2015 International Conference on Control,Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (lCCICCT)
A Technology Review
Paper for Drives used in Electrical Vehicle (EV) &
Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEV)
Mr. Anurag M. Lulhe
Department oj Electrical Engineering,
KK Wagh College oj Engineering, Nashik
Pune University, Maharashtra, lndia
Emai1Id: anuraglulhe@rediffmail.com
Abstract - The pollution of environment is increasing
due a very large numbers of conventional vehicles
present today. To reduce pollution the electric and
hybrid electric vehicle are very beneficial. As the
decade of low cost fuel is coming to an end the electric
vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle is a good alternative
to the conventional vehicles. These electric vehicles are
driven by an electric motor may be AC or OC fed by
battery through electric converter. The various drives
used for the EVs & HEVs are discussed in this paper.
The main two types of drive based on the supply are
used OC or AC drive. The AC drives consisting of
three phase permanent magnet synchronous motor
(PMSM) is most popular amongst them. The other
widely used drives are three phase Induction motor
(IM), Switched reluctance motor (SRM), Brushless
OC motor (BLDC). These motor are fed by different
power electronic converters such as OC-OC converter,
OC- AC converters per the supply requirements.
Index Terms - Electric Vehicles (EV), Hybrid Electric
vehicle (HEV), permanent magnet synchronous motor
(pM SM), Induction motor (IM), Switched reluctance
motor (SRM), power electronic converters.
I. INTROOUCTION
In urban area, due to their beneficial effect on
environment, electric and hybrid electric vehicles are an
important factor for improvement of traffic and more
particular for a healthier environment as electric vehicles
are zero emission vehicles, as we are quite rapidly
reaching to the end of the cheap oil era. Electric and
electric hybrid vehicles are offering the best possible
chan ces for the use of new energy sources, because
electricity can result a transformation with high efficiency
[1]. The electric vehicles are mainly classified in two
different types as Plugin Electric vehicle (PEV) and
Hybrid Electric vehicle (HE V) [2]. These electric vehicles
978-1-4673-9825-1/15/$3l.00 ©20 15 IEEE
Mrs. Tanuja N.Oate
Department ojElectrical Engineering,
KK Wagh College ojEngineering, Nashik
Pune University, Maharashtra, lndia
EmaiIId: tndate@kkwagh.edu.in
improves the efficiency of vehicles and also se vers to
reduce the environmental pollution due to IC engines.
11. TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
The electric vehicles are classified on the basis of
their powertrain i.e. electric dive is the key part ofboth
PEV &HEV
1. Plug in Electric vehicle (PEV)
Plug in electric vehicle has the simplest construction
of all it has components such as battery, converter, motor,
gear system as show in fig.1 Battery is used to store
energy, which is converted to in to dc or ac according the
drive used to drive the vehicle. The motor may be
asynchronous motor i.e. induction motor, dc motor,
brushless dc motor synchronous motor in which
permanent magnet synchronous motor has very good
efficiency. It is also possible to place more than one motor
for splitting the torque. The motors are placed in wheel
hubs. But in this case, each motor needs aseparate
converter with speed and torque control, which guarantees
the necessary torque splitting in each condition. An
electric vehicle is an emission free , environmental
friendly vehicle. These PEVs have a disadvantage of
battery getting discharged faster so it's not being used at
a larger sc ale as they cannot travel a long distance [1 , 2] .
Fig.1 Plug in Electric Vehicle
2. Hybrid Electric vehicle(HEV)
632
 2015 International Conference on Control,lnstrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (lCCICCT)

The electric vehicle with electric drive and an ),[odeI -

additional power source such as internal combustion )'[':&II -

engine, or any other electric motor supplying to the

powertrain ofvehicle with different energy source to drive
the vehicle is called as hybrid electric vehicle where both
electrical and other energy system are integrated together

