump cone test. The specimen both cube and beam were test
according guide line are given in the IS 516: 1969. For compression strength test cube are prepared and

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 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete

used of size 150 x150 150 mm and for flexural strength test beam are used of size
500x100x100mm.workability of concrete is find out by slump cone test. After casting specimen are allow
to set for 24 hour after than removed from mould, specimens are immersed in a curing tank for 7,14,28
days for curing. After the required curing time of cube, the test specimen are has removed from the curing
tank and allow to dry surface moisture and then tests performed on the specimen. [8]

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Workability of Concrete
Slump test is measure for workability of concrete. Slump test is one of the method to find out concrete
workability we can also find out by conducting the compaction factor test. Test is performed on very mix
of batch, results of workability shown in table 6. After performing the slump test concrete workability is
reducing with increasing % RAP material in concrete.

Table 6 Slump test results

Name of mix Slump mm Percentage of RAP Density kg/mm3
Mix 1 100 0% 2400
Mix 2 90 15% 2364
Mix 3 85 30% 2320
Mix 4 75 45% 2280
Mix 5 70 60% 2240

4.2. Compressive Strength

Compression strength test was performed on the cube in auto loading compression testing machine after
required time of curing of various percentage replacement of RAP 0%(standard concrete
mix),15%,30%,45%,60%.the results of compressive strength is shown in table 7

Table 7 Compression strength results of cube

compression strength of Decreasing

Name of the concrete N/mm² Percentage of Density
percentage of
mix RAP kg/mm3
strength
7 days 14 days 28 days
Mix 1 24.96 31.166 34.336 0% 2400

Mix 2 21.686 27.453 32.783 15% 2364 4.50%

Mix 3 19.73 24.85 28.456 30% 2320 17%

Mix 4 15.2 19.366 24.716 45% 2280 28%

Mix-5 14.22 18.17 23.24 60% 2240 32.31%

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 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P.

(a) (b)

Figure 1 Cube specimen containing RAP before and after compressive test (a) Before,(b) After
40
7 days 14 days 28 days
Compression strength in N/mm2

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 15 30 45 60
Percentage replacement of RAP

Figure 2 Compressive strength of concrete at various ages

The compression value is decreasing with increase in the addition of RAP material in concrete show in
figure. After the 28 days, for the 15% replacement of RAP is satisfying strength requirement of M30
concrete mix, but it is less than the nominal mix strength. The concrete mix with 30% replacement is
giving compressive strength is 28.456 N/mm2 this value is very near to minimum strength value of M30
concrete after 28 days. It observed that the density of the concrete is reducing with %RAP content is
increase in concrete As expected concrete compressive strength decreases along with decreasing density of
the concrete.

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 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete

(a) (b)

Figure 3 (a) Failure of beam in flexural testing machine, (b) Failure

Failure surface of beam contains RAP after test

4.3. Flexural strength

Flexural strength test was performed on the beam in flexural testing machine after
aft required time of curing
of various percentage replacement of RAP 0%(standard concrete mix),15%,30%,45%.The flexural strength
is expressed in terms of Modulus of Rupture" (MR) in MPa or kg/cm2. Flexural strength is about 12 to
20% of compressive strength. The results of flexural strength is shown in table 8

Table 8 Flexural strength results of beam

Flexural strength of concrete

Name of the kg/cm² Density Decreasing
mix Percentage of kg/mm3 percentage of
7 days 14 days
day 28 days RAP strength
Mix 1 76.546 77.55 82.26 0% 2400

Mix 2 65.3 72.8 74.752 15% 2364 9.10%

Mix 3 62.164 67.3 71.37 30% 2320 13.23%

Mix 4 58.983 64.14 65.906 45% 2240 16.35%

85
7 days 14 days 28 days
80
Flexural strength in kg/cm2

75

70

65

60

55

50
0 15 30 45
Percentage replacement of RAP

Figure 4 Flexural strength of concrete at various ages

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 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P.

5. NUMERICAL MODEL ANALYSES

ANAL OF CUBE
Numerical analysis is the study of algorithm that can be used for numerical approximation for the
mathematical problem and it gives accurate and realistic representation in modeling conditions. The
numerical analysis gives better results compare to experimental , because experiment are difficult to
perform in some cases and may not give accurate result due to lake experimental set up ,time constrains
and also due human errors. In presentment study numerical model analysisanal is using to validate
experimental results. ANSYS software is using to perform the analysis on the concrete cube, following
step are flowed to performed analysis on cube
• Developing the numerical model of cube
• Preforming the analysis on the developed model
• Validating and comparing results with experimental results
Material properties are tabulated in table 26 those properties are entered in the ANSYS while preparing
the model. In those elastic modulus is taken according the IS codes by using experimental
experimen result
Modulus of elasticity = 5000√ √fck (according to IS 456:2000)
compressi strength of concrete in N/mm2
fck = characteristic cube compressive
Density of the concrete cube is various is according to it mix proportion. The Poisson ration of concrete
is assumingng as 0.15 for very mix proportion it has drawn from literature survey. And load (F) is value
taking from the experimental results, element type for concrete – solid 65 is using. Using the material
properties 150x150x150 mm size cube model were created. The The experimental load value (see in table 9) is
converted into the pressure value and this pressure value is applying as overburden pressure on the top area
of cube (on YZ-plan)
plan) is showed in figure .The load is varies cube to cube, value are tabulatein table 9and
stress distribution of cube are shown in figure 5.numerical model results are shown table 10

(a) (b)

