Temperature

Measurements
In Jumanda K
injumanda@gmail.com
0818 0205 4292
 Temperatur

Temperatur/suhu merupakan parameter fisik yang
banyak digunakan sebagai parameter kondisi operasi
pada suatu proses.

Suhu merupakan ukuran derajat aktivitas termal partikel
dalam material.

Satuan temperatur dalam SI: oC dan K

Satuan temperatur dalam British: oF dan R

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 Termometer

Pengukuran suhu menggunakan termometer
memanfaatkan pemuaian/
pemuaian/penyusutan cairan
akibat kenaikan/
kenaikan/penurunan suhu

Pembacaan suhu dilakukan melalui pembacaan
tinggi permukaan cairan pada pipa kapiler.
kapiler.

Cairan dalam temperatur dan rentang

pengukurannya::
pengukurannya

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 Respon Dinamik Thermometer

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 Thermocouples

Prinsip Kerja Thermocouples
– Seebeck in 1821 discovered that thermal
electromotive force (t.e.m.f.) is generated in a closed
circuit of two wires made of dissimilar metals if two
junction are at different temperatures.
– One junction is inserted into a measuring media, and
it is called a hot or measuring junction.
– Another one, called a cold or reference junction, is
kept either at 0 °C or at ambient temperature and is
connected to a measuring instrument (millivoltmeter).

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 Thermocouples

1 - hot junction;
2 - metal A;
3 - metal B;
4 - connection head;
5 - extension wires;
6, 7 - positive and negative terminals, respectively, of a measuring
instrument;
8 - measuring instrument.
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 Thermocouples

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 Thermocouples Assembly

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 Termokopel

Tipe Termokopel
Tabel Tipe termokopel Menurut Standard Instrument Society Of
America (ISA)

Tipe Bahan Rentang Suhu GGL (V)

(C)
B Platina, 6% Rodium (+) 0… 1820 0… 13,814
dan Platina, 30% Rodium (-
(-)
R Platina (+) -50… 1768 -0,226… 21,108
dan platina, 13% Rodium ((--)
S Platina (+) -50… 1768 -0,236… 18,698
dan platina, 10% Rodium ((--)
J Besi (+) dan Konstantan (-
(-) -210… 760 -8,096… 42,922
K Khromel (+) dan Alumel (-
(-) -270… 1372 -6,458… 54,875
T Tembaga (+) dan Konstantan (-
(-) -270… 400 -6,258… 20,869
E Khromel (+) dan Konstantan ((--) -270… 1000 -9,835… 76,358

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Experimental curves
thermal electromotive force vs temperature.
Thermal electromotive force, mV

60

50

40
Type K
30 Type J
Type T
20
Type S

10

-10
-300 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Temperature, C

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 Pembangkitan Tegangan

Persamaan Termokopel

E = α (T1 − T2 ) + β T − T ( 1
2
2
2
)

Process Variable
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 Pembangkitan Tegangan

LATIHAN-1
LATIHAN-
Termokopel menghasilkan GGL sebesar
12 mV pada suhu titik dingin 20oC. Jika α
adalah 3,5 x 10-2 dan β adalah 8,2 x 10-6,
hitung berapa suhu titik panas
panas..

Process Variable
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 Pembangkitan Tegangan

LATIHAN-2
LATIHAN-
Diketahui konstanta material termokopel
α = 3,5 x 10-2 dan β = 8,2 x 10-6.
Tentukan tegangan termokopel (mV) jika
titik panas 220 oC dan titik dingin 20 oC.

Process Variable
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 Resistance Temperature
Detectors (RTD)

The principle of resistance temperature
detectors (RTD) is based on the variation of
electrical resistance of metals with temperature.

For this purpose several metals are used,
namely, platinum, copper, nickel.

When temperature increases the resistance of
these metals increases.

Temperature function of resistance for metals in
a narrow temperature interval can be expressed
by a relationship:

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 Resistance Temperature
Detectors (RTD)

The principle of resistance
temperature detectors (RTD) is
based on the variation of
electrical resistance of metals
with temperature.

When temperature increases the

resistance of these metals
increases.

For this purpose several metals

are used, namely, platinum,
copper, nickel.
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 RTD

Temperature function of resistance for metals in a
narrow temperature interval can be expressed by a
relationship:

Rϑ = R0 (1 + αϑ
αϑ))

 Rϑ and R0 - are the values of electrical resistance of a

metal conductor at temperatures
 α - thermal coefficient of electrical resistance,

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 Resistance vs temperature for
Platinum and Copper RTD.
400

350
Platinum RTD
Copper RTD
300

250
R, Ohm

200

150

100

50

0
-300 -100 100 300 500 700 900
o
t, C

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 Platinum and Copper RTD

Platinum RTDs are used for temperature
measurements from -220 to 850 oC

copper RTD - from -50 to 150 oC, and
Nickel RTD - from -215 to 320 oC.

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 Pengaruh Suhu pada Resistansi

DETEKTOR SUHU RESISTANSI

(Resistance Temperature Detector, RTD)

R = Ro (1 + αT )
(
R = Ro 1 + α T − β T 2
)
Process Variable
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 Pengaruh Suhu pada Resistansi

Process Variable
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 Pengaruh Suhu pada Resistansi

LATIHAN
Sensor PT-
PT-100 memiliki hubungan antara suhu
dan resistansi sebagai berikut.

R = 100 + 0,385 T

Jika R pada suhu T 111,3 ohm, berapa suhu T?