-
to drive the vehicle [1 ,2]. Hybrid electric vehicles
powered by electric machines and an internat combustion
engine are a promising me ans of reducing emissions and Fig.2 Dual Mode HEV
fuel consumption without compromising vehicle
functionality and driving performances. Leading car The Fig.2 shows the schematic diagram of Dual mode
manufacturers like Toyota and Honda have already HEV. [1 , 2] .
started mass producing Hybrid electric cars, Prius and
III. TYPES OF MOTORS
Insight respectively, which are now becoming very
popular among the consumers for their incredible mileage The three most popular motors used in electric and
and less emissions. Aside from that, a number of hybrid electric vehicles are Permanent magnet
automotive manufacturers are marketing hybrid vehicles synchronous motor (PMSM), Induction motor (IM),
for the general population, examples are Daimler Switched reluctance motor (SRM). In [3] the detailed
Chrysler, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Fiat, Renault, Ford, GM, comparison of these motor is given the study of these
and Subaru [2]. motor for different speeds explored for same size of
motors and the Table I gives the performance
The HEVs further are classified on the basis of
charactertics for speed of 1500 rpm and the Table 11 gives
role of electric drive in the vehicle they are:
for 6000rpm.
1. Series HEV: In series HEV configuration, only the
Sneed ~ 1500 r m
electric motor is connected to the drive train and thus Current RM S currcnt
Torque lron 1055 Copper Eff.
the vehicle is entirely driven by the electric motor. The Variable [Arms or dcnsity
[Nm) [\\1 loss [W) [%) rN mm1]
Ank- SRM
Internal Combustion (IC) engine drives an electric IPM 303 141.1 198 4328 91.3 15.7
generator (commonly known as alternator), which then IM 297 164.8 148 859 1 83.1 15.8/1 2. 1
SRM 294 300 404 7653 85.2 20.1
supplies the electric power to the motor and battery
pack [1, 2]. Table I Comparison of motor for 1500 rpm
2. Parallel HEV: In the parallel HEV configuration there
- bUUU m
are two power paths for the drive train, while one comes ~ nee

Currcnt RMS
lron
from the engine the other comes from the electric Variable
Torquc [Armsor
loss
Copper Eff. currcnt
[Nm) Apk- 1055 [W) [%) dcnsity
motor. During short trips the electric motor can power SRM]
[W)
IN mm 2]
the vehicle, while during long drives the IC engine can IPM 45.6 31.8 953 219 96. 1 3.75
IM 50.8 47 . 1 439 730 95. 2 4. 5113.72
power the vehicle. The vehicle can thus have engine SRM 52.1 60 4074 306 88.2 4.02
only, motor only, or a combination of engine and motor
mode of operation. The electric motor can also assist Table 11 Comparison ofmotor for 1500 rpm
the engine during hill climbs and vehicle accelerations
[1 , 2]. In [4] the possible choice of motors for small cars, light
3. Dual mode HEV (Series-Parallel mode): Dual mode and medium duty vans and buses is given. For small cars
hybrid vehicles are parallel hybrids, but differ from brushless dc motor (BLDC) of 60kW (max) or 27 kW of
them in the aspect, that an alternator (generator) is AC motor i.e. (IM). For the light and medium vehicles DC
coupled to the IC engine that charges the battery. motor of 28kW at a torque of 180Nm or 40kW of AC
During normal operation, the IC engine turns both the motor can be used and for city buses it essential to use a
drive train and the generator, which in turn feeds the HEV with an AC motor up to 180kW operating at 500Hz.
battery pack through the electronic control unit. During In [5] PMSM motor of 65 kW is used for small vehicle.
full-throttle acceleration, the electric motor gets power In [6] a comparison of motors used for same size of EV
from the battery and assists the IC engine to attain the and HEV as shown in Table III.
requested acceleration. Choosing a full size electric
motor, which uses the IC engine only for charging the
battery and occasionally for turning the wheels. This
configuration exhibits dual capability and hence the
name dual mode HEV configuration.

