QUESTIONNAIRE

1. List the four major types of tissues found in our bodies. What are the primary
functions of each of these tissues?

TISSUES PRIMARY FUNCTIONS

Epithelial tissue It is a superior tissue in charge of
covering all the organs and the body. It
is divided into two classifications:
stratified and simple epithelium
Connective tissue A fabric that creates a connection
between other fabrics. In them we find
the reticular and adipose tissue. It is
found throughout your body and
supports organs and blood vessels, in
addition to joining the epithelial tissues
of the underlying muscles. The dense or
fibrous connective tissue is found in
tendons and ligaments, which connect
muscles with bones and bones with other
bones, respectively.
Muscle tissue Muscle tissue is essential for keeping the
body upright and moving, and even for
pumping blood and moving food
through the digestive tract.
Muscle cells, often called muscle fibers,
contain the actin and myosin proteins,
which allow them to contract. There are
three main types of muscle: skeletal
 muscle, heart muscle, and smooth
muscle.
Skeletal muscle, also called striated
(striped) muscle, is what we refer to as
muscle in everyday life.
Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones
by tendons and allows you to
consciously control your
movements.The heart muscle is only
found in the walls of the heart.
Like skeletal muscle, the heart muscle is
striated, or striped.
Smooth muscle is found on the walls of
blood vessels, as well as on the walls of
the digestive tract, uterus, urinary
bladder, and other internal structures.
Nervous tissue The nervous tissue participates in the
detection of stimuli - external or internal
signals - and the processing and
transmission of information. This tissue
consists mainly of two types of cells:
neurons, or nerve cells, and the glia.
Neurons are the basic functional unit of
the nervous system. They generate
electrical signals called nerve impulses
or action potentials that allow neurons to
transmit information very quickly over
long distances. The main function of the
glia is to support neural function.
 2. List the five major characteristics that distinguish epithelia from other tissue
types.
 Epithelial tissue is the variety of basic or primary tissue consisting of clusters
of adjacent cells, strongly adhered to each other, with little extracellular
matrix and related to connective tissue through the basement membrane.
 They lack blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve fibers, being their
embryological origin from any of the three embryonic leaves.
 The epithelial cell populations present a constant renewal due to which we
find undifferentiated cells in them that can act as stem cells and differentiated
cells, specialized in their own functions
 Any type of epithelial cell, has two properties characterized by cohesion and
polarity. Cohesion is given by the tendency that they have to be strongly
adhered to each other, this being achieved by the specializations of the cell
surfaces, and the polarity is manifested by the presence of a basal surface,
attached to the connective tissue and a free apical surface or secretory that
gives to the surface or light of an organ, highlighting the particular and stable
arrangement of cytoplasmic organs and specializations of the cell surface.
 Due to the arrangement, structure and function of epithelial cells, this tissue
is divided into two large groups. The first is constituted by the epitheliums or
epithelial membranes of covering and lining, which are layers of cells
specialized in functions of protection, absorption and exchange, and the
second by glandular epithelia, which are masses or cellular groupings,
specialized in secretion.
3. Distinguish between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands.

The functional classification of exocrine glands is based on the way in which their secretions
are released.

Merocrine glands Its material is synthesized in the ribosomes

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Its
secretion is released by exocytosis in
 secretory vesicles. Almost all the glands in
the body are merocrine, such as the salivary
or pancreas glands, in secretion there is no
injury to the secretory cell.
Apocrine glands These accumulate the secretion in the apical
part of the cell to later be released, detaching
this part, involves a partial loss of the
cytoplasm. Example, mammary gland.
Holocrine glands. They accumulate the product in the cytosol.
When they mature they break, releasing the
accumulated secretion content. The cell is
destroyed during the secretion process that
occupies an important part of its content.
Example, sebaceous glands of the skin.

4. Explain why an area such as the skin would benefit from having a keratinized
stratified epithelium.

The basal layer is made up of cells cuboid or cylindrical, the middle layer by a variable
number of rows of cells more or less polyhedral, and the layer superficial by flat cells or
paving. This type of epithelium is located in the epidermis, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
and anus. In the epidermis the epithelium is dry, since the cells shallow transform into a layer
inert and resistant, called keratin and for presenting these characteristics is called the
epithelium Keratinized flat laminate. They cover the external part of the body and serve as
mechanical protection and against moisture loss.

The epidermis is made up of flat or squamous stratified epithelium and contains 4 main
cell types:

1. Keratinocytes, which make up about 90% of epidermal cells and are capable of producing
a fibrous protein called keratin that has a protective effect on the skin. Keratinocytes are
welded together by strong intercellular junctions called desmosomes.
2. Melanocytes comprise 8% of epidermal cells and produce melanin which is a brown-black
pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs ultraviolet light. Melanocytes have long,
thin extensions with which they transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes. The keratinocytes
are thus loaded with melanin, which forms a protective veil around the nucleus, thus
preventing the genetic material of the cell from being damaged by ultraviolet light.

3. Langerhans cells derive from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis where they
intervene in the immune responses of the skin since they are macrophages. They are easily
damaged by ultraviolet light.

4. Merkel cells are found in the deepest layer, or basal layer, of the epidermis of the hairless
skin, where they are linked to keratinocytes by desmosomes. These cells make contact with
the terminal of a sensitive neuron and are involved in the sensation of touch.