Process Variable
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 Sistem Termal Isian
(Filled Thermal System)

Sistem termal isian bekerja berdasarkan prinsip

pemuaian fluida.

Piranti ini dibedakan menjadi dua jenis, yaitu berdasar
perubahan volume dan tekanan.

Pada jenis pertama, sensor berisi cairan. Pada jenis
kedua, sensor berisi gas atau campuran uap dan cair.

SAMA (Scientific Apparatus Makers Association)
memberikan klasifikasi sistem termal isian.

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 Sistem Termal Isian
(Filled Thermal System)
Tabel Klasifikasi SAMA untuk sistem isian
Klasifikasi Uraian
Liquid –filled volume –change (selain merkuri)
I IA – Full compensation
IB – Case compensation
Vapor-filled pressure-
Vapor- pressure-change
IIA – Dirancang untuk suhu di atas suhu lingkungan
II IIB – dirancang untuk suhu dibawah suhu lingkungan
IIC – Dirancang untuk suhu diatas dan bawah suhu lingkungan
IID – Dirancang untuk seluruh suhu
Gas-Filled pressure
Gas- pressure--change
III IIIA – full compensation
IIIB – case compensation
Mercury-filled volume change
Mercury-
IV VA – full compensation
VB – case compensation
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 Sistem Termal Isian
(Filled Thermal System)

Sistem Isian Cair

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 Sistem Termal Isian
(Filled Thermal System)

Sistem Isian Uap
Kelas IIA Kelas IIB

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 Sistem Termal Isian
(Filled Thermal System)

Sistem Isian Gas
Kelas IIC Kelas IID

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 Filled Thermal System

Keunggulan
 small dimensions of thermal bulb.

Kelemahan
 narrow temperature range, from -50 to 300 °C;
 slow response time (time lag) of about 20
seconds;
 non--uniformity of the temperature scale.
non

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 Saturation (vapour pressure) curve
for methyl chloride.
3.5
3.0
Vapour (saturation)

2.5 Methyl chloride

pressure, MPa

2.0

1.5
1.0

0.5
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature, C

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 Termometer Bimetal
(Bimetallic Strip Thermometer)

Bekerja dengan prinsip bahwa logam akan memuai
jika dikenai panas dan koefisien pemuaiannya untuk
setiap jenis logam akan berbeda.

Elemen yang sensitif terhadap suhu adalah campuran
antara dua jenis logam yang dikeraskan menjadi
lempengan berbentuk pita.

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 Thermistors
( ‘thermally sensitive resistor’).

If semiconductors or heat-
heat-treated metallic oxides
(oxides of cobalt, copper, iron, tin, titanium,
etc.) are used as the materials for producing
temperature sensitive elements.

These oxides are compressed into the desired
shape from the specially formulated powder.

After that, the oxides are heat-
heat-treated to
recrystallise them.

As the result of this treatment the ceramic body
becomes dense.

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 Pengaruh Suhu pada Resistansi

TERMISTOR

Termistor terbuat dari bahan semikonduktor

Koefisien negatif: NTC

Koefisien positif: PTC

Hubungan antara R dan T,

R = A eB/T

Process Variable
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 Pengaruh Suhu pada Resistansi

Process Variable
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 Pengaruh Suhu pada Resistansi

Keunggulan Termistor
– Ukuran sensor cukup kecil.
kecil.
– Tidak ada problem resistansi kawat penghubung
(sebab resistansi termistor cukup tinggi
tinggi)).
– Perubahan resistansi sangat besar (kira
kira--kira 10 kali
RTD)..
RTD)
– Tahan goncangan.
goncangan.

Process Variable
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 Pengaruh Suhu pada Resistansi

Kelemahan Termistor

Hubungan resistansi termistor terhadap suhu sangat
tidak linier

Hanya dapat digunakan untuk rentang suhu yang
sempit (dibatasi suhu maksimum semikonduktor yang
rata--rata sampai 150 oC).
rata

Process Variable
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 Pirometer
 Pirometer digunakan untuk mengukur suhu berdasar
prinsip radiasi termal yang dipancarkan benda.
benda.
 Kelebihan pirometer adalah
adalah,, tidak menyentuh objek
terukur..
terukur
 Dengan demikian pengukuran hampir tidak
mempengaruhi suhu benda.
benda.
 Pirometer banyak digunakan untuk mengukur lelehan
besi dan suhu tanur pembakaran.
pembakaran.

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 Perbandingan Beberapa Metode
Sensor Type Limits of Accuracy1,2 Dynamics: Advantages Disadvantages
Application (°C) t (s)
Thermocouple
type E: ±1.5 or 0.5% for -good reproducibility
-100 to 1000
chromel-constantan 0 to 900 °C -wide range -minimum span of 40 °C
type J: -temperature vs. emf
0 to 750 ±2.2 or 0.75% see note 3
iron-constantan not exactly linear
type K: -drift over time
0 to 1250 ±2.2 or 0.75%
chromel-nickel -low emf corrupted by
type T: ±1.0 or 1.5% for noise
-160 to 400
copper-constantan -160 to 0 °C
-good accuracy -self-heating
RTD -200 to 650 0.15 + 0.2|T| see note 3 -small span possible -less physically rugged
-linearity -self-heating error
-highly nonlinear
-good accuracy -only small span
Thermister -40 to 150 ± 0.10 °C see note 3
-little drift -less physically rugged
-drift
-low cost
Bimetallic - ± 2% - -local display
-physically rugged
-not high temperatures
-simple and low cost
Filled system -200 to 800 ± 1% 1 to 10 -sensitive to external
-no hazards
pressure

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