Figure 5 a. Model after loading, b. Stress

tress distribution of cube

Table 9 Material properties of cube model

Testing Modulus of Maximum

Percentage Poisson Density Element
after elasticity Load
of RAP ratio Kg/mm2 type
curing of ( X104) (KN)
7days 2.5 516.6
14 days 2 698 0.15 2400 SOLID 65
0%
28 days 2.93 772
7days 2.32 500 0.15 2364 SOLID 65

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 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete

15% 14 days 2.62 620

28 days 2.86 737.766
7days 2.221 443.33
14 days 2.5 550 0.15 2320 SOLID 65
30%
28 days 2.667 640.366
7days 15.2 346
45% 14 days 19.366 440 0.15 2280 SOLID 65
28 days 24.716 556.2
7days 14.22 320
14 days 18.17 408 0.15 2240 SOLID 65
60%
28 days 23.24 522.9

Table 10 Comparison of Experimental and Numerical results of cube

ANSYS result of compression
Percentage of value ( stress)
RAP Testing after Experimental
curing of results MPa Lower bound Upper bound value
value MPa MPa
7days 24.96 19.9 25.3
14 days 31.66 24.6 31.86
0%
28 days 34.336 27.2 34.7
7days 21.686 17.7 22
14 days 27.453 21.9 27.9
15%
28 days 32.783 26 33.2
7days 19.73 15.6 20
14 days 24.85 19.4 25
30%
28 days 28.456 22.6 28.8
7days 15.2 12.2 15.6
45% 14 days 19.366 15.5 19.8
28 days 24.712 19.6 25
7days 14.22 11.3 14.4
14 days 18.17 14.3 18.4
60%
28 days 23.24 18.5 23.6

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 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P.

36 Experimental
28 Experimental
34 Lower bound

Compression strength in N/mm2

26 Lower bound
32 Upper bound
Upper bound
30
Compression strength in N/mm2

24
28
22 26
20 24
22
18
20
16 18
16
14
14
12 12
10 10

0 15 30 45 60 0 15 30 45 60
Percentage Replacement of RAP Percentage Replacement of RAP

Figure 6 Comparison between Experimental - Figure 7 Comparison between Experimental

and Numerical model for 7 days and Numerical model for 14 days
It observed that from numerical model analysis the RAP is reducing concrete strength & also it’s
negatively affecting other mechanical and physical properties of concrete. The experimental value lies
between the lower and upper bound values.it is almost closer to the upper bound value are shown figure
6.7.8 for various age of concrete The experimental value is 0.6 -1.6% lesser than the analytical value

36 Experimental
34 Lower bound
Compression strength in N/mm2

32 Upper bound
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
0 15 30 45 60
Percentage Replacement of RAP

Figure 8 Comparison between Experimental and Numerical model for 28 days

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

• Road construction process requires huge quantity of aggregates
• RAP can be effectively used as aggregate in pavement quality concrete in place of virgin aggregate as a
green initiative
• Increase in addition of RAP adversely affects performance of concrete and it’s mechanical properties like
compression & flexural strength and workability of concrete
• Strength values of concrete( compression & flexural ) is decreasing with increase in addition of RAP usage

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• Since the addition of the RAP the strength of concrete , optimum percentage of RAP to used should be
found for each project
• The concrete made with 15% replacement of RAP gives the required strength of M30 grade mix
• The mix with 30% replacement is giving compressive strength 28.456 N/mm² which is very near to the
minimum strength value of M30 concrete after 28 days.
• Flexural strength of the concrete at all mix proportion of RAP is satisfy the minimum strength of M30
concrete
• RAP can be used as aggregate up to 30% replacement in concrete
• Experimental values are very close to the upper bound values of numerical model
• Experimental value is 0.6 -1.6 % lesser than the analytical value hence difference between the experimental
value and numerical value is negligible

REFERENCE
[1] Michael Berry, Jerry Stephens, Bethany Bermel ,Adam Hagel &David Schroeder,2013, Feasibility Of
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement As Aggregate In Portland Cement Concrete Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA)/MT-13-009/8207

[2] Audrey Copeland, 2011, Reclaimed asphalt pavement in asphalt mixtures: state of the practice FHWA-
HRT-11-021.

[3] Baoshan Huang , Xiang Shu, Guoqiang Li,2005,Laboratory investigation of Portland cement concrete
containing recycled asphalt pavements, Elsevier cement and concrete research.

[4] Muh. Nashir T, Herman Parung, Nur Ali and Tri Harianto, Experimental Study of the Performance of
Porous Asphalt Mixture with Fiber Stabilisation. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology (IJCIET), 5(2),2014, pp.97–105.

[5] Bentsen, R.A., Vavrik, W.A., Roesler, J.R. and Gillen, S.L., 2013, Ternary blend concrete with
reclaimed asphalt pavement as an aggregate in two-lift concrete pavement. In Proceedings of the 2013
International Concrete Sustainability Conference (pp. 6-8).

[6] Nabil Hossiney, Mang Tia, and Michael J. Bergin (2010), Concrete Containing RAP for Use in Concrete
Pavement, ISSN 1997-1400 International journal Pavement Res. Technology, Copy rights @Chinese
society of pavement engineering 3(5):251-258.

[7] IS: 383 -1970 specification for coarse aggregate and fine aggregate from natural resources for cement
(Second Revision Reaffirmed 1997, Bureau of Indian Standards.

[8] D.B. Eme, T.C Nwofor and E.S. Umukoro, Stability of Asphalt Cement Concrete Produced From Waste
Plastics as Replacement for Aggregate. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
(IJCIET), 6(5),2015, pp.65–75.

[9] IS: 10262-19829 (2009), recommended guide lines for concrete mix design,Bureau of Indian Standards.

[10] IS: 516 - 1959 methods of tests for strength of concrete (Reaffirmed 2004), eighteenth reprint
2006,Bureau of Indian Standards.

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