5. Explain why pseudostratified columnar epithelium is not actually a stratified

epithelium.

The pseudostratified epithelium was initially classified as stratified in the late 19th century,
since nuclei arranged in rows at different heights were observed. Later it was observed that
all its cells contacted the basal lamina, so there was a row of cells, but with their nuclei
arranged at different heights. Therefore, it was then called pseudostratified. Unlike other
epithelia, it does not perform a barrier function.

On the other hand, a pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that, although it

comprises only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a way suggestive of
stratified epithelia. Since it rarely occurs as squamous or parallelepiped-shaped epithelia, it
is generally considered synonymous with the pseudo-stratified term columnar epithelium.

The term pseudostratified is derived from the appearance of this epithelium in the section
that carries the erroneous (pseudo means almost or approaching) impression that there is
more than one layer of cells, when in fact it is a true simple epithelium since all cells rest on
the basal lamina.
 6. What are the unique characteristics of transitional epithelium? Where is it
found?

The transitional or transitional epithelium is so named because it was thought to be a

transition between the layered flat epithelium and the layered cylindrical epithelium. Also
called urothelium or uroepithelium. These names are now preferred more than the name
transitional epithelium. It is actually a layered epithelium made up of a variable number of
cell layers (between 2 and 6) arranged somewhat irregularly. It lines the urinary tracts, from
the renal calyces (with two cell layers) to the upper urethra (with 4 to 5 layers), through the
urinary bladder (up to 6 cell layers) and the ureters. The transitional epithelium prevents the
passage of water, ions, and molecules between urine and tissues. It is perhaps the best barrier
to diffusion in the body, much better than the epidermis.

7. List the different classifications of connective tissue, and give an example of each
type.

Connective tissue Example

Loose connective tissue
Connective tissue areolar
Adipose tissue
The fibers of the loose connective tissue
are loosely interwoven in the
intercellular space. The types of loose
connective tissue are: areolar connective
tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular
connective tissue.
It is one of the most widely distributed
connective tissues in the body. It
contains various types of cells, such as
fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells,
mast cells, adipocytes, and some white
blood cells.
Adipose tissue is loose connective
tissue, and its cells, called adipocytes,
specialize in storing triglycerides (fats).

Connective reticular tissue
Regular dense connective tissue
Irregular dense connective tissue
Adipocytes or fat cells derive from
fibroblasts. It is located under the
dermis, surrounding internal organs such
as the kidney and inside the central part
of the long bones (yellow bone marrow
or marrow). Its function is to reserve
energy and as a thermal and mechanical
insulator.
It is characterized by the delicate cross-
linking of reticular fibers and reticular
cells. It forms the stroma (supporting
framework) of the liver, spleen, and
lymph nodes, and contributes to the
binding of smooth muscle tissue cells.
Example: Tonsils, ganglia, spleen,
reticulin predominates
In this type of fabric, the collagen fiber
bundles are regularly arranged in parallel
patterns that give the fabric great
elasticity. The tissue resists tension
along the fibrillar axis. Fibroblasts,
which produce the fibers and the
underlying substance, are arranged in a
row between the fibers. The fabric is
silvery white and strong, but somewhat
flexible. Examples of this tissue are the
tendons and most ligaments.
It contains collagen fibers gathered
closer together than in the connective
tissue loop, generally arranged
irregularly. It is found on parts of the
 body where stretching forces are applied
in both directions. This tissue commonly
occurs in sheets, such as in the dermis, in
the deep epidermis, or in the pericardium
that surrounds the heart.
Connective elastic fabric Blood vessels, much more elastic fibers
than in the dermis. The elastic
connective tissue is quite strong and can
return to its original shape after being
stretched. Elasticity is important for the
normal function of lung tissue, which
retracts in respiration, and of elastic
arteries, which do the same thing
between heartbeats to maintain blood
flow.
Cartilaginous tissue Formed by a matrix very rich in collagen
and elastin fibers, gelatinous but much
more consistent than connective tissue
and with specific cells called
chondrocytes. Cartilage tissue has no
blood vessels or nerves. There are three
types:
 Fibrous: highly resistant and
rigid, forms the menisci and
intervertebral discs.
 Elastic: highly flexible and
elastic, present in the pinna,
bronchioles, epiglottis.
 Hyaline: it has few fibers and
more intercellular substance than
the other two, it is more rigid and
 is found in the nose, trachea and
the junctions of the ribs with the
sternum
Woven bone Formed by three types of cells:
osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
(cells responsible for destroying bone to
remodel it). The intercellular substance
is solid and rigid, it is formed by
collagen fibers and inorganic salts of
phosphate and calcium carbonate that
provide resistance.
The bone tissue forms structures called
bones whose functions are:
 Store calcium and phosphorous.
 Protect soft organs.
 Build body structure and
participate in movement Shelter
red bone marrow (makes blood
cells).
Blood tissue It is a connective tissue whose
intercellular substance is liquid. It is
located inside the blood vessels and has
a very important role in maintaining the
balance of the internal environment.

Taken from :
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systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems
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%20la%20secreci%C3%B3n%20que%20se,parte%20importante%20de%20su %
20content.