978-1-4673-9825-1/15/$3l.00 ©20 15 IEEE 633

 2015 International Conference on Control,Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (lCCICCT)

PowerkW Base
Motor Max speed
HEV EV speed
IM 57 93 3000 12000
SRM 42 77 2000 12000
BLDC 75 110 4000 9000
Table III Power of different motors for same size

The total specs ofmotor used in Toyota pirus is as given

in Table IV[II].
Fig. 4 Universal DC-DC converter.
Motor type Permanent magnet, synchronous
Max. vOltage (DCV) 650 This universal dc-dc converter can be used as boost
Max. power (bhp) 80 converter when power flow is from battery to dc link and
vice-a- versa. Similarly it also can be used as a buck
Max. toraue (Nml 207
Table IV Specs ofPMSM used in Pirus converter when power flows from dc link to battery the
operating table is as given in Table V [7].
IV. TYPES OF POWER CONVERTERS

The key converters used for the EV & HEV are to Direction Mode T, Tl Tl T. T;
supply the motor and can also be used for the charging of Vrlc ..... V,,,,,, BOOST ON OFF OFF ON PWM
batteries when the vehicle is at rest condition. Fig. 3 Vdc ..... Vba" BUCK PWM OFF OFF 0 OFF
shows the power electronics interface in electric vehicle. Vb,ll ..... Vdc BOOST OFF ON ON OFF PWM
In this it is shown how the power flow from battery to Vb(llt ~ VJ« BUCK OFF ON PWM OFF OFF
motor and also from grid to battery for charging the
battery. This operation can also be inverted i.e. the power Table V Operating states ofUniversal DC-DC
at the time ofbreaking can be fed back to battery and the converter
power at idle condition of vehicle can be sent back to grid
AC Drive: If a AC motor is used i.e. PMSM than the dual
[7].
inverter drive is the most recent developed technology
where the PMSM is two inverters as shown in Fig. 5. It
oe Lank shows the single voltage source dual inverter technology
.•..•• +
~
and Fig. 6 shows the isolated dual voltage source
+ ...... .
inverters[8] .

Inverter 1 Inverter 2
--------------------1 ,---------- - ----
, ,
,
PMSM

..........................:
Inwrung

Fig. 3 Power electronics interface in EV.

Basic three types of circuits are used to fed the power to

the motors used in EV and HEV. 1 ______ - - - - - - - . - .

DC Drive: If the DC drive is used in the EV or HEV the Fig 5 Dual Inverter PM SM Drive With single Source
basic circuit of DC-DC boost converter is used which
increases the battery voltage up to the voltage of DC
motor Fig. 4 shows the recent fully directional universal
dc-dc converter.

978-1-4673-9825-1/15/$3l.00 ©20 15 IEEE 634

 2015 International Conference on Control,Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (lCCICCT)
Inverter 2 DC-DC boost converter with Digital signal processor with
,"' ..................... .
Inverter 1
r " ~" •• """.""""."."."" •• - .
controller is given [10].

:1 '
In [12] the use of variable DC-DC converter in HEV. It
Battery 1
IVbat1 ) : i
:
a
~}. •.=.JV Batlery
bat2
can be used to in HEV which can operate HEV in series
or parallel mode. Fig. 9 shows the configuration of DC-
,- DC converter to control the two motors so that they can
,:u
, ~

......+-'t"lI111..,;.-H'-.J('----+c1 I'
(I :
operate as se ries or parallel HEV.
,
~ :
Starter! S/G Traction Traction
, generator inverter inverter motor
:..................................... ~ 1-l-r-1--1I~

Fig. 6 Dual Inverter PMSM Drive With Two Source

The inverters are operated on space vector (Pulse width

Dc-dc boost converter
modulation) PWM technique.

Also if any other AC drive to be used a novel

Bidirectional Stacked Matrix inverter is developed as
given in Fig. 7 this can be used for both PM SM or IM
[9]. Fig. 9 Powertrain ofHEV

V. CONCLUSION

Several new technologies are implemented today and

still some are to be evaluated to increase the
efficiency ofEV & HEV. In this paper we have gone
through the study of different motor derives and also
s
have compared different motors used in EV and HEV
and the owing lots of advantages ofPMSM over other
IM and SRM the PM SM is a good solution for EV &
HEV today but there is scope of designing a new
Induction motor with higher starting torque and good
efficiency. Deep bar rotor induction motor can be an
Fig. 7 Stacked Matrix Inverter alternative to this fed with simple PWM inverter. The
issue related to effective power conversion, energy
In [10] the new developed fuel cell HEV is given the
saving, good battery managements systems should be
block diagram is as shown in Fig. 8
taken into consideration.

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(FC) P4(Jtwo (1